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Fitzgerald M, Hall H. Childhood sexual abuse and cholesterol risk: Testing body mass index as a mediator across gender in a national sample of adults. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 153:106848. [PMID: 38820954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with health problems, including cardiometabolic outcomes. Findings directly linking CSA to cholesterol levels are mixed, and identifying mediating pathways is the next logical step. Body mass index (BMI) is one possible mediator, given its association with both CSA and cardiometabolic outcomes. Gendered effects of CSA indicates that BMI may operate differently in men and women. OBJECTIVE We tested BMI as a mediator linking CSA to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) using a multiple group structural equation model stratified across gender to test the indirect effects. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We utilized a sample of 1054 adults (54.7 % women) from the study of Midlife Development in the United States, who were drawn from the general population. METHODS Using two waves of data, participants responded to a questionnaire assessing CSA, provided measurements from which to calculate BMI, and a fasting blood sample from which cholesterol levels were measured. RESULTS The indirect effects in the overall sample yielded a significant effect from CSA to HDL via BMI (β = -0.03, 95 % CI [-0.050, -0.010]), but not LDL (β = 0.006, 95 % CI [-0.002, 0.014]). The indirect effect from CSA to HDL cholesterol was significant among women (β = -0.04, 95 % CI [-0.066, -0.012]) only. Indirect effects to LDL among both genders were both non-significant. CONCLUSIONS BMI appears to be a possible mediator linking CSA to lower HDL cholesterol among women suggesting BMI could be a point of trauma-informed prevention and intervention especially impactful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haley Hall
- Oklahoma State University, United States of America
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Souama C, Milaneschi Y, Lamers F, Vinkers CH, Giltay EJ, Liemburg EJ, Penninx BWJH. Metabolic syndrome after childhood trauma: a 9-year longitudinal analysis. Psychol Med 2024; 54:1373-1381. [PMID: 37981868 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma (CT) has been cross-sectionally associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), a group of biological risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. Longitudinal studies, while rare, would clarify the development of cardiometabolic dysregulations over time. Therefore, we longitudinally investigated the association of CT with the 9-year course of MetS components. METHODS Participants (N = 2958) from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety were assessed four times across 9 years. The CT interview retrospectively assessed childhood emotional neglect and physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Metabolic outcomes encompassed continuous MetS components (waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, blood pressure [BP], and glucose) and count of clinically elevated MetS components. Mixed-effects models estimated sociodemographic- and lifestyle-adjusted longitudinal associations of CT with metabolic outcomes over time. Time interactions evaluated change in these associations. RESULTS CT was reported by 49% of participants. CT was consistently associated with increased waist (b = 0.32, s.e. = 0.10, p = 0.001), glucose (b = 0.02, s.e. = 0.01, p < 0.001), and count of MetS components (b = 0.04, s.e. = 0.01, p < 0.001); and decreased HDL cholesterol (b = -0.01, s.e.<0.01, p = .020) and systolic BP (b = -0.33, s.e. = 0.13, p = 0.010). These associations were mainly driven by severe CT and unaffected by lifestyle. Only systolic BP showed a CT-by-time interaction, where CT was associated with lower systolic BP initially and with higher systolic BP at the last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Over time, adults with CT have overall persistent poorer metabolic outcomes than their non-maltreated peers. Individuals with CT have an increased risk for cardiometabolic disease and may benefit from monitoring and early interventions targeting metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Souama
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress, and Sleep Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress, and Sleep Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Giltay
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edith J Liemburg
- Rob Giel Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress, and Sleep Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fox J, Mishra M. Hypertension and other vascular risk factors in patients with functional seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 152:109650. [PMID: 38277850 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent literature has suggested that functional seizures are associated with an elevated risk for vascular disease and mortality. We investigated the prevalence of risk factors for vascular disease in patients who were admitted to the epilepsy monitoring unit. METHODS Patients who were admitted to the epilepsy monitoring unit and received a definitive diagnosis of either functional seizures or epilepsy were identified. Data collected included demographic, clinical characteristics, medication list, comorbidities, and scheduled blood pressure measurements that occurred every 12 h during the admission. The mean blood pressures were calculated and if they were above the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association guideline cutoff of 130/80 mm Hg or the patient had a documented history of hypertension the patient was counted as having the condition. A multiple logistic regression model was developed to evaluate the independent association of the patient's diagnosis (i.e., epilepsy or functional seizures) and vascular risk factors that controlled for the number of blood pressure measurements, age, sex, and if the patient was taking antihypertensive medications. RESULTS 270 patients were included in this study of which 147 patients had epilepsy and 123 had functional seizures. Among those with functional seizures, 57.72 % had either a history of hypertension or a mean blood pressure above 130/80 compared to 38.78 % of those with epilepsy (p = 0.0022). In addition, 30.89 % of functional seizures patients had hyperlipidemia and 63.41 % were obese. The logistic regression model indicated that functional seizures were independently associated with high blood pressure (OR: 2.47, 95 % CI 1.10-5.69), hyperlipidemia (OR: 3.38, 95 % CI 1.35-8.86), and obesity (OR: 4.25, 95 % CI 2.22-8.36) compared to those with epilepsy. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of diabetes (OR: 0.81, 95 % CI 0.24-2.77) or current tobacco use (OR: 1.04, 95 % CI 0.48-2.25) between the groups. SIGNIFICANCE Patients with functional seizures had an elevated prevalence of several vascular risk factors. These findings may partially account for complications associated with functional seizures and have implications related to their pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Fox
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Murli Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Urquijo H, Soares AG, Fraser A, Howe LD, Carter AR. Investigating effect modification between childhood maltreatment and genetic risk for cardiovascular disease in the UK Biobank. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285258. [PMID: 37141292 PMCID: PMC10159177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Childhood maltreatment is associated with CVD and may modify genetic susceptibility to cardiovascular risk factors. We used genetic and phenotypic data from 100,833 White British UK Biobank participants (57% female; mean age = 55.9 years). We regressed nine cardiovascular risk factors/diseases (alcohol consumption, body mass index [BMI], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lifetime smoking behaviour, systolic blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke) on their respective polygenic scores (PGS) and self-reported exposure to childhood maltreatment. Effect modification was tested on the additive and multiplicative scales by including a product term (PGS*maltreatment) in regression models. On the additive scale, childhood maltreatment accentuated the effect of genetic susceptibility to higher BMI (Peffect modification: 0.003). Individuals not exposed to childhood maltreatment had an increase in BMI of 0.12 SD (95% CI: 0.11, 0.13) per SD increase in BMI PGS, compared to 0.17 SD (95% CI: 0.14, 0.19) in those exposed to all types of childhood maltreatment. On the multiplicative scale, similar results were obtained for BMI though these did not withstand to Bonferroni correction. There was little evidence of effect modification by childhood maltreatment in relation to other outcomes, or of sex-specific effect modification. Our study suggests the effects of genetic susceptibility to a higher BMI may be moderately accentuated in individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment. However, gene*environment interactions are likely not a major contributor to the excess CVD burden experienced by childhood maltreatment victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Urquijo
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Gonçalves Soares
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura D. Howe
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alice R. Carter
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Rohr JC, Bourassa KA, Thompson DS, Fowler JC, Frueh BC, Weinstein BL, Petrosino J, Madan A. History of childhood physical abuse is associated with gut microbiota diversity among adult psychiatric inpatients. J Affect Disord 2023; 331:50-56. [PMID: 36933668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic life events are associated with the development of psychiatric and chronic medical illnesses. This exploratory study examined the relationship between traumatic life events and the gut microbiota among adult psychiatric inpatients. METHODS 105 adult psychiatric inpatients provided clinical data and a single fecal sample shortly after admission. A modified version of the Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire was used to quantify history of traumatic life events. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbial community. RESULTS Gut microbiota diversity was not associated with overall trauma score or any of the three trauma factor scores. Upon item-level analysis, history of childhood physical abuse was uniquely associated with beta diversity. Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LefSe) analyses revealed that childhood physical abuse was associated with abundance of distinct bacterial taxa associated with inflammation. LIMITATIONS This study did not account for dietary differences, though diet was highly restricted as all participants were psychiatric inpatients. Absolute variance accounted for by the taxa was small though practically meaningful. The study was not powered for full subgroup analysis based on race and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS This study is among the first to demonstrate a relationship between childhood physical abuse and gut microbiota composition among adult psychiatric patients. These findings suggest that early childhood adverse events may have long-conferred systemic consequences. Future efforts may target the gut microbiota for the prevention and/or treatment of psychiatric and medical risk associated with traumatic life events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Rohr
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Katelynn A Bourassa
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dominique S Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Christopher Fowler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Benjamin L Weinstein
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alok Madan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Dimensions of childhood adversity differentially affect biological aging in major depression. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:431. [PMID: 36195591 PMCID: PMC9532396 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences have been consistently linked with physical and mental health disorders in adulthood that may be mediated, in part, via the effects of such exposures on biological aging. Using recently developed "epigenetic clocks", which provide an estimate of biological age, several studies have demonstrated a link between the cumulative exposure to childhood adversities and accelerated epigenetic aging. However, not all childhood adversities are equivalent and less is known about how distinct dimensions of childhood adversity relate to epigenetic aging metrics. Using two measures of childhood adversity exposure, we assess how the dimensions of Maltreatment and Household Dysfunction relate to epigenetic aging using two "second-generation" clocks, GrimAge and PhenoAge, in a cohort of unmedicated somatically healthy adults with moderate to severe major depression (n = 82). Our results demonstrate that the dimension of Maltreatment is associated with epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) using the PhenoAge but not the GrimAge clock. This association was observed using both the Childhood Trauma questionnaire (CTQ; β = 0.272, p = 0.013) and the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire (β = 0.307, p = 0.005) and remained significant when adjusting for exposure to the dimension of Household Dysfunction (β = 0.322, p = 0.009). In contrast, the dimension of Household Dysfunction is associated with epigenetic age deceleration (β = -0.194, p = 0.083) which achieved significance after adjusting for exposure to the dimension of Maltreatment (β = -0.304, p = 0.022). This study is the first to investigate these effects among individuals with Major Depressive Disorder and suggests that these dimensions of adversity may be associated with disease via distinct biological mechanisms.
