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Sun F, Wang L, Gao T, Zhong Y, Ren K. Enhanced Fire Safety of Energy-Saving Foam by Self-Cleavage CO 2 Pre-Combustion and Phosphorus Release Post-Combustion. Molecules 2024; 29:3708. [PMID: 39125111 PMCID: PMC11314537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is widely utilized in construction and rail transportation due to its lightweight properties and low thermal conductivity, contributing to energy conservation and emission reduction. However, the inherent flammability of RPUF presents significant challenges. Delaying the time to ignition and preventing flame spread post-combustion is crucial for ensuring sufficient evacuation time in the event of a fire. Based on this principle, this study explores the efficacy of using potassium salts as a catalyst to promote the self-cleavage of RPUF, generating substantial amounts of CO2, thereby reducing the local oxygen concentration and delaying ignition. Additionally, the inclusion of a reactive flame retardant (DFD) facilitates the release of phosphorus-oxygen free radicals during combustion, disrupting the combustion chain reaction and thus mitigating flame propagation. Moreover, potassium salt-induced catalytic carbonization and phosphorus derivative cross-linking enhance the condensed phase flame retardancy. Consequently, the combined application of potassium salts and DFD increases the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and reduces both peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR). Importantly, the incorporation of these additives does not compromise the compressive strength or thermal insulation performance of RPUF. This integrated approach offers a new and effective strategy for the development of flame retardant RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Lijun Wang
- Clinical College, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (L.W.); (T.G.)
| | - Tiantian Gao
- Clinical College, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (L.W.); (T.G.)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Kefa Ren
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610051, China
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2
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Chen Y, Guo W, Zhang S, Zhang J, Xu H, Li N, Meng X, Xi M, Liu C, Wang Z. Interpenetrated Multinetwork Hybrid Aerogels by Layered Montmorillonite and One-Dimensional Hydroxyapatite Fibers for Heat and Fire Insulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:39886-39895. [PMID: 39036935 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
It is of practical significance to develop aerogels with effective thermal insulation characteristics together with fireproof properties as well as high mechanical strength. Here, an interpenetrated multinetwork hybrid aerogel realizing thermal insulation, flame retardancy, and high compression modulus is demonstrated. Specifically, one-dimensional hydroxyapatite nanowires (HAP) played dual roles as the aerogel support skeleton to entangle with layered montmorillonite (MMT) each other to form a three-dimensional interpenetrated multinetwork structure and to optimize the thermal conductivity by adjusting the pore space in current HAP/MMT/PVA hybrid aerogels. Therefore, the interpenetrated multinetwork hybrid aerogels exhibit superior thermal insulation performance in room temperature (0.033 W m-1 K-1, 298 K, air conditions) and largely enhanced ultrahigh compression modulus (80 MPa). Moreover, the obtained hybrid aerogels also exhibit excellent flame retardancy and self-extinguishing smoke suppression properties (peak heat release rate and total smoke production as low as 92.44 kW m-2 and 0.1 m2, respectively), which is the outstanding interpenetrated multinetwork hybrid aerogel that has achieved synergistic improvement in heat and fire insulation and mechanical performance. Therefore, the interpenetrated multinetwork hybrid aerogels are promising candidates for efficient heat insulation, fire prevention, and mechanically robust applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shudong Zhang
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jixiang Zhang
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nian Li
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaolin Meng
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Min Xi
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhenyang Wang
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Prociak T, Bogdal D, Kuranska M, Dlugosz O, Kubik M. The Effect of Rapeseed Oil Biopolyols and Cellulose Biofillers on Selected Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3357. [PMID: 38998437 PMCID: PMC11243053 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on polyurethane viscoelastic foams (PUVFs) modified with biomaterials. This investigation looked at the effect of the biomaterials on the foaming processes, as well as the acoustical and selected physical-mechanical properties of the foams. Various types of rapeseed oil biopolyols and microcellulose were used to modify the materials. The analysis of properties covered a reference biopolyol-free sample and materials containing 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 30 wt.% of different types of biopolyols in the mixture of polyol components. The biopolyols differed in terms of functionality and hydroxyl value (OHv). Next, a selected formulation was modified with various microcellulose biofillers in the amount of 0.5-2 wt.%. The PUVFs, with apparent densities of more than 210 kg/m3 and open-cell structures (more than 85% of open cells), showed a slow recovery to their original shape after deformation when the pressure force was removed. They were also characterized by a tensile strength in the range of 156-264 kPa, elongation at break of 310-510%, hardness of 8.1-23.1 kPa, and a high comfort factor of 3.1-7.1. The introduction of biopolyols into the polyurethane system resulted in changes in sound intensity levels of up to 31.45%, while the addition of fillers resulted in changes in sound intensity levels of up to 13.81%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Prociak
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (O.D.)
- Stanmark, Halki 6/1, 30-228 Cracow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bogdal
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (O.D.)
| | - Maria Kuranska
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (O.D.)
| | - Olga Dlugosz
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (O.D.)
