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Yao Y, Jin C, Liao Y, Huang X, Wei Z, Zhang Y, Li D, Su H, Han W, Qin D. Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors Arising from Dysregulated Proline Metabolism Are Associated with Altered Neuronal Morphology and Function in Mice with Hippocampal PRODH Deficiency. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1952-1968. [PMID: 37815900 PMCID: PMC11272211 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research being conducted to understand what physiological deficits in the brain are an underlying basis of psychiatric diseases like schizophrenia, it has remained difficult to establish a direct causal relationship between neuronal dysfunction and specific behavioral phenotypes. Moreover, it remains unclear how metabolic processes, including amino acid metabolism, affect neuronal function and consequently modulate animal behaviors. PRODH, which catalyzes the first step of proline degradation, has been reported as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. It has consistently been shown that PRODH knockout mice exhibit schizophrenia-like behaviors. However, whether the loss of PRODH directly impacts neuronal function or whether such neuronal deficits are linked to schizophrenia-like behaviors has not yet been examined. Herein, we first ascertained that dysregulated proline metabolism in humans is associated with schizophrenia. We then found that PRODH was highly expressed in the oreins layer of the mouse dorsal hippocampus. By using AAV-mediated shRNA, we depleted PRODH expression in the mouse dorsal hippocampus and subsequently observed hyperactivity and impairments in the social behaviors, learning, and memory of these mice. Furthermore, the loss of PRODH led to altered neuronal morphology and function both in vivo and in vitro. Our study demonstrates that schizophrenia-like behaviors may arise from dysregulated proline metabolism due to the loss of PRODH and are associated with altered neuronal morphology and function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510799, China.
| | - Chenchen Jin
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yilie Liao
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
| | - Xiang Huang
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ziying Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510799, China.
| | - Yahong Zhang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dongwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510799, China.
| | - Huanxing Su
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Weiping Han
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
| | - Dajiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510799, China.
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang X, Xu F, Niu J, Zhao J, Wang Q. IL-17A deficiency alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via activating ERK/MAPK pathway in hippocampal CA1 region. Brain Res Bull 2024; 208:110890. [PMID: 38302069 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a major complication of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) injury and has an important impact on the quality of life of patients. However, the precise mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment after CIR injury remain elusive. In the current study, we investigated the role of interleukin 17 A (IL-17A) on CIR injury-induced cognitive impairment in wild-type and IL-17A knockout mice using RNA sequencing analysis, neurological assessments, Golgi-Cox staining, dendritic spine analysis, immunofluorescence assay, and western blot analysis. RNA sequencing identified 195 CIR-induced differentially expressed genes (83 upregulated and 112 downregulated), highlighting several enriched biological processes (negative regulation of phosphorylation, transcription regulator complex, and receptor ligand activity) and signaling pathways (mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK], tumor necrosis factor, and IL-17 signaling pathways). We also injected adeno-associated virus into the bilateral hippocampal CA1 regions of CIR mice to upregulate or downregulate cyclic AMP response element-binding protein. IL-17A knockout activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK signaling pathway and further improved synaptic plasticity, structure, and function in CIR mice. Together, our findings suggest that IL-17A deficiency alleviates CIR injury by activating the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway and enhancing hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050031, China
| | - Xupeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Junfang Niu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Experimental Teaching Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050001, China
| | - Qiujun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050051, China.
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Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) are the basis of a unique and potent array of cellular responses. Calmodulin (CaM) is a small but vital protein that is able to rapidly transmit information about changes in Ca2+ concentrations to its regulatory targets. CaM plays a critical role in cellular Ca2+ signaling, and interacts with a myriad of target proteins. Ca2+-dependent modulation by CaM is a major component of a diverse array of processes, ranging from gene expression in neurons to the shaping of the cardiac action potential in heart cells. Furthermore, the protein sequence of CaM is highly evolutionarily conserved, and identical CaM proteins are encoded by three independent genes (CALM1-3) in humans. Mutations within any of these three genes may lead to severe cardiac deficits including severe long QT syndrome (LQTS) and/or catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Research into disease-associated CaM variants has identified several proteins modulated by CaM that are likely to underlie the pathogenesis of these calmodulinopathies, including the cardiac L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) CaV1.2, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel, ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2). Here, we review the research that has been done to identify calmodulinopathic CaM mutations and evaluate the mechanisms underlying their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Hussey
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Worawan B. Limpitikul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivy E. Dick
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- CONTACT Ivy E. Dick School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD21210
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Almeida AS, Nunes F, Marques DM, Machado ACL, Oliveira CB, Porciuncula LO. Sex differences in maternal odor preferences and brain levels of GAP-43 and sonic hedgehog proteins in infant SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 436:114102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Notaras M, Lodhi A, Fang H, Greening D, Colak D. The proteomic architecture of schizophrenia iPSC-derived cerebral organoids reveals alterations in GWAS and neuronal development factors. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:541. [PMID: 34667143 PMCID: PMC8526592 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (Scz) is a brain disorder that has a typical onset in early adulthood but otherwise maintains unknown disease origins. Unfortunately, little progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopment of Scz due to ethical and technical limitations in accessing developing human brain tissue. To overcome this challenge, we have previously utilized patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) to generate self-developing, self-maturating, and self-organizing 3D brain-like tissue known as cerebral organoids. As a continuation of this prior work, here we provide an architectural map of the developing Scz organoid proteome. Utilizing iPSCs from n = 25 human donors (n = 8 healthy Ctrl donors, and n = 17 Scz patients), we generated 3D cerebral organoids, employed 16-plex isobaric sample-barcoding chemistry, and simultaneously subjected samples to comprehensive high-throughput liquid-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (LC/MS) quantitative proteomics. Of 3,705 proteins identified by high-throughput proteomic profiling, we identified that just ~2.62% of the organoid global proteomic landscape was differentially regulated in Scz organoids. In sum, just 43 proteins were up-regulated and 54 were down-regulated in Scz patient-derived organoids. Notably, a range of neuronal factors were depleted in Scz organoids (e.g., MAP2, TUBB3, SV2A, GAP43, CRABP1, NCAM1 etc.). Based on global enrichment analysis, alterations in key pathways that regulate nervous system development (e.g., axonogenesis, axon development, axon guidance, morphogenesis pathways regulating neuronal differentiation, as well as substantia nigra development) were perturbed in Scz patient-derived organoids. We also identified prominent alterations in two novel GWAS factors, Pleiotrophin (PTN) and Podocalyxin (PODXL), in Scz organoids. In sum, this work serves as both a report and a resource that researchers can leverage to compare, contrast, or orthogonally validate Scz factors and pathways identified in observational clinical studies and other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Notaras
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aiman Lodhi
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Baker Institute for Heart and Diabetes, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Greening
- Baker Institute for Heart and Diabetes, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Dilek Colak
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Mishra A, Nath S. Effect of Haloperidol and Risperidone on Serum Melatonin and GAP-43 in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Prospective Cohort Study. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 19:125-134. [PMID: 33508796 PMCID: PMC7851459 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.1.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serum melatonin, a biomarker of circadian rhythm, can upregulate Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) which is involved in neural regeneration and plasticity. The present study was conducted to investigate the adequacy of the first-line antipsychotic drugs to improve sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions by assessing the effect of haloperidol and risperidone on serum melatonin and GAP-43 in schizophrenia. METHODS In this cohort study, 100 schizophrenic patients were recruited, and clinical evaluations were done using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). The patients with predominantly positive symptoms taking haloperidol (Group I) and patients with predominantly negative symptoms taking risperidone (Group II) were admitted and serum melatonin, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, GAP-43 and urinary melatonin were estimated. After 8 weeks, all clinical and biochemical parameters were repeated. RESULTS Serum melatonin (2:00 hours) was significantly decreased in both haloperidol (2.42; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.67-4.17; p = 0.008) and risperidone group (3.40; 95% CI: 0.54-6.25; p = 0.021). Urinary melatonin was significantly decreased in both haloperidol (p = 0.005) and risperidone group (p = 0.014). PSQI score was significantly increased in both haloperidol (p = 0.001) and risperidone group (p = 0.003). Serum GAP-43 was significantly decreased in both haloperidol and risperidone group (p < 0.001). PANSS decreased significantly in both the groups and there was a significant negative correlation between serum melatonin at 2:00 hours and PANSS (r = -0.5) at baseline. CONCLUSION Monotherapy with haloperidol and risperidone can achieve symptomatic improvement but cannot improve sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Maiti
- Departments of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Odisha, India
