1
|
Karakavuk M, Can H, Can Ş, Karakavuk T, Döşkaya M, Değirmenci Döşkaya A. Development of a "Rapid-Crypto Colorimetric LAMP Test" to Detect Cryptosporidiosis in Feces of Newborns Calves. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:691-699. [PMID: 38358452 PMCID: PMC11001726 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidiosis is a disease that causes major intestinal damage in humans and animals. The causative agents of the disease are Cryptosporidium species. In newborn calves, diarrhea can lead to death, resulting in significant economic losses for the farms. Therefore, accurate, rapid, and cost-effective diagnosis of the disease is very important. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, a novel colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) test named "Rapid-Crypto Colorimetric LAMP test" targeting Cryptosporidium spp. 18S rRNA gene was developed to detect cryptosporidiosis in the feces of newborn calves. The analytical sensitivity of the test was determined by plasmid controls. Clinical sensitivity was determined using the feces of 127 calves collected from farms in İzmir and Manisa provinces. All of the samples were also investigated with Real-Time PCR targeting the Cryptosporidium spp. COWP gene. Cross-reactivity was tested using the DNA of other parasites and bacteria. RESULTS According to the results, the analytical sensitivity of the "Rapid-Crypto Colorimetric LAMP test" was found as 1 copy plasmid/reaction. When the results were compared with the Real-Time PCR test, the sensitivity of the "Rapid-Crypto Colorimetric LAMP test" was 100% and the specificity was 97.4%. The test did not cross-react with other parasites and bacteria. CONCLUSION: The "Rapid-Crypto Colorimetric LAMP test" developed in this study provides an advantage in the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. in calf stool samples since it can be applied in basic laboratories or in the field, does not require experienced personnel, and has high sensitivity. Moreover, diagnosis can be made with the naked eye without using any device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Karakavuk
- Ege University, Ödemiş Vocational School, Ödemiş, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ucyıldız Biotechnology and Veterinary Services, Yunusemre, Manisa, Türkiye
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Şengül Can
- Ucyıldız Biotechnology and Veterinary Services, Yunusemre, Manisa, Türkiye
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
- Research Entrepreneurship and Innovation Coordination Center, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Yunusemre, Manisa, Türkiye
| | - Tuğba Karakavuk
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Ucyıldız Biotechnology and Veterinary Services, Yunusemre, Manisa, Türkiye
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye.
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gamsjäger L, Haines DM, Lévy M, Pajor EA, Campbell JR, Windeyer MC. Total and pathogen-specific serum Immunoglobulin G concentrations in neonatal beef calves, Part 1: Risk factors. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106026. [PMID: 37806919 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Maternal antibodies, delivered to the calf via colostrum, are crucial to prevent calfhood diseases and death. However, knowledge regarding the factors influencing this transfer of total and specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) against common enteric and respiratory disease pathogens under current production conditions is sparse. The objectives of this study were to determine risk factors influencing total and pathogen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations against Escherichia coli (E. coli), bovine Rotavirus (BRoV), Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus type 1 and 2 (BVDV), Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PI-3), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), and Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) in the serum of newborn beef calves. A total of 420 serum samples were collected from 1- to 7-day-old beef calves born on 6 farms in Alberta, Canada. Samples were analyzed by radial immunodiffusion for total IgG concentration and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for pathogen-specific IgG concentrations against E. coli, BRoV, C. parvum, BVDV, PI-3, BRSV, and BHV-1. Multivariable multilevel linear and logistic regression models were built to evaluate dam- and calf-level risk factors associated with total and pathogen-specific IgG concentrations, failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI; serum IgG < 10 g/L), and inadequate transfer of passive immunity (ITPI; serum IgG < 24 g/L). Farm was included as a random effect in all models to account for clustering at the herd level. Of the 420 calves included in this study, 5% (n = 20) and 18% (n = 75) of calves had FTPI and ITPI, respectively. Receiving colostrum intervention (i.e., being fed colostrum or colostrum product by either bottle or tube) was the most consistent risk factor for low total IgG concentration and significantly increased the odds of FTPI (Odds ratio (OR): 6.1, 95% CI: 2.0-18.9) and ITPI (OR: 4.8, 95% CI: 2.1-10.8). Calves born to cows consistently had higher pathogen-specific IgG concentrations (P < 0.0001), compared to calves born from heifers, and calves born to vaccinated dams had significantly higher BRoV, BVDV, and BHV-1-specific IgG concentrations. Interestingly, E.coli-specific IgG concentrations were associated with dam vaccination only in cows but not in heifers, which was likely due to differing vaccination strategies used. This study highlights the need to review and refine protocols with respect to dam vaccination and colostrum intervention on cow-calf operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gamsjäger
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada.
| | - Deborah M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; The Saskatoon Colostrum Co. Ltd, 30 Molaro Pl, Saskatoon, SK S7K 6A2, Canada
| | - Michel Lévy
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada
| | - Edmond A Pajor
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada
| | - John R Campbell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - M Claire Windeyer
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gamsjäger L, Haines DM, Lévy M, Pajor EA, Campbell JR, Windeyer MC. Total and pathogen-specific serum Immunoglobulin G concentrations in neonatal beef calves, Part 2: Associations with health and growth. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:105993. [PMID: 37633772 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The association of poor transfer of passive immunity (TPI) with negative health outcomes is extensively researched in dairy calves. However, few field studies have examined the effect of total and particularly pathogen-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations on pre-weaning health and growth of beef calves. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the association of total and pathogen-specific IgG concentrations against selected pathogens associated with neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and the odds of pre-weaning treatments, mortality, and the growth of newborn beef calves. A total of 420 serum samples from 1- to 7-day old beef calves born on 6 farms in Alberta, Canada, were available for this observational study. Serum samples were analyzed by radial immunodiffusion for total IgG concentration and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for pathogen-specific IgG concentrations against Escherichia coli (E. coli), bovine Rotavirus (BRoV), Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PI-3), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), and Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1). Data about the individual dam- and calf-level risk factors, calf treatments, mortality, and birth and weaning weights were collected. Multivariable multilevel logistic and linear regression models were built to evaluate the association of total and pathogen-specific IgG concentrations with the odds of mortality and average daily gain (ADG), respectively, while their association with the odds of pre-weaning treatment was established by univariable logistic regression analysis. The odds of calves with IgG concentrations < 10 g/L of getting treated (OR 7.9, 95 % CI 2.7-23.7) and dying (OR: 18.5, 95 % CI: 3.7-93.4) were higher than for their counterparts (P < 0.0001). Calves with IgG concentrations < 24 g/L also had higher odds of dying (OR: 10.1, 95 % CI: 2.6-40.2) and had lower ADG (-0.09 kg, SE: 0.03, P < 0.002) than calves with IgG concentrations ≥ 24 g/L. Higher BVDV-specific IgG concentration was protective against mortality (OR: 0.97, 95 % CI: 0.96-0.99, P < 0.001). This study highlights the negative association of inadequate TPI with health and growth of beef calves and thus, the need to refine protocols for dam vaccination and colostrum intervention in cow-calf operations to meet these higher IgG targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gamsjäger
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada.
| | - Deborah M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; The Saskatoon Colostrum Co. Ltd, 30 Molaro Pl, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 6A2, Canada
| | - Michel Lévy
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada
| | - Edmond A Pajor
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada
| | - John R Campbell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - M Claire Windeyer
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Otten ND, Skarbye AP, Krogh MA, Michelsen AM, Nielsen LR. Monitoring bovine dairy calf health and related risk factors in the first three months of rearing. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:45. [PMID: 37828550 PMCID: PMC10571325 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rearing replacement heifers is pivotal for the dairy industry and is associated with high input costs for the preweaned calves, due to their higher susceptibility to diseases. Ensuring calf health and viability calls for systematic approaches in order to mitigate the costs induced by managing sick calves and to ensure animal welfare. The objective of this study was to develop a systematic and feasible health-monitoring tool for bovine dairy calves based on repeated clinical observations and diagnostic results of calves at three time points; the 1st (T0), the 3rd (T1) and the 12th (T3) week of age. The study included observations from 77 dairy heifer calves in nine Danish commercial dairy herds. Immunisation status was assessed by serum Brix% at T0. Clinical scoring included gastrointestinal disease (GD) and respiratory disease (RD). The average daily weight gain (ADWG) was estimated from heart-girth measurements. Pathogen detection from nasal swabs and faecal samples were analysed for 16 respiratory and enteric pathogens by means of high-throughput real time-PCR. All measures obtained in each herd were visualised in a panel to follow the health status of each calf over time. RESULTS The individual clinical observations combined with diagnostic information from immunisation and pathogen detection form each enrolled calf are presented in a herd dashboard illustrating the health status over the study period. This monitoring revealed failure of passive transfer (Brix% < 8.1) in 31% of the 77 enrolled calves, signs of severe GD peaked at T0 with 20% affected calves, while signs of severe RD peaked at T2 with 42% affected calves. ADWG over the first eight weeks was estimated to be 760 g (± 190 g). Pathogen profiles varied between herds. CONCLUSIONS The large variation in both clinical disease and pathogen occurrence across herds emphasizes the need for herd specific monitoring. Combining the results of the present study from measures of immunisation, health and growth from individual calves in one visualisation panel allowed for the detection of patterns across age groups in the specific herds, showing promising potential for early detection and interventions that can lead to enhanced calf health and welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dam Otten
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Alice Puk Skarbye
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mogens Agerbo Krogh
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Michelsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roblin M, Canniere E, Barbier A, Daandels Y, Dellevoet-Groenewegen M, Pinto P, Tsaousis A, Leruste H, Brainard J, Hunter PR, Follet J. Study of the economic impact of cryptosporidiosis in calves after implementing good practices to manage the disease on dairy farms in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 4:100149. [PMID: 37941926 PMCID: PMC10628542 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are widespread parasitic protozoans causing enteric infections in humans and animals. The parasites cause neonatal diarrhoea in calves, leading to a high mortality rate in the first three weeks. Losses are significant for farmers, but the cost of cryptosporidiosis remains poorly documented. In the absence of a vaccine, only preventive measures are available to farmers to combat the infection. This study, conducted between 2018 and 2021, aimed to evaluate the economic impact of Cryptosporidium spp. on European dairy farms and monitor changes in costs after implementing disease management measures. First, a field survey was carried out and questionnaires administered to 57 farmers in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. The aim of the survey was to assess the losses associated with the occurrence of diarrhoea in calves aged between 3 days and 3 weeks. The economic impact of diarrhoea was calculated based on mortality losses, health expenditures, and additional labour costs. To refine the cost estimation specifically for Cryptosporidium spp., stool samples were collected from 10 calves per farm. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was determined, and the economic impact of diarrhoea was adjusted accordingly. The assumption was made that a certain percentage of costs was attributed to cryptosporidiosis based on the prevalence. These protocols were repeated at the end of the study to observe changes in costs. In the three years, the cost of diarrhoea for the 28 farms that stayed in the panel all along the study improved from €140 in 2018 to €106 on average per diarrhoeic calf in 2021. With a stable prevalence at 40%, the cost of cryptosporidiosis per infected calf decreased from €60.62 to €45.91 in Belgium, from €43.83 to €32.14 in France, and from €58.24 to €39.48 in the Netherlands. This represented an average of €15 saved per infected calf. The methodology employed in this study did not allow us to conclude that the improvement is strictly due to the implementation of preventive measures. However, with 11 million calves raised in the Interreg 2 Seas area covered by the study, it provided valuable insights into the economic burden of Cryptosporidium spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Roblin