| | - Mark Kubik
- Stanmark, Halki 6/1, 30-228 Cracow, Poland
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Li H, Hou L, Liu Y, Yao Z, Liang L, Tian D, Liu C, Xue J, Zhan L, Liu Y, Zhen Z, Niu K. Balanced Thermal Insulation, Flame-Retardant and Mechanical Properties of PU Foam Constructed via Cost-Effective EG/APP/SA Ternary Synergistic Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:330. [PMID: 38337219 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To address the challenge of balancing the mechanical, thermal insulation, and flame-retardant properties of building insulation materials, this study presented a facile approach to modify the rigid polyurethane foam composites (RPUFs) via commercial expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and silica aerogel (SA). The resulting EG/APP/SA/RPUFs exhibited low thermal conductivity close to neat RPUF. However, the compressive strength of the 6EG/2APP/SA/RPUF increased by 49% along with achieving a V-0 flame retardant rating. The residual weight at 700 °C increased from 19.2 wt.% to 30.9 wt.%. Results from cone calorimetry test (CCT) revealed a 9.2% reduction in total heat release (THR) and a 17.5% decrease in total smoke production (TSP). The synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of APP/EG made significant contribution to the excellent flame retardant properties of EG/APP/SA/RPUFs. The addition of SA played a vital role in reducing thermal conductivity and enhancing mechanical performance, effectively compensating for the shortcomings of APP/EG. The cost-effective EG/APP/SA system demonstrates a positive ternary synergistic effect in achieving a balance in RPUFs properties. This study provides a novel strategy aimed at developing affordable building wall insulation material with enhanced safety features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Longtao Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Zhiyu Yao
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Lixing Liang
- Microelectronics and Information Materials Research Center, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Dangxin Tian
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Junqiang Xue
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Linshan Zhan
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Zhilu Zhen
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Kangmin Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Cheng W, Jiao W, Fei Y, Yang Z, Zhang X, Wu F, Liu Y, Yin X, Ding B. Direct synthesis of ultralight, elastic, high-temperature insulation N-doped TiO 2 ceramic nanofibrous sponges via conjugate electrospinning. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1135-1146. [PMID: 37999715 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04987f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The design of three-dimensional ceramic nanofibrous materials with high-temperature insulation and flame-retardant characteristics is of significant interest due to the effectively improved mechanical properties. However, achieving a pure ceramic monolith with ultra-low density, high elasticity and toughness remains a great challenge. Herein, a low-cost, scalable strategy to fabricate ultralight and mechanically robust N-doped TiO2 ceramic nanofibrous sponges with a continuous stratified structure by conjugate electrospinning is reported. Remarkably, the introduction of dopamine into the precursor nanofibers is engineered, which realizes the nitrogen doping to inhibit the TiO2 grain growth, endowing single nanofibers with a smoother, less defective surface. Besides, the self-polymerization process of dopamine allows the construction of bonding points between nanofibers and optimizes the distribution of inorganic micelles on polymer templates. Moreover, a rotating disk receiving device under different rotating speeds is designed to obtain N-doped TiO2 sponges with various interlamellar spacings, further affecting the maximum compressive deformation capacity. The resulting ceramic sponges, consisting of fluffy crosslinked nanofiber layers, possess low densities of 12-45 mg cm-3, which can quickly recover under a large strain of 80% and have only 9.2% plastic deformation after 100 compression cycles. In addition, the sponge also exhibits a temperature-invariant superelasticity at 25-800 °C and a low heat conductivity of 0.0285 W m-1 K-1, with an outstanding thermal insulation property, making it an ideal insulation material for high-temperature or harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Wenling Jiao
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yifan Fei
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Zaihui Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Fan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yitao Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xia Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Bin Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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6
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Zemła M, Michałowski S, Prociak A. Synthesis and Characterization of Flame Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Different Types of Blowing Agents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7217. [PMID: 38005146 PMCID: PMC10673181 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, rigid polyurethane foams modified with non-halogenated flame retardant were obtained. The foams were synthesized using two systems containing different blowing agents. In the first one, cyclopentane and water were used as a mixture of blowing agents, and in the second one, only water was used as a chemical blowing agent. The systems were modified with the additive phosphorus flame retardant Roflam F5. The obtained modified foams were tested for their flammability and basic properties, such as apparent density, closed-cell contents and analyses of the cell structures, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and water absorption. Increasing the content of Roflam F5 caused a decrease in temperature during the combustion of the material and extended the burning time. The addition of 1.0 wt.% phosphorus derived from Roflam F5 caused the modified rigid polyurethane foam to become a self-extinguishing material. The increase in the content of Roflam F5 caused a decrease in the total heat release and the maximum heat release rate during the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry. The foams with the highest content of flame retardant and foamed with a chemical-physical and chemical blowing agent had a lower total heat release by 19% and 11%, respectively, compared to reference foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zemła
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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7
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Yuan Y, Lin W, Xiao Y, Yu B, Wang W. Advancements in Flame-Retardant Systems for Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Molecules 2023; 28:7549. [PMID: 38005271 PMCID: PMC10673599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The amplified employment of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has accentuated the importance of its flame-retardant properties in stimulating demand. Thus, a compelling research report is essential to scrutinize the recent progression in the field of the flame retardancy and smoke toxicity reduction of RPUF. This comprehensive analysis delves into the conventional and innovative trends in flame-retardant (FR) systems, comprising reactive-type FRs, additive-type FRs, inorganic nanoparticles, and protective coatings for flame resistance, and summarizes their impacts on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and smoke toxicity suppression of the resultant foams. Nevertheless, there are still several challenges that require attention, such as the migration of additives, the insufficient interfacial compatibility between flame-retardant polyols or flame retardants and the RPUF matrix, and the complexity of achieving both flame retardancy and mechanical properties simultaneously. Moreover, future research should focus on utilizing functionalized precursors and developing biodegradable RPUF to promote sustainability and to expand the applications of polyurethane foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Weiliang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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8
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Wang Z, Wang C, Gao Y, Li Z, Shang Y, Li H. Porous Thermal Insulation Polyurethane Foam Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3818. [PMID: 37765672 PMCID: PMC10537539 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous thermal insulation materials (PTIMs) are a class of materials characterized by low thermal conductivity, low bulk density and high porosity. The low thermal conductivity of the gas enclosed in their pores allows them to achieve efficient thermal insulation, and are they among the most widely used and effective materials in thermal insulation material systems. Among the PTIMs, polyurethane foam (PUF) stands out as particularly promising. Its appeal comes from its multiple beneficial features, such as low density, low thermal conductivity and superior mechanical properties. Such attributes have propelled its broad application across domains encompassing construction, heterogeneous chemical equipment, water conservation and hydropower, and the aviation and aerospace fields. First, this article outlines the structure and properties of porous thermal insulation PUF materials. Next, it explores the methods of preparing porous thermal insulation PUF materials, evaluating the associated advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Following this, the mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and flame-retardant characteristics of porous thermal insulation PUF materials are characterized. Lastly, the article provides insight into the prospective development trends pertaining to porous thermal insulation PUF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Chengzhu Wang
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuebin Gao
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Zhao Li
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yu Shang
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Haifu Li
- Shaanxi Haichuang Industrial Co., Ltd., Xi’an 712034, China;
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9
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Zhang X, Yuan D, Sun S, Li H, Wang Z, Xie H. Study on the thermal stability and combustion performance of polyurethane foams modified with manganese phytate. INT POLYM PROC 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2022-4278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A new environmental friendly flame retardant manganese phytate (MnPa) was prepared by a direct precipitation method and the polyurethane foam (PUF) modified with MnPa was obtained by a one-step all-water foaming method. The thermal stability and combustion performance of the MnPa-modified PUF (MnPUF) were investigated by using thermogravimetric (TG), thermal decomposition kinetics, smoke density characterization, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 horizontal combustion test. The results indicated that the addition of MnPa significantly improved the thermal stability and combustion performance of the modified PUF. On the basis of the thermogravimetric analysis, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, Kissinger method and Coats Redfern method, it could be concluded that PUF with 7.5 wt% MnPa (MnPUF3) had the highest activation energy and the best thermal stability. Smoke density analysis, LOI and horizontal combustion analysis also showed that the addition of MnPa was positively correlated with smoke suppression, LOI value and burning time. The current research results can provide a reference for the subsequent flame retardant modification of PUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Dehe Yuan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Simiao Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Handong Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Hua Xie
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
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Prałat K, Ciemnicka J, Jankowski P, Wierzbicka E, Plis A. Experimental research on the thermal properties of innovative insulation boards made of polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR/PIR). POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, the results of investigations of polyurethane materials were presented. Innovative materials based on polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR/PIR) foam were obtained. Different types of additives (flame retardants, aerogels – additives that decrease thermal conductivity) are used in the composition of PUR/PIR foam. Foams are a type of composite composed of two phases: continuous (polyurethane polymers) and dispersed (composed of gases). All samples have been tested for thermal parameters: thermal conductivity, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity. Then they have been compared with each other and with a reference sample (RS) without additives. Based on the research, it was shown that innovative insulation materials were characterized by thermal conductivity λ in the range of 0.0254–0.0294 W/(m · K). The thermal properties of foams depending on the type and chemical composition of the material. Depending on the used substrates, their molar ratio, type, synthesis conditions, modifying agents and catalysts, a different polyurethane material is obtained.
