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Pawlik M, Gunputh U, Odiyi D, Odofin S, Le H, Wood P, Maligno A, Lu Y. Mechanical Properties of Eco-Friendly, Lightweight Flax and Hybrid Basalt/Flax Foam Core Sandwich Panels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3842. [PMID: 39124505 PMCID: PMC11313447 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Greener materials, particularly in sandwich panels, are in increasing demand in the transportation and building sectors to reduce environmental impacts. This shift is driven by strict environmental legislation and the need to reduce material costs and fuel consumption, necessitating the utilisation of more sustainable components in the transportation and construction sectors, with improved load-bearing capabilities and diminished ecological footprints. Therefore, this study aims to analyse and evaluate the structural performance of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) core and flax or basalt/flax FRP sandwich panels as an alternative to conventional synthetic materials. The novel eco-friendly sandwich panels were manufactured using the co-curing technique. Four-point bending, edgewise compression and core shear tests were performed and insights into how the skin properties affect the strength, stiffness and failure mode of specimens were provided. The stress-strain behaviour, facing modulus and strength, flexural rigidity, core shear strength and failure modes were evaluated. The flexural facing modulus of the flax and flax/basalt sandwich skins were found to be 5.1 GPa and 9.8 GPa, respectively. The flexural rigidity of the eco-friendly sandwich panel was compared with published results and demonstrated a promising structural performance. The environmental benefits and challenges were outlined and critically evaluated focusing on transportation and construction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Pawlik
- School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Markeaton Street, Derby DE22 3AW, UK; (D.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Urvashi Gunputh
- Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Engineering, University of Derby, Quaker Way, Derby DE1 3HD, UK; (P.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniel Odiyi
- School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Markeaton Street, Derby DE22 3AW, UK; (D.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sarah Odofin
- Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), Teddington TW11 0LW, UK;
| | - Huirong Le
- The Future Lab, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Paul Wood
- Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Engineering, University of Derby, Quaker Way, Derby DE1 3HD, UK; (P.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Angelo Maligno
- Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Engineering, University of Derby, Quaker Way, Derby DE1 3HD, UK; (P.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Yiling Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Markeaton Street, Derby DE22 3AW, UK; (D.O.); (Y.L.)
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2
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Xia J, Li S, Gao R, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ye Y, Cao C, Xue H. Bio-Based Epoxy Vitrimers with Excellent Properties of Self-Healing, Recyclability, and Welding. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2113. [PMID: 39125140 PMCID: PMC11314141 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of more recyclable materials is a key requirement for a transition towards a more circular economy. Thanks to exchange reactions, vitrimer, an attractive alternative for recyclable materials, is an innovative class of polymers that is able to change its topology without decreasing its connectivity. In this work, a bisphenol compound (VP) was prepared from saturated cardanol, i.e., 3-pentadecylphenol and vanillyl alcohol. Then, VP was epoxidized to obtain epoxide (VPGE). Finally, VPGE and citric acid (CA) were polymerized in the presence of catalyst TBD to prepare a fully bio-based vitrimer based on transesterification. The results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the VPGE/CA system could be crosslinked at around 163 °C. The cardanol-derived vitrimers had good network rearrangement properties. Meanwhile, because of the dynamic structural elements in the network, the material was endowed with excellent self-healing, welding, and recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Xia
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shuyun Li
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Renjin Gao
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuchi Zhang
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Liwei Wang
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuansong Ye
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Changlin Cao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Hanyu Xue
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (J.X.); (S.L.); (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Y.Y.)