- Junia, Group for Research and Concerted Studies on Agriculture and Territories, F 59000, Lille, France
| | - Evi Canniere
- Inagro vzw, Repursue 87, 8800, Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium
| | | | - Yvonne Daandels
- Southern Agricultural and Horticultural Organisation (ZLTO), Onderwijsboulevard 225, 5223, DE, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Martine Dellevoet-Groenewegen
- Southern Agricultural and Horticultural Organisation (ZLTO), Onderwijsboulevard 225, 5223, DE, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Pedro Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Anastasios Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Hélène Leruste
- Junia, Animal Behaviour and Farming Systems, F 59000, Lille, France
| | - Julii Brainard
- The Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, England, UK
| | - Paul R. Hunter
- The Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, England, UK
| | - Jérôme Follet
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Junia, Université Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520, IEMN Institut D’Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F 59000, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortazar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MA, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Jensen MB, Waiblinger S, Candiani D, Lima E, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, Vitali M, Winckler C. Welfare of calves. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07896. [PMID: 37009444 PMCID: PMC10050971 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This Scientific Opinion addresses a European Commission request on the welfare of calves as part of the Farm to Fork strategy. EFSA was asked to provide a description of common husbandry systems and related welfare consequences, as well as measures to prevent or mitigate the hazards leading to them. In addition, recommendations on three specific issues were requested: welfare of calves reared for white veal (space, group housing, requirements of iron and fibre); risk of limited cow–calf contact; and animal‐based measures (ABMs) to monitor on‐farm welfare in slaughterhouses. The methodology developed by EFSA to address similar requests was followed. Fifteen highly relevant welfare consequences were identified, with respiratory disorders, inability to perform exploratory or foraging behaviour, gastroenteric disorders and group stress being the most frequent across husbandry systems. Recommendations to improve the welfare of calves include increasing space allowance, keeping calves in stable groups from an early age, ensuring good colostrum management and increasing the amounts of milk fed to dairy calves. In addition, calves should be provided with deformable lying surfaces, water via an open surface and long‐cut roughage in racks. Regarding specific recommendations for veal systems, calves should be kept in small groups (2–7 animals) within the first week of life, provided with ~ 20 m2/calf and fed on average 1 kg neutral detergent fibre (NDF) per day, preferably using long‐cut hay. Recommendations on cow–calf contact include keeping the calf with the dam for a minimum of 1 day post‐partum. Longer contact should progressively be implemented, but research is needed to guide this implementation in practice. The ABMs body condition, carcass condemnations, abomasal lesions, lung lesions, carcass colour and bursa swelling may be collected in slaughterhouses to monitor on‐farm welfare but should be complemented with behavioural ABMs collected on farm.
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan SM, Witola WH. Past, current, and potential treatments for cryptosporidiosis in humans and farm animals: A comprehensive review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1115522. [PMID: 36761902 PMCID: PMC9902888 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium is among the leading causes of waterborne diarrheal disease outbreaks throughout the world. The parasite is transmitted by ingestion of infective oocysts that are highly stable in the environment and resistant to almost all conventional disinfection methods and water treatments. Control of the parasite infection is exceedingly difficult due to the excretion of large numbers of oocysts in the feces of infected individuals that contaminate the environment and serve as a source of infection for susceptible hosts including humans and animals. Drug development against the parasite is challenging owing to its limited genetic tractability, absence of conventional drug targets, unique intracellular location within the host, and the paucity of robust cell culture platforms for continuous parasite propagation. Despite the high prevalence of the parasite, the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment of Cryptosporidium infections is nitazoxanide, which has shown moderate efficacy in immunocompetent patients. More importantly, no effective therapeutic drugs are available for treating severe, potentially life-threatening cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, young children, and neonatal livestock. Thus, safe, inexpensive, and efficacious drugs are urgently required to reduce the ever-increasing global cryptosporidiosis burden especially in low-resource countries. Several compounds have been tested for both in vitro and in vivo efficacy against the disease. However, to date, only a few experimental compounds have been subjected to clinical trials in natural hosts, and among those none have proven efficacious. This review provides an overview of the past and present anti-Cryptosporidium pharmacotherapy in humans and agricultural animals. Herein, we also highlight the progress made in the field over the last few years and discuss the different strategies employed for discovery and development of effective prospective treatments for cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmad Malla B, Dubal ZB, Kadwalia A, Abass G, Vinodh Kumar OR, Kumar A, Rajak KK, Maqbool I, Mohmad A, Rangaraju V, Fayaz A. Seasonal pattern in occurrence of rotavirus infection (RV) in diarrheic children, calves and piglets from Bareilly, India. Anim Biotechnol 2022; 33:1730-1737. [PMID: 33345713 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1859520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and reliable diagnosis for diarrhoeal disease is critically important for the differentiation of etiological agents and subsequent suitable treatment modalities. The objective of the study is to reveal the seasonal pattern in the occurrence of rotavirus in diarrheic children, calves and piglets from Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 115 diarrhoeal samples were collected, out of which 51 were collected during post-monsoon/autumn (September 2018-November 2018) and 64 during the winter season (December 2018-February 2019). The samples were collected from children <5 years (n = 50), piglets <3 months (n = 35) and calves <6 months of age (n = 30). These samples were screened by ribonucleic acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (RNA-PAGE) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by targeting the VP6 gene of rotavirus A (RVA) and the two were compared. In RNA-PAGE 29.4% (5/17), 6.3% (1/16) and 0% (0/18) samples collected from children, calves and piglets, respectively were rotavirus positive during the autumn season while 45.5% (15/33), 21.4% (3/14) and 17.7% (3/17) samples in the winter season. In RT-PCR, 41.2% (7/17), 12.5% (2/16) and 0% (0/18) samples were rotavirus positive in the autumn season while 51.5% (17/33), 28.6% (4/14) and 29.4% (5/17) samples in winter season collected from children, calves and piglets, respectively. On statistical analysis, no significant difference between the season and number of positives in children and calves (p > 0.05) was observed, however in piglets significantly higher number of RVA positives were detected in the winter season than autumn (p < 0.01). The diagnostic test comparison of RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR showed no statistically significant difference in detecting the RVA positives (p > 0.05). Overall the percent positivity showed a seasonal pattern with higher positivity in winter as compared to autumn season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Malla
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Zunjar Baburao Dubal
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Anukampa Kadwalia
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Gazanfar Abass
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Kaushal Kishore Rajak
- Division of Veterinary Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Ishfaq Maqbool
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India
| | - Aquil Mohmad
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Vivekanandhan Rangaraju
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Arfa Fayaz
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ha S, Kang S, Park KM, Ku JY, Choi KS, Park J. Comparison of blood electrolyte and biochemical parameters between single infections of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic Hanwoo calves. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e85. [PMID: 36448432 PMCID: PMC9715380 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal calf diarrhea is a major problem in the cattle industry worldwide. Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum are the primary causative agents, especially during the first three weeks of the calf's life. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the differences in acid-base, electrolytes, and biochemical parameters of diarrheic calves with infection of either rotavirus or C. parvum. METHODS A total of 61 Korean native calves (≤ 20 days old) were divided into two groups based on rotavirus or C. parvum infections: rotavirus infection (n = 44) and C. parvum infection (n = 17). The calves with at a specific blood pH range (pH 6.92-7.25) were chosen for comparison. The acid-base, electrolyte, chemistry, and serum proteins were analyzed, Further, fecal examinations were performed. RESULTS Compared to C. parvum-infected calves, the rotavirus-infected calves showed lower levels of total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate (HCO3-), anion gap, total protein, and albumin/globulin ratio, and significantly lower levels of potassium, globulin, and α2-globulin (p < 0.05). The C. parvum-infected calves (r = 0.749) had stronger correlations between pH and HCO3- than the rotavirus-infected calves (r = 0.598). Compared to rotavirus-infected calves, strong correlations between globulin and α2-globulin, α2-globulin and haptoglobin were identified in C. parvum-infected calves. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to investigate acid-base, electrolyte, and biochemical parameters in calves in response to infections of rotavirus and C. parvum. Although rotavirus and C. parvum cause malabsorptive and secretory diarrhea in similar-aged calves, blood parameters were different. This would help establish the diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Ha
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Seogjin Kang
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Kwang-Man Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeong Ku