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11
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Chi J, Zhang Y, Tu F, Sun J, Zhi H, Yang J. The synergistic flame-retardant behaviors of soybean oil phosphate-based polyols and modified ammonium polyphosphate in polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Muhammed Raji A, Hambali HU, Khan ZI, Binti Mohamad Z, Azman H, Ogabi R. Emerging trends in flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam and its composites: A review. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the superior thermal insulating attributes of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) compared to other insulating materials (expanded and extruded polystyrene, mineral wool), it remains the most dominant insulating material and most studied polymer foam. Like other polyurethane foam, RPUF is highly flammable, necessitating the incorporation of flame retardants (FR) during production to lower combustibility, promoting its continuous use as insulation material in construction, transportation, and others. The popular approaches for correcting the high flammability of RPUF are copolymerization and blending (with FR). The second method has proven to be most effective as there are limited trade-offs in RPUF properties. Meanwhile, the high flammability of RPUF is still a significant hindrance in emerging applications (sensors, space travel, and others), and this has continuously inspired research in the flame retardancy of RPUF. In this study, properties, and preparation methods of RPUF are described, factors responsible for the high flammability of PUF are discussed, and flame retardancy of RPUF is thoroughly reviewed. Notably, most FR for RPUF are inorganic nanoparticles, lignin, intumescent FR systems of expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and hybridized APP or EG with other FR. These could be due to their ease of processing, low cost, and being environmentally benign. Elaborate discussion on RPUF FR mechanisms were also highlighted. Lastly, a summary and future perspectives in fireproofing RPUF are provided, which could inspire the design of new FR for RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwasiu Muhammed Raji
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Department of Polymer and Textile Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Hambali Umar Hambali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Zahid Iqbal Khan
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Binti Mohamad
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Azman
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Raphael Ogabi
- INSA Center Val de Loire, University Orleans, Bourges, France
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13
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Investigation of the Flame Retardant Properties of High-Strength Microcellular Flame Retardant/Polyurethane Composite Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235055. [PMID: 36501450 PMCID: PMC9740006 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) often reduce the mechanical properties of polymer materials, and FR/microcellular polyurethane elastomer (MPUE) composite materials have not been systemically studied. Hence, we conducted this study on FR/MPUE composites by using multiple liquid FRs and/or expandable graphite (EG). Compared with liquid flame retardants, the LOI of an expandable graphite/dimethyl methylphosphonate (EG/DMMP) (3:1) combination was significantly increased (~36.1%), and the vertical combustion grade reached V-0 without a dripping phenomenon. However, the corresponding tensile strength was decreased by 17.5%. With the incorporation of EG alone, although the corresponding LOI was not a match with that of DMMP/EG, there was no droplet phenomenon. In addition, even with 15 wt% of EG, there was no significant decline in the tensile strength. Cone calorimeter test results showed that PHRR, THR, PSPR, and TSR were significantly reduced, compared to the neat MPUE, when the EG content surpassed 10 wt%. The combustion process became more stable and thus the fire risk was highly reduced. It was found that flame retardancy and mechanical properties could be well balanced by adding EG alone. Our proposed strategy for synthesizing FR/MPUE composites with excellent flame retardancy and mechanical properties was easy, effective, low-cost and universal, which could have great practical significance in expanding the potential application fields of MPUEs.
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14
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Liu BW, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Advanced Flame-Retardant Methods for Polymeric Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107905. [PMID: 34837231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most organic polymeric materials have high flammability, for which the large amounts of smoke, toxic gases, heat, and melt drips produced during their burning cause immeasurable damages to human life and property every year. Despite some desirable results having been achieved by conventional flame-retardant methods, their application is encountering more and more difficulties with the ever-increasing high flame-retardant requirements such as high flame-retardant efficiency, great persistence, low release of heat, smoke, and toxic gases, and more importantly not deteriorating or even enhancing the overall properties of polymers. Under such condition, some advanced flame-retardant methods have been developed in the past years based on "all-in-one" intumescence, nanotechnology, in situ reinforcement, intrinsic char formation, plasma treatment, biomimetic coatings, etc., which have provided potential solutions to the dilemma of conventional flame-retardant methods. This review briefly outlines the development, application, and problems of conventional flame-retardant methods, including bulk-additive, bulk-copolymerization, and surface treatment, and focuses on the raise, development, and potential application of advanced flame-retardant methods. The future development of flame-retardant methods is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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15
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A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193974. [PMID: 36235923 PMCID: PMC9572835 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the description of the main processes and materials used for the formulation of rigid polymer foams. Polyurethanes and their derivatives, as well as phenolic systems, are described, and their main components, foaming routes, end of life, and recycling are considered. Due to environmental concerns and the need to find bio-based alternatives for these products, special attention is given to a recent class of polymeric foams: tannin-based foams. In addition to their formulation and foaming procedures, their main structural, thermal, mechanical, and fire resistance properties are described in detail, with emphasis on their advanced applications and recycling routes. These systems have been shown to possess very interesting properties that allow them to be considered as potential substitutes for non-renewable rigid polymeric cellular foams.