| | - Biswa Ranjan Mishra
- Departments of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Odisha, India
| | - Monalisa Jena
- Departments of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Odisha, India
| | - Archana Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Santanu Nath
- Departments of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Odisha, India
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Zhang T, Tang Y, Yang X, Wang X, Ding S, Huang K, Liu Y, Lang B. Expression of GSK3β, PICK1, NEFL, C4, NKCC1 and Synaptophysin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the first-episode schizophrenia patients. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 55:102520. [PMID: 33373836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe neurodevelopmental disease with unknown pathogenic mechanisms characterized with impaired cognitive function. The disturbed synaptic plasticity and synaptic loss have been widely reported in SZ. In this study, 41 first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and 44 healthy controls (HC) were recruited and the expression of six genes commonly relevant to synaptic functions was examined in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These genes were glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1), synaptophysin (SYP), neurofilament light (NEFL), complement component 4 (C4) and Na+-K--2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to determine the quantity of individual mRNA template. Compared to HC, the expression of PICK1 and NKCC1 genes in FES patients was relatively lower whereas the expression of NEFL was higher. No difference for the mRNA expression of GSK3β, SYP and C4 genes was detected between FES patients and HC, nor was the gender difference; Interestingly, the mRNA expression of PICK1 in female FES patients was significantly decreased compared to female HC, but not in males; and the NEFL gene was up-regulated in male FES patients but not in females. Our findings support an abnormal expression profile of synapse-related genes in the PBMCs of FES patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xiudeng Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, 422001, China
| | - Xuyi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Ding
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Bing Lang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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8
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Bloniecki V, Zetterberg H, Aarsland D, Vannini P, Kvartsberg H, Winblad B, Blennow K, Freund-Levi Y. Are neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia linked to CSF biomarkers of synaptic and axonal degeneration? ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:153. [PMID: 33203439 PMCID: PMC7670701 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background The underlying disease mechanism of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in dementia remains unclear. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for synaptic and axonal degeneration may provide novel neuropathological information for their occurrence. The aim was to investigate the relationship between NPS and CSF biomarkers for synaptic (neurogranin [Ng], growth-associated protein 43 [GAP-43]) and axonal (neurofilament light [NFL]) injury in patients with dementia. Methods A total of 151 patients (mean age ± SD, 73.5 ± 11.0, females n = 92 [61%]) were included, of which 64 had Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (34 with high NPS, i.e., Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) score > 10 and 30 with low levels of NPS) and 18 were diagnosed with vascular dementia (VaD), 27 with mixed dementia (MIX), 12 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 30 with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI). NPS were primarily assessed using the NPI. CSF samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for T-tau, P-tau, Aβ1–42, Ng, NFL, and GAP-43. Results No significant differences were seen in the CSF levels of Ng, GAP-43, and NFL between AD patients with high vs low levels of NPS (but almost significantly decreased for Ng in AD patients < 70 years with high NPS, p = 0.06). No significant associations between NPS and CSF biomarkers were seen in AD patients. In VaD (n = 17), negative correlations were found between GAP-43, Ng, NFL, and NPS. Conclusion Our results could suggest that low levels of Ng may be associated with higher severity of NPS early in the AD continuum (age < 70). Furthermore, our data may indicate a potential relationship between the presence of NPS and synaptic as well as axonal degeneration in the setting of VaD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bloniecki
- Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Center for Age-Related Diseases, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Patrizia Vannini
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hlin Kvartsberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry in Region Örebro County and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Su J, Gao Q, Yu L, Sun X, Feng R, Shao D, Yuan Y, Zhu Z, Sun X, Kameyama M, Hao L. The LQT-associated calmodulin mutant E141G induces disturbed Ca 2+-dependent binding and a flickering gating mode of the Ca V1.2 channel. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C991-C1004. [PMID: 32186935 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00019.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) mutations are associated with congenital long QT (LQT) syndrome (LQTS), which may be related to the dysregulation of the cardiac-predominant Ca2+ channel isoform CaV1.2. Among various mutants, CaM-E141G was identified as a critical missense variant. However, the interaction of this CaM mutant with the CaV1.2 channel has not been determined. In this study, by utilizing a semiquantitative pull-down assay, we explored the interaction of CaM-E141G with CaM-binding peptide fragments of the CaV1.2 channel. Using the patch-clamp technique, we also investigated the electrophysiological effects of the mutant on CaV1.2 channel activity. We found that the maximum binding (Bmax) of CaM-E141G to the proximal COOH-terminal region, PreIQ-IQ, PreIQ, IQ, and NT (an NH2-terminal peptide) was decreased (by 17.71-59.26%) compared with that of wild-type CaM (CaM-WT). In particular, the Ca2+-dependent increase in Bmax became slower with the combination of CaM-E141G + PreIQ and IQ but faster in the case of NT. Functionally, CaM-WT and CaM-E141G at 500 nM Ca2+ decreased CaV1.2 channel activity to 24.88% and 55.99%, respectively, compared with 100 nM Ca2+, showing that the inhibitory effect was attenuated in CaM-E141G. The mean open time of the CaV1.2 channel was increased, and the number of blank traces with no channel opening was significantly decreased. Overall, CaM-E141G exhibits disrupted binding with the CaV1.2 channel and induces a flickering gating mode, which may result in the dysfunction of the CaV1.2 channel and, thus, the development of LQTS. The present study is the first to investigate the detailed binding properties and single-channel gating mode induced by the interaction of CaM-E141G with the CaV1.2 channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Lifeng Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuanxuan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongxue Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengnan Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuefei Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Masaki Kameyama
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Liying Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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10
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Nazeri A, Schifani C, Anderson JAE, Ameis SH, Voineskos AN. In Vivo Imaging of Gray Matter Microstructure in Major Psychiatric Disorders: Opportunities for Clinical Translation. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:855-864. [PMID: 32381477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem studies reveal that individuals with major neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder have gray matter microstructural abnormalities. These include abnormalities in neuropil organization, expression of proteins supporting neuritic and synaptic integrity, and myelination. Genetic and postmortem studies suggest that these changes may be causally linked to the pathogenesis of these disorders. Advances in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance image (dMRI) acquisition techniques and biophysical modeling allow for the quantification of gray matter microstructure in vivo. While several biophysical models for imaging microstructural properties are available, one in particular, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), holds great promise for clinical applications. NODDI can be applied to both gray and white matter and requires only a single extra shell beyond a standard dMRI acquisition. Since its development only a few years ago, the NODDI algorithm has been used to characterize gray matter microstructure in schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, healthy aging, and development. These investigations have shown that microstructural findings in vivo, using NODDI, align with postmortem findings. Not only do NODDI and other advanced dMRI-based modeling methods provide a window into the brain previously only available postmortem, but they may be more sensitive to certain brain changes than conventional magnetic resonance imaging approaches. This opens up exciting new possibilities for clinicians to more rapidly detect disease signatures and allows earlier intervention in the course of the disease. Given that neurites and gray matter microstructure have the capacity to rapidly remodel, these novel dMRI-based methods represent an opportunity to noninvasively monitor neuroplastic changes posttherapy within much shorter time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Nazeri
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christin Schifani
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John A E Anderson
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie H Ameis
- Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Brain and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Bobilev AM, Perez JM, Tamminga CA. Molecular alterations in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:71-85. [PMID: 31227207 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) and its individual structures have been extensively implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology, with considerable efforts aimed at identifying structural and functional differences in this brain region. The major structures of the MTL for which prominent differences have been revealed include the hippocampus, the amygdala and the superior temporal gyrus (STG). The different functions of each of these regions have been comprehensively characterized, and likely contribute differently to schizophrenia. While neuroimaging studies provide an essential framework for understanding the role of these MTL structures in various aspects of the disease, ongoing efforts have sought to employ molecular measurements in order to elucidate the biology underlying these macroscopic differences. This review provides a summary of the molecular findings in three major MTL structures, and discusses convergent findings in cellular architecture and inter-and intra-cellular networks. The findings of this effort have uncovered cell-type, network and gene-level specificity largely unique to each brain region, indicating distinct molecular origins of disease etiology. Future studies should test the functional implications of these molecular changes at the circuit level, and leverage new advances in sequencing technology to further refine our understanding of the differential contribution of MTL structures to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia M Bobilev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, United States of America.