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Diebold O, Gonzalez V, Venditti L, Sharp C, Blake RA, Tan WS, Stevens J, Caddy S, Digard P, Borodavka A, Gaunt E. Using Species a Rotavirus Reverse Genetics to Engineer Chimeric Viruses Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Epitopes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0048822. [PMID: 35758692 PMCID: PMC9327695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00488-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Species A rotavirus (RVA) vaccines based on live attenuated viruses are used worldwide in humans. The recent establishment of a reverse genetics system for rotoviruses (RVs) has opened the possibility of engineering chimeric viruses expressing heterologous peptides from other viral or microbial species in order to develop polyvalent vaccines. We tested the feasibility of this concept by two approaches. First, we inserted short SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides into the hypervariable region of the simian RV SA11 strain viral protein (VP) 4. Second, we fused the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, or the shorter receptor binding motif (RBM) nested within the RBD, to the C terminus of nonstructural protein (NSP) 3 of the bovine RV RF strain, with or without an intervening Thosea asigna virus 2A (T2A) peptide. Mutating the hypervariable region of SA11 VP4 impeded viral replication, and for these mutants, no cross-reactivity with spike antibodies was detected. To rescue NSP3 mutants, we established a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for the bovine RV RF strain. Except for the RBD mutant that demonstrated a rescue defect, all NSP3 mutants delivered endpoint infectivity titers and exhibited replication kinetics comparable to that of the wild-type virus. In ELISAs, cell lysates of an NSP3 mutant expressing the RBD peptide showed cross-reactivity with a SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody. 3D bovine gut enteroids were susceptible to infection by all NSP3 mutants, but cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody was only detected for the RBM mutant. The tolerance of large SARS-CoV-2 peptide insertions at the C terminus of NSP3 in the presence of T2A element highlights the potential of this approach for the development of vaccine vectors targeting multiple enteric pathogens simultaneously. IMPORTANCE We explored the use of rotaviruses (RVs) to express heterologous peptides, using SARS-CoV-2 as an example. Small SARS-CoV-2 peptide insertions (<34 amino acids) into the hypervariable region of the viral protein 4 (VP4) of RV SA11 strain resulted in reduced viral titer and replication, demonstrating a limited tolerance for peptide insertions at this site. To test the RV RF strain for its tolerance for peptide insertions, we constructed a reverse genetics system. NSP3 was C-terminally tagged with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides of up to 193 amino acids in length. With a T2A-separated 193 amino acid tag on NSP3, there was no significant effect on the viral rescue efficiency, endpoint titer, and replication kinetics. Tagged NSP3 elicited cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies in ELISA. We highlight the potential for development of RV vaccine vectors targeting multiple enteric pathogens simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Diebold
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Venditti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Sharp
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Blake
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Wenfang S. Tan
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Gaunt
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
KAÇAR Y, BAYKAL AT, AYDIN L, BATMAZ H. Evaluation of the efficacy of cow colostrum in the treatment and its effect on serum proteomes in calves with cryptosporidiosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 248:110429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Yan Z, Zhang K, Zhang K, Wang G, Wang L, Zhang J, Qiu Z, Guo Z, Song X, Li J. Integrated 16S rDNA Gene Sequencing and Untargeted Metabolomics Analyses to Investigate the Gut Microbial Composition and Plasma Metabolic Phenotype in Calves With Dampness-Heat Diarrhea. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:703051. [PMID: 35242833 PMCID: PMC8885629 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.703051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dampness-heat diarrhea (DHD), a common syndrome in Chinese dairy farms, is mainly resulted from digestive system disorders, and accompanied with metabolic disorders in some cases. However, the underlying mechanisms in the intestinal microbiome and plasma metabolome in calves with DHD remain unclear. In order to investigate the pathogenesis of DHD in calves, multi-omics techniques including the 16S rDNA gene sequencing and metabolomics were used to analyze gut microbial compositions and plasma metabolic changes in calves. The results indicated that DHD had a significant effect on the intestinal microbial compositions in calves, which was confirmed by changes in microbial population and distribution. A total of 14 genera were changed, including Escherichia-Shigella, Bacteroides, and Fournierella, in calves with DHD (P < 0.05). Functional analysis based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations indicated that 11 metabolic functions (level 2) were significantly enriched in DHD cases. The untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that 440 metabolites including bilineurin, phosphatidylcholine, and glutamate were significantly different between two groups (VIP > 1 and P < 0.05), and they were related to 67 signal pathways. Eight signal pathways including alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were significantly enriched (P < 0.05), which may be potential biomarkers of plasma in calves with DHD. Further, 107 pairs of intestinal microbiota-plasma metabolite correlations were determined, e.g., Escherichia-Shigella was significantly associated with changes of sulfamethazine, butyrylcarnitine, and 14 other metabolites, which reflected that metabolic activity was influenced by the microbiome. These microbiota-metabolite pairs might have a relationship with DHD in calves. In conclusion, the findings revealed that DHD had effect on intestinal microbial compositions and plasma metabolome in calves, and the altered metabolic pathways and microorganisms might serve as diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for DHD in calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zunxiang Yan
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Guibo Wang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengying Qiu
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiting Guo
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Xiaoping Song
| | - Jianxi Li
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxi Li
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Viidu DA, Mõtus K. Implementation of a pre-calving vaccination programme against rotavirus, coronavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F5) and association with dairy calf survival. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:59. [PMID: 35090439 PMCID: PMC8935617 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Diarrhea is one of the most common diseases and causes of death in calves during the first month of life. Pre-calving vaccination programme (PVP) against the most common diarrhea-causing pathogens could help to avoid this threat if hyperimmune transition milk (TM) is fed to calves throughout the whole susceptibility period. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to reveal the implementation practices of PVPs in large commercial dairy farms and to compare calf-level mortality hazards during the first year of vaccination (V+ period) and a year before implementing the vaccination programme (V- period). A questionnaire was filled out in 15 large-scale dairy farms in Estonia that used PVP. The farms were assigned into three groups based on compliance with the vaccine directions for use and TM feeding practices. Calf-level time-to-event data was analyzed with an observation period of 21 days and on-farm mortality due to diarrhea being the event of interest.
Results
During the V+ period, a significant decline in diarrhea-induced calf mortality was identified in three out of six herds that followed vaccination instructions and fed TM for at least 14 days. On average, calf mortality hazard due to diarrhea decreased among these herds (hazard rate ratio (HR) = 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63; 0.81). In the group of correctly vaccinating herds where TM was fed for less than 14 days, diarrhea-induced calf mortality decreased in two herds and remained unchanged in two herds with average diarrhea-induced calf mortality hazard declining significantly during the vaccination period (HR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.14; 0.41). Among the three farms that deviated from the vaccination instructions, the average calf mortality hazard increased in the V+ period (HR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.21; 2.14).
Conclusions
This study revealed that implementing a PVP might aid to reduce diarrhea-induced calf mortality in large commercial dairy farms. There is a need to increase veterinarians´ and farmers´ awareness about the importance of including pregnant heifers into the vaccination programme and emphasize the importance of prolonged feeding of hyperimmune TM to calves.
Collapse
|
14
|
Couso-Pérez S, Ares-Mazás E, Gómez-Couso H. A review of the current status of Cryptosporidium in fish. Parasitology 2022; 149:1-13. [PMID: 35166202 PMCID: PMC10090634 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Species of the genus Cryptosporidium (phylum Apicomplexa) infect the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract of several vertebrate hosts, including humans and domestic and wild animals. In the past 20 years, several studies have focused on Cryptosporidium in fish. To date, a total of four piscine-host-specific species (Cryptosporidium molnari, Cryptosporidium huwi, Cryptosporidium bollandi and Cryptosporidium abrahamseni), nine piscine genotypes and more than 29 unnamed genotypes have been described in fish hosts. In addition, Cryptosporidium species and genotypes typical of other groups of vertebrates have also been identified. This review summarizes the history, biology, pathology and clinical manifestations, as well as the transmission, prevalence and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in wild, cultured and ornamental fish from both marine and freshwater environments. Finally, the potential role of piscine hosts as a reservoir of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seila Couso-Pérez
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Elvira Ares-Mazás
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Hipólito Gómez-Couso
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Slanzon GS, Ridenhour BJ, Moore DA, Sischo WM, Parrish LM, Trombetta SC, McConnel CS. Fecal microbiome profiles of neonatal dairy calves with varying severities of gastrointestinal disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262317. [PMID: 34982792 PMCID: PMC8726473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disease (GI) is the most common illness in pre-weaned dairy calves. Studies have associated the fecal microbiome composition with health status, but it remains unclear how the microbiome changes across different levels of GI disease and breeds. Our objective was to associate the clinical symptoms of GI disease with the fecal microbiome. Fecal samples were collected from calves (n = 167) of different breeds (Holstein, Jersey, Jersey-cross and beef-cross) from 4-21 d of age. Daily clinical evaluations assessed health status. Calves with loose or watery feces were diagnosed with diarrhea and classified as bright-sick (BS) or depressed-sick (DS) according to behavior. Calves with normal or semiformed feces and no clinical illness were classified as healthy (H). One hundred and three fecal samples were obtained from consistently healthy calves and 64 samples were from calves with diarrhea (n = 39 BS; n = 25 DS). The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and analyzed. Differences were identified by a linear-mixed effects model with a negative binomial error. DS and Jersey calves had a higher relative abundance of Streptococcus gallolyticus relative to H Holstein calves. In addition, DS calves had a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium longum and an enrichment of Escherichia coli. Species of the genus Lactobacillus, such as an unclassified Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus salivarius were enriched in calves with GI disease. Moreover, we created a model to predict GI disease based on the fecal microbiome composition. The presence of Eggerthella lenta, Bifidobacterium longum, and Collinsella aerofaciens were associated with a healthy clinical outcome. Although lactobacilli are often associated with beneficial probiotic properties, the presence of E. coli and Lactobacillus species had the highest coefficients positively associated with GI disease prediction. Our results indicate that there are differences in the fecal microbiome of calves associated with GI disease severity and breed specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovana S. Slanzon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Ridenhour
- Department of Mathematics and Statistical Science, College of Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Dale A. Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - William M. Sischo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lindsay M. Parrish
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sophie C. Trombetta