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16
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A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam from 1963 to 2021. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153011. [PMID: 35893975 PMCID: PMC9332328 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame-retardant science and technology are sciences developed to prevent the occurrence of fire, meet the needs of social safety production, and protect people's lives and property. Rigid polyurethane (PU) is a polymer formed by the additional polymerization reaction of a molecule with two or more isocyanate functional groups with a polyol containing two or more reactive hydroxyl groups under a suitable catalyst and in an appropriate ratio. Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is a foam-like material with a large contact area with oxygen when burning, resulting in rapid combustion. At the same time, RPUF produces a lot of toxic gases when burning and endangers human health. Improving the flame-retardant properties of RPUF is an important theme in flame-retardant science and technology. This review discusses the development of flame-retardant RPUF through the lens of bibliometrics. A total of 194 articles are analyzed, spanning from 1963 to 2021. We describe the development and focus of this theme at different stages. The various directions of this theme are discussed through keyword co-occurrence and clustering analysis. Finally, we provide reasonable perspectives about the future research direction of this theme based on the bibliometric results.
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17
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Thong YX, Li X, Yin XJ. Determining the best flame retardant for rigid polyurethane foam—Tris(2‐chloroisopropyl) phosphate, expandable graphite, or silica aerogel. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Xuan Thong
- Advanced Materials Technology Centre Singapore Polytechnic Singapore Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Advanced Materials Technology Centre Singapore Polytechnic Singapore Singapore
| | - Xi Jiang Yin
- Advanced Materials Technology Centre Singapore Polytechnic Singapore Singapore
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18
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Cao CF, Yu B, Chen ZY, Qu YX, Li YT, Shi YQ, Ma ZW, Sun FN, Pan QH, Tang LC, Song P, Wang H. Fire Intumescent, High-Temperature Resistant, Mechanically Flexible Graphene Oxide Network for Exceptional Fire Shielding and Ultra-Fast Fire Warning. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:92. [PMID: 35384618 PMCID: PMC8986961 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Smart fire alarm sensor (FAS) materials with mechanically robust, excellent flame retardancy as well as ultra-sensitive temperature-responsive capability are highly attractive platforms for fire safety application. However, most reported FAS materials can hardly provide sensitive, continuous and reliable alarm signal output due to their undesirable temperature-responsive, flame-resistant and mechanical performances. To overcome these hurdles, herein, we utilize the multi-amino molecule, named HCPA, that can serve as triple-roles including cross-linker, fire retardant and reducing agent for decorating graphene oxide (GO) sheets and obtaining the GO/HCPA hybrid networks. Benefiting from the formation of multi-interactions in hybrid network, the optimized GO/HCPA network exhibits significant increment in mechanical strength, e.g., tensile strength and toughness increase of ~ 2.3 and ~ 5.7 times, respectively, compared to the control one. More importantly, based on P and N doping and promoting thermal reduction effect on GO network, the excellent flame retardancy (withstanding ~ 1200 °C flame attack), ultra-fast fire alarm response time (~ 0.6 s) and ultra-long alarming period (> 600 s) are obtained, representing the best comprehensive performance of GO-based FAS counterparts. Furthermore, based on GO/HCPA network, the fireproof coating is constructed and applied in polymer foam and exhibited exceptional fire shielding performance. This work provides a new idea for designing and fabricating desirable FAS materials and fireproof coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fei Cao
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Zuan-Yu Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Qu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yu-Tong Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yong-Qian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Zhe-Wen Ma
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Feng-Na Sun
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Qing-Hua Pan
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Long-Cheng Tang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia.
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19
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Wang Y, Cui K, Fang B, Wang F. Cost-Effective Fabrication of Modified Palygorskite-Reinforced Rigid Polyurethane Foam Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040609. [PMID: 35214940 PMCID: PMC8876664 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Integration of nanoclay minerals into rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) is a cost-effective solution to enhance foam’s performance via environmental protection technology. In this work, palygorskite/RPUFs nanocomposites (Pal/RPUFNs) with excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability were prepared via a one-step method, using 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polyether polyol as the starting materials, coupled with Pal modified by silane coupling agent KH570. The effects of the modified Pal on the mechanics, morphology, and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were studied systematically. When the content of the modified Pal was 8 wt% of polyether polyol, the elastic modulus and compressive strength of the Pal/RPUFNs were increased by ca. 131% and 97%, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the addition of the modified Pal significantly decreased the cell diameter of the Pal/RPUFNs. The results of thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetry analyses revealed that the addition of the modified Pal increased the thermal weight loss central temperature of the Pal/RPUFNs, showing better thermal stability in comparison with the pure RPUFs. A self-made evaluation device was used to estimate the thermal insulation ability of the Pal/RPUFNs. It was found that the small cell size and uniform cellular structure were keys to improving the thermal insulation performance of the RPUFs. The prepared Pal/RPUFNs are expected to have great potential in the field of building insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300130, China; (Y.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Kaibin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300130, China; (Y.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Baizeng Fang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (F.W.)
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300130, China; (Y.W.); (K.C.)
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (F.W.)
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20
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Qian X, Liu Q, Zhang L, Li H, Liu J, Yan S. Synthesis of Reactive DOPO-Based Flame Retardant and Its Application in Rigid Polyisocyanurate-Polyurethane Foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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He Y, Qiu D, Yu Z. Multiscale investigation on molecular structure and mechanical properties of thermal‐treated rigid polyurethane foam under high temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannan He
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Dacheng Qiu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
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22
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An Effective Expanded Graphite Coating on Polystyrene Bead for Improving Flame Retardancy. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216729. [PMID: 34772254 PMCID: PMC8587118 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although foamed plastic insulation is widely used in construction in the Korean market, it is vulnerable to fire. To improve the flame retardancy, the method of flame-retardant coating with the EG in water-soluble state on the surface of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads has been widely used. However, polystyrene beads coated with a water-soluble flame retardant easily separate the coated flame retardant in manufacturing. In this study is devised a flame-retardant coating and two steps of coating process for adhering the flame-retardant coating film evenly to the surface of the polystyrene bead without exfoliation. It was analyzed whether a flame-retardant EPS (FR-EPS) with excellent flame retardancy could be manufactured using polystyrene beads coated in this way. Ten FR-EPS samples satisfied the HF-1 and V-0 levels in horizontal and vertical burning tests, respectively. The THR of eight FR-EPS samples for ten minutes did not exceed 8 MJ∙m−2 and the maximum HRR did not exceed 200 kW∙m−2 for more than ten consecutive seconds. FR-EPS passed the building material standard of semi-nonflammability in Korean regulations, in contrast to commercial EPS, which have not passed the semi-nonflammability standard. It was also analyzed how effective the designed coating is in this study, comparing it with composites that were planned to improve the flame resistance of polystyrene, as reported in the literature. Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) values of FR-EPS proved the “excellent” level and had higher values compared with other polystyrene composites. These results demonstrated that the coated EPS containing a water-soluble flame retardant manufactured from EG and two steps of application with the coating solution achieved fire safety standard regulations.