| | - Jessica M Perez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, United States of America.
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, United States of America.
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12
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Aizawa S, Yamamuro Y. Possible involvement of DNA methylation in hippocampal synaptophysin gene expression during postnatal development of mice. Neurochem Int 2020; 132:104587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Velásquez E, Martins-de-Souza D, Velásquez I, Carneiro GRA, Schmitt A, Falkai P, Domont GB, Nogueira FCS. Quantitative Subcellular Proteomics of the Orbitofrontal Cortex of Schizophrenia Patients. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:4240-4253. [PMID: 31581776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic disease characterized by the impairment of mental functions with a marked social dysfunction. A quantitative proteomic approach using iTRAQ labeling and SRM, applied to the characterization of mitochondria (MIT), crude nuclear fraction (NUC), and cytoplasm (CYT), can allow the observation of dynamic changes in cell compartments providing valuable insights concerning schizophrenia physiopathology. Mass spectrometry analyses of the orbitofrontal cortex from 12 schizophrenia patients and 8 healthy controls identified 655 protein groups in the MIT fraction, 1500 in NUC, and 1591 in CYT. We found 166 groups of proteins dysregulated among all enriched cellular fractions. Through the quantitative proteomic analysis, we detect as the main biological pathways those related to calcium and glutamate imbalance, cell signaling disruption of CREB activation, axon guidance, and proteins involved in the activation of NF-kB signaling along with the increase of complement protein C3. Based on our data analysis, we suggest the activation of NF-kB as a possible pathway that links the deregulation of glutamate, calcium, apoptosis, and the activation of the immune system in schizophrenia patients. All MS data are available in the ProteomeXchange Repository under the identifier PXD015356 and PXD014350.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Velásquez
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909 , Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology , University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas 13083-970 , Brazil.,Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC) University of Campinas , Campinas 13083-887 , SP , Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION) , Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientı́fico e Tecnológico (CNPq) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Reis Alves Carneiro
- Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-598 , Brazil
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) , 80539 Munich , Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) , 80539 Munich , Germany
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909 , Brazil
| | - Fabio C S Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909 , Brazil.,Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-598 , Brazil
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14
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Anti-inflammatory treatment with β-asarone improves impairments in social interaction and cognition in MK-801 treated mice. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:150-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Synaptic loss in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and systematic review of synaptic protein and mRNA measures. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:549-561. [PMID: 29511299 PMCID: PMC6004314 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although synaptic loss is thought to be core to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the nature, consistency and magnitude of synaptic protein and mRNA changes has not been systematically appraised. Our objective was thus to systematically review and meta-analyse findings. The entire PubMed database was searched for studies from inception date to the 1st of July 2017. We selected case-control postmortem studies in schizophrenia quantifying synaptic protein or mRNA levels in brain tissue. The difference in protein and mRNA levels between cases and controls was extracted and meta-analysis conducted. Among the results, we found a significant reduction in synaptophysin in schizophrenia in the hippocampus (effect size: -0.65, p < 0.01), frontal (effect size: -0.36, p = 0.04), and cingulate cortices (effect size: -0.54, p = 0.02), but no significant changes for synaptophysin in occipital and temporal cortices, and no changes for SNAP-25, PSD-95, VAMP, and syntaxin in frontal cortex. There were insufficient studies for meta-analysis of complexins, synapsins, rab3A and synaptotagmin and mRNA measures. Findings are summarised for these, which generally show reductions in SNAP-25, PSD-95, synapsin and rab3A protein levels in the hippocampus but inconsistency in other regions. Our findings of moderate-large reductions in synaptophysin in hippocampus and frontal cortical regions, and a tendency for reductions in other pre- and postsynaptic proteins in the hippocampus are consistent with models that implicate synaptic loss in schizophrenia. However, they also identify potential differences between regions and proteins, suggesting synaptic loss is not uniform in nature or extent.