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Craig S. McConnel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang H, Yu Z, Gao Z, Li Q, Qiu X, Wu F, Guan T, Cao B, Su H. Effects of compound probiotics on growth performance, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and health status of neonatal Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:2190-2200. [PMID: 34955257 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of compound probiotics (consisting of 108 cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum, 108 cfu/g of Pediococcus acidilactici, 108 cfu/g of Pediococcus pentosaceus, 107 cfu/g of and Bacillus subtilis) on growth performance, rumen fermentation, bacteria community, blood parameters, and health status of Holstein calves at the first 3 mo of age. Forty-eight newborn calves were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: control group (milk replacer with no compound probiotics), low compound probiotics group (milk replacer + 0.12 g of compound probiotics per head per day), and high compound probiotics group (HP; milk replacer + 1.2 g of compound probiotics per head per day). Starter pellets of the low compound probiotics and HP groups were coated with 0.05% compound probiotics. Milk replacer was provided from 2 to 63 d of age (6 L at 2-10 d, 8 L at 11-42 d, 6 L at 43-49 d, 4 L at 50-56 d, and 2 L at 57-63 d), and starter pellets were provided ad libitum from 7 to 90 d of age. Body weight and body size (d 1, 30, 60, and 90), blood (d 40 and 80), and rumen fluid (d 90) were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA procedure; fecal score was recorded daily and analyzed as repeated measures using the mixed model procedure. Results showed that diet supplemented with compound probiotics had no effects on the body weight, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency. At 90 d of age, diet supplemented with compound probiotics decreased the withers height. Immunity activities increased in the HP group, supported by the increased concentrations of serum total protein and immunoglobulins at 40 d of age, and by the increased activity of superoxide dismutase at 80 d of age. Diet supplemented with compound probiotics altered rumen fermentation, indicated by the decreased rumen acetic acid and propionic acid, and the increased butyric acid concentrations. Diet supplemented with compound probiotics improved the health status of calves, indicated by the decreased fecal score at 3 wk of age and the decreased medicine treatments. In summary, although diet supplemented with HP decreased the withers height, this level of probiotics is recommended to improve rumen development and health status of newborn Holstein calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhaotao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - Zhibiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinjun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianci Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Binghai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huawei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fesseha H, Mathewos M, Aliye S, Mekonnen E. Isolation and antibiogram of Escherichia coli O157: H7 from diarrhoeic calves in urban and peri-urban dairy farms of Hawassa town. Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:864-876. [PMID: 34910854 PMCID: PMC8959283 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calf diarrhoea is the most serious issue in the livestock industry, resulting in significant financial losses. Methods A study was undertaken in 32 urban and peri‐urban dairy farms of Hawassa town to isolate E. coli from diarrhoeic calves, assess associated putative factors related to the occurrence, and the evaluate antibacterial susceptibility patterns of isolates. A convenience sampling technique was performed for the selection of these dairy farms and calf samples. A total of 68 faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of diarrhoeic calves. The faecal samples were confirmed as E. coli O157: H7 positive using the latex agglutination test. Results In this study, 47(69.1%) samples were positive for E. coli, of which 22 (46.8%) were identified as E. coli O157:H7 strains based on their latex agglutination character. Factors such as frequency of calf house cleaning, type of supplement provided, and method of colostrum feeding were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with calf diarrhoea, while the other risk factors had no significant association. Antibiogram of E. coli O157:H7 isolates showed that the isolates were highly sensitive to gentamycin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim‐sulphamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin and were found to be resistant to tetracycline, kanamycin and amoxicillin. Conclusion Our findings revealed that calf diarrhoea is still a major health problem of calves in the study area. Hence, improved calf and farm management practice, an ad libitum quantity of colostrum, and good farm hygienic practices should be ensured. This study also revealed that some antibiotic‐resistant E. coli O157:H7 isolates need to be further investigated for their public health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haben Fesseha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Saliman Aliye
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Mekonnen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cheng X, Wu W, Teng F, Yan Y, Li G, Wang L, Wang X, Wang R, Zhou H, Jiang Y, Cui W, Tang L, Li Y, Qiao X. Isolation and Characterization of Bovine RVA from Northeast China, 2017-2020. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121389. [PMID: 34947920 PMCID: PMC8703504 DOI: 10.3390/life11121389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are major enteric pathogens causing infections in calves. To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and genetic diversity of bovine rotavirus (BRV), 233 fecal samples were collected from calves with diarrhea in northeast China. The samples were analyzed for sequences encoding the inner capsid protein VP6 (subgroup) and the outer capsid proteins VP7 and VP4 (G and P type, respectively) using RT-PCR. Ten of the 233 samples (4.3%) were identified as BRV positive and were used for virus isolation and sequence analysis, revealing that all strains analyzed were of the G6P[1] genotype. The isolates exhibited high VP6 sequence identity to the USA cow RVA NCDV strain (>99% amino acid identity) and were further shown to be closely related to Japanese cow RVA BRV101 and Israelian human RVA G6P[1] strains, with >99% amino acid identity to VP7 and VP4 proteins, respectively. Comparative analyses of genome-predicted amino acid sequences between the isolates and the NCDV strains indicated that the antigenicity and infectivity of the strains isolated had changed. In this study, BRV genotypes and the genetic diversity among vaccinated cattle herds were monitored to provide epidemiological data and references for early diagnosis, allowing for early detection of new, potentially pathogenic RVA strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wei Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Fei Teng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yue Yan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Guiwei Li
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161000, China;
| | - Li Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ruichong Wang
- Department for Radiological Protection, Heilongjiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Han Zhou
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wen Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lijie Tang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yijing Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive, Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (X.C.); (W.W.); (F.T.); (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.J.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Korte A, Dreyer JS, Hoedemaker M. [Colostrum management practices on farms with high calf losses in Lower Saxony, Germany]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:375-382. [PMID: 34861730 DOI: 10.1055/a-1648-2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to record the management of colostrum supply for calves on dairy farms in Lower Saxony facing challenges with increased calf mortality as well as to identify associated problems. Targeted advice concerning possibilities for improving management was provided in order to evaluate whether these consultations would lead to changes in the colostrum management and improve the calves' colostrum supply (measured by the total protein concentration in the blood serum of calves and the incidence of diarrhea). MATERIAL AND METHODS Analyses were performed on 56 dairy farms in Lower Saxony, facing a calf mortality of at least 20 % in 2014 and keeping a minimum of 30 dairy cows. Single-housed calves with an average age of 1-14 days were examined. Each farm was visited twice during an interval of 8-10 months, with an identical daily routine at both visits. Data on the topics of colostrum management and calf health were recorded using a questionnaire and the farm was inspected. All single-housed calves were subjected to a clinical examination. The total protein concentration in the blood of calves aged between 1 and 7 days was examined in order to draw conclusions concerning their colostrum supply. RESULTS Only few, insignificant changes in management were evident between the 2 visits. Therefore, no conclusions were possible concerning the influence of the provided advice on colostrum management. Nevertheless, the data showed that the colostrum management on a large part of the farms was in need of improvement with regard to the time of feeding, the amount offered, the method of supply and monitoring its effect. The data on measured total protein concentration also showed that at both visits only a small proportion of the farms adequately managed the colostrum supply. CONCLUSION Many farmers remain unaware of the pronounced importance of colostrum supply for newborn calves. In many of the surveyed farms with high calf losses, a need for improvement in the area of colostrum management was evident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Korte
- Klinik für Rinder, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Capozza P, Martella V, Lanave G, Catella C, Diakoudi G, Beikpour F, Camero M, Di Martino B, Fusco G, Balestrieri A, Campanile G, Banyai K, Buonavoglia C. An outbreak of neonatal enteritis in buffalo calves associated with astrovirus. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e84. [PMID: 34854267 PMCID: PMC8636656 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteritis of an infectious origin is a major cause of productivity and economic losses to cattle producers worldwide. Several pathogens are believed to cause or contribute to the development of calf diarrhea. Astroviruses (AstVs) are neglected enteric pathogens in ruminants, but they have recently gained attention because of their possible association with encephalitis in humans and various animal species, including cattle. Objectives This paper describes a large outbreak of neonatal diarrhea in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis), characterized by high mortality, which was associated with an AstV infection. Methods Following an enteritis outbreak characterized by high morbidity (100%) and mortality (46.2%) in a herd of Mediterranean buffaloes (B. bubalis) in Italy, 16 samples from buffalo calves were tested with the molecular tools for common and uncommon enteric pathogens, including AstV, kobuvirus, and torovirus. Results The samples tested negative for common enteric viral agents, including Rotavirus A, coronavirus, calicivirus, pestivirus, kobuvirus, and torovirus, while they tested positive for AstV. Overall, 62.5% (10/16) of the samples were positive in a single round reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for AstV, and 100% (16/16) were positive when nested PCR was performed. The strains identified in the outbreak showed a clonal origin and shared the closest genetic relationship with bovine AstVs (up to 85% amino acid identity in the capsid). Conclusions This report indicates that AstVs should be included in a differential diagnosis of infectious diarrhea in buffalo calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Capozza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Georgia Diakoudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Farzad Beikpour
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Anna Balestrieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples, Naples 80137, Italy
| | - Krisztian Banyai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pathotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli isolates from neonatal calves. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:353-362. [PMID: 34796436 PMCID: PMC8601779 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal calf mortality is a major concern to livestock sector worldwide. Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD), an acute severe condition causes morbidity and mortality in calves. Amongst various pathogens involved in NCD, E. coli is considered as one of the major causes. The study was targeted to characterize E. coli isolates from neonatal calves for diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) types (pathotyping), antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling and to correlate with epidemiological parameters. From neonates, a total of 113 faecal samples were collected, out of that 308, lactose fermenting colonies were confirmed as E. coli. Pathotypable isolates (12.3%) were represented by STEC (6.1%), EPEC (2.9%), ETEC (1.9%), EAEC (0.9%) and EHEC (0.3%). Occurrence of STEC was more in non-diarrhoeic calves, whereas ETEC was observed more in diarrhoeic calves. EPEC occurrence was observed in both diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic calves. Fishers extract test showed no significant association for occurrence of DEC types to type of dairies, health status, species, breed, age and sex of neonatal calves. Two hundred and eighty isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. The isolates showed maximum resistance towards ampicillin (55.4%) followed by tetracycline (54.3%), while minimum resistance was observed towards meropenem (2.5%). Multidrug resistant E. coli isolates were found to be 139 (49.6%), and Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers were 120 (42.9%). DEC pathotypes like STEC, ETEC, EHEC and EAEC that are also multidrug resistant present in neonatal calves have zoonotic potential and hence are of public health significance.