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Caltabiano ML. Personality, weight loss and obesity-related well-being post-bariatric surgery. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:199-206. [PMID: 33723740 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to examine the associations between personality, weight loss and obesity-related well-being post-bariatric surgery. It was hypothesised that persons who had undergone bariatric surgery who exhibit Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Intellect/Imagination will have greater obesity-related well-being; whereas, those low on Emotional stability will have poorer obesity well-being. METHOD The cross-sectional sample comprised 127 females who had received bariatric surgery. The average age of participants was 45 years. Quality of life was measured using the Obesity-Related Well-Being scale (ORWELL 97). Personality was assessed with the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) 50-item measure of the Five-Factor Model. RESULTS The mean BMI for the sample was 34.13 (SD = 7.8). Females with a larger BMI who had undergone bariatric surgery had lower obesity-related well-being. Conscientiousness was negatively associated with BMI. Separate Hierarchical regression analyses found that Emotional stability (Beta = - .43, - .47, - .36) and Agreeableness (Beta = .27, .29, .25) predicted overall well-being, symptom occurrence and subjective relevance of distress, respectively. BMI predicted occurrence of symptoms (Beta = .23). CONCLUSIONS The findings have implications for the development of personality-informed interventions for bariatric patients in enhancing well-being and weight-loss maintenance following surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Louise Caltabiano
- Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, Division of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia.
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Eik-Nes TT, Tokatlian A, Raman J, Spirou D, Kvaløy K. Depression, anxiety, and psychosocial stressors across BMI classes: A Norwegian population study - The HUNT Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:886148. [PMID: 36034441 PMCID: PMC9399822 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.886148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a global issue with detrimental health impacts. Recent research has highlighted the complexity of obesity due to its psychological correlates. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and depression, anxiety, and psychosocial stress. METHODS Data, including demographic, height, and weight information from 23 557 adult participants was obtained from the fourth survey of the Norwegian population based Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT4, 2017-2019). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure self-reported depression and anxiety. We also collected data on 10 domains of psychosocial stress (violence, mental violence, unwanted sex, cyber bullying, school bullying, history of own life-threatening disease, life-threatening disease in family, relationship problems, divorce, and sudden family death), which were aggregated into a cumulative measure of psychosocial stress. RESULTS Multinomial logistic regression was utilized for statistical analysis. In the full model, the relationship between depression, anxiety, and psychosocial stress were explored controlling for age, sex, income, marital status, and educational attainment. After adjustments, a significant relationship was found between depression and obesity I (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.06, p <.001) and II and III (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.06-1.14, p <.001). After the same adjustments, significant relationship between anxiety and overweight and obesity class I was found among elderly participants (≥65 years old). Psychosocial stress significantly and positively related to all levels of BMI, with or without considering anxiety and depression, after controlling for sex, age, educational attainment, marital status, and income in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is a multifaceted health problem, significantly related to psychological factors including depression and psychosocial stress, which supports the need for a multifaceted, targeted approach to obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Tetlie Eik-Nes
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU),, Trondheim, Norway
- Stjørdal Community Mental Health Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
- *Correspondence: Trine Tetlie Eik-Nes,
| | - Audrey Tokatlian
- Discipline of Psychological Science, Australian College of Applied Professions, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jayanthi Raman
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dean Spirou
- Discipline of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirsti Kvaløy
- Department of Research and Development, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
- Health Study of Trøndelag (HUNT) Research Centre Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Levanger, Norway
- Centre for Sami Health Research, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Tromsø, Norway
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Thomas MC, Duggan KA, Kamarck TW, Wright AGC, Muldoon MF, Manuck SB. Conscientiousness and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Test of the Health Behavior Model of Personality Using Structural Equation Modeling. Ann Behav Med 2022; 56:100-111. [PMID: 33871021 PMCID: PMC8691392 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High trait conscientiousness is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk, and health behaviors are a putative but relatively untested pathway that may explain this association. PURPOSE To explore the role of key health behaviors (diet, physical activity, substance use, and sleep) as links between conscientiousness and cardiometabolic risk. METHODS In a cross-sectional analysis of 494 healthy, middle-aged working adults (mean age = 42.7 years, 52.6% women, 81.0% White), participants provided self-reports of conscientiousness, physical activity, substance use, diet, and sleep, and wore monitors over a 7-day monitoring period to assess sleep (Actiwatch-16) and physical activity (SenseWear Pro3). Cardiometabolic risk was expressed as a second-order latent variable from a confirmatory factor analysis involving insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, obesity, and blood pressure. Direct, indirect, and specific indirect effect pathways linking conscientiousness to health behaviors and cardiometabolic risk were examined. Unstandardized indirect effects for each health behavior class were computed separately using bootstrapped samples. RESULTS After controlling for demographics (sex, age, race, and education), conscientiousness showed the predicted, inverse association with cardiometabolic risk. Among the examined health behaviors, objectively-assessed sleep midpoint variability (b = -0.003, p = .04), subjective sleep quality (b = -0.003, p = .025), and objectively-assessed physical activity (b = -0.11, p = .04) linked conscientiousness to cardiometabolic risk. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity and sleep partially accounted for the relationship between conscientiousness and cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Thomas W Kamarck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Thomas W. Kamarck
| | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew F Muldoon
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen B Manuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Jakubowski KP, Murray V, Stokes N, Thurston RC. Sexual violence and cardiovascular disease risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2021; 153:48-60. [PMID: 34654528 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death among adults. Over 35% of women worldwide report lifetime exposure to sexual violence. While psychosocial factors broadly have been linked to CVD risk, it is unclear if a history of sexual violence is associated with increased risk for CVD. This study employed quantitative meta-analysis to investigate the association between sexual violence and CVD risk. METHODS PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched through March 1, 2021. Included articles had a measure of sexual violence and at least one cardiovascular outcome (i.e., clinical CVD, subclinical CVD, select CVD risk factors) in women and men aged 18 years or older. Data were expressed as odds ratios (OR) or hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) extracted from fully-adjusted models. OR and HR effects were pooled separately, given the inability to statistically harmonize these effects and differences in interpretation, using random effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity of effects was tested using Cochran's Q test. RESULTS Overall, 45 articles based on 830,579 adults (77.1% women) were included (113 individual effects expressed as OR and 9 individual effects expressed as HR). Results indicated that sexual violence was related to adult CVD risk (OR [95%CI] = 1.25 [1.11-1.40]; HR [95%CI] = 1.17 [1.05-1.31]). Results varied by outcome type and measurement, and timing of violence. CONCLUSIONS Adults with a history of sexual violence demonstrate greater CVD risk relative to those without this history. The results highlight the importance of addressing sexual violence in CVD risk reduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Jakubowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Vanessa Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Natalie Stokes
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Rebecca C Thurston
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Parker KN, Donovan MH, Smith K, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Traumatic Injury to the Developing Brain: Emerging Relationship to Early Life Stress. Front Neurol 2021; 12:708800. [PMID: 34484104 PMCID: PMC8416304 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.708800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high incidence of brain injuries in children, we have yet to fully understand the unique vulnerability of a young brain to an injury and key determinants of long-term recovery. Here we consider how early life stress may influence recovery after an early age brain injury. Studies of early life stress alone reveal persistent structural and functional impairments at adulthood. We consider the interacting pathologies imposed by early life stress and subsequent brain injuries during early brain development as well as at adulthood. This review outlines how early life stress primes the immune cells of the brain and periphery to elicit a heightened response to injury. While the focus of this review is on early age traumatic brain injuries, there is also a consideration of preclinical models of neonatal hypoxia and stroke, as each further speaks to the vulnerability of the brain and reinforces those characteristics that are common across each of these injuries. Lastly, we identify a common mechanistic trend; namely, early life stress worsens outcomes independent of its temporal proximity to a brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila N. Parker
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Michael H. Donovan
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kylee Smith
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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12
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Neuroticism is positively associated with leptin/adiponectin ratio, leptin and IL-6 in young adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9690. [PMID: 33963214 PMCID: PMC8105321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High neuroticism is related to cardiovascular morbidity. Early detection of metabolic and cardiovascular risk is important in high-risk groups to enable preventive measures. The aim of this study was therefore to explore if neuroticism is associated with early biomarkers for cardiovascular and metabolic disease in young adults from a psychiatry cohort. Blood samples and self-ratings on neuroticism with the Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP) questionnaire were collected from 172 psychiatric outpatients and 46 healthy controls. The blood samples were analysed for plasma leptin, adiponectin, CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α. Associations between neuroticism and biomarkers were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficients and generalized linear models adjusting for confounders. In the adjusted generalized linear models, neuroticism predicted the leptin/adiponectin ratio (p = 0.003), leptin (p = 0.004) and IL-6 (p = 0.001). These associations were not better explained by current major depressive disorder and/or anxiety disorder. Adiponectin, CRP and TNF-α were not associated with neuroticism. In conclusion, the findings suggest that high neuroticism is related to elevated levels of plasma leptin/adiponectin ratio, leptin and IL-6 in young adults. Young adults with high neuroticism may therefore benefit from preventive interventions to decrease the risk for future metabolic and cardiovascular morbidity, but more research is required to test this hypothesis.