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3
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Boni G, Placet V, Grimaldi M, Balaguer P, Pourchet S. Toward the Manufacturing of a Non-Toxic High-Performance Biobased Epoxy-Hemp Fibre Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2010. [PMID: 39065327 PMCID: PMC11280780 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study describes the production of a new biobased epoxy thermoset and its use with long hemp fibres to produce high-performance composites that are totally biobased. The synthesis of BioIgenox, an epoxy resin derived from a lignin biorefinery, and its curing process have been optimised to decrease their environmental impact. The main objective of this study is to characterise the rheology and kinetics of the epoxy system with a view to optimising the composite manufacturing process. Thus, the epoxy resin/hardener system was chosen considering the constraints imposed by the implementation of composites reinforced with plant fibres. The viscosity of the chosen mixture shows the compatibility of the formulation with the traditional implementation processes of the composites. In addition, unlike BPA-a precursor of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin-BioIgenox and its precursor do not have endocrine disrupting activities. The neat polymer and its unidirectional hemp fibre composite are characterised using three-point bending tests. Results measured for the fully biobased epoxy polymer show a bending modulus, a bending strength, a maximum strain at failure and a Tg of, respectively, 3.1 GPa, 55 MPa, 1.82% and 120 °C. These values are slightly weaker than those of the DGEBA-based epoxy material. It was also observed that the incorporation of fibres into the fully biobased epoxy system induces a decrease in the damping peak and a shift towards higher temperatures. These results point out the effective stress transfers between the hemp fibres and the fully biobased epoxy system. The high mechanical properties and softening temperature measured in this work with a fully biobased epoxy system make this type of composite a very promising sustainable material for transport and lightweight engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Boni
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR 6302, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Vincent Placet
- Institut FEMTO-ST, CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Marina Grimaldi
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34090 Montpellier, France; (M.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34090 Montpellier, France; (M.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Sylvie Pourchet
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR 6302, 21000 Dijon, France;
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Clerget M, Gagnon E, Claverie JP. Photopolymerization of Limonene Dioxide and Vegetable Oils as Biobased 3D-Printing Stereolithographic Formulation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:965. [PMID: 38611223 PMCID: PMC11013986 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epoxidized vegetable oils and limonene dioxide, a bis-epoxide derived from the terpene limonene, are photo-copolymerized to yield highly crosslinked networks with high conversion of all epoxide groups at ambient temperature. However, the slow polymerization of such biobased formulation polymerizes is not compatible for a use in a commercial SLA 3D printer. Adding an acrylated epoxidized vegetable oil to the bis-epoxide leads to a decrease of curing time and an increase in LDO conversion to polymer. For example, in a 60:40 wt:wt mixture of LDO and epoxidized soybean oil, the conversions of both exocyclic and endocyclic epoxide groups of LDO are ≥95%. These formulations were successfully used in SLA 3D printers, leading to generation of hard and dry complex objects using biobased formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Clerget
- Chemistry Department, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
- Soprema Canada, 1688 rue Jean Berchmans Michaud, Drummondville, QC J2C 8E9, Canada
| | - Eric Gagnon
- Soprema Canada, 1688 rue Jean Berchmans Michaud, Drummondville, QC J2C 8E9, Canada
| | - Jerome P. Claverie
- Chemistry Department, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
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5
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Zhu Y, Li W, He Z, Zhang K, Nie X, Fu R, Chen J. Catalyst-Free Cardanol-Based Epoxy Vitrimers for Self-Healing, Shape Memory, and Recyclable Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:307. [PMID: 38337195 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bio-based vitrimers present a promising solution to the issues associated with non-renewable and non-recyclable attributes of traditional thermosetting resins, showcasing extensive potential for diverse applications. However, their broader adoption has been hindered by the requirement for catalyst inclusion during the synthesis process. In this study, a cardanol-based curing agent with poly-hydroxy and tertiary amine structures was prepared by a clean synthetic method under the theory of click chemistry. The reaction of a cardanol-based curing agent with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A formed catalyst-free, self-healing, and recyclable bio-based vitrimers. The poly-hydroxy and tertiary amine structures in the vitrimers promoted the curing of epoxy-carboxylic acid in the cross-linked network and served as internal catalysts of dynamic transesterification. In the absence of catalysts, the vitrimers network can achieve topological network rearrangement through dynamic transesterification, exhibiting excellent reprocessing performance. Moreover, the vitrimers exhibited faster stress relaxation (1500 s at 180 °C), lower activation energy (92.29 kJ·mol-1) and the tensile strength of the recycled material reached almost 100% of the original sample. This work offers a new method for preparing cardanol-based epoxy vitrimers that be used to make coatings, hydrogels, biomaterials, adhesives, and commodity plastics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhouyu He