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23
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Dong F, Wang Y, Wang S, Shaghaleh H, Sun P, Huang X, Xu X, Wang S, Liu H. Flame-retarded polyurethane foam conferred by a bio-based nitrogen‑phosphorus-containing flame retardant. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Vacuum-Based Impregnation of Liquid Glass into Sunflower Press Cake Particles and Their Use in Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185351. [PMID: 34576573 PMCID: PMC8470391 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study analyses rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam modified with 10-30 wt.% sunflower press cake (SFP) and liquid glass-impregnated sunflower press cake (LG-SFP) particles and their impact on performance characteristics of PUR foams-foaming behaviour, rheology, thermal conductivity, compressive strength parallel and perpendicular to the foaming directions, tensile strength, dimensional stability, short-term water absorption by partial immersion, and thermal stability. Even though the dynamic viscosity and apparent density were increased for SFP and LG-SFP formulations, thermal conductivity values improved by 17% and 10%, respectively, when 30 wt.% of particles were incorporated. The addition of SFP and LG-SFP particles resulted in the formation of more structurally and dimensionally stable PUR foams with a smaller average cell size and a greater content of closed cells. At 30 wt.% of SFP and LG-SFP particles, compressive strength increased by 114% and 46% in the perpendicular direction, respectively, and by 71% and 67% in the parallel direction, respectively, while tensile strength showed an 89% and 85% higher performance at 30 wt.% SFP and LG-SFP particles loading. Furthermore, short-term water absorption for all SFP and LG-SFP modified PUR foam formulations was almost two times lower compared to the control foam. SFP particles reduced the thermal stability of modified PUR foams, but LG-SFP particles shifted the thermal decomposition temperatures towards higher ones.
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25
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Gong Q, Qin L, Yang L, Liang K, Wang N. Effect of flame retardants on mechanical and thermal properties of bio-based polyurethane rigid foams. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30860-30872. [PMID: 35498937 PMCID: PMC9041321 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05519d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A soy oil-based polyol (HSBP) was synthesized from epoxidized soy oil through a ring-opening reaction with distilled water. A phosphorus-containing flame retardant (DOPO–HSBP) was synthesized through the reaction of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and HSBP. A nitrogen-containing flame retardant (T–D) was prepared by the reaction of diethanolamine with glycol diglycidyl ether. The structures of HSBP, DOPO–HSBP, and T–D were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (PPUFs and NPUFs) was prepared successfully by mixing HSBP, DOPO–HSBP, and T–D. The effects of DOPO–HSBP content on the mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties of PPUFs and NPUFs were investigated by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL-94 vertical burning level. The morphology of PPUFs and NPUFs was studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With the increase in the percentage of DOPO–HSBP added, the flame retardant property of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) was greatly improved. When the phosphorus-containing flame retardant DOPO–HSBP was added to 50% of the RPUF with the nitrogen-containing flame retardant T–D, the LOI value of the foam increased from 18.3 to 25.5, and the UL-94 result was classified as “V-0” with almost no effect on the mechanical properties of the RPUF. The results showed that the phosphorus and nitrogen synergistic flame retardants of DOPO–HSBP and T–D can endow excellent flame retardant properties to RPUF without affecting its mechanical properties. A vegetable oil-based polyurethane rigid foam containing a phosphorus–nitrogen dualflame retardant system was prepared, and the foam exhibited not only excellent flame retardant properties but also good mechanical properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Liangyu Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Liangmin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Keke Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Niangui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
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26
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Ma Z, Liu X, Xu X, Liu L, Yu B, Maluk C, Huang G, Wang H, Song P. Bioinspired, Highly Adhesive, Nanostructured Polymeric Coatings for Superhydrophobic Fire-Extinguishing Thermal Insulation Foam. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11667-11680. [PMID: 34170679 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight polymeric foam is highly attractive as thermal insulation materials for energy-saving buildings but is plagued by its inherent flammability. Fire-retardant coatings are suggested as an effective means to solve this problem. However, most of the existing fire-retardant coatings suffer from poor interfacial adhesion to polymeric foam during use. In nature, snails and tree frogs exhibit strong adhesion to a variety of surfaces by interfacial hydrogen-bonding and mechanical interlocking, respectively. Inspired by their adhesion mechanisms, we herein rationally design fire-retardant polymeric coatings with phase-separated micro/nanostructures via a facile radical copolymerization of hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and sodium vinylsulfonate (VS). The resultant waterborne poly(VS-co-HEA) copolymers exhibit strong interfacial adhesion to rigid polyurethane (PU) foam and other substrates, better than most of the current adhesives because of the combination of interfacial hydrogen-bonding and mechanical interlocking. Besides a superhydrophobic feature, the poly(VS-co-HEA)-coated PU foam can self-extinguish a flame, exhibiting a desired V-0 rating during vertical burning and low heat and smoke release due to its high charring capability, which is superior to its previous counterparts. Moreover, the foam thermal insulation is well-preserved and agrees well with theoretical calculations. This work offers a facile biomimetic strategy for creating advanced adhesive fire-retardant polymeric coatings for many flammable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhewen Ma
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- College of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cristian Maluk
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Guobo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia
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Ground Tire Rubber Filled Flexible Polyurethane Foam-Effect of Waste Rubber Treatment on Composite Performance. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143807. [PMID: 34300726 PMCID: PMC8304020 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The application range of flexible polyurethane (PU) foams is comprehensive because of their versatility and flexibility in adjusting structure and performance. In addition to the investigations associated with further broadening of their potential properties, researchers are looking for new raw materials, beneficially originated from renewable resources or recycling. A great example of such a material is ground tire rubber (GTR)—the product of the material recycling of post-consumer car tires. To fully exploit the benefits of this material, it should be modified to enhance the interfacial interactions between PU and GTR. In the presented work, GTR particles were thermo-mechanically modified with the addition of fresh and waste rapeseed oil in the reactive extrusion process. The introduction of modified GTR particles into a flexible PU matrix caused a beneficial 17–28% decrease in average cell diameters. Such an effect caused an even 5% drop in thermal conductivity coefficient values, enhancing thermal insulation performance. The application of waste oil resulted in the superior mechanical performance of composites compared to the fresh one and thermo-mechanical modification without oils. The compressive and tensile performance of composites filled with waste oil-modified GTR was almost the same as for the unfilled foam. Moreover, the introduction of ground tire rubber particles enhanced the thermal stability of neat polyurethane foam.