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13
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Lunding SH, Simonsen C, Aas M, Rødevand L, Werner MCF, Laskemoen JF, Hjell G, Ringen PA, Lagerberg TV, Melle I, Andreassen OA, Ueland T, Steen NE. Childhood trauma and cardiometabolic risk in severe mental disorders: The mediating role of cognitive control. Eur Psychiatry 2021; 64:e24. [PMID: 33775258 PMCID: PMC8084596 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiometabolic risk is increased in severe mental disorders (SMDs), and there appears to be a relationship between childhood trauma and cardiometabolic risk, possibly related to adverse health behavior. The current study examined the association between childhood trauma and serum lipids and adiposity in SMDs and the potential mediating role of cognitive and personality characteristics. Methods Participants with schizophrenia and bipolar spectrum disorders (N = 819) were included, cardiometabolic risk factors (serum lipids, body mass index, and waist circumference) were measured, and history of childhood trauma was assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Cognitive and personality characteristics were available in subsamples, with assessments of cognitive control, impulsiveness, self-esteem, and affective lability. Linear regressions and mediation analyses with Hayes’ PROCESS were performed, adjusting for age, sex, antipsychotic agent propensity of metabolic side-effect, and diagnostic group. Results Experience of three or more subtypes of childhood trauma was positively associated with waist circumference in patients with SMDs (p = 0.014). There were no other significant associations between trauma variables and lipid or adiposity measures in the total sample. Cognitive control was a significant mediator between experience of one or two subtypes of childhood trauma and waist circumference. Conclusions The results indicate childhood trauma as a predisposing factor for increased waist circumference in individuals with SMDs. Poorer cognitive control, suggestive of adverse health behavior, might be a mediating factor of the association, and the findings indicate the potential importance of increased focus on these factors in prevention and treatment regimens targeting cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synve Hoffart Lunding
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carmen Simonsen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Early Intervention in Psychosis Advisory Unit for South East Norway, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Aas
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linn Rødevand
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren Caroline Frogner Werner
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jannicke Fjæra Laskemoen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gabriela Hjell
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychiatry, Ostfold Hospital, Graalum, Norway
| | - Petter Andreas Ringen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Vik Lagerberg
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torill Ueland
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Life-course effects of early life adversity exposure on eating behavior and metabolism. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 97:237-273. [PMID: 34311901 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Environmental variations in early life influence brain development, making individuals more vulnerable to psychiatric and metabolic disorders. Early life stress (ELS) has a strong impact on the development of eating behavior. However, eating is a complex behavior, determined by an interaction between signals of energy homeostasis, neuronal circuits involved in its regulation, and circuits related to rewarding properties of the food. Although mechanisms underlying ELS-induced altered feeding behavior are not completely understood, evidence suggest that the effects of ELS on metabolic, mood, and emotional disorders, as well as reward system dysfunctions can contribute directly or indirectly to altered feeding behavior. The focus of this chapter is to discuss the effects of ELS on eating behavior and metabolism, considering different factors that control appetite such as energy homeostasis, hedonic properties of the food, emotional and cognitive status. After highlighting classic studies on the association between ELS and eating behavior alterations, we discuss how exposure to adversity can interact with genetics characteristics to predict variable outcomes.
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15
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Kuzminskaite E, Penninx BWJH, van Harmelen AL, Elzinga BM, Hovens JGFM, Vinkers CH. Childhood Trauma in Adult Depressive and Anxiety Disorders: An Integrated Review on Psychological and Biological Mechanisms in the NESDA Cohort. J Affect Disord 2021; 283:179-191. [PMID: 33561798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma (CT) has adverse consequences on mental health across the lifespan. The understanding of how CT increases vulnerability for psychiatric disorders is growing. However, lack of an integrative approach to psychological and biological mechanisms of CT hampers further advancement. This review integrates CT findings across explanatory levels from a longitudinal adult cohort - the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). METHODS We reviewed all studies (k = 37) from the NESDA cohort (n = 2981) published from 2009 to 2020 containing CT findings related to psychopathology and potential psychological and biological mechanisms of CT. RESULTS CT was associated with a higher risk of anxiety and depressive disorders with the strongest associations in the comorbid group. CT predicted the onset of these disorders, recurrence, and poorer outcomes (more comorbidity and chronicity). CT was associated with maladaptive personality characteristics and cognitions (e.g., higher neuroticism and negative self-associations), mild stress systems dysregulations (heightened levels of cortisol and inflammation), advanced biological aging (increased epigenetic aging and telomere attrition), poorer lifestyle (higher smoking rate and body mass index), somatic health decline (e.g., increased metabolic syndrome dysregulations), and brain alterations (e.g., reduced mPFC volume and increased amygdala reactivity). LIMITATIONS Literature review of one cohort using mixed analytical approaches. CONCLUSION CT impacts the functioning of the brain, mind, and body, which together may contribute to a higher vulnerability for affective disorders. It is essential to employ an integrative approach combining different sources of data to understand the mechanisms of CT better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kuzminskaite
- Department of Psychiatry (GGZ inGeest), Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Vrije University, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institutes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry (GGZ inGeest), Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Vrije University, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institutes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Anne-Laura van Harmelen
- Department of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Bernet M Elzinga
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry (GGZ inGeest), Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Vrije University, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institutes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Vrije University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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16
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Sep MSC, Joëls M, Geuze E. Individual differences in the encoding of contextual details following acute stress: An explorative study. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 55:2714-2738. [PMID: 33249674 PMCID: PMC9291333 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Information processing under stressful circumstances depends on many experimental conditions, like the information valence or the point in time at which brain function is probed. This also holds true for memorizing contextual details (or ‘memory contextualization’). Moreover, large interindividual differences appear to exist in (context‐dependent) memory formation after stress, but it is mostly unknown which individual characteristics are essential. Various characteristics were explored from a theory‐driven and data‐driven perspective, in 120 healthy men. In the theory‐driven model, we postulated that life adversity and trait anxiety shape the stress response, which impacts memory contextualization following acute stress. This was indeed largely supported by linear regression analyses, showing significant interactions depending on valence and time point after stress. Thus, during the acutephase of the stress response, reduced neutral memory contextualization was related to salivary cortisol level; moreover, certain individual characteristics correlated with memory contextualization of negatively valenced material: (a) life adversity, (b) α‐amylase reactivity in those with low life adversity and (c) cortisol reactivity in those with low trait anxiety. Better neutral memory contextualization during the recoveryphase of the stress response was associated with (a) cortisol in individuals with low life adversity and (b) α‐amylase in individuals with high life adversity. The data‐driven Random Forest‐based variable selection also pointed to (early) life adversity—during the acutephase—and (moderate) α‐amylase reactivity—during the recoveryphase—as individual characteristics related to better memory contextualization. Newly identified characteristics sparked novel hypotheses about non‐anxious personality traits, age, mood and states during retrieval of context‐related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou S C Sep
- Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Emery RL, Levine MD, Creswell KG, Wright AGC, Marsland AL, Matthews KA, Flory JD, Manuck SB. Impulsivity and midlife cardiometabolic risk: The role of maladaptive health behaviors. Health Psychol 2020; 39:642-654. [PMID: 32378961 PMCID: PMC8363173 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study evaluated distinct facets of impulsivity related to cardiometabolic risk (CMR) to identify specific behavioral mechanisms driving these relationships. METHOD Community adults (N = 1,295) between 30 and 54 years old (53% female, 84% White) completed a battery of impulsivity measures, reported their engagement in health behaviors over the past week (i.e., cigarette smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and dietary intake), and were assessed for CMR factors (i.e., blood pressure, insulin resistance, adiposity, and blood lipids). Structural equation modeling was used to estimate previously established hierarchical models of distinct facets of impulsivity and CMR. Indirect effects through the observed health behaviors were examined for each association between the latent impulsivity factors identified and the latent CMR factor. RESULTS Neuroticism/negative emotionality was the only latent impulsivity factor directly related to heightened CMR (β = 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.01, 0.16], p = .020). Extraversion/positive emotionality indirectly related to lower CMR through greater physical activity (β = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.06, -0.02], p < .001), and measures of inhibition (β = 0.02, 95% CI [0.001, 0.04], p = .045) and delay discounting (β = 0.08, 95% CI [0.001, 0.15], p = .049) indirectly related to CMR through saturated fat intake. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that distinct facets of impulsivity differentially relate to CMR through varied behavioral pathways and identify physical activity and saturated fat intake as being particularly important health behaviors to target when tailoring treatment approaches to the unique behavioral characteristics of individuals high on certain facets of impulsivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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18