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16
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Lee S, Park HR, Lee JY, Cho JH, Song HM, Kim AH, Lee W, Lee Y, Chang SC, Kim HS, Lee J. Learning, memory deficits, and impaired neuronal maturation attributed to acrylamide. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:254-265. [PMID: 29473799 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1440184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a neurotoxin known to produce neurotoxicity characterized by ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, cognitive impairment, and numbness of the extremities. Previously, investigators reported that high-dose (50 mg/kg) ACR impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and increased neural progenitor cell death; however, the influence of subchronic environmentally relevant low dose-(2, 20, or 200 μg/kg) ACRs have not been examined in adult neurogenesis or cognitive function in mice. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether low-dose ACR adversely affected mouse hippocampal neurogenesis and neurocognitive functions. Male C57BL/6 mice were orally administered vehicle or ACR at 2, 20, or 200 μg/kg/day for 4 weeks. ACR did not significantly alter the number of newly generated cells or produce neuroinflammation or neuronal loss in hippocampi. However, behavioral studies revealed that 200 μg/kg ACR produced learning and memory impairment. Furthermore, incubation of ACR with primary cultured neurons during the developmental stage was found to delay neuronal maturation without affecting cell viability indicating the presence of developmental neurotoxicity. These findings indicate that although exposure to in vivo low-dose ACR daily for 4 weeks exerted no apparent marked effect on hippocampal neurogenesis, in vitro observations in primary cultured neurons noted adverse effects on learning and memory impairment suggestive of neurotoxic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ra Park
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Cho
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Song
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Hyun Kim
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjong Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- b Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- c School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
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17
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Hami J, Vafaei-Nezhad S, Sadeghi A, Ghaemi K, Taheri MMH, Fereidouni M, Ivar G, Hosseini M. Synaptogenesis in the Cerebellum of Offspring Born to Diabetic Mothers. J Pediatr Neurosci 2017; 12:215-221. [PMID: 29204194 PMCID: PMC5696656 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_144_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that maternal diabetes mellitus during the pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of neurodevelopmental and neurofunctional anomalies including motor dysfunctions, learning deficits, and behavioral problems in offspring. The cerebellum is a part of the brain that has long been recognized as a center of movement balance and motor coordination. Moreover, recent studies in humans and animals have also implicated the cerebellum in cognitive processing, sensory discrimination, attention, and learning and memory. Synaptogenesis is one of the most crucial events during the development of the central nervous system. Synaptophysin (SYP) is an integral membrane protein of synaptic vesicles and is considered to be a marker for synaptic density and synaptogenesis. Here, we review the manuscripts focusing on the negative impacts of maternal diabetes in pregnancy on the expression or localization of SYP in the developing cerebellar cortex. We believe that the alteration in synaptogenesis or synapse density may be part of the cascade of events through which diabetes in pregnant women affects the newborn's cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Vafaei-Nezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Akram Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Kazem Ghaemi
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Fereidouni
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ivar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mehran Hosseini
- Department of Public Health, Research Centre of Experimental Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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18
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Hami J, Vafaei-Nezhad S, Ivar G, Sadeghi A, Ghaemi K, Mostafavizadeh M, Hosseini M. Altered expression and localization of synaptophysin in developing cerebellar cortex of neonatal rats due to maternal diabetes mellitus. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1369-1380. [PMID: 27389246 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is sufficient evidence that diabetes during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of neurodevelopmental anomalies including learning deficits, behavioral problems and motor dysfunctions in the offspring. Synaptophysin (SYP) is an integral membrane protein of synaptic vesicles and is considered as a marker for synaptogenesis and synaptic density. This study aimed to examine the effects of maternal diabetes in pregnancy on the expression and localization of SYP in the developing rat cerebellum. Wistar female rats were maintained diabetic from a week before pregnancy through parturition and male offspring was euthanized at postnatal day (P) 0, 7, and 14. The results revealed a significant down-regulation in the mRNA expression of SYP in the offspring born to diabetic animals at both P7 and P14 (P < 0.05 each). One week after birth, there was a significant reduction in the localization of SYP expression in the external granular (EGL) and in the molecular (ML) layers of neonates born to diabetic animals (P < 0.05 each). We also found a marked decrease in the expression of SYP in all of the cerebellar cortical layers of STZ-D group pups at P14 (P < 0.05 each). Moreover, our results revealed no significant changes in either expression or localization of SYP in insulin-treated group pups when compared with the controls (P ≥ 0.05 each). The present study demonstrated that maternal diabetes has adverse effects on the synaptogenesis in the offspring's cerebellum. Furthermore, the rigid maternal blood glucose control in the most cases normalized these negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Ghaffari St, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Vafaei-Nezhad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Ghaffari St, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Ghasem Ivar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Ghaffari St, Birjand, Iran
| | - Akram Sadeghi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kazem Ghaemi
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Mehran Hosseini
- Department of Public Health, Deputy of Research and Technology, Research Centre of Experimental Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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19
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Aguilar-Arredondo A, López-Hernández F, García-Velázquez L, Arias C, Zepeda A. Behavior-associated Neuronal Activation After Kainic Acid-induced Hippocampal Neurotoxicity is Modulated in Time. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 300:425-432. [PMID: 27860379 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Kainic acid-induced (KA) hippocampal damage leads to neuronal death and further synaptic plasticity. Formation of aberrant as well as of functional connections after such procedure has been documented. However, the impact of such structural plasticity on cell activation along time after damage and in face of a behavioral demand has not been explored. We evaluated if the mRNA and protein levels of plasticity-related protein synaptophysin (Syp and SYP, respectively) and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein mRNA and protein levels (Arc and Arc, respectively) in the dentate gyrus were differentially modulated in time in response to a spatial-exploratory task after KA-induced hippocampal damage. In addition, we analyzed Arc+/NeuN+ immunopositive cells in the different experimental conditions. We infused KA intrahippocampally to young-adult rats and 10 or 30 days post-lesion (dpl) animals performed a hippocampus-activating spatial-exploratory task. Our results show that Syp mRNA levels significantly increase at 10dpl and return to control levels after 30dpl, whereas SYP protein levels are diminished at 10dpl, but significantly increase at 30dpl, as compared to 10dpl. Arc mRNA and protein levels are both increased at 30dpl as compared to sham. Also the number of NeuN+/Arc+ cells significantly increases at 30dpl in the group with a spatial-exploratory demand. These results provide information on the long-term modifications associated to structural plasticity and neuronal activation in the dentate gyrus after excitotoxic damage and in face of a spatial-exploratory behavior. Anat Rec, 300:425-432, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aguilar-Arredondo
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México
| | - Fernanda López-Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México
| | - Lizbeth García-Velázquez
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México
| | - Clorinda Arias
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México
| | - Angélica Zepeda
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México
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20
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric illness which is experienced by about 1 % of individuals worldwide and has a debilitating impact on perception, cognition, and social function. Over the years, several models/hypotheses have been developed which link schizophrenia to dysregulations of the dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin receptor pathways. An important segment of these pathways that have been extensively studied for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is the presynaptic neurotransmitter release mechanism. This set of molecular events is an evolutionarily well-conserved process that involves vesicle recruitment, docking, membrane fusion, and recycling, leading to efficient neurotransmitter delivery at the synapse. Accumulated evidence indicate dysregulation of this mechanism impacting postsynaptic signal transduction via different neurotransmitters in key brain regions implicated in schizophrenia. In recent years, after ground-breaking work that elucidated the operations of this mechanism, research efforts have focused on the alterations in the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of presynaptic neurotransmitter release molecules in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric conditions. In this review article, we present recent evidence from schizophrenia human postmortem studies that key proteins involved in the presynaptic release mechanism are dysregulated in the disorder. We also discuss the potential impact of dysfunctional presynaptic neurotransmitter release on the various neurotransmitter systems implicated in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke N Egbujo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Duncan Sinclair
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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The impacts of diabetes in pregnancy on hippocampal synaptogenesis in rat neonates. Neuroscience 2016; 318:122-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Habela CW, Song H, Ming GL. Modeling synaptogenesis in schizophrenia and autism using human iPSC derived neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 73:52-62. [PMID: 26655799 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are genetically and phenotypically complex disorders of neural development. Human genetic studies, as well as studies examining structural changes at the cellular level, have converged on glutamatergic synapse formation, function, and maintenance as common pathophysiologic substrates involved in both disorders. Synapses as basic functional units of the brain are continuously modified by experience throughout life, therefore they are particularly attractive candidates for targeted therapy. Until recently we lacked a system to evaluate dynamic changes that lead to synaptic abnormalities. With the development of techniques to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients, we are now able to study neuronal and synaptic development in cells from individual patients in the context of genetic changes conferring disease susceptibility. In this review, we discuss recent studies focusing on neural cells differentiated from SCZ and ASD patient iPSCs. These studies support a central role for glutamatergic synapse formation and function in both disorders and demonstrate that iPSC derived neurons offer a potential system for further evaluation of processes leading to synaptic dysregulation and for the design and screening of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa W Habela
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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23
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Kandratavicius L, Hallak JE, Leite JP. What are the similarities and differences between schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy? A neuropathological approach to the understanding of schizophrenia spectrum and epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 38:143-7. [PMID: 24508393 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and psychosis coexist more frequently than chance would predict. In this short review, clinical and neuropathological findings of schizophrenia, TLE, and psychosis of epilepsy are described to enhance our understanding of the noncoincidental association between these conditions. In addition, psychosis of epilepsy was included for the first time in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), in the recently launched 5th edition, and improvement in diagnostic criteria was highlighted. Since the hippocampus has long been considered an anatomical area involved in the pathophysiology of TLE and schizophrenia, neuropathological studies of psychoses of epilepsy may contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of psychosis in general. The discovery of shared mechanisms and/or affected neurochemicals in TLE and schizophrenia might disclose important clues on the vulnerability of patients with TLE to psychotic symptoms and be an opportunity for new treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmyla Kandratavicius
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), USP, Brazil
| | - Jaime Eduardo Hallak
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), USP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Medicine (INCT-TM-CNPq), Brazil
| | - Joao Pereira Leite
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), USP, Brazil.