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Brondi C, Di Maio E, Bertucelli L, Parenti V, Mosciatti T. Competing bubble formation mechanisms in rigid polyurethane foaming. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Strąkowska A, Członka S, Miedzińska K, Strzelec K. Chlorine-Functional Silsesquioxanes (POSS-Cl) as Effective Flame Retardants and Reinforcing Additives for Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Molecules 2021; 26:3979. [PMID: 34210013 PMCID: PMC8271702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The subject of the research was the production of silsesquioxane modified rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams (POSS-Cl) with chlorine functional groups (chlorobenzyl, chloropropyl, chlorobenzylethyl) characterized by reduced flammability. The foams were prepared in a one-step additive polymerization reaction of isocyanates with polyols, and the POSS modifier was added to the reaction system in an amount of 2 wt.% polyol. The influence of POSS was analyzed by performing a series of tests, such as determination of the kinetics of foam growth, determination of apparent density, and structure analysis. Compressive strength, three-point bending strength, hardness, and shape stability at reduced and elevated temperatures were tested, and the hydrophobicity of the surface was determined. The most important measurement was the determination of the thermal stability (TGA) and the flammability of the modified systems using a cone calorimeter. The obtained results, after comparing with the results for unmodified foam, showed a large influence of POSS modifiers on the functional properties, especially thermal and fire-retardant, of the obtained PUR-POSS-Cl systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.M.); (K.S.)
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Bo G, Xu X, Tian X, Wu J, Yan Y. Enhancing the Fire Safety and Smoke Safety of Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam via Inserting a Reactive Flame Retardant Containing P@N and Blending Silica Aerogel Powder. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2140. [PMID: 34209838 PMCID: PMC8271911 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) are widely used in many fields, but they are easy to burn and produce a lot of smoke, which seriously endangers the safety of people's lives and property. In this study, tetraethyl(1,5-bis(bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amino)pentane-1,5-diyl)bis(phosphonate) (TBPBP), as a phosphorus-nitrogen-containing reactive-type flame retardant, was successfully synthesized and employed to enhance the flame retardancy of RPUFs, and silica aerogel (SA) powder was utilized to reduce harmful fumes. Castor oil-based rigid polyurethane foam containing SA powder and TBPBP was named RPUF-T45@SA20. Compared with neat RPUF, the obtained RPUF-T45@SA20 greatly improved with the compressive strength properties and the LOI value increased by 93.64% and 44.27%, respectively, and reached the V-0 rank of UL-94 testing. The total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) of RPUF-T45@SA20 were, respectively, reduced by 44.66% and 51.89% compared to those of the neat RPUF. A possible flame-retardant mechanism of RPUF-T45@SA20 was also proposed. This study suggested that RPUF incorporated with TBPBP and SA powder is a prosperous potential composite for fire and smoke safety as a building insulation material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (G.B.); (X.X.); (X.T.); (J.W.)
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31
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Xu W, Zhong D, Chen R, Cheng Z, Qiao M. Boron phenolic resin/silica sol coating gives rigid polyurethane foam excellent and long‐lasting flame‐retardant properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- Bengbu Tianyu High Temperature Resin Material Co., Ltd Bengbu People's Republic of China
| | - Zihao Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
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32
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Zhang X, Xu C, Zhu Z, Wang Z, Xie H. Synergistic effect of strontium stannate and ammonium polyphosphate on flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant of flexible polyurethane foam. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2021.1916727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
- School of Safety Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
- School of Safety Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zeyu Zhu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
- School of Safety Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
- School of Safety Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
- School of Safety Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China
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Członka S, Kairytė A, Miedzińska K, Strąkowska A, Adamus-Włodarczyk A. Mechanically Strong Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Montmorillonite-Modified Sage Filler ( Salvia officinalis L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3744. [PMID: 33916847 PMCID: PMC8038432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams reinforced with 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of salvia filler (SO filler) and montmorillonite-modified salvia filler (MMT-modified SO filler) were produced in the following study. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of SO filler and MMT-modified SO filler on the morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties of PUR composites were examined. In both cases, the addition of 1 and 2 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the synthesis of PUR composites with improved physicomechanical properties, while the addition of 5 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the formation of PUR composites with a less uniform structure and, therefore, some deterioration in their physicomechanical performances. Moreover, the results showed that the modification of SO filler with MMT improved the interphase compatibility between filler surface and PUR matrix. Therefore, such reinforced PUR composites were characterized by a well-developed closed-cell structure and improved mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant performances. For example, when compared with reference foam, the addition of 2 wt.% of MMT-modified SO filler resulted in the formation of PUR composites with greater mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength) and improved dynamic-mechanical properties (storage modulus). The PUR composites were characterized by better thermal stability as well as improved flame retardancy-e.g., decreased peak rate of heat release (pHRR), reduced total smoke release (TSR), and increased limiting oxygen index (LOI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu St. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Miedzińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamus-Włodarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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34
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Strąkowska A, Członka S, Kairytė A, Strzelec K. Effects of Physical and Chemical Modification of Sunflower Cake on Polyurethane Composite Foam Properties. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061414. [PMID: 33803963 PMCID: PMC7999528 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sunflower cake (SC), which is waste during the production of sunflower oil, was selected as a modifier of properties in polyurethane (PUR) foams. The SC was chemically modified with triphenylsilanol (SC_S) and physically modified with rapeseed oil (SC_O). The influence of SC on the rheological properties of the polyol and the kinetics of foam growth were investigated. PUR foams were characterized by morphological, mechanical, and thermal analysis. The results show that the physical and chemical modification of SC contributes to the changes in the properties of the foams in different ways. Too high hydrophobicity of SC_O affects the structure deterioration, and thus the mechanical properties, and in turn, reduces the affinity for water. In turn, chemical modification with silane allows for obtaining foams with the best mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.S.)
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.S.)