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Christie AJ, Matthews KA. Childhood Poly-victimization Is Associated With Elevated Body Mass Index and Blunted Cortisol Stress Response in College Women. Ann Behav Med 2020; 53:563-572. [PMID: 30169815 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kay066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood interpersonal violence is linked to obesity and central adiposity in adulthood. Victimization experiences are likely to co-occur within individuals, but few studies have examined poly-victimization in the context of obesity and central adiposity. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between poly-victimization and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and to explore whether dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as measured by the cortisol stress response, mediates the relationship. METHODS Healthy undergraduate women were recruited for a laboratory study from an online survey that assessed six different childhood victimization experiences: physical abuse, sexual abuse, peer violence, intimate partner violence, community violence, and witnessing violence. Forty-four women were categorized as poly-victims (2-5 types of violence exposures) and 48 were controls (0 types of violence exposures). Salivary cortisol was measured before and after the Trier Social Stress Test. Cortisol stress response was analyzed by the area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCG). RESULTS Compared with controls, poly-victims had higher BMI (B = 2.03, p = .04) and lower cortisol AUCG (B = -6.70, p < .01), independent of covariates. Poly-victims showed blunted AUCG in response to the stress task compared with controls, independent of covariates (B = -6.70, p < .01). Bootstrapping tests of mediation showed that cortisol response was not a significant mediator of the relationship between poly-victimization and BMI. Secondary analyses among poly-victims showed that the more frequent the violence exposure the higher the BMI. CONCLUSIONS Childhood poly-victimization is linked to higher BMI and blunted cortisol responses in young adult women. Assessment of multiple forms of childhood victimization is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee J Christie
- Department of Palliative Care, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen A Matthews
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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Péterfalvi Á, Németh N, Herczeg R, Tényi T, Miseta A, Czéh B, Simon M. Examining the Influence of Early Life Stress on Serum Lipid Profiles and Cognitive Functioning in Depressed Patients. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1798. [PMID: 31447737 PMCID: PMC6691174 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood adversity is a strong predictor of the development of major depressive disorder (MDD), but not all depressed patients experience early life stress (ELS). Cardio-metabolic diseases and cognitive deficits often coincide in MDD and worsen its course and outcome. Adverse childhood experiences have been associated with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but little is known on the impact of ELS on cardiovascular risk factors in MDD. Here, we examined MDD patients with and without ELS to explore the effects of ELS on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels and on cognitive performances of the patients. Methods Participants with a mean age of 35 years (18–55 years) were recruited from the university mental health clinic and general community. Three groups, matched in age, gender and lifestyle were examined: MDD patients with ELS (n = 21), MDD patients without ELS (n = 21), and healthy controls (n = 20). The following CVD risk factors were assessed: serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoproteins), body mass index and exercise in a typical week. MDD severity was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to assess early life adversities. Executive functions and attentional processes were assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting and Conners’ Continuous Performance tests. Results Major depressive disorder patients with ELS had higher serum triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations compared to MDD patients without ELS. Linear regression analysis revealed that the severity of ELS had a significant negative association with HDL-cholesterol levels and significant positive associations with the serum levels of TG and TC/HDL-cholesterol index. We also found significant associations between some specific trauma types and lipid profiles. Finally, we could detect significant associations between depression severity and specific domains of the cognitive tests as well as between lipid profiles and certain domains of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. However, we could not detect any association between the severity of ELS and cognitive performance. Conclusion After controlling for depressive symptom severity and lifestyle variables, ELS was found to be a strong predictor of serum lipid alterations. Several, inter-correlated pathways may mediate the undesirable effects of ELS on the course and outcome of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Péterfalvi
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nándor Németh
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Herczeg
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tényi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Boldizsár Czéh
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Maria Simon
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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20
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Prospective Associations of Adolescent Conscientiousness With Psychological Resources and Metabolic Syndrome in Black and White Men. Psychosom Med 2019; 81:341-351. [PMID: 30855556 PMCID: PMC7171695 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conscientiousness predicts better psychological resources as well as lower cardiovascular mortality and lower metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk. However, the benefits of conscientiousness might be amplified, disabled, or reversed in disadvantaged groups. This study is the first to test these competing hypotheses for prospective associations between adolescent conscientiousness and adult psychological resources and MetS. METHOD Participants were 220 men (54.6% black) from the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Adolescent conscientiousness (M [SD] age = 16 [1]) was rated by participants and their parents. Adult (M [SD] age = 32 [1]) socioeconomic status (SES; occupation and education), psychological resources (composite of positive affect, purpose in life, optimism, self-mastery, and self-esteem), and MetS scores (glucose, lipids, waist circumference, and blood pressure) were measured. Hierarchical regressions were used to evaluate the association of conscientiousness with adult psychological resources and MetS scores, with testing of moderation by race and SES. RESULTS Self- and parent-reported conscientiousness were associated with better psychological resources (βs = 0.23-0.29, ps ≤ .015), with no moderation by race or socioeconomic status. In the full sample, a three-way interaction of self-reported conscientiousness, race, and SES was obtained for MetS (β = 0.12, p = .093). Subgroup analysis indicated that self-reported conscientiousness was related to higher MetS scores in low SES black men (βint = -0.22, p = .022), but there was no comparable linear (βs ≤ 0.08, ps ≥ .50) or interaction (βs ≤ -0.13 ps ≥ .25) pattern in white men. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent conscientiousness was beneficial for adult psychological resources, regardless of race or SES. However, there may be physiological costs of conscientiousness for black men from disadvantaged backgrounds.
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21
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Cold parenting is associated with cellular aging in offspring: A retrospective study. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:142-149. [PMID: 31014776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life stress is a known risk factor for diseases and premature death. We tested whether parenting style impacts telomere length (TL), a cellular aging biomarker. METHODS Information on parents' style of parenting was obtained from 199 participants in the Adventist Health Study-1 (AHS-1) who 27+ years later also enrolled in the AHS-2 where blood was collected for relative TL (rTL) assessment. RESULTS Subjects describing their mothers' parenting style as cold had on average 25% smaller rTL compared to subjects not reporting a cold mother (1.89 vs 2.53). This association was greatest among those with less education, and those who stayed overweight/obese or put on weight during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS These results support previous findings that early life stress may have health implications by promoting cellular aging, and expands these stressors to include cold parenting during an individuals' formative years. Higher education and normal weight seem to provide some resilience.
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22
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Sex-dependent associations of childhood neglect and bodyweight across the life span. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5080. [PMID: 30911019 PMCID: PMC6434018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders and weight problems across the life span have been linked to adverse childhood experiences. Previous research often focused on child abuse and omitted investigating effects of child neglect. The present study evaluates effects of neglect on bodyweight across the life span and how emotional neglect and bodyweight are linked via mental distress. Within a large survey representative of the German population (N = 2,500), individuals completed measures of mental distress, childhood trauma, and height and weight. We conducted logistic regression analyses on bodyweight extremes and a moderated mediation analysis. In men, physical neglect aggravated the risk to be underweight. In women, emotional neglect was linked to severe obesity. In both sexes, emotional neglect was related to mental distress. We found an indirect effect of emotional neglect on bodyweight via mental distress, however, it was only present in women. Our results attest to long-term consequences of adverse early experiences. We showed a possible mechanism for women’s higher vulnerability towards eating disorders. In general, investigations of eating and weight disorders should also include men and employ sex-specific methods of analyses. Lastly, neglect should also receive more attention to prevent suffering and negative sequelae over the life span.