Collapse
|
22
|
Jang DH, Cho HC, Shin SU, Kim EM, Park YJ, Hwang S, Park J, Choi KS. Prevalence and distribution pattern of Cryptosporidium spp. among pre-weaned diarrheic calves in the Republic of Korea. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259824. [PMID: 34780521 PMCID: PMC8592421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that belong to subphylum apicomplexa and cause diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Data on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its subtypes among calves in the Republic of Korea (KOR) are sparse. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and association between the age of calf and the identified Cryptosporidium spp. and to determine the genotypes/subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the KOR. A total of 460 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from calves aged 1−60 days and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by the 18S rRNA gene. Species identification was determined using the sequencing analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, and C. parvum-positive samples were subtyped via the sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Sequence analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene revealed the presence of three Cryptosporidium spp., namely, C. parvum (n = 72), C. ryanae (n = 12), and C. bovis (n = 2). Co-infection by these species was not observed. The infection rate was the highest in calves aged 11−20 days (26.1%, 95% CI 17.1−35.1), whereas the lowest rate was observed in calves aged 21−30 days (7.7%, 95% CI 0.0−16.1). The prevalence of C. parvum was detected exclusively in calves aged ≤20 days, and the highest infection rate of C. ryanae was seen in calves ≥31 days of age. The occurrence of C. parvum (χ2 = 25.300, P = 0.000) and C. ryanae (χ2 = 18.020, P = 0.001) was significantly associated with the age of the calves. Eleven different subtypes of the IIa family that belonging to C. parvum were recognized via the sequence analyses of the gp60 gene. Except for two (IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA15G2R1) subtypes, nine subtypes were first identified in calves with diarrhea in the KOR. IIaA18G3R1 was the most frequently detected subtype (72.2% of calves), followed by IIaA17G3R1 (5.6%), IIaA15G2R1 (4.2%), IIaA19G4R1 (4.2%), IIaA16G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA17G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA19G3R (2.8%), IIaA14G1R1 (1.4%), IIaA14G3R1 (1.4%), IIaA15G1R1 (1.4%), and IIaA19G1R1 (1.4%) These results suggest that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. is significantly associated with calf age. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the high genetic diversity of C. parvum and the widespread occurrence of zoonotic C. parvum in pre-weaned calves. Hence, calves are a potential source of zoonotic transmission with considerable public health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Hwang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gupta M, Pattanaik AK, Singh A, Sharma S, Jadhav SE, Kumar A, Verma AK. Functional and probiotic characterization of Ligilactobacillus salivarius CPN60 isolated from calf faeces and its appraisal in rats. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:575-584. [PMID: 34600807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging concern about the emergence of antimicrobial resistance has limited the use of antibiotics in calves. Hence, there is a need to find suitable alternatives to antibiotics to manage gastrointestinal infections in neonatal calves. The objective of the present study was to develop a probiotic of calf-origin for its potential application in calf nutrition. Accordingly, 69 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were isolated from faeces of newborn calves, out of which 10 strains were short-listed for further in vitro testing based on the aggregation time and cell surface hydrophobicity. The results of acid-, bile- and phenol-tolerance tests indicated that out of the ten strains, the isolate CPN60 had better resistance to these adverse conditions likely to be encountered in the gastrointestinal tract. The isolate also showed an optimal ability to produce biofilm. Further assessments reiterated its superiority in terms of co-aggregation and antagonistic activity against pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. Subsequently, the isolate was identified through 16S rRNA sequencing and sequence homology and designated as Ligilactobacillus salivarius CPN60. The candidate probiotic was evaluated in vivo using 48 male (5 weeks old) Wistar rats, divided into two equal groups viz. control (CON) and probiotic (PRO). During the 4-weeks feeding trial, the PRO group rats were gavaged with one mL culture of L. salivarius CPN60 equivalent to 108 CFU/rat. The in vivo trial results indicated better nutrient utilization efficiency and growth performance (p < 0.001) of the PRO group of rats. The probiotic supplementation improved the faecal concentration of lactate (p < 0.001) and individual as well as total short-chain fatty acids (p < 0.001) production. The cell-mediated immune response, assessed as a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to phytohaemagglutinin-P, was improved (p < 0.001) in PRO compared to the CON rats. It is concluded that the calf-origin probiotic L. salivarius CPN60, in addition to possessing all the in vitro functional attributes of a candidate probiotic, also has desirable potential for its future use in young calves to promote gut health and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mokshata Gupta
- Clinical and Pet Nutrition Laboratory, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Pattanaik
- Clinical and Pet Nutrition Laboratory, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India.
| | - Asmita Singh
- Clinical and Pet Nutrition Laboratory, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Clinical and Pet Nutrition Laboratory, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Sunil Ekanath Jadhav
- Centre for Advanced Faculty Training, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Avneesh Kumar
- Clinical and Pet Nutrition Laboratory, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Verma
- Centre for Advanced Faculty Training, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gonzalez R, Elvira L, Carbonell C, Vertenten G, Fraile L. The Specific Immune Response after Vaccination against Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea Differs between Apparent Similar Vaccines in a Case Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1238. [PMID: 33923017 PMCID: PMC8145597 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) is a major health challenge with a negative impact on farm profitability, calf welfare and antimicrobial use. Neonatal calves are particularly sensitive to enteric infections. Thus, a key point for prevention is minimising infectious pressure and maximising specific immune responses. An amount of 120 dams not previously vaccinated against NCD were randomly allocated to one of three study groups: negative control versus two vaccinated groups (A and B). In the control group, the average level of antibodies was significantly low for both BoCV and ETEC (15.6 and 13.9% in the colostrum samples, respectively), demonstrating the importance of dam vaccination. Indeed, the level of specific immunity was significantly increased for BoCV and ETEC with dam vaccination using both one-shot vaccines versus the control group. Moreover, the statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher level of antibodies for BoCV and ETEC in colostrum samples in vaccine A versus vaccine B and the control group. In accordance, the calf serum demonstrated a significantly higher level and greater homogeneity of antibodies against BoCV and ETEC in the Vaccine A group versus other experimental groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated a different specific immune response for the pathogens depending on the vaccine used to control NCD in cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Elvira
- Ruminant Technical Team, MSD Animal Health Spain, 37188 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Carlos Carbonell
- Ruminant Technical Team, MSD Animal Health Spain, 37188 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Geert Vertenten
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands;
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida—Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Comparison of three diagnostic methods in the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis and gp60 subtyping of Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic calves in Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare three diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis and to detect subtypes ofCryptosporidium parvum by sequences analyses of gp60 gene in diarrheic calves in several herds in Konya province located in Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 194 pre-weaned calves (n=158, ≤15 days old, and n=36, 15 to 40 days old), with diarrhoea. For comparative diagnosis, all samples were examined by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining of fecal smears for the presence of oocyst, nested PCR-RFLP of SSU rRNA and TaqMan qPCR for the detection of Cryptosporidium DNA. A total of 92 (47.4%) and 104 (53.6%) out of the examined samples were found positive by microscopic examination and molecular tools, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of microscopic identification were determined as 88.5% and 100.0%, respectively compared to molecular assays. Cryptosporidium parvum was the only detected species in all positive samples by species-specific qPCR and nested PCR-RFLP assays. Species identifications were further confirmed by sequence analyses of the SSU rRNA PCR products. There was no statistically significant difference in C. parvum prevalence between early pre-weaned calves and calves older than 15 days. The sequence analyses of the gp60 gene of C. parvum isolates revealed a one subtype IIaA13G2R1 belonging to zoonotic family IIa in diarrheic calves
Collapse
|
26
|
Brunauer M, Roch FF, Conrady B. Prevalence of Worldwide Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea Caused by Bovine Rotavirus in Combination with Bovine Coronavirus, Escherichia coli K99 and Cryptosporidium spp.: A Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041014. [PMID: 33916839 PMCID: PMC8066230 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple enteropathogens such as bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Escherichia coli K99 (ETEC) and Cryptosporidium spp. (Crypto) are the most common causes of calf diarrhoea during the first 30 days of animal age. Three weighted-stratified random-effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate the worldwide prevalence of mixed infections of the causative agents (i.e., BRV-BCoV, BRV-ETEC, BRV-Crypto) and their potential influencing factors. The meta-analysis covered 41 studies (94 sub-studies) in 21 countries that determined the presence or absence of mixed infections in global calf populations. The highest worldwide estimated pooled prevalence was identified for BRV-Crypto (6.69%), followed by BRV-BCoV (2.84%), and BRV-ETEC (1.64%). The chance of detecting BCoV in calves with diarrhoea was 1.83 higher in the presence of BRV compared to calves without BRV, whereby an inhibition effect (odds ratio: 0.77) was determined between BRV and Crypto infections. The diagnostic methods were identified as a significant influencing factor in the detection of all considered mixed infections, while the other analysed factors differed in relation to their effect on prevalence. In contrast to BRV-BCoV, the prevalence of BRV-ETEC and BRV-Crypto mixed infections followed the course of individual ETEC and Crypto prevalence related to the age class of the sampled animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brunauer
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (F.-F.R.)
| | - Franz-Ferdinand Roch
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (F.-F.R.)
| | - Beate Conrady
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (F.-F.R.)