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35
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Bo G, Xu X, Tian X, Wu J, He X, Xu L, Yan Y. Synthesis and characterization of flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams derived from gutter oil biodiesel. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Park SJ, Cho SH, Seo HW, Nam JD, Suhr J. Natural cork agglomerate enabled mechanically robust rigid polyurethane foams with outstanding viscoelastic damping properties. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Brondi C, Maio ED, Bertucelli L, Parenti V, Mosciatti T. The effect of organofluorine additives on the morphology, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams. J CELL PLAST 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20987152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of liquid-type organofluorine additives (OFAs) on the morphology, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane (PU) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams. Foams were characterized in terms of their morphology (density, average cell size, anisotropy ratio, open cell content), thermal conductivity and compressive as well as flexural properties. Based on the results, we observed that OFAs efficiently reduced the average cell size of both PU and PIR foams, leading to improved thermal insulating and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Brondi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vanni Parenti
- DOW Italia s.r.l, Polyurethanes R&D, Correggio, Italy
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Członka S, Kairytė A, Miedzińska K, Strąkowska A. Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:415. [PMID: 33467655 PMCID: PMC7829896 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PUR) composites were modified with 2 wt.% of lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite (K) and hydroxyapatite (HA). The impact of lavender fillers on selected properties of PUR composites, such as rheological properties (dynamic viscosity, foaming behavior), mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength), insulation properties (thermal conductivity), thermal characteristic (temperature of thermal decomposition stages), flame retardancy (e.g., ignition time, limiting oxygen index, heat peak release) and performance properties (water uptake, contact angle) was investigated. Among all modified types of PUR composites, the greatest improvement was observed for PUR composites filled with lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite and hydroxyapatite. For example, on the addition of functionalized lavender fillers, the compressive strength was enhanced by ~16-18%, flexural strength by ~9-12%, and impact strength by ~7%. Due to the functionalization of lavender filler with thermally stable flame retardant compounds, such modified PUR composites were characterized by higher temperatures of thermal decomposition. Most importantly, PUR composites filled with flame retardant compounds exhibited improved flame resistance characteristics-in both cases, the value of peak heat release was reduced by ~50%, while the value of total smoke release was reduced by ~30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Karolina Miedzińska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
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39
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Vincent T, Vincent C, Dumazert L, Otazaghine B, Sonnier R, Guibal E. Fire behavior of innovative alginate foams. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116910. [PMID: 33049885 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new biosourced composite foam (AF, associating foamed alginate matrix and orange peel filler) is successfully tested for fire-retardant properties. This material having similar thermal insulating properties and density than fire-retardant polyurethane foam (FR-PUF, a commercial product) shows promising enhanced properties for flame retardancy, as assessed by different methods such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and a newly designed apparatus called RAPACES for investigating large-scale samples. All these methods confirm the promising properties of this alternative material in terms of fire protection (pHRR, THR, EHC, time-to-ignition, flame duration or production of residue), especially for heat flux not exceeding 50 kW m-2. At higher heat flux (i.e., 75 kW m-2), flame retardant properties tend to decrease but maintain at a higher level than FR-PUF. The investigation of the effect of AF thickness shows that the critical thickness (CT) is close to 1.5-1.7 cm: heat diffusion and material combustion are limited to the CT layer that protects the underlying layers from combustion. A multiplicity of factors can explain this behavior, such as: (a) negligible heat conduction, (b) low heat of combustion, (c) charring formation, and (d) water release. Water being released from underlying layers, dilutes the gases emitted during the combustion of superficial layers and promotes the flame extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Chloë Vincent
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Belkacem Otazaghine
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Eric Guibal
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France.
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40
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Development and Characterization of "Green Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams" with Reduced Flammability. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235459. [PMID: 33266256 PMCID: PMC7730901 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the cell structure and selected properties of polyurethane (PUR) foams, based on two types of hydroxylated used cooking oil and additionally modified with three different flame retardants. Bio-polyols from municipal waste oil with different chemical structures were obtained by transesterification with triethanolamine (UCO_TEA) and diethylene glycol (UCO_DEG). Next, these bio-polyols were used to prepare open-cell polyurethane foams of very low apparent densities for thermal insulation applications. In order to obtain foams with reduced flammability, the PUR systems were modified with different amounts (10–30 parts per hundred polyol by weight—php) of flame retardants: TCPP (tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate), TEP (triethyl phosphate), and DMPP (dimethyl propylphosphonate). The flame retardants caused a decrease of the PUR formulations reactivity. The apparent densities of all the foams were comparable in the range 12–15 kg/m3. The lowest coefficients of thermal conductivity were measured for the open-cell PUR foams modified with DMPP. The lowest values of heat release rate were found for the foams based on the UCO_TEA and UCO_DEG bio-polyols that were modified with 30 php of DMPP.
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41
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Wang Y, Yuan L, Liang G, Gu A. Achieving ultrahigh glass transition temperature, halogen-free and phosphorus-free intrinsic flame retardancy for bismaleimide resin through building network with diallyloxydiphenyldisulfide. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Han S, Zhu X, Chen F, Chen S, Liu H. Flame-retardant system for rigid polyurethane foams based on diethyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethylphosphonate and in-situ exfoliated clay. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Zhang Z, Li D, Xu M, Li B. Synthesis of a novel phosphorus and nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application in rigid polyurethane foam with expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Pham CT, Nguyen BT, Phan HTQ, Pham LH, Hoang CN, Nguyen NN, Lee P, Kang S, Kim J, Hoang D. Highly efficient fire retardant behavior, thermal stability, and physicomechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi T. Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Binh T. Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Huong T. Q. Phan
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Lam H. Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Cuong N. Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen N. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Pyoung‐Chan Lee
- Lightweight Materials R&D CenterKorea Automotive Technology Institute Chungnam Korea
| | - Soo‐Jung Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
| | - Jinhwan Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
| | - DongQuy Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
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45
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Flame retardant, mechanical and thermal insulating properties of rigid polyurethane foam modified by nano zirconium amino-tris-(methylenephosphonate) and expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Xu W, Wang G, Xu J, Liu Y, Chen R, Yan H. Modification of diatomite with melamine coated zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as an effective flame retardant to enhance flame retardancy and smoke suppression of rigid polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 379:120819. [PMID: 31276921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the core-shell structure (ZIF-8@MA) was prepared first with melamine (MA) coated zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), and the ternary composite ZMD containing Si-N-Zn was successfully synthesized with the diatomite modified ZIF-8@MA. Subsequently, the prepared ZMD was added into rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) to investigate its effect on fire safety of RPUF. The results of cone calorimeter and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests indicated that ZMD effectively reduced the fire hazard of RPUF. This was because of the physical barrier effect of diatomite, the co-catalyzed char formation in the condensed phase of ZnO produced by the decomposition of ZIF-8 and silica produced by the decomposition of diatomite, and the gas phase effect of MA that enabled RPUF to achieve excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression. The specific mechanism of flame retardancy and smoke suppression of ZMD for RPUF was also discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guisong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Xu