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24
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Limpitikul WB, Dick IE, Joshi-Mukherjee R, Overgaard MT, George AL, Yue DT. Calmodulin mutations associated with long QT syndrome prevent inactivation of cardiac L-type Ca(2+) currents and promote proarrhythmic behavior in ventricular myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 74:115-24. [PMID: 24816216 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has identified missense mutations in calmodulin (CaM) that are associated with severe early-onset long-QT syndrome (LQTS), leading to the proposition that altered CaM function may contribute to the molecular etiology of this subset of LQTS. To date, however, no experimental evidence has established these mutations as directly causative of LQTS substrates, nor have the molecular targets of CaM mutants been identified. Here, therefore, we test whether expression of CaM mutants in adult guinea-pig ventricular myocytes (aGPVM) induces action-potential prolongation, and whether affiliated alterations in the Ca(2+) regulation of L-type Ca(2+) channels (LTCC) might contribute to such prolongation. In particular, we first overexpressed CaM mutants in aGPVMs, and observed both increased action potential duration (APD) and heightened Ca(2+) transients. Next, we demonstrated that all LQTS CaM mutants have the potential to strongly suppress Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent inactivation (CDI) of LTCCs, whether channels were heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells, or present in native form within myocytes. This attenuation of CDI is predicted to promote action-potential prolongation and boost Ca(2+) influx. Finally, we demonstrated how a small fraction of LQTS CaM mutants (as in heterozygous patients) would nonetheless suffice to substantially diminish CDI, and derange electrical and Ca(2+) profiles. In all, these results highlight LTCCs as a molecular locus for understanding and treating CaM-related LQTS in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawan B Limpitikul
- Calcium Signals Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Ivy E Dick
- Calcium Signals Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Rosy Joshi-Mukherjee
- Calcium Signals Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Michael T Overgaard
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Alfred L George
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David T Yue
- Calcium Signals Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.
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Rial D, Lara DR, Cunha RA. The Adenosine Neuromodulation System in Schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:395-449. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Savanthrapadian S, Wolff AR, Logan BJ, Eckert MJ, Bilkey DK, Abraham WC. Enhanced hippocampal neuronal excitability and LTP persistence associated with reduced behavioral flexibility in the maternal immune activation model of schizophrenia. Hippocampus 2013; 23:1395-409. [PMID: 23966340 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia display a number of structural and cytoarchitectural alterations in the hippocampus, suggesting that other functions such as synaptic plasticity may also be modified. Altered hippocampal plasticity is likely to affect memory processing, and therefore any such pathology may contribute to the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, which includes prominent memory impairment. The current study tested whether prenatal exposure to infection, an environmental risk factor that has previously been associated with schizophrenia produced changes in hippocampal synaptic transmission or plasticity, using the maternal immune activation (MIA) animal model. We also assessed performance in hippocampus-dependent memory tasks to determine whether altered plasticity is associated with memory dysfunction. MIA did not alter basal synaptic transmission in either the dentate gyrus or CA1 of freely moving adult rats. It did, however, result in increased paired-pulse facilitation of the dentate gyrus population spike and an enhanced persistence of dentate long-term potentiation. MIA animals displayed slower learning of a reversed platform location in the water maze, and a similarly slowed learning during reversal in a spatial plus maze task. Together these findings are indicative of reduced behavioral flexibility in response to changes in task requirements. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that hippocampal plasticity is altered in schizophrenia, and that this change in plasticity mechanisms may underlie some aspects of cognitive dysfunction in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakuntala Savanthrapadian
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Center, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Microtubule-associated proteins in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without psychiatric comorbidities and their relation with granular cell layer dispersion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:960126. [PMID: 24069608 PMCID: PMC3771259 DOI: 10.1155/2013/960126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. Despite strong association between epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidities, biological substrates are unknown. We have previously reported decreased mossy fiber sprouting in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients with psychosis and increased in those with major depression. Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) are essentially involved in dendritic and synaptic sprouting. Methods. MTLE hippocampi of subjects without psychiatric history, MTLE + major depression, and MTLE + interictal psychosis derived from epilepsy surgery and control necropsies were investigated for neuronal density, granular layer dispersion, and MAP2 and tau immunohistochemistry. Results. Altered MAP2 and tau expression in MTLE and decreased tau expression in MTLE with psychosis were found. Granular layer dispersion correlated inversely with verbal memory scores, and with MAP2 and tau expression in the entorhinal cortex. Patients taking fluoxetine showed increased neuronal density in the granular layer and those taking haloperidol decreased neuronal density in CA3 and subiculum. Conclusions. Our results indicate relations between MAPs, granular layer dispersion, and memory that have not been previously investigated. Differential MAPs expression in human MTLE hippocampi with and without psychiatric comorbidities suggests that psychopathological states in MTLE rely on differential morphological and possibly neurochemical backgrounds. This clinical study was approved by our institution's Research Ethics Board (HC-FMRP no. 1270/2008) and is registered under the Brazilian National System of Information on Ethics in Human Research (SISNEP) no. 0423.0.004.000-07.