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23
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Franz HM, Corbo V, Fonda JR, Levin LK, Milberg WP, McGlinchey RE. The impact of interpersonal early life trauma on cardio-metabolic health in post-9/11 veterans. Health Psychol 2019; 38:113-121. [PMID: 30652910 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact of early life trauma (ELT) on cardio-metabolic health in veterans from post-9/11 conflicts who experience significant stress from deployment and reintegration. METHOD Three hundred thirty-seven veterans from the Translational Research Center for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stress Disorders study underwent physiological assessments, including blood pressure and waist circumference. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure metabolic syndrome (MetS; cholesterol/triglycerides/glucose). ELT history was determined using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Logistic regression models examined the association of ELT and MetS diagnostic criteria while controlling for confounders. RESULTS The adjusted logistic regression showed a significant relationship between interpersonal ELT (IP ELT) and risk of MetS, with IP ELT having an approximately 3-fold increase in the risk of cardio- metabolic syndrome compared with those with no trauma (odds ratio [OR] = 3.06, p < .05). IP ELT was associated with over a 2-fold increased risk of elevated triglycerides compared with those with no trauma (OR = 2.06, p < .05). PTSD symptoms also explained in part the IP-ELT/MetS relationship. Veterans with any ELT were significantly more likely to meet for a current diagnosis of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that veterans with IP ELT are more likely to meet MetS and PTSD diagnostic criteria than veterans without IP ELT. This is concerning considering the young age of the sample and stresses the importance of an integrated and holistic approach in the assessment of physical and mental health in returning veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Franz
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System
| | - Vincent Corbo
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System
| | - Jennifer R Fonda
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System
| | - Laura K Levin
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System
| | - William P Milberg
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System
| | - Regina E McGlinchey
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System
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24
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Kraav SL, Tolmunen T, Kärkkäinen O, Ruusunen A, Viinamäki H, Mäntyselkä P, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Valkonen-Korhonen M, Honkalampi K, Herzig KH, Lehto SM. Decreased serum total cholesterol is associated with a history of childhood physical violence in depressed outpatients. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:326-333. [PMID: 30597385 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and cholesterol in depressed patients are unclear. Therefore, we compared 78 adult outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with (n = 24) or without (n = 54) experiences of physical violence in childhood. Background data were collected with questionnaires, and total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured from fasting blood samples. Patients with a history of childhood physical violence had lower levels of TC than the control group. No differences were observed in HDL-C, LDL-C, or low-grade inflammation levels between the two groups. In multivariate models, decreased levels of TC were associated with childhood physical violence, and these associations remained significant after adjustments for age, gender, lifestyle, metabolic condition, socioeconomic situation, psychiatric status, suicidality, low-grade inflammation, the chronicity of depression, medications used and somatic diseases. At the 8-month follow-up, the results were essentially the same when the Trauma and Distress Scale (TADS) was used as the measure of ACEs. The specific mechanisms underlying cholesterol alterations associated with ACEs are a topic for future studies. Better understanding of these mechanisms might lead to possible new interventions in the prevention of adverse health effects resulting from ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siiri-Liisi Kraav
- Institute of Clinical Medicine / Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tommi Tolmunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine / Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Ruusunen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Deakin University, Food & Mood Centre, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Heimo Viinamäki
- Institute of Clinical Medicine / Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pekka Mäntyselkä
- Primary Health Care Unit, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heli Koivumaa-Honkanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine / Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Departments of Psychiatry: South-Savonia Hospital District, Mikkeli; North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu; SOTE, Iisalmi; Lapland Hospital District, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Minna Valkonen-Korhonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine / Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Honkalampi
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology & Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, and University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Soili M Lehto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine / Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Agorastos A, Pervanidou P, Chrousos GP, Baker DG. Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:118. [PMID: 30914979 PMCID: PMC6421311 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stressors display a high universal prevalence and constitute a major public health problem. Prolonged psychoneurobiological alterations as sequelae of early life stress (ELS) could represent a developmental risk factor and mediate risk for disease, leading to higher physical and mental morbidity rates in later life. ELS could exert a programming effect on sensitive neuronal brain networks related to the stress response during critical periods of development and thus lead to enduring hyper- or hypo-activation of the stress system and altered glucocorticoid signaling. In addition, alterations in emotional and autonomic reactivity, circadian rhythm disruption, functional and structural changes in the brain, as well as immune and metabolic dysregulation have been lately identified as important risk factors for a chronically impaired homeostatic balance after ELS. Furthermore, human genetic background and epigenetic modifications through stress-related gene expression could interact with these alterations and explain inter-individual variation in vulnerability or resilience to stress. This narrative review presents relevant evidence from mainly human research on the ten most acknowledged neurobiological allostatic pathways exerting enduring adverse effects of ELS even decades later (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, immune system and inflammation, oxidative stress, cardiovascular system, gut microbiome, sleep and circadian system, genetics, epigenetics, structural, and functional brain correlates). Although most findings back a causal relation between ELS and psychobiological maladjustment in later life, the precise developmental trajectories and their temporal coincidence has not been elucidated as yet. Future studies should prospectively investigate putative mediators and their temporal sequence, while considering the potentially delayed time-frame for their phenotypical expression. Better screening strategies for ELS are needed for a better individual prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agorastos Agorastos
- II. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Palmisano GL, Innamorati M, Sarracino D, Bosco A, Pergola F, Scaltrito D, Giorgio B, Vanderlinden J. Trauma and dissociation in obese patients with and without binge eating disorder: A case – control study. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2018.1470483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Palmisano
- Department of Psychology of the University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Umberto I, 70121 Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Marco Innamorati
- Department of History, Cultural Heritage, Education and Society of the University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Columbia 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Diego Sarracino
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan “Bicocca”, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, CP 20126 Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosco
- Department of Psychology of the University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Umberto I, 70121 Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Filippo Pergola
- Department of History, Cultural Heritage, Education and Society of the University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Columbia 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Scaltrito
- Department of Psychiatry of "Santa Maria Del Piede" Hospital, Eating Disorder Center “Salvatore Cotugno”, Gravina in Puglia, Via S Maria Del Piede 5, Bari, CP 70024, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Giorgio
- Department of Psychiatry of "Santa Maria Del Piede" Hospital, Eating Disorder Center “Salvatore Cotugno”, Gravina in Puglia, Via S Maria Del Piede 5, Bari, CP 70024, Italy
| | - Johan Vanderlinden
- Eating Disorder Unit, University Psychiatric Center K.U. Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, Leuvense Steenweg 517, B-3070 Kortenberg, Belgium
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Barreto FJN, Garcia FD, Prado PHT, Rocha PMB, Las Casas NS, Vallt FB, Correa H, Neves MCL. Childhood trauma and factors associated with depression among inpatients with cardiovascular disease. World J Psychiatry 2017; 7:106-113. [PMID: 28713688 PMCID: PMC5491475 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v7.i2.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify factors associated with depressive symptoms among inpatients with cardiovascular disease (CVD).
METHODS This is a cross-sectional study performed in a subsample of a large cross-sectional research that investigated affective disorders and suicide behaviour among inpatients hospitalized in non-surgical wards of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais from November 2013 to October 2015. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained through a structured interview and medical record review. Depression was assessed by the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, with scores ≥ 8 considered as positive screening for depression. We used the Fageström Test for Nicotine Dependence to characterize nicotine dependence. For assessing resilience and early-life trauma, we used the raw scores of the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, respectively.
RESULTS At endpoint, we included 137 subjects. Thirty-eight (27.7%) subjects presented depressive symptoms and nine (23.7%) of those were receiving antidepressant treatment during hospitalization. The female sex; a lower mean educational level; a greater prevalence of previous suicide attempts; a higher level of pain; a higher prevalence of family antecedents of mental disorders; a lower resilience score; and higher childhood trauma score were the factors significantly associated with screening positive for major depression (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the factors independently associated with the depressive symptoms were a higher childhood trauma severity (OR = 1.06; P = 0.004); moderate to severe nicotine dependence (OR = 8.58; P = 0.008); and the number of previous hospital admissions (OR = 1.11; P = 0.034). The obtained logistic model was considered valid, indicating that the three factors together distinguished between having or not depressive symptoms, and correctly classified 74.6% of individuals in the sample.
CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that inpatients presenting both CVD and a positive screening for depression are more prone to have antecedents of childhood trauma, nicotine dependence and a higher number of previous hospitalizations.