- Miami College, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyi Yan
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
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47
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Li ME, Wang SX, Han LX, Yuan WJ, Cheng JB, Zhang AN, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Hierarchically porous SiO 2/polyurethane foam composites towards excellent thermal insulating, flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant performances. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 375:61-69. [PMID: 31048136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam (PUF) is widely used in building insulation field but highly flammable. In an effort to develop an efficient way to reduce flammability and smoke release of PUF without sacrificing its inherent merits, a novel strategy has been proposed to decorate silica aerogels onto the surface of PUF to fabricate hierarchically porous SiO2/PUF composites. Due to the unique hierarchically porous structure, the resultant composites showed superior thermal insulation with a lower thermal conductivity of 0.0282 W/(m K). The introduction of silica aerogels also effectively improved the compressive strength, almost 220% of that of neat PUF. Notably, the SiO2/PUF composites were rendered self-extinguishing in vertical burning tests and had a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 32.5%. Cone calorimetry (CC) tests revealed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak smoke production release (PSPR) of the SiO2/PUF composites were reduced by 40.4% and 45.6%, respectively. Particularly, the specific optical density (Ds) of the composites displayed as 55.7% reduction in the smoke density chamber tests, showing excellent smoke-suppression. The mechanism analysis suggested that a compact silica-rich hybrid barrier formed, preventing thermal degradation products and energy transfer during combustion. These results indicate SiO2/PUF composites have enormous potential as building insulation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-En Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shui-Xiu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lin-Xuan Han
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yuan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jin-Bo Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ai-Ning Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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48
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Li L, Chen Y, Wu X, Xu B, Qian L. Bi‐phase flame‐retardant effect of dimethyl methylphosphonate and modified ammonium polyphosphate on rigid polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Xingde Wu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
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49
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Li TT, Xing M, Wang H, Huang SY, Fu C, Lou CW, Lin JH. Nitrogen/phosphorus synergistic flame retardant-filled flexible polyurethane foams: microstructure, compressive stress, sound absorption, and combustion resistance. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21192-21201. [PMID: 35521335 PMCID: PMC9066015 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with a rigid polyurethane foam, a flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) has more diversified applications including filtration, sound absorption, vibration-proofing, decoration, packaging, and heat insulation. However, its most potential hazard is flammability. Therefore, in this study, we focused on improving its flame retardation and then tested its sound absorption with the addition of nitrogen/phosphorus synergistic flame retardants. The influence of phosphorus-based flame retardants (TCPP, TDCP, and V6) and a nitrogen/phosphorus synergistic flame retardant (melamine-TDCP) on its microstructure, compressive stress, sound absorption, thermal stability, and flame retardation was systematically explored. The presence of phosphorus flame retardants improved the sound absorption but considerably decreased the mechanical properties. The melamine-TDCP compound flame retardant delivered smaller cells and thus increased the compression property of the resulting foam. Moreover, with a higher content of melamine, the initial mass-loss temperature also increased. In particular, on using TDCP and 5 wt% of melamine as flame retardants, the compressive stress increased by 3.4 times, the average sound absorption coefficient was 0.45, and LOI reached 25.5, which met the requirements of industrial flame retardant/sound absorbent materials. This resultant flame retardant/sound absorbent flexible polyurethane foam can serve as a mattress and furniture pad material, vehicle seat cushion material, and liner for laminated composites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China +86-4-24510871 +86-4-2451-7250 (ext. 3405).,Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China .,Tianjin and Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite Materials, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Mengfan Xing
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China +86-4-24510871 +86-4-2451-7250 (ext. 3405)
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China +86-4-24510871 +86-4-2451-7250 (ext. 3405)
| | - Shih-Yu Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean College, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Chengeng Fu
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China +86-4-24510871 +86-4-2451-7250 (ext. 3405)
| | - Ching-Wen Lou
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China +86-4-24510871 +86-4-2451-7250 (ext. 3405).,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean College, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University Taichung 41354 Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University Taichung 40402 Taiwan.,College of Textile and Clothing, Qingdao University Shandong 266071 China
| | - Jia-Horng Lin
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China +86-4-24510871 +86-4-2451-7250 (ext. 3405).,Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China .,Tianjin and Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite Materials, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean College, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China.,College of Textile and Clothing, Qingdao University Shandong 266071 China.,Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University Taichung 40724 Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung 40402 Taiwan.,Department of Fashion Design, Asia University Taichung 41354 Taiwan
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50
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Zhi M, Liu Q, Chen H, Chen X, Feng S, He Y. Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy Properties of Epoxy Resin Modified with Functionalized Graphene Oxide Containing Phosphorus and Silicon Elements. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:10975-10984. [PMID: 31460195 PMCID: PMC6648042 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus- and silicon-modified graphene oxide was prepared to improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy properties of epoxy resin. 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) were successfully grafted onto the surface of graphene oxide (GO) through solvothermal synthesis and hydrolysis-condensation reaction, respectively. Subsequently, the functionalized graphene oxide grafted by DOPO and VTES (DOPO-VTES-GO) was incorporated into the epoxy resin by the solution blending method. The effect of DOPO-VTES-GO on the thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of epoxy resin was systematically studied. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability and char residue yield of DOPO-VTES-GO/epoxy were increased obviously compared with those of pure epoxy resin and DOPO-GO/epoxy. Cone calorimeter test results showed that DOPO-VTES-GO/epoxy had better flame retardancy than pure epoxy resin and DOPO-GO/epoxy on reducing the peak of heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production. Furthermore, the char residue after the cone calorimeter tests was investigated by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared measurements. These results demonstrated that the DOPO-VTES-GO can enhance the graphitization degree of char residues and promote the formation of the thermally stable char. In addition, the mechanism of flame retardancy was proposed, and DOPO-VTES-GO exerts the synergistic effect mainly by means of catalytic charring in the condensed phase and capturing hydroxyl or hydrogen radicals from thermal decomposition of epoxy resin in the gas phase. This work provides novel insights into the preparation of phosphorus-silicon-graphene oxide ternary synergistic flame retardants for thermosetting polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuanhua He
- E-mail: . Tel: +86-0838-5187202. Fax: +86-0838-5187202 (Y.H.)
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