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Park SW, Lee CH, Cho HY, Seo MK, Lee JG, Lee BJ, Seol W, Kee BS, Kim YH. Effects of antipsychotic drugs on the expression of synaptic proteins and dendritic outgrowth in hippocampal neuronal cultures. Synapse 2013; 67:224-34. [PMID: 23335099 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that atypical antipsychotic drugs regulate synaptic plasticity. We investigated whether some atypical antipsychotic drugs (olanzapine, aripiprazole, quetiapine, and ziprasidone) altered the expression of synapse-associated proteins in rat hippocampal neuronal cultures under toxic conditions induced by B27 deprivation. A typical antipsychotic, haloperidol, was used for comparison. We measured changes in the expression of various synaptic proteins including postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and synaptophysin (SYP). Then we examined whether these drugs affected the dendritic morphology of hippocampal neurons. We found that olanzapine, aripiprazole, and quetiapine, but not haloperidol, significantly hindered the B27 deprivation-induced decrease in the levels of these synaptic proteins. Ziprasidone did not affect PSD-95 or BDNF levels, but significantly increased the levels of SYP under B27 deprivation conditions. Moreover, olanzapine and aripiprazole individually significantly increased the levels of PSD-95 and BDNF, respectively, even under normal conditions, whereas haloperidol decreased the levels of PSD-95. These drugs increased the total outgrowth of hippocampal dendrites via PI3K signaling, whereas haloperidol had no effect in this regard. Together, these results suggest that the up-regulation of synaptic proteins and dendritic outgrowth may represent key effects of some atypical antipsychotic drugs but that haloperidol may be associated with distinct actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Woo Park
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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29
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Shen YC, Chen CH. Schizophrenia as a neuronal synaptic disorder related to multiple rare genetic mutations. Tzu Chi Med J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Shen YC, Tsai HM, Ruan JW, Liao YC, Chen SF, Chen CH. Genetic and functional analyses of the gene encoding synaptophysin in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 137:14-9. [PMID: 22348818 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Synaptophysin (SYP) has been shown to be critical for regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity, a process thought to be disrupted in schizophrenia. In addition, abnormal SYP expression in different brain regions has been linked to this disorder in postmortem brain studies. We investigated the involvement of the SYP gene in the susceptibility to schizophrenia. METHODS We searched for genetic variants in the promoter region, all exons, and both UTR ends of the SYP gene using direct sequencing in a sample of patients with schizophrenia (n=586) and non-psychotic controls (n=576), both being Han Chinese from Taiwan, and conducted an association and functional study. RESULTS We identified 2 common SNPs (c.*4+271A>G and c.*4+565T>C) in the SYP gene. SNP and haplotype-based analyses displayed no associations with schizophrenia. In addition, we identified 6 rare variants in 7 out of 586 patients, including 1 variant (g.-511T>C) located at the promoter region, 1 synonymous (A104A) and 2 missense variants (G293A and A324T) located at the exonic regions, and 2 variants (c.*31G>A and c.*1001G>T) located at the 3'UTR. No rare variants were found in the control subjects. The results of the reporter gene assay demonstrated the influence of g.-511T>C and c.*1001G>T on the regulatory function of the SYP gene, while that the influence of c.*31G>A may be tolerated. In silico analysis demonstrated the functional relevance of other rare variants. CONCLUSION Our study lends support to the hypothesis of multiple rare mutations in schizophrenia, and provides genetic clues that indicate the involvement of SYP in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Faludi G, Mirnics K. Synaptic changes in the brain of subjects with schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:305-9. [PMID: 21382468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical, epidemiological, neuroimaging and postmortem data all suggest schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and that synaptic disturbances might play a critical role in developing the disease. In 1982, Feinberg proposed that the schizophrenia might arise as a result of abnormal synaptic pruning. His hypothesis has survived 40years of accumulated data, and we review the critical findings related to synaptic dysfunction of schizophrenia. While it is clear that synaptic disturbances are integral and important for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it has also become obvious that synaptic disturbances cannot be studied and understood as an independent disease hallmark, but only as a part of a complex network of homeostatic events. Development, glial-neural interaction, changes in energy homeostasis, diverse genetic predisposition, neuroimmune processes and environmental influences all can tip the delicate homeostatic balance of the synaptic morphology and connectivity in a uniquely individual fashion, thus contributing to the emergence of the various symptoms of this devastating disorder. Finally, we argue that based on a predominant change in gene expression pattern we can broadly sub-stratify schizophrenia into "synaptic" "oligodendroglial", "metabolic" and "inflammatory" subclasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Faludi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kútvölgyi Clinical Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Lui CC, Wang JY, Tain YL, Chen YC, Chang KA, Lai MC, Huang LT. Prenatal stress in rat causes long-term spatial memory deficit and hippocampus MRI abnormality: differential effects of postweaning enriched environment. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:434-41. [PMID: 21215782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS) can cause long-term hippocampus alternations in structure and plasticity in adult offspring. Enriched environment (EE) has an effect in rescuing a variety of neurological disorders. Pregnant dams were left undisturbed (prenatal control, PC) or restrained 6h per day from days 14 to 21 (prenatal stress, PS). Control and prenatal stressed offspring rats were subjected to a standard rearing environment (SE) or an EE on postnatal days 22-120 (PC/SE PC/EE, PS/SE, and PS/EE; n=5, each group). At ∼4 months of age, all rats underwent Morris water maze test and brain MRI examination. Hippocampi were then dissected for biochemical analyses, including, Western blot for NMDA receptor (NR) subunits and synaptophysin and RT-PCR forβ1 integrin and tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA). MRI showed all 5 rats in the PS/SE group and 5 in the PS/EE group exhibited increased signals in bilateral hippocampus and increased T2 time in the PS/SE group. Exposure to EE treatment on postnatal days 22-120 counteracted the deficit in spatial memory and increased NR1 protein expression, but it did not affect the rate of high signals and increased T2 time, decreased NR2, synaptophysin, β1 integrin and t-PA mRNA expressions in PS adult offspring. The results of this study indicate PS in rats causes long-term spatial memory deficits and gross hippocampus pathology. Postnatal EE treatment has differential benefits in terms of spatial learning, signaling molecules, and gross hippocampus pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chung Lui
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Fung SJ, Sivagnanasundaram S, Shannon Weickert C. Lack of change in markers of presynaptic terminal abundance alongside subtle reductions in markers of presynaptic terminal plasticity in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:71-9. [PMID: 21145444 PMCID: PMC3001685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced synaptic connectivity in frontal cortex may contribute to schizophrenia symptoms. While altered messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of various synaptic genes have been found, discrepancies between studies mean a generalizable synaptic pathology has not been identified. METHODS We determined if mRNAs encoding presynaptic proteins enriched in inhibitory (vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter [VGAT] and complexin 1) and/or excitatory (vesicular glutamate transporter 1 [VGluT1] and complexin 2) terminals are altered in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia (n = 37 patients, n = 37 control subjects). We also measured mRNA expression of markers associated with synaptic plasticity/neurite outgrowth (growth associated protein 43 [GAP43] and neuronal navigators [NAVs] 1 and 2) and mRNAs of other synaptic-associated proteins previously implicated in schizophrenia: dysbindin and vesicle-associated membrane protein 1 (VAMP1) mRNAs using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS No significant changes in complexin 1, VGAT, complexin 2, VGluT1, dysbindin, NAV2, or VAMP1 mRNA expression were found; however, expression of mRNAs associated with plasticity/cytoskeletal modification (GAP43 and NAV1) was reduced in schizophrenia. Although dysbindin mRNA did not differ in schizophrenia compared with control subjects, dysbindin mRNA positively correlated with GAP43 and NAV1 in schizophrenia but not in control subjects, suggesting low levels of dysbindin may be linked to reduced plasticity in the disease state. No relationships between three dysbindin genetic polymorphisms previously associated with dysbindin mRNA levels were found. CONCLUSIONS A reduction in the plasticity of synaptic terminals supports the hypothesis that their reduced modifiability may contribute to neuropathology and working memory deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Fung