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Brown S, Mitchell TB, Fite PJ, Bortolato M. Impulsivity as a moderator of the associations between child maltreatment types and body mass index. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 67:137-146. [PMID: 28262605 PMCID: PMC5436933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment has emerged as an important risk factor for adult obesity (Danese & Tan, 2014; Hemmingsson et al., 2014). However, there is a need for research delineating the factors that play a role in this association. Impulsivity has been shown to be associated with both child maltreatment (Brodsky et al., 2001) and body mass index (BMI; Cortese et al., 2008; Thamotharan et al., 2013). Further, given previous research showing that adverse events interact with impulsivity to predict hazardous drinking behaviors (Fox et al., 2010), there is reason to hypothesize that child maltreatment might interact with impulsivity to predict other adverse health outcomes, such as elevated BMI. Accordingly, the current study examined whether impulsivity moderated the association between child maltreatment types (i.e., physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and emotional neglect) and BMI. The sample was comprised of 500 undergraduate students (49.6% male) between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Regression analyses suggested that maltreatment types and impulsivity were not uniquely associated with BMI. However, impulsivity moderated the association between childhood sexual abuse and adult BMI, such that BMI was highest at high levels of both sexual abuse and impulsivity. Impulsivity did not moderate the associations between the other child maltreatment types and BMI. Limitations, future directions, and clinical implications of this research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaquanna Brown
- Clinical Child Psychology Program and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, 2009 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Tarrah B Mitchell
- Clinical Child Psychology Program and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, 2009 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Paula J Fite
- Clinical Child Psychology Program and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, 2009 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 3916 Skaggs Hall, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; ConTRADA, University of Kansas, USA
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Basu A, McLaughlin KA, Misra S, Koenen KC. Childhood Maltreatment and Health Impact: The Examples of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2017; 24:125-139. [PMID: 28867878 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is associated with increased risk for an array of mental and physical health problems. We reviewed studies examining associations of child maltreatment, assessed either alone or in combination with other adversities, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type 2 Diabetes. PubMed was searched for relevant studies until December, 2015. Forty publications met inclusion criteria. Consistent positive associations were noted across a range of childhood adversities. Child maltreatment was associated with CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke, ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease) in 91.7% of studies, with diabetes in 88.2% of studies, and with blood pressure/hypertension in 61.5% of studies. Inclusion of mental disorders tended to attenuate associations. Sex-related differences were under-examined. Implications for future research and intervention efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Basu
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | | | | | - Karestan C Koenen
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Massachusetts General Hospital
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Kok L, Sep MS, Veldhuijzen DS, Cornelisse S, Nierich AP, van der Maaten J, Rosseel PM, Hofland J, Dieleman JM, Vinkers CH, Joëls M, van Dijk D, Hillegers MH. Trait anxiety mediates the effect of stress exposure on post-traumatic stress disorder and depression risk in cardiac surgery patients. J Affect Disord 2016; 206:216-223. [PMID: 27479534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are common after cardiac surgery. Lifetime stress exposure and personality traits may influence the development of these psychiatric conditions. METHODS Self-reported rates of PTSD and depression and potential determinants (i.e., trait anxiety and stress exposure) were established 1.5 to 4 years after cardiac surgery. Data was available for 1125 out of 1244 (90.4%) participants. Multivariable linear regressions were conducted to investigate mediating and/or moderating effects of trait anxiety on the relationship between stress exposure, and PTSD and depression. Pre-planned subgroup analyses were performed for both sexes. RESULTS PTSD and depression symptoms were present in 10.2% and 13.1% of the participants, respectively. Trait anxiety was a full mediator of the association between stress exposure and depression in both the total cohort and female and male subgroups. Moreover, trait anxiety partially mediated the relationship between stress exposure and PTSD in the full cohort and the male subgroup, whereas trait anxiety fully mediated this relationship in female patients. Trait anxiety did not play a moderating role in the total patient sample, nor after stratification on gender. LIMITATIONS The unequal distribution of male (78%) and female patients (22%) might limit the generalizability of our findings. Furthermore, risk factors were investigated retrospectively and with variable follow-up time. CONCLUSIONS In cardiac surgery patients, trait anxiety was found to be an important mediator of postoperative PTSD and depression. Prospective research is necessary to verify whether these factors are reliable screening measures of individuals' vulnerability for psychopathology development after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Kok
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Milou S Sep
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dieuwke S Veldhuijzen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Cornelisse
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P Nierich
- Department of Anesthesiology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Joost van der Maaten
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Rosseel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hofland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Dieleman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik van Dijk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Manon H Hillegers
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Merz EL, Roesch SC, Malcarne VL, Penedo FJ, Talavera GA, Castañeda SF, Daviglus ML, Giachello AL, Gonzalez F, Perreira KM, Ponguta LA, Gallo LC. Social Support, Simpatía, and Hypertension Prevalence in Hispanics/Latinos: Findings from the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study. JOURNAL OF LATINX PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 4:131-141. [PMID: 28804695 PMCID: PMC5553902 DOI: 10.1037/lat0000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant burden of hypertension in the United States, which extends to the large and growing Hispanic/Latino population. Previous literature suggests that psychosocial factors are related to hypertension in Hispanics/Latinos. However, cultural factors unique to this population have been largely understudied in this context. The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the association of hypertension prevalence with social support and simpatía, a Hispanic/Latino cultural value emphasizing social harmony. Cross-sectional data from 5,313 adult Hispanics/Latinos, age 18 to 75 years, representing multiple heritage groups were collected as part of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Contrary to predictions, higher social support was related to higher odds of hypertension prevalence across models (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.22). In the final main effects logistic regression model, higher simpatía was related to lower odds of hypertension (OR = .83, 95% CI: .77, .90). Sex modified the link between simpatía and hypertension, with significant effects for men but not women. A 1 SD increase in simpatía was associated with 36% lower odds of hypertension in Hispanic/Latino men. The findings suggest that social support was inversely related with hypertension prevalence and that simpatía may be a protective cultural characteristic in relation to hypertension in the Hispanic/Latino population, but only in men. These results contribute to a growing discourse about the role of Hispanic/Latino cultural values in cardiovascular health.
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Hampson SE, Edmonds GW, Goldberg LR, Barckley M, Klest B, Dubanoski JP, Hillier TA. Lifetime trauma, personality traits, and health: A pathway to midlife health status. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA-THEORY RESEARCH PRACTICE AND POLICY 2016; 8:447-54. [PMID: 27100170 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether lifetime experience of trauma is related to personality through instrumental and reactive trait processes, and whether lifetime trauma is a mechanism underlying the association between childhood conscientiousness and objectively assessed adult physical health. METHOD Participants (N = 831) were 442 women and 389 men from the Hawaii longitudinal study of personality and health. Teacher assessments of personality were obtained when the participants were in elementary school. Self-reported adult personality assessments, lifetime histories of trauma experience, and objectively assessed physiological dysregulation were obtained between ages 45-55. RESULTS Women tended to report more high-betrayal trauma than men, whereas men reported more low-betrayal trauma than women. Women who were judged by their teachers to be less agreeable and less conscientious in childhood reported more lifetime trauma, suggesting instrumental trait processes. For both genders, neuroticism and openness/intellect/imagination in adulthood, but not in childhood, were associated with lifetime trauma, suggesting reactive trait processes. For both genders, trauma experience was correlated with dysregulation and with Body Mass Index (BMI). The indirect paths from childhood conscientiousness to adult dysregulation and BMI through total teen and adult trauma were significant for women, but not for men (indirect effect for women's dysregulation = -.025, p = .040, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -.048, -.001; indirect effect for women's BMI = -.037, p = .009, 95% CI = -.067, -.008). CONCLUSION Teen and adult trauma experience appears to be a hitherto unidentified mechanism in women underlying the association between conscientiousness and health. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Palmisano GL, Innamorati M, Vanderlinden J. Life adverse experiences in relation with obesity and binge eating disorder: A systematic review. J Behav Addict 2016; 5:11-31. [PMID: 28092189 PMCID: PMC5322988 DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Several studies report a positive association between adverse life experiences and adult obesity. Despite the high comorbidity between binge eating disorder (BED) and obesity, few authors have studied the link between trauma and BED. In this review the association between exposure to adverse life experiences and a risk for the development of obesity and BED in adulthood is explored. Methods Based on a scientific literature review in Medline, PubMed and PsycInfo databases, the results of 70 studies (N = 306,583 participants) were evaluated including 53 studies on relationship between adverse life experiences and obesity, 7 studies on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in relation to obesity, and 10 studies on the association between adverse life experiences and BED. In addition, mediating factors between the association of adverse life experiences, obesity and BED were examined. Results The majority of studies (87%) report that adverse life experiences are a risk factor for developing obesity and BED. More precisely a positive association between traumatic experiences and obesity and PTSD and obesity were found, respectively, in 85% and 86% of studies. Finally, the great majority of studies (90%) between trauma and the development of BED in adulthood strongly support this association. Meanwhile, different factors mediating between the trauma and obesity link were identified. Discussion and conclusions Although research data show a strong association between life adverse experiences and the development of obesity and BED, more research is needed to explain this association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Innamorati
- Department of Science and Technology of Education, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Johan Vanderlinden
- Eating Disorder Unit, University Psychiatric Center K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Verhoeven JE, van Oppen P, Puterman E, Elzinga B, Penninx BWJH. The Association of Early and Recent Psychosocial Life Stress With Leukocyte Telomere Length. Psychosom Med 2015; 77:882-91. [PMID: 26374947 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic exposure to psychosocial stressors is related to worse somatic health. This association applies both to stressors early in life, such as childhood adversities, and more recent life stress, such as stressful life events. This study examined whether accelerated telomere shortening, as an indicator of cellular aging, might be an explanatory mechanism. METHODS We examined whether childhood adversities and recent stressful life events were associated with shorter telomeres in 2936 participants (mean [standard deviation] age = 41.8 [13.1] years, 66% women, 57% current depression) of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Telomeres are specialized nucleic acid-protein complexes at the ends of linear DNA that shorten with age; telomere length (TL) was measured with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Childhood life events (β = .004, p = .805) and childhood trauma (β = -.023, p = .205) were not related to shorter TL. However, we found negative associations between recent stressful life events and TL. Persons had shorter telomeres if they reported more stressful life events in the past year (β = -.039, p = .028) and 1 to 5 years ago (β = -.042, p = .018, adjusted for sociodemographics). The relationship between stressful life events and TL became borderline significant when further adjusted for smoking status. No associations with TL were found when stressful life events occurred more than 6 years ago (p > .10). CONCLUSIONS Results show that recent stressful life events are associated with shorter TL. This association is not observed for psychosocial stressors that occur earlier in life. Whether these results are indicative of physiological resiliency remains to be explored by future longitudinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josine E Verhoeven
- From the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research (Verhoeven, Oppen, Penninx), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry (Puterman), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and Institute of Psychology (Elzinga), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, Netherlands
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Dermody SS, Wright AGC, Cheong J, Miller KG, Muldoon MF, Flory JD, Gianaros PJ, Marsland AL, Manuck SB. Personality Correlates of Midlife Cardiometabolic Risk: The Explanatory Role of Higher-Order Factors of the Five-Factor Model. J Pers 2015; 84:765-776. [PMID: 26249259 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Varying associations are reported between Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits and cardiovascular disease risk. Here, we further examine dispositional correlates of cardiometabolic risk within a hierarchical model of personality that proposes higher-order traits of Stability (shared variance of Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, inverse Neuroticism) and Plasticity (Extraversion, Openness), and we test hypothesized mediation via biological and behavioral factors. In an observational study of 856 community volunteers aged 30-54 years (46% male, 86% Caucasian), latent variable FFM traits (using multiple-informant reports) and aggregated cardiometabolic risk (indicators: insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, blood pressure, adiposity) were estimated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The cardiometabolic factor was regressed on each personality factor or higher-order trait. Cross-sectional indirect effects via systemic inflammation, cardiac autonomic control, and physical activity were tested. CFA models confirmed the Stability "meta-trait," but not Plasticity. Lower Stability was associated with heightened cardiometabolic risk. This association was accounted for by inflammation, autonomic function, and physical activity. Among FFM traits, only Openness was associated with risk over and above Stability, and, unlike Stability, this relationship was unexplained by the intervening variables. A Stability meta-trait covaries with midlife cardiometabolic risk, and this association is accounted for by three candidate biological and behavioral factors.