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, 1080 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wei X, Wang W, Dong Z, Cheng F, Zhou X, Li B, Zhang J. Detection of Infectious Agents Causing Neonatal Calf Diarrhea on Two Large Dairy Farms in Yangxin County, Shandong Province, China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:589126. [PMID: 33614754 PMCID: PMC7892430 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.589126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is one of the most serious health challenges facing the livestock industry and has caused substantial economic losses due to increased morbidity and mortality rates. The present study investigated the main infectious pathogens causing NCD among cattle in Yangxin County, China. Sixty-nine fecal samples were collected from diarrheic newborn cattle and tested for infectious agents, including bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, Escherichia coli K99, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Giardia lamblia, that cause NCD, as determined by rapid kit analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The PCR results showed that the percentages of samples that were positive for C. parvum, bovine rotavirus A, bovine coronavirus, and G. lamblia were 44.93, 36.23, 17.39, and 13.04%, respectively. The rapid kit analysis results showed that the prevalence of C. parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, and G. lamblia was 52.17, 31.88, 28.98, and 18.84%, respectively. No E. coli K99 was detected by either method. The total positivity of the samples, as determined by PCR and rapid kit analysis, was 80.00 and 81.16%, respectively. No significant difference between the two methods was observed. The results of this study may help to establish a foundation for future research investigating the epidemiology of NCD in cattle and may facilitate the implementation of measures to control NCD transmission to cattle in Yangxin County, Shandong Province, China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wei
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fusheng Cheng
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuzheng Zhou
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Choi KS, Kang JH, Cho HC, Yu DH, Park J. Changes in serum protein electrophoresis profiles and acute phase proteins in calves with diarrhea. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2021; 85:45-50. [PMID: 33390652 PMCID: PMC7747664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Calf diarrhea leads to substantial economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide due to medical treatment costs, retarded growth performance, and even death. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in serum protein profiles and acute phase proteins in calves with diarrhea and identify the association between these changes and diarrhea. A total of 185 Korean beef calves were used and divided into 3 groups by age: 1 to 10 days (n = 46), 11 to 20 days (n = 65), and 21 to 30 days (n = 74). Blood and fecal samples were collected from each calf. Serum concentrations of total protein, protein fractions (albumin, α1-globulin, α2-globulin, β-globulin, and γ-globulin), haptoglobin (Hp), and serum amyloid A (SAA) were analyzed. Compared to calves without diarrhea, calves with diarrhea had significantly lower albumin concentrations at 11 to 20 days and 21 to 30 days of age (P = 0.017 and P = 0.000, respectively) and significantly higher α1-globulin fractions at 21 to 30 days of age (P = 0.01). Interestingly, α2-globulin fractions were significantly higher in diarrheic calves in all age groups, whereas γ-globulin fractions were significantly lower in calves with diarrhea aged 1 to 10 days, compared with normal animals. In calves with diarrhea, the concentration of Hp was significantly higher, whereas SAA levels were not different between normal and diarrheic calves. In addition, a positive correlation was found between α2-globulin and Hp (P = 0.0004). Taken together, these results provide useful information about the use of serum protein profiles and Hp as prognostic and diagnostic markers for animal health status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea (Choi, Cho); College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea (Kang, Park); College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea (Yu)
| | - Jin-Hee Kang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea (Choi, Cho); College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea (Kang, Park); College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea (Yu)
| | - Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea (Choi, Cho); College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea (Kang, Park); College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea (Yu)
| | - Do-Hyeon Yu
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea (Choi, Cho); College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea (Kang, Park); College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea (Yu)
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea (Choi, Cho); College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea (Kang, Park); College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea (Yu)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Effect of milk allowance on the suitability of automated behavioural and physiological measures as early disease indicators in calves. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
30
|
Benito AA, Monteagudo LV, Arnal JL, Baselga C, Quílez J. Occurrence and genetic diversity of rotavirus A in faeces of diarrheic calves submitted to a veterinary laboratory in Spain. Prev Vet Med 2020; 185:105196. [PMID: 33197724 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A total of 237 faecal specimens from diarrheic calves younger than two months were collected and submitted for diagnosis of enteropathogens over a two-year period (2017-2018) to a veterinary laboratory. Samples originated from 193 dairy and beef farms in 29 provinces distributed throughout Spain, and were tested for the occurrence of three target enteric pathogens by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR): bovine rotavirus A (RVA), Cryptosporidium parvum and bovine coronavirus (BCoV). RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing analysis were used to determine the G (VP7 gene) and P (VP4 gene) genotypes of 26 specimens positive for RVA. A total of 188 specimens (79.3 %) were positive for at least one of the three target enteric pathogens, and 101 samples (42.6 %) harbored mixed infections. The individual prevalence was 57.8 %, 50.6 % and 23.6 % for C. parvum, RVA and BCoV, respectively. Molecular analysis of selected RVA strains revealed the presence of the G6, G10, G3, P[5] and P[11] genotypes, with the combinations G6P[5] and G6P[11] being the most prevalent. Alignments of nucleotide sequences of the VP7 and VP4 markers showed a high frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with up to 294 SNPs found in 869bp of sequence at the G6 genotype (0.338 SNPs/nt), which reveals the extensive genetic diversity of RVA strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene of the G6 strains revealed four distinct lineages, with most strains clustering in the G6-IV lineage. The discrepancies between the RVA genotypes circulating in the sampled cattle farms and the genotypes contained in commercial vaccines currently available in Spain are discussed. We believe that this is the first study on the molecular characterization of rotavirus infecting cattle in Spain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo A Benito
- EXOPOL S.L, Pol Rio Gállego D/8, San Mateo del Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis V Monteagudo
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain; Agrifood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza-CITA, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José L Arnal
- EXOPOL S.L, Pol Rio Gállego D/8, San Mateo del Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Baselga
- EXOPOL S.L, Pol Rio Gállego D/8, San Mateo del Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Quílez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain; Agrifood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza-CITA, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Alawneh JI, Barreto MO, Moore RJ, Soust M, Al-Harbi H, James AS, Krishnan D, Olchowy TWJ. Systematic review of an intervention: the use of probiotics to improve health and productivity of calves. Prev Vet Med 2020; 183:105147. [PMID: 32977172 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of the types of probiotic formulations that are commercially available and to critically appraise the available evidence for the effectiveness of probiotics in improving the health and productivity of calves. Relevant papers were identified to answer the question: 'In calves aged between birth to one year, is the use of probiotics associated with changes in haematological or biochemical parameters, faecal bacteria counts, average daily live weight gain, dry matter intake, or feed conversion ratio?' The search of the literature yielded 67 studies that fit the primary screening criteria. Included studies were assessed for bias and confounding using a predefined risk assessment tool adapted from the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials and GRADE guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager and R. Random sequence generation was low in more than 59 % of studies. Risk of allocation concealment and performance bias were largely unclear in over 68 % of studies. Calves fed probiotics had increased average daily live weight gains (ADG) from birth to weaning (mean difference [MD] = 83.14 g/d 95 % CI = 58.36-107.91, P < 0.001) compared with calves on a control diet. Calf age reduced the level of heterogeneity of the effect of probiotics on ADG for calves between one to three weeks of age (τ2 = 73.15; I2 = 4%; P = 0.40) but not for calves older than three weeks of age (τ2 = 2892.91; I2 = 73 %; P < 0.001). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower for calves on probiotics (MD = -0.13 kg of dry matter intake (DMI) to kg of live weight (LW) gain, 95 % CI = -0.17 to -0.09, P < 0.001), and the heterogeneity of effect was large in younger aged calves (τ2 = 0.05; I2 = 78 %; P = 0.03). The risk of bias regarding the methodology in the included studies was high. The quality of evidence for each outcome was categorised as moderate. There is sufficient data to support the effectiveness of probiotic use in some applications such as for the improvement of performance and productivity parameters of calves. However, the evidence is weak for other potential probiotic uses in calves such as improved health and reduced risk of disease. Therefore, the existing data are inconclusive and do not support the use of probiotics as an alternative to antimicrobials to improve calf health and productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John I Alawneh
- Good Clinical Practice Research Group, The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia.
| | - Michelle O Barreto
- Good Clinical Practice Research Group, The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Martin Soust
- Terragen Biotech Pty Ltd., Coolum Beach, Queensland, 4573, Australia
| | - Hulayyil Al-Harbi
- Good Clinical Practice Research Group, The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Ameh S James
- Good Clinical Practice Research Group, The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Divya Krishnan
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Timothy W J Olchowy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T3R 1J3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chemical composition, in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [PMCID: PMC7220605 DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
33
|
Serum Metabolomics Revealed the Differential Metabolic Pathway in Calves with Severe Clinical Diarrhea Symptoms. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050769. [PMID: 32354125 PMCID: PMC7278412 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study focuses on the metabolic changes in the diarrhea of calves, which are manifested with the following symptoms: a thin water-like stool, cold ears and nose, throbbing bowels, oliguria, a pale or yellowish complexion, a smooth mouth, and a slow pulse. The differential metabolic pathways in calves with diarrhea were screened by metabolomics. There were nine biomarkers in the serum of healthy calves and calves with diarrhea. On the basis of these biomarkers, their associated mineral absorption, protein digestion and absorption, and other metabolic pathways, the targeted regulation of the metabolic differences of calves with diarrhea may contribute to the diagnosis, treatment, and discussion of the mechanism of calf diarrhea. Abstract The complex etiology, higher morbidity and mortality, poor prognosis, and expensive cost of calf diarrhea have made it a catastrophic disease in the dairy industry. This study aims to assess the biomarkers in calves with diarrhea and to predict the biomarkers related to the pathway. As subjects, nine calves with diarrhea and nine healthy calves were enrolled, according to strict enrollment criteria. The serum metabolites were detected by a liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and then analyzed by online multivariate statistical analysis software to further screen the biomarkers. In addition, the biomarkers involved in the metabolic pathways of calves with diarrhea and healthy calves were analyzed. In the serum of calves with diarrhea, nine biomarkers were found to which several biomarkers exhibited a certain relation. Moreover, these biomarkers were involved in important metabolic pathways, including protein digestion and absorption, ABC transporters, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, mineral absorption, and fatty acid biosynthesis. All these findings suggested that the imbalance of these markers was closely related to the occurrence and development of calf diarrhea. The targeted regulation of metabolic pathways involved in these biomarkers may facilitate the diagnosis, treatment, and discussion of the mechanism of calf diarrhea.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are ubiquitous protozoan parasites that infect a broad range of vertebrate hosts, including domestic and wild animals as well as humans. Both parasites are of medical and veterinary importance. Infections with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in ruminants are associated with diarrhea outbreaks, mainly in young animals. Ruminants are potential sources of infection for humans because some species of Cryptosporidium and assemblages of Giardia duodenalis have been isolated from both ruminants and humans. Knowledge of these parasites has greatly expanded in the last 2 decades from simple microscopic observations of organisms to the knowledge acquired from molecular tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, BARC-East, Building 173, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yildirim A, Adanir R, Inci A, Yukari BA, Duzlu O, Onder Z, Ciloglu A, Simsek E. Prevalence and genotyping of bovine Cryptosporidium species in the Mediterranean and Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101425. [PMID: 31978845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in calves and heifers with relation to diarrhea from several herds was investigated in this study. Fecal samples were collected from 135 and 120 pre-weaned calves and 79 and 130 heifers raised in the Central Anatolia (CAR) and Mediterranean Regions (MR) of Turkey, respectively. A total of 86 post-weaned calves in CAR were also included in the study. For diagnostic comparison, all samples were examined by microscopic examination, SSU rRNA nested PCR and TaqMan real-time PCR for the presence of oocyst and Cryptosporidium DNA. In total, 102 (34.0 %) and 93 (37.2 %) of the examined samples from CAR and MR were found positive for Cryptosporidium DNA with both nested PCR and real-time PCR analyses, respectively with an overall prevalence of 35.5 %. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of microscopic examination were determined as 68.7 % and 100.0 % compared to molecular tools, respectively. RFLP and sequence analyses of the SSU rRNA from the PCR products revealed that 138 (70.8 %) out of 195 positive isolates were C. parvum further confirming the species-specific real-time PCR results. Among the remaining 57 (29.2 %) positive isolates, 30 (15.4 %) and 27 (13.8 %) were characterized as C. ryanae and C. bovis, respectively. C. parvum was the dominant species in pre-weaned calves especially with diarrhea while C. bovis and C. ryanae were mostly found in post-weaned calves and heifers. The sequence analyses of the gp60 gene of C. parvum isolates revealed two subtypes (IIaA13G2R1, IIaA14G1R1) belonging to zoonotic family IIa, with IIaA13G2R1 being the most common in diarrheic calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alparslan Yildirim
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Adanir
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Inci
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Bayram Ali Yukari
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Onder Duzlu
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Onder
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arif Ciloglu
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emrah Simsek
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Science, Kayseri 38090, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ryu JH, Shin SU, Choi KS. Molecular surveillance of viral pathogens associated with diarrhea in pre-weaned Korean native calves. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:1811-1820. [PMID: 31927690 PMCID: PMC7089501 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
37
|
Martin CC, Basqueira NS, Ramos JS, Silva KN, Baccili CC, Brandão PE, Gomes V. Influence of early use of antimicrobial on the health and performance of Holstein calves in the first month of life. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The early use of antimicrobial therapy has been introduced in many farms to prevent diarrhea and respiratory disease in young calves; however, there is controversy about whether this practice has a beneficial effect on the health of these animals. This study evaluated the influence of the early use of antimicrobials on the health and performance of neonatal Holstein calves. Twenty-six Holstein calves were screened and divided into two groups, according to the administration (ATB+), or not (ATB-) of tulathromycin (2.5mg/kg, subcutaneously) within the first 12 hours of life. Calves were evaluated by general clinical examination, fecal score, respiratory score, and external palpation of the umbilical region, besides fecal output of dry matter. Anemia was determined by using an automatic system and, also, using a commercial kit for iron dosage. Diarrhea was diagnosed by a centrifuge-flotation technique using a sugar solution (Cryptosporidium) and multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR (rotavirus/coronavirus). The performance of the calves was estimated by Daily Weight Gain (DWG). The young dairy calves were evaluated within 12 hours of birth (≤12h) and at 3-5th (D3-5), 7-9th (D7-9), 13-15th (D13-15), 20-23rd (D20-23), and 27-30th (D27-30) days of life. No difference was noted between the ATB+ and ATB- groups concerning heart rate, respiratory frequency, and rectal temperature. Erythrogram showed a higher frequency of anemia in ATB- group (P=0.016) at the D3-5 check-up; lower values of serum iron were also observed simultaneously (P=0.051). Thirteen cases of respiratory disease were detected during this study; however, no significant difference was observed between the groups in this regard. The frequency of diarrhea (fecal score 2-3) was high in both groups, peaking at D13-D15. No differences were noted between the groups regarding the frequency of diarrhea when considering the dry fecal matter. The predominant etiological agent for diarrhea was Cryptosporidium spp.. The DWG was similar between groups, with maximum weight reduction on D13-15. The administration of tulathromycin in prophylactic dose (2.5mg/kg) at birth decreased the frequency of anemia but did not influence weight gain or the prevalence of diarrhea.