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Liu X, Yang PS, Yang W, Yue DT. Enzyme-inhibitor-like tuning of Ca(2+) channel connectivity with calmodulin. Nature 2010; 463:968-72. [PMID: 20139964 PMCID: PMC3553577 DOI: 10.1038/nature08766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ channels and calmodulin are two prominent signaling hubs1 that synergistically impact functions as diverse as cardiac excitability2, synaptic plasticity3, and gene transcription4. It is thereby fitting that these hubs are in some sense coordinated, as the opening of CaV1-2 Ca2+ channels are regulated by a single calmodulin (CaM) constitutively complexed with channels5. The Ca2+-free form of CaM (apoCaM) is already preassociated with the IQ domain on the channel carboxy terminus, and subsequent Ca2+ binding to this ‘resident’ CaM drives conformational changes that then trigger regulation of channel opening6. Another potential avenue for channel-CaM coordination could arise from the absence of Ca2+ regulation in channels lacking a preassociated CaM6,7. Natural fluctuations in CaM levels might then influence the fraction of regulatable channels, and thereby the overall strength of Ca2+ feedback. However, the prevailing view has been that the ultra-strong affinity of channels for apoCaM ensures their saturation with CaM8, yielding a significant form of concentration independence between Ca2+ channels and CaM. Here, we reveal significant exceptions to this autonomy, by combining electrophysiology to characterize channel regulation, with optical FRET sensor determination of free apoCaM concentration in live cells9. This approach translates quantitative CaM biochemistry from the traditional test-tube context, into the realm of functioning holochannels within intact cells. From this perspective, we find that long splice forms of CaV1.3 and CaV1.4 channels include a distal carboxy tail10-12 that resembles an enzyme competitive inhibitor, which retunes channel affinity for apoCaM so that natural CaM variations affect the strength of Ca2+ feedback modulation. Given the ubiquity of these channels13,14, the connection between ambient CaM levels and Ca2+ entry via channels is broadly significant for Ca2+ homeostasis. Strategies like ours promise key advances for the in situ analysis of signaling molecules resistant to in vitro reconstitution, such as Ca2+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- Calcium Signals Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Building, Room 713, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Pereno GL, Beltramino CA. Timed changes of synaptic zinc, synaptophysin and MAP2 in medial extended amygdala of epileptic animals are suggestive of reactive neuroplasticity. Brain Res 2010; 1328:130-8. [PMID: 20144592 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Repeated seizures induce permanent alterations of the brain in experimental models and patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), which is a common form of epilepsy in humans. Together with cell loss and gliosis in many brain regions, synaptic reorganization is observed principally in the hippocampus. However, in the amygdala this synaptic reorganization has been not studied. The changes in Zn density, synaptophysin and MAP(2) as markers of reactive synaptogenesis in medial extended amygdala induced by kainic acid (KA) as a model of TLE was studied. Adult male rats (n=6) were perfused at 10 days, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months after KA i.p. injection (9 mg/kg). Controls were injected with saline. The brains were processed by the Timm's method to reveal synaptic Zn and analyzed by densitometry. Immunohistochemistry was used to reveal synaptophysin and MAP(2) expression. A two-way ANOVA was used for statistics, with a P<0.05 as a significance limit. Normal dark staining was seen in all medial extended amygdala subdivisions of control animals. At 10 days post KA injection a dramatic loss of staining was observed. A slow but steady recovery of Zn density can be followed in the 4 month period studied. Parallel, from 10 days to 2 months stronger synaptophysin expression could be observed, whereas MAP(2) expression increased from 1 month with peak levels at 3-4 months. The results suggest that a process of sprouting exists in surviving neurons of medial extended amygdala after status epilepticus and that these neurons might be an evidence of a reactive synaptogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán L Pereno
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Proteomic analysis of membrane microdomain-associated proteins in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder reveals alterations in LAMP, STXBP1 and BASP1 protein expression. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:601-13. [PMID: 18268500 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlpfc) is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) and, within this region, abnormalities in glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic function have been described. Proteins associated with these functions are enriched in membrane microdomains (MM). In the current study, we used two complementary proteomic methods, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by reverse phase-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RP-LC-MS/MS) (gel separation liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS)) to assess protein expression in MM in pooled samples of dlpfc from SCZ, BPD and control cases (n=10 per group) from the Stanley Foundation Brain series. We identified 16 proteins altered in one/both disorders using proteomic methods. We selected three proteins with roles in synaptic function (syntaxin-binding protein 1 (STXBP1), brain abundant membrane-attached signal protein 1 (BASP1) and limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP)) for validation by western blotting. This revealed significantly increased expression of these proteins in SCZ (STXBP1 (24% difference; P<0.001), BASP1 (40% difference; P<0.05) and LAMP (22% difference; P<0.01)) and BPD (STXBP1 (31% difference; P<0.001), BASP1 (23% difference; P<0.01) and LAMP (20% difference; P<0.01)) in the Stanley brain series (n=20 per group). Further validation in dlpfc from the Harvard brain subseries (n=10 per group) confirmed increased protein expression in SCZ of STXBP1 (18% difference; P<0.0001), BASP1 (14% difference; P<0.0001) but not LAMP (20% difference; P=0.14). No significant differences in STXBP1, BASP1 or LAMP protein expression in BPD dlpfc were observed. This study, through proteomic assessments of MM in dlpfc and validation in two brain series, strongly implicates LAMP, STXBP1 and BASP1 in SCZ and supports the view of a neuritic and synaptic dysfunction in the neuropathology of SCZ.
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Brown JS. Effects of bisphenol-A and other endocrine disruptors compared with abnormalities of schizophrenia: an endocrine-disruption theory of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2009; 35:256-78. [PMID: 18245062 PMCID: PMC2643957 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbm147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous substances have been identified as so-called "endocrine disruptors" because exposure to them results in disruption of normal endocrine function with possible adverse health outcomes. The pathologic and behavioral abnormalities attributed to exposure to endocrine disruptors like bisphenol-A (BPA) have been studied in animals. Mental conditions ranging from cognitive impairment to autism have been linked to BPA exposure by more than one investigation. Concurrent with these developments in BPA research, schizophrenia research has continued to find evidence of possible endocrine or neuroendocrine involvement in the disease. Sufficient information now exists for a comparison of the neurotoxicological and behavioral pathology associated with exposure to BPA and other endocrine disruptors to the abnormalities observed in schizophrenia. This review summarizes these findings and proposes a theory of endocrine disruption, like that observed from BPA exposure, as a pathway of schizophrenia pathogenesis. The review shows similarities exist between the effects of exposure to BPA and other related chemicals with schizophrenia. These similarities can be observed in 11 broad categories of abnormality: physical development, brain anatomy, cellular anatomy, hormone function, neurotransmitters and receptors, proteins and factors, processes and substances, immunology, sexual development, social behaviors or physiological responses, and other behaviors. Some of these similarities are sexually dimorphic and support theories that sexual dimorphisms may be important to schizophrenia pathogenesis. Research recommendations for further elaboration of the theory are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Schmitt A, Parlapani E, Bauer M, Heinsen H, Falkai P. Is brain banking of psychiatric cases valuable for neurobiological research? Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2008; 63:255-66. [PMID: 18438581 PMCID: PMC2664212 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322008000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that neurobiological abnormalities underlie the symptoms of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and unipolar or bipolar affective disorders. New molecular methods, computer-assisted quantification techniques and neurobiological investigation methods that can be applied to the human brain are all used in post-mortem investigations of psychiatric disorders. The following article describes modern quantitative methods and recent post-mortem findings in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Using our brain bank as an example, necessary considerations of modern brain banking are addressed such as ethical considerations, clinical work-up, preparation techniques and the organization of a brain bank, the value of modern brain banking for investigations of psychiatric disorders is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Germany.