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The psychosocial indicators related to neuroticism in both sexes: A study of incoming university students. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2015; 31:208-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Suglia SF, Sapra KJ, Koenen KC. Violence and cardiovascular health: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2015; 48:205-212. [PMID: 25599905 PMCID: PMC4300436 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Violence, experienced in either childhood or adulthood, has been associated with physical health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease. However, the consistency of the existing literature has not been evaluated. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION In 2013, the authors conducted a PubMed and Web of Science review of peer-reviewed articles published prior to August 2013 on the relation between violence exposure, experienced in either childhood or adulthood, and cardiovascular outcomes. To meet inclusion criteria, articles had to present estimates for the relation between violence exposure and cardiovascular outcomes (e.g., hypertension, blood pressure, stroke, coronary disease, or myocardial infarction) adjusted for demographic factors. Articles focusing on violence from television, video games, natural disasters, terrorism, or war were excluded. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The initial search yielded 2,273 articles; after removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles were selected for review. A consistent positive relation was noted on the association between violence experienced during childhood and cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood (i.e., hypertension, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction). Associations across genders with varying types of violence exposure were also noted. By contrast, findings were mixed on the relation between adult violence exposure and cardiovascular outcome. CONCLUSIONS Despite varying definitions of violence exposure and cardiovascular endpoints, a consistent relation exists between childhood violence exposure, largely assessed retrospectively, and cardiovascular endpoints. Findings are mixed for the adult violence-cardiovascular health relation. The cross-sectional nature of most adult studies and the reliance of self-reported outcomes can potentially be attributed to the lack of findings among adult violence exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakira F Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - Katherine J Sapra
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Gerlach G, Herpertz S, Loeber S. Personality traits and obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2015; 16:32-63. [PMID: 25470329 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on a bio-social-ecological systems model of the development and maintenance of obesity, there has been in the last few years a growing research interest in the association of obesity and personality traits. The aim of the present review was a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the existing literature taking into account the methodological quality of studies to enhance our understanding of personality traits associated with body weight, the development of overweight and obesity as well as the effectiveness of weight loss interventions including bariatric surgery. Personality traits play an important role both as risk as well as protective factors in the development of overweight and obesity. While thus in particular 'neuroticism', 'impulsivity' and 'sensitivity to reward' appear as risk factors, 'conscientiousness' and 'self-control' have been shown to have a protective function in relation to weight gain. Conscientiousness is a measure of regulation of internal urges and self-discipline, and may thus provide a potential source of control over impulsive reward-oriented behaviour. The results of the present review suggest that, within the context of therapeutic weight reduction measures, it is meaningful to identify subgroups of patients for whom specific treatment options need to be developed, such as measures for strengthening self-control skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gerlach
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
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The cumulative effect of different childhood trauma types on self-reported symptoms of adult male depression and PTSD, substance abuse and health-related quality of life in a large active-duty military cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 58:46-54. [PMID: 25139009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
History of childhood trauma (CT) is highly prevalent and may lead to long-term consequences on physical and mental health. This study investigated the independent association of CT with symptoms of adult depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mental and physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as well as current tobacco consumption and alcohol abuse in a large homogenous cohort of 1254 never-deployed, young male Marines enrolled in the Marine Resiliency Study. Independent effects of CT history, number and type of CT on outcomes were analyzed using hierarchical multivariate logistic regression models. Our results suggested dose-dependent negative effect of an increasing number of trauma types of CT on depression, PTSD and HRQoL. Experience of single CT type demonstrated overall weak effects, while history of multiple CT types distinctively increased the likelihood of adult PTSD symptomology (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.5-6.2), poor mental (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.7-3.1) and physical HRQoL (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9). Risk for depression symptoms was similar for both single and multiple CT (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3-3.8 and OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2-3.5 respectively). CT history had no effects on current tobacco use and alcohol abuse. Our study thus provides evidence for substantial additive effect of different CT types on adult mental and physical health with increasing levels of exposure.
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Hemmingsson E, Johansson K, Reynisdottir S. Effects of childhood abuse on adult obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2014; 15:882-93. [PMID: 25123205 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists surrounding the role of childhood abuse in obesity development. This is a meta-analysis of observational studies on the role of childhood abuse in adult obesity. Systematic searches of PubMed, PsycInfo, Medline and CINAHL resulted in 23 cohort studies (4 prospective, 19 retrospective) with n=112,708 participants, containing four abuse types (physical, emotional, sexual, general). Four studies reported dose-response effects. A random effects model was used to quantify effect sizes, meta-regression/subgroup analysis for identifying potential moderating variables and Egger's test for publication bias. Adults who reported childhood abuse were significantly more likely to be obese (odds ratio [OR]: 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24-1.45, P<0.001). All four types of abuse were significantly associated with adult obesity: physical (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13-1.46), emotional (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.08-1.71), sexual (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.13-1.53) and general abuse (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.25-1.69). Severe abuse (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.27-1.77) was significantly more associated with adult obesity (P=0.043) compared with light/moderate abuse (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.91-1.41). We found no significant effects of study design (prospective vs. retrospective, P=0.07), age (P=0.96) or gender (P=0.92). Publication bias was evident (Egger's test P=0.007), but effect sizes remained statistically significant in sensitivity analyses. Childhood abuse was clearly associated with being obese as an adult, including a positive dose-response association. This suggests that adverse life experiences during childhood plays a major role in obesity development, potentially by inducing mental and emotional perturbations, maladaptive coping responses, stress, inflammation and metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hemmingsson
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Roh SJ, Kim HN, Shim U, Kim BH, Kim SJ, Chung HW, Lee H, Sung YA, Kim HL. Association between blood lipid levels and personality traits in young Korean women. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108406. [PMID: 25268499 PMCID: PMC4182467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal lipid levels are important etiological factors associated with the development of atherosclerosis and with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Lipid levels are also influenced by lifestyle and behavioral factors, which suggests that personality traits might be related to abnormal lipid profiles. Studies on personality traits and lipid levels are relatively scarce in Korea. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the association between lipid levels and personality traits in young Korean women. A total of 1,701 young Korean women [mean age = 24.9±4.6 years (range 17-39)] who volunteered for personality trait evaluation were recruited for this study. Lipid levels, including total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride, were measured in all subjects after an overnight fast, and a low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level was calculated. The study population was divided into abnormal and normal lipid level groups according to the clinical criteria. Personality traits were measured using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory for the Five-Factor Model of personality. High neuroticism was associated with low HDL cholesterol levels. Low extraversion and openness were associated with high levels of triglyceride. At the facet level, the association between personality and lipid levels were generally consistent. Angry hostility, self-consciousness, vulnerability to stress, activity, and straightforwardness were associated with HDL cholesterol levels. Activity, positive emotion, aesthetics, actions, and deliberation were associated with triglyceride. When applying clinical criteria, conscientiousness was less likely to have abnormal total cholesterol levels. Our results showed that the women with the low HDL cholesterol levels are like to be more neurotic and the hyperglycemic women are prone to lower extraversion and openness in Korea. Understanding the associations between blood lipid levels and personality traits may have a beneficial effect for the managing of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ju Roh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Na Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Unjin Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Seonam Hospital, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Chung
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ah Sung
- Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Lae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Harville EW, Spriggs Madkour A, Xie Y. Personality and adolescent pregnancy outcomes. J Adv Nurs 2014; 71:148-59. [PMID: 25040691 DOI: 10.1111/jan.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the relationship between personality, pregnancy and birth outcomes in adolescents. BACKGROUND Personality has been shown to be a strong predictor of many health outcomes. Adolescents who become pregnant have worse birth outcomes than adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional study using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (baseline, 1994-1995; follow-up, 2007-2008). METHODS The study sample was 6529 girls, 820 of whom reported on pregnancy outcomes for a teenage birth. Personality data were taken from the Mini International Personality Item Pool personality tool, which measures the five-factor personality traits of neuroticism, conscientiousness, intellect/imagination, extraversion and agreeableness. Logistic regression was used to predict teen pregnancy and linear regression was used to predict birth weight and gestational age with adjustment for confounders and stratification by race. RESULTS Agreeableness and intellect/imagination were associated with a reduced likelihood of becoming pregnant as an adolescent, while neuroticism, conscientiousness and extraversion were all associated with an increased likelihood of becoming pregnant. Higher neuroticism was associated with lower birth weight and gestational age among Black girls, but not non-Black. Conscientiousness was associated with lower gestational age among non-Black girls. No relationships were found with extraversion or agreeableness and birth outcomes. Receiving late or no prenatal care was associated with higher intellect/imagination. CONCLUSIONS Personality is understudied with respect to pregnancy and birth outcomes compared with other health outcomes. Such research could help professionals and clinicians design and target programmes that best fit the characteristics of the population most likely to need them, such as those with high neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Harville