Collapse
|
38
|
Singh S, Singh R, Singh K, Singh V, Malik Y, Kamdi B, Singh R, Kashyap G. Prevalence of bovine coronavirus infection in organized dairy farms of Central and North regions, India. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1629093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - K.P. Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - V. Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Y.P.S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Bhupesh Kamdi
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Gayatri Kashyap
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Morrison SY, LaPierre PA, Brost KN, Drackley JK. Intake and growth in transported Holstein calves classified as diarrheic or healthy within the first 21 days after arrival in a retrospective observational study. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10997-11008. [PMID: 31521358 PMCID: PMC7094609 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strategies that can improve health and maximize growth in the preweaning period should improve the subsequent production and longevity of replacement animals. Few data are available that quantify feed and water consumption, as well as growth, in healthy versus non-healthy calves—the objective of this study. A database of Holstein calves (<1 wk of age; n = 313) was developed to compare calves that developed diarrhea in the first 21 d after arrival from commercial farms to the research facility versus calves that remained healthy. Individual calf data from 4 experiments included daily intake of milk replacer, free water, electrolyte solution, and starter grain, as well as weekly body weight (BW) and frame measures for 21 d after arrival. Calves with a fecal score of >2 for ≥3 consecutive days over the first 21 d of each experiment were retrospectively classified as diarrheic (DIA; n = 96); the remainder were classified as healthy (HEA; n = 217). Other health issues were minimal. The likelihood of elevated fecal score occurrence and the cumulative number of days with an elevated score were greater for DIA calves than for HEA calves. The initial total protein concentration in blood did not differ between classifications. Cumulative milk replacer dry matter intake (DMI) and water consumed from milk replacer were significantly less for DIA calves than for HEA calves, because DIA calves were more likely to refuse milk replacer. Cumulative starter DMI was decreased for DIA versus HEA calves. As a result, cumulative total DMI was significantly less for DIA calves than for HEA calves. Cumulative free water intake did not differ between classifications. The DIA calves were more likely to receive electrolyte solution and have more days given electrolyte solution than HEA calves. As a result, total cumulative intake of electrolyte solution was greater in DIA calves than in HEA calves. Cumulative total water intake did not differ between classifications. Initial BW did not differ between classifications; however, a classification × time interaction for BW indicated that HEA calves were heavier than DIA calves and had greater ADG. Significant classification × time interactions for hip height and heart girth revealed that HEA calves had a larger frame size. Gain–feed ratios for both milk replacer intake and total DMI differed between classifications: DIA calves were less feed-efficient than HEA calves. In conclusion, diarrhea in young calves decreases DMI, BW gain, and feed efficiency relative to HEA calves within 21 d of arrival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Y Morrison
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - P A LaPierre
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - K N Brost
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lee JS, Kacem N, Kim WS, Peng DQ, Kim YJ, Joung YG, Lee C, Lee HG. Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii Supplementation on Performance and Physiological Traits of Holstein Calves under Heat Stress Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080510. [PMID: 31370319 PMCID: PMC6719173 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) supplement on the performance and physiological traits of Holstein calves under heat stress were investigated using a climatic chamber. We revealed that supplementation with SB incorporated into milk replacer can ameliorate the negative impact of heat stress on Holstein dairy calves by increasing dry matter intake (DMI), reducing rectal temperature and heart rate, and alleviating diarrhea via modulating pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract. The results showed that SB can be used as an alternative anti-stressor in the diet of young dairy calves under heat stress (HS). Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SB) as a feed additive on performance, diarrhea frequency, rectal temperature, heart rate, water consumption, cortisol level, and fecal bacteria population in Holstein calves (28 ± 1.6 days of age, body weight of 45.6 ± 1.44 kg, n = 16) under thermal neutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions. During the TN period for 21 days (d 1 to 21), calves receiving SB showed quadratic or linear effects compared to the control group, showing higher dry matter intake (DMI, p = 0.002), and water consumption (p = 0.007) but lower frequency of fecal diarrhea (p = 0.008), rectal temperature (p < 0.001), heart rate (p < 0.001), and fecal microbiota at 21 day (Escherichia coli, p = 0.025; Enterobacteriaceae, p = 0.041). Meanwhile, calves exposed to HS for 7 days (d 22 to 28) receiving SB showed quadratic or linear effects compared to the control group, showing higher DMI (p = 0.002) but lower water consumption (p = 0.023), rectal temperature (p = 0.026), and cortisol level (p = 0.014). Our results suggest that live SB is useful in the livestock industry as an alternative to conventional medication (especially in times of suspected health problems) that can be added to milk replacer for young dairy calves experiencing HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Nouali Kacem
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Won-Seob Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Team of an Educational Program for Specialists in Global Animal Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dong Qiao Peng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Team of an Educational Program for Specialists in Global Animal Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | | | - Chanhee Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, OARDC, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
- Team of an Educational Program for Specialists in Global Animal Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Isolation, genotyping and subtyping of single Cryptosporidium oocysts from calves with special reference to zoonotic significance. Vet Parasitol 2019; 271:80-86. [PMID: 31303210 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) based nested PCR and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to identify and genotype a single Cryptosporidium oocyst isolated from bovine faecal samples was evaluated in this study. In addition, subtyping was carried out by sequencing the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene from the same single oocyst. Faecal samples were collected from 40 pre-weaned calves (5-20 days old) from 7 dairy farms located in 3 different counties within the Finger Lakes region of Upstate New York. All the samples were microscopically positive for Cryptosporidium spp. A total of 400 Cryptosporidium oocysts (10 single oocysts from each calf sample) were individually isolated and analyzed using a nested PCR targeting the SSU rRNA gene. The SSU rRNA gene was amplified in 324 (81%) individual oocysts. All SSU rRNA amplified individual oocysts DNA was genotyped using PCR-RFLP. C. parvum was the only identified species; 107 single oocysts generated PCR products from the A gene, 18 generated PCR products from the B gene and 199 generated PCR products from both. Sequence analysis of the gp60 gene in 99 individual oocysts revealed the presence of only subtype IIaA15G2R1 with 99.4-100% and 99.1-100% identity of nucleotides and amino acids, respectively. These sequences were identical (100%) in oocysts from 35 calves and exhibited mutations in the non-repeat region of the gp60 gene in those of 5 other calves. The examination of DNA from individual oocysts with genotyping and subtyping tools provides methodology to more clearly define the genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. on farms and within individual animals.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lombardelli JA, Tomazic ML, Schnittger L, Tiranti KI. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in dairy calves and GP60 subtyping of diarrheic calves in central Argentina. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2079-2086. [PMID: 31187226 PMCID: PMC7087732 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis of calves is caused by the enteroprotozoan Cryptosporidium spp. The disease results in intense diarrhea of calves associated with substantial economic losses in dairy farming worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine calf, herd, and within-herd Cryptosporidium prevalence and identify Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in calves with diarrhea in intensive dairy herds in central Argentina. A total of 1073 fecal samples were collected from 54 randomly selected dairy herds. Cryptosporidium-oocysts were isolated and concentrated from fecal samples using formol-ether and detected by light microscopy with the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Overall prevalence of oocyst-excreting calves was found to be 25.5% (274/1073) (95% C.I. 22.9; 28.1%). Of the herds studied, 89% (48/54) included at least one infected calf, whereas within-herd prevalence ranged from the absence of infection to 57% (20/35). A highly significant association was found between the presence of diarrhea and C. parvum infection (χ2 = 55.89, p < 0.001). For species determination, genomic DNA isolated from oocyst-positive fecal samples was subjected to PCR-RFLP of the 18S rRNA gene resulting exclusively in Cryptosporidium parvum identification. C. parvum isolates of calves displaying diarrhea and high rate of excretion of oocysts were subtyped by PCR amplification and direct sequencing of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (GP60) gene. Altogether five GP60 subtypes, designated IIaA18G1R1, IIaA20G1R1, IIaA21G1R1, IIaA22G1R1, and IIaA24G1R1 were identified. Interestingly, IIaA18G1R1 and IIaA20G1R1 were predominant in calves with diarrhea and high infection intensity. Notably, IIaA24G1R1 represents a novel, previously unrecognized C. parvum subtype. The subtype IIaA18G1R1, frequently found in this study, is strongly implicated in zoonotic transmission. These results suggest that calves might be an important source for human cryptosporidiosis in Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín A Lombardelli
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km.602, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científico y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariela L Tomazic
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científico y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, CICVyA INTA-Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonhard Schnittger
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científico y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, CICVyA INTA-Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad de Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina I Tiranti
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km.602, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Singh S, Singh R, Singh K, Singh V, Malik Y, Kamdi B, Singh R, Kasyap G. Epidemiological study of naturally occurring bovine rotavirus infection in organized dairy farms, India. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1614749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India
| | - K.P. Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India
| | - V. Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India
| | - Y.P.S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India
| | - Bhupesh Kamdi
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India
| | - Gyatri Kasyap
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tosini F, Ludovisi A, Tonanzi D, Amati M, Cherchi S, Pozio E, Gómez-Morales MA. Delivery of SA35 and SA40 peptides in mice enhances humoral and cellular immune responses and confers protection against Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:233. [PMID: 31092283 PMCID: PMC6518611 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of diarrhea in children and ruminants at the earliest stages of life. Maternal antibodies represent the main shield of neonate mammals for most of the infections. Two recombinant antigens (SA35 and SA40), portions of two C. parvum proteins, were tested for their ability to induce immune responses in adult mice and for protection on neonate BALB/c mice born from females immunised by mucosal delivery of both peptides. METHODS Adult BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally immunised with SA35 and SA40, separately or mixed, and their immune response was characterised. Furthermore, BALB/c pregnant mice were immunised by mucosal delivery with an SA35/40 mix, before and during pregnancy. Soon after birth, their offspring were infected with two doses (1 × 105 and 5 × 103) of C. parvum oocysts and the parasitic burden was determined at 5 and 9 days post-infection. RESULTS Intraperitoneal immunisation with SA35 and SA40 induced specific IgG and IgG1 in serum, specific IgA in the intestinal mucosa, increase of CD3+/CD4+ and CD30+ cells in splenocytes, which produced IFN-γ. Neonates born from immunised mice and infected with 1 × 105 oocysts showed a significant reduction of oocysts and intestinal forms (23 and 42%, respectively). A reduction of all parasitic forms (96%; P < 0.05) was observed when neonates were infected with 5 × 103 oocysts. CONCLUSIONS SA35 and SA40 peptides induce specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to C. parvum in adult mice. Moreover, mucosal administration of the SA35/40 mix in pregnant mice reduces C. parvum burden in their litters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tosini
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ludovisi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Tonanzi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Amati
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cherchi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vélez J, Lange MK, Zieger P, Yoon I, Failing K, Bauer C. Long-term use of yeast fermentation products in comparison to halofuginone for the control of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves. Vet Parasitol 2019; 269:57-64. [PMID: 31079829 PMCID: PMC7117046 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prophylactic effect of halofuginone against bovine cryptosporidiosis is equivocal. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) are feed additives. SCFP feeding showed similar clinical effects in newborn calves as halofuginone. Pre-weaning supplementation with SCFP may be an alternative in bovine cryptosporidiosis.