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Romero E, Ali C, Molina-Holgado E, Castellano B, Guaza C, Borrell J. Neurobehavioral and immunological consequences of prenatal immune activation in rats. Influence of antipsychotics. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:1791-804. [PMID: 17180123 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that pre- or perinatal events that influence the immune system contribute to the development of behavioral or neuropsychiatric disorders. For instance, exposure of pregnant rats to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupts sensorimotor information processing, as assessed by the prepulse inhibition test (PPI), and also the immune function in adult offspring, which might be of particular relevance as regards schizophrenia. However, the consequences of maternal LPS exposure during pregnancy on synaptic functioning in adult offspring and, more importantly, the therapeutic opportunity to re-establish PPI and immune function have still to be demonstrated. In this work, we analyzed the consequences of prenatal LPS exposure on dopaminergic neurotransmission and presynaptic markers in adult brain areas related to PPI circuitry. In addition, we tested whether oral treatment with the typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol (HAL) could reinstate PPI performances and cytokine serum levels in six-month-old male rats with prenatal LPS exposure. Both sensory information processing deficits and immune anomalies induced by prenatal exposure to LPS were accompanied by changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission and synaptophysin expression. It is important to note that PPI disruption and serum increases in cytokines induced by prenatal LPS exposure were both reversed by HAL. Taken together, these results demonstrate the critical influence of prenatal immune events on the functioning of adult nervous and immune systems, in association with the putative role of the immune system in the development of behavior relevant to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Romero
- Cajal Institute, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Avda Doctor Arce, Madrid, Spain.
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Bolognani F, Tanner DC, Nixon S, Okano HJ, Okano H, Perrone-Bizzozero NI. Coordinated expression of HuD and GAP-43 in hippocampal dentate granule cells during developmental and adult plasticity. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:2142-51. [PMID: 17577668 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that the RNA-binding protein HuD binds to and stabilizes the GAP-43 mRNA. In this study, we characterized the expression of HuD and GAP-43 mRNA in the hippocampus during two forms of neuronal plasticity. During post-natal development, maximal expression of both molecules was found at P5 and their levels steadily decreased thereafter. At P5, HuD was also present in the subventricular zone, where it co-localized with doublecortin. In the adult hippocampus, the basal levels of HuD and GAP-43 were lower than during development but were significantly increased in the dentate gyrus after seizures. The function of HuD in GAP-43 gene expression was confirmed using HuD-KO mice, in which the GAP-43 mRNA was significantly less stable than in wild type mice. Altogether, these results demonstrate that HuD plays a role in the post-transcriptional control of GAP-43 mRNA in dentate granule cells during developmental and adult plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bolognani
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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41
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Tian SY, Wang JF, Bezchlibnyk YB, Young LT. Immunoreactivity of 43kDa growth-associated protein is decreased in post mortem hippocampus of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2007; 411:123-7. [PMID: 17095155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of neuroplasticity is considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. To further characterize the impairment of neuroplasticity in psychiatric disorders, expression of the neuronal plasticity marker 43 kDa growth-associated protein (GAP-43) was detected in postmortem hippocampal sub-regions from psychiatric patients including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia subjects, and matched control subjects. We found that GAP-43 protein levels in the hippocampal hilar region were significantly lower in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia subjects than in control subjects. We also found that GAP-43 protein levels in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the stratum radiatum of CA2 region were reduced in a trend in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia subjects when compared with control subjects. These results suggest that impairment of neuroplasticity may occur in the hippocampus of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Y Tian
- The Vivian Rakoff Mood Disorders Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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42
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Schmitt A, Bauer M, Heinsen H, Feiden W, Falkai P, Alafuzoff I, Arzberger T, Al-Sarraj S, Bell JE, Bogdanovic N, Brück W, Budka H, Ferrer I, Giaccone G, Kovacs GG, Meyronet D, Palkovits M, Parchi P, Patsouris E, Ravid R, Reynolds R, Riederer P, Roggendorf W, Schwalber A, Seilhean D, Kretzschmar H. How a neuropsychiatric brain bank should be run: a consensus paper of Brainnet Europe II. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:527-37. [PMID: 17165101 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of new molecular and neurobiological methods, computer-assisted quantification techniques and neurobiological investigation methods which can be applied to the human brain, all have evoked an increased demand for post-mortem tissue in research. Psychiatric disorders are considered to be of neurobiological origin. Thus far, however, the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia, depression and dementias are not well understood at the cellular and molecular level. The following will outline the consensus of the working group for neuropsychiatric brain banking organized in the Brainnet Europe II, on ethical guidelines for brain banking, clinical diagnostic criteria, the minimal clinical data set of retrospectively analyzed cases as well as neuropathological standard investigations to perform stageing for neurodegenerative disorders in brain tissue. We will list regions of interest for assessments in psychiatric disorder, propose a dissection scheme and describe preservation and storage conditions of tissue. These guidelines may be of value for future implementations of additional neuropsychiatric brain banks world-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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43
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Wei J, Hemmings GP. A further study of a possible locus for schizophrenia on the X chromosome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:1241-5. [PMID: 16650384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that the X chromosome may contain a gene for schizophrenia. In the present study, we recruited 142 male schizophrenic patients and their biological mothers from all parts of the United Kingdom to detect a genetic association for the SYP/CACNA1F locus in the Xp11 region and the FACL4 locus in the Xq22.3-Xq23 region. The haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR) analysis showed allelic association for rs2071316 (chi2=6.85, P=0.009) and rs5905724 (chi2=5.3, P=0.021) at the CACNA1F locus, but not for rs5943414 and rs1324805 at the FACL4 locus and rs3817678 at the SYP locus. The haplotype analysis showed a weak association for the rs3817678-rs2071316-rs5905724 haplotypes (chi2=12.19, df=4, P=0.016) but did not show such an association for the rs5943414-rs1324805 haplotypes (chi2=3.96, df=2, P=0.138). Because the linkage disequilibrium signal was detected only at the CACNA1F locus, this gene should perhaps be considered as being a candidate for schizophrenia although further work is needed to draw firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Association of Great Britain, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2AG, UK.
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44
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Iwata M, Shirayama Y, Ishida H, Kawahara R. Hippocampal synapsin I, growth-associated protein-43, and microtubule-associated protein-2 immunoreactivity in learned helplessness rats and antidepressant-treated rats. Neuroscience 2006; 141:1301-13. [PMID: 16814933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Learned helplessness rats are thought to be an animal model of depression. To study the role of synapse plasticity in depression, we examined the effects of learned helplessness and antidepressant treatments on synapsin I (a marker of presynaptic terminals), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43; a marker of growth cones), and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2; a marker of dendrites) in the hippocampus by immunolabeling. (1) Learned helplessness rats showed significant increases in the expression of synapsin I two days after the attainment of learned helplessness, and significant decreases in the protein expression eight days after the achievement of learned helplessness. Subchronic treatment of naïve rats with imipramine or fluvoxamine significantly decreased the expression of synapsin I. (2) Learned helplessness increased the expression of GAP-43 two days and eight days after learned helplessness training. Subchronic treatment of naïve rats with fluvoxamine but not imipramine showed a tendency to decrease the expression of synapsin I. (3) Learned helplessness rats showed increased expression of MAP-2 eight days after the attainment of learned helplessness. Naïve rats subchronically treated with imipramine showed a tendency toward increased expression of MAP-2, but those treated with fluvoxamine did not. These results indicate that the neuroplasticity-related proteins synapsin I, GAP-43, and MAP-2 may play a role in the pathophysiology of depression and the mechanisms of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-machi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
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