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Vogelzangs N, Beekman ATF, van Reedt Dortland AKB, Schoevers RA, Giltay EJ, de Jonge P, Penninx BWJH. Inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation and the 2-year course of depressive disorders in antidepressant users. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1624-34. [PMID: 24442097 PMCID: PMC4023159 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Scarce evidence suggests that inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation predicts poor response to antidepressants, which could result in worse depression outcome. This study prospectively examined whether inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation predicted the 2-year course of depressive disorders among antidepressant users. Data were from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, including 315 persons (18-65 years) with a current depressive disorder (major depressive disorder, dysthymia) at baseline according to the DSM-IV criteria and using antidepressants. Inflammatory (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor-necrosis factor-α) and metabolic (waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, blood pressure, fasting glucose) factors were measured at baseline. Primary outcome for course of depression was indicated by whether or not a DSM-IV depressive disorder diagnosis was still/again present at 2-year follow-up, indicating chronicity of depression. Elevated IL-6, low HDL cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia were associated with chronicity of depression in antidepressant users. Persons showing ⩾ 4 inflammatory or metabolic dysregulations had a 1.90 increased odds of depression chronicity (95% CI = 1.12-3.23). Among persons who recently (ie, at most 3 months) started antidepressant medication (N = 103), having ⩾ 4 dysregulations was associated with a 6.85 increased odds of depression chronicity (95% CI = 1.95-24.06). In conclusion, inflammatory and metabolic dysregulations were found to predict a more chronic course of depressive disorders among patients using antidepressants. This could suggest that inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation worsens depression course owing to reduced antidepressant treatment response and that alternative intervention treatments may be needed for depressed persons with inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Vogelzangs
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, AJ Ernststraat 1187, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel: +31 20 788 4521, Fax: +31 20 788 5664, E-mail: /
| | - Aartjan TF Beekman
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arianne KB van Reedt Dortland
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Schoevers
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Giltay
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter de Jonge
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda WJH Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Childhood maltreatment and obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:544-54. [PMID: 23689533 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a prevalent global-health problem associated with substantial morbidity, impairment and economic burden. Because most readily available forms of treatment are ineffective in the long term, it is essential to advance knowledge of obesity prevention by identifying potentially modifiable risk factors. Findings from experimental studies in non-human primates suggest that adverse childhood experiences may influence obesity risk. However, observations from human studies showed heterogeneous results. To address these inconsistencies, we performed Medline, PsycInfo and Embase searches till 1 August 2012 for articles examining the association between childhood maltreatment and obesity. We then conducted a meta-analysis of the identified studies and explored the effects of various possible sources of bias. A meta-analysis of 41 studies (190 285 participants) revealed that childhood maltreatment was associated with elevated risk of developing obesity over the life-course (odds ratio=1.36; 95% confidence interval=1.26-1.47). Results were not explained by publication bias or undue influence of individual studies. Overall, results were not significantly affected by the measures or definitions used for maltreatment or obesity, nor by confounding by childhood or adult socioeconomic status, current smoking, alcohol intake or physical activity. However, the association was not statistically significant in studies of children and adolescents, focusing on emotional neglect, or adjusting for current depression. Furthermore, the association was stronger in samples including more women and whites, but was not influenced by study quality. Child maltreatment is a potentially modifiable risk factor for obesity. Future research should clarify the mechanisms through which child maltreatment affects obesity risk and explore methods to remediate this effect.
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Cholesterol and the "Cycle of Violence" in attempted suicide. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:646-50. [PMID: 24503286 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An association between low levels of serum cholesterol and violent or suicidal behaviour has frequently been reported. However the role of serum cholesterol in the cycle of violence (Widom, 1989) has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate association between exposure to violence during childhood and used adult violence in suicide attempters with low and high serum cholesterol levels. 81 suicide attempters were assessed with the Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale (KIVS) measuring exposure to violence and expressed violent behaviour in childhood (between 6 and 14 years of age) and during adult life (15 years or older). We used median split to dichotomise groups below and above median serum cholesterol. In patients with serum cholesterol below median, the correlation between exposure to violence as a child and used adult violence was significant (rho=0.52, p=0.002), while in patients with serum cholesterol above median, the correlation between exposure to violence as a child and expressed violent behaviour as an adult was not significant (rho=0.25, p=0.2). Comorbid substance abuse predicted violent behaviour as an adult only in patients with serum cholesterol above median. Serum cholesterol may modify the effect of the "Cycle of Violence".
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Shim U, Kim HN, Roh SJ, Cho NH, Shin C, Ryu S, Sung YA, Kim HL. Personality traits and body mass index in a Korean population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90516. [PMID: 24598991 PMCID: PMC3944006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity is a serious problem worldwide related to cardiovascular and other diseases. Personality traits are associated with the abnormal body mass indices (BMIs) indicative of overweight and obesity. However, the links between personality traits and BMI have been little studied in Korea. Methods We evaluated the association between personality traits and BMI in men and women using the rural Ansung and urban Ansan cohort from the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study, and the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Cohort Study datasets. A shorter version of the original Revised Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) was used to measure the five-factor model of personality (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness). Results Data from a total of 1,495 men (mean age 60.0±9.8 years; mean BMI 24.3±3.0 kg/m2) and 2,547 women (mean age 47.0±15.5 years; mean BMI 22.8±3.4 kg/m2) were included in the analysis. Compared with the normal weight groups, overweight and obese men scored higher on openness to experience and lower on conscientiousness. Overweight and obese women scored lower on neuroticism and openness to experience and higher on agreeableness. Extraversion was positively associated with BMI in men (β = 0.032, P<0.05). BMI and waist circumference were significantly increased in individuals who were less dutiful. In women, neuroticism was inversely associated with BMI (β = −0.026, P<0.05). Openness to experience was negatively, and agreeableness was positively, associated with BMI (openness to experience: β = −0.072, agreeableness β = 0.068) and waist circumference (openness to experience: β = −0.202, agreeableness: β = 0.227) (P<0.05). Conclusion Personality traits were associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity in men and women. Increased understanding of the underlying factors contributing to this association will aid in the prevention and treatment of abnormal BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unjin Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Seonam Hospital, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Na Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (HNK); (HLK)
| | - Seung-Ju Roh
- Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam H. Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ah Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Lae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (HNK); (HLK)
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Liu CS, Carvalho AF, Mansur RB, McIntyre RS. Obesity and bipolar disorder: synergistic neurotoxic effects? Adv Ther 2013; 30:987-1006. [PMID: 24194362 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-013-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a disabling and chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that is typified by a complex illness presentation, episode recurrence and by its frequent association with psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Over the past decade, obesity has emerged as one of many comorbidities generating substantial concern in the BD population due to important prognostic implications. This comprehensive review details the bidirectional relationship between obesity and BD as evidenced by alterations in the structure and function of the central nervous system, in addition to greater depressive recurrence, cognitive dysfunction and risk of suicidality. Drawing on current research results, this article presents several putative mechanisms underlying the synergistic toxic effects and provides a framework for future treatment options for the obesity-BD comorbidity. There is a need for more large-scale prospective studies to investigate the bidirectional relationships between obesity and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina S Liu
- Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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48
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Human LJ, Biesanz JC, Miller GE, Chen E, Lachman ME, Seeman TE. Is change bad? Personality change is associated with poorer psychological health and greater metabolic syndrome in midlife. J Pers 2013; 81:249-60. [PMID: 22924900 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Personality change is emerging as an important predictor of health and well-being. Extending previous research, we examined whether two types of personality change, directional and absolute, are associated with both subjective and objective indicators of health. Utilizing the longitudinal Midlife in the United States survey (MIDUS) data, we examined whether both types of change over 10 years were associated with psychological well-being, self-reported global health, and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and diagnosis. Socially undesirable personality change (e.g., becoming less conscientious and more neurotic) and absolute personality change were independently associated with worse perceived health and well-being at Time 2. Notably, absolute personality change, regardless of the direction, was also associated with having a greater number of MetS components and a greater probability of diagnosis at Time 2. In sum, too much personality change may be bad for one's health: Socially undesirable and absolute personality change were both associated with worse psychological health and worse metabolic profiles over 10 years. These findings suggest that personality change may contribute to psychological and physical health, and provide initial insight into potential intermediate links between personality change and distal outcomes such as mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Human
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136West Mall,Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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