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of non-GMO Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) with that of a halofuginone treatment against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in pre-weaned calves on a commercial dairy farm. A total of 123 neonatal female calves, housed in individual hutches, were enrolled sequentially based on date of birth in 41 blocks of 3 animals each. Calves within each block were allocated to one of 3 treatments: remaining untreated, fed with SCFP (Diamond V SmartCare® at 1 g/d in milk and NutriTek® at 5 g/d in starter grain) for the first 63 days of life, or treated with halofuginone (0.1 mg/kg/d) for the first 7 days of life. Fecal samples collected on days 4–21 post-partum were examined for both Cryptosporidium oocysts and coproantigen. The presence and intensity of diarrhea were monitored by scoring daily for the first 4 weeks of life. Calves were weighed at 0, 21, 42 and 63 days of age. Almost all calves were Cryptosporidium-positive at least once during the study. Halofuginone significantly reduced the number of Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples as compared to the two other groups. Based on the coproantigen scores, both halofuginone and SCFP feeding significantly reduced the intensity of Cryptosporidium infection as compared to the untreated group. Diarrhea was recorded in almost all calves at least once. Neither the proportion of diarrheic calves nor the intensity and duration of diarrhea differed among the 3 treatment groups significantly. The mean daily weight gain during the first 3 weeks of life was significantly lower in halofuginone treated calves than in both other groups; however, at the end of the study period the total weight gain did not significantly differ among the 3 treatment groups. In conclusion, the clinical results and weight gains of pre-weaning supplementation with the SCFP were neither better nor worse than the 7-day halofuginone treatment suggesting that the SCFP feeding may be from the clinical point of view a natural alternative measure, instead of halofuginone treatment, in bovine cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vélez
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Malin K Lange
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Klaus Failing
- Unit of Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Bauer
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lowe GL, Sutherland MA, Waas JR, Schaefer AL, Cox NR, Stewart M. Physiological and behavioral responses as indicators for early disease detection in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5389-5402. [PMID: 31005326 PMCID: PMC7094567 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated physiological and behavioral responses associated with the onset of neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) in calves experimentally infected with rotavirus and assessed the suitability of these responses as early disease indicators. The suitability of infrared thermography (IRT) as a noninvasive, automated method for early disease detection was also assessed. Forty-three calves either (1) were experimentally infected with rotavirus (n = 20) or (2) acted as uninfected controls (n = 23). Health checks were conducted on a daily basis to identify when calves presented overt clinical signs of disease. In addition, fecal samples were collected to verify NCD as the cause of illness. Feeding behavior was recorded continuously as calves fed from an automated calf feeder, and IRT temperatures were recorded once per day across 5 anatomical locations using a hand-held IRT camera. Lying behavior was recorded continuously using accelerometers. Drinking behavior at the water trough was filmed continuously to determine the number and duration of visits. Respiration rate was recorded once per day by observing flank movements. The effectiveness of inoculating calves with rotavirus was limited because not all calves in the infected group contracted the virus; further, an unexpected outbreak of Salmonella during the trial led to all calves developing NCD, including those in the healthy control group. Therefore, treatment was ignored and instead each calf was analyzed as its own control, with data analyzed with respect to when each calf displayed clinical signs of disease regardless of the causative pathogen. Milk consumption decreased before clinical signs of disease appeared. The IRT temperatures were also found to change before clinical signs of disease appeared, with a decrease in shoulder temperature and an increase in side temperature. There were no changes in respiration rate or lying time before clinical signs of disease appeared. However, the number of lying bouts decreased and lying bout duration increased before and following clinical signs of disease. There was no change in the number of visits to the water trough, but visit duration increased before clinical signs of disease appeared. Results indicate that milk consumption, IRT temperatures of the side and shoulder, number and duration of lying bouts, and duration of time spent at the water trough show potential as suitable early indicators of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L Lowe
- InterAg, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; School of Science, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - M A Sutherland
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3115, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - J R Waas
- School of Science, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - A L Schaefer
- Animal Inframetrics, Box 5451, Lacombe, Alberta, T4L 1X2, Canada
| | - N R Cox
- NeilStat Ltd., 9 Ngaere Ave., Hamilton 3210, New Zealand
| | - M Stewart
- InterAg, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
De Paula MR, Slanzon GS, Sobreira N, Bittar CMM. Passive transfer of immunity in dairy calves with additional consumption of immunoglobulin through colostrum supplement: effects in health and performance. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-9940200242019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional consumption of immuneglobulins associated with high quality colostrum in health and performance of dairy calves. After birth, 80 females were randomly assigned to two treatments: MC) high quality colostrum, supplied in a volume corresponding to 15% of birth weight; and MC+S) high quality colostrum (15% of birth weight) + colostrum supplement. Blood parameters were not affected by the additional supply of immune globulins (Ig) by colostrum supplement feeding. The concentrate and total dry matter intakes were not affected by the administration of colostrum supplementation. The additional intake of Ig through the colostrum supplement did not affect the performance or feed efficiency of calves; however, animals doubled their birth weight at the end of the period, as occurred with MC fed calves. Regarding the health, additional supply of Ig did not affect the number of days with diarrhea, days with fever or medicated days. The additional intake of Ig via colostrum supplement in combination with high quality maternal colostrum have not improved immunity or affected the performance and health of dairy calves.
Collapse
|
48
|
Cross-sectional study of the G and P genotypes of rotavirus A field strains circulating in regularly vaccinated dairy cattle herds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:887-892. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
49
|
Lanci A, Mariella J, Iacono E, Caffara M, Piva S, Galuppi R, Castagnetti C. Observational Study on Cryptosporidiosis in an Equine Perinatology Unit. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
50
|
Björkman C, von Brömssen C, Troell K, Svensson C. Disinfection with hydrated lime may help manage cryptosporidiosis in calves. Vet Parasitol 2018; 264:58-63. [PMID: 30503093 PMCID: PMC7126765 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Disinfection of calf pens with slaked lime delayed onset of diarrhea. Lime disinfection improved body condition in the calves. Lime disinfection did not affect diarrhea incidence or duration. Lime disinfection may help manage Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in problem herds.
Diarrhea is common in young calves and is often caused by Cryptosporidium parvum infection. The aim of this study was to investigate if disinfection of calf pens with hydrated lime would reduce contamination of C. parvum oocysts and improve calf health in herds with C. parvum associated diarrhea problems. Four dairy herds with ongoing C. parvum associated calf diarrhea problems each participated in the study over six to seven months. During the study period, all pens/huts for young calves were cleaned according to the usual farm routine before a new calf entered. Hydrated lime was then used to disinfect half of the pens/huts. Diarrhea incidence was recorded by the farmers and by veterinarians, who clinically examined the calves every second month. In total, 402 calves participated in the study. The farmers detected diarrhea in 214 (53%) calves, with similar proportions in calves kept in lime disinfected and control pens. Age at diarrhea onset was significantly higher in lime disinfected pens than in control pens, 9.0 days and 7.6 days, respectively. There was no difference between the groups regarding duration or severity index recorded by the farmers. The body condition score in 6–8 week old calves was significantly higher in calves that had been kept in lime disinfected pens during their first weeks of life, indicating that calves in disinfected pens/huts were less affected by their infections. Faecal samples from 5 to 21 day old calves, were collected on four occasions at each farm (n = 95). Cryptosporidium positive samples were found at all samplings in all four herds. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 79 (83%) samples with no difference between lime disinfected and control pens. C. parvum was the dominant species. Two different C. parvum subtypes were found; IIaA16G1R1b in three herds and IIaA16G1R1b_variant in one herd. Only one subtype was found in each herd. Disinfection of calf pens with slaked lime delayed onset of diarrhea and improved the body condition in the calves, but did not affect diarrhea incidence or duration. Although lime disinfection alone will not be sufficient to control Cryptosporidium associated diarrhea in herds with extensive calf diarrhea problems, these results suggest that it can be a valuable complement to other measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Björkman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054 SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Claudia von Brömssen
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Troell
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Catarina Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054 SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|