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaoan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Renli Fu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
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6
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Taher MA, Wang X, Faridul Hasan KM, Miah MR, Zhu J, Chen J. Lignin Modification for Enhanced Performance of Polymer Composites. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5169-5192. [PMID: 38036466 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The biopolymer lignin, which is heterogeneous and abundant, is usually present in plant cell walls and gives them rigidity and strength. As a byproduct of the wood, paper, and pulp manufacturing industry, lignin ranks as the second most prevalent biopolymer worldwide, following cellulose. This review paper explores the extraction, modification, and prospective applications of lignin in various industries, including the enhancement of thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers, biomedical applications such as vanillin production, fuel development, carbon fiber composites, and the creation of nanomaterials for food packaging and drug delivery. The structural characteristics of lignin remain undefined due to its origin, separation, and fragmentation processes. This comprehensive overview encompasses state-of-the-art techniques, potential applications, diverse extraction methods, chemical modifications, carbon fiber utilization, and the extraction of vanillin. Moreover, the review focuses on the utilization of lignin-modified polymer blends across multiple manufacturing sectors, providing insights into the advantages and limitations of this innovative approach for the development of environmentally friendly materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abu Taher
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | | | - Mohammad Raza Miah
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
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7
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Fusteș-Dămoc I, Dinu R, Măluțan T, Mija A. Valorisation of Chitosan Natural Building Block as a Primary Strategy for the Development of Sustainable Fully Bio-Based Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4627. [PMID: 38139881 PMCID: PMC10747223 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-toxic and biodegradable nature of chitosan makes it a valuable resource offering promising opportunities in the development of bio-based materials with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. In this work, the combination of epoxidized linseed oil, oxalic or citric acids, and chitosan (CHI) as a curing accelerator presents an attractive strategy to create bio-based and sustainable thermosetting materials. This article aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of the systems reactivities, characteristics, and performance evaluation of the designed bio-thermosets. Both the nature of the two carboxylic acids and the presence of chitosan are shown to have a big impact on the thermomechanical properties of the developed networks. While oxalic acid favours the formation of elastic networks, with low Tg values (increasing with CHI content between 0.7 and 8.5 °C) and relatively low Young's modulus (~2.5 MPa), citric acid promotes the formation of very dense networks with lower mass of the segments between the crosslinks, having 20 times higher Tg values (from 36 to 45 °C) and ~161 times higher Young's modulus (from 94 MPa up to 404 MPa in these systems). The CHI has a strong impact on the curing reaction and on the overall properties, by increasing the materials' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Fusteș-Dămoc
- University Côte d’Azur, Institute of Chemistry of Nice (ICN), UMR CNRS 7272, 06108 Nice, France
- “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Roxana Dinu
- University Côte d’Azur, Institute of Chemistry of Nice (ICN), UMR CNRS 7272, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Teodor Măluțan
- “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alice Mija
- University Côte d’Azur, Institute of Chemistry of Nice (ICN), UMR CNRS 7272, 06108 Nice, France
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Saito K, Türel T, Eisenreich F, Tomović Ž. Closed-Loop Recyclable Poly(imine-acetal)s with Dual-Cleavable Bonds for Primary Building Block Recovery. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202301017. [PMID: 37518676 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling offers a promising solution for the end-of-life treatment of synthetic polymers. However, the efficient recovery of well-defined recycled building blocks continues to be a major challenge, especially for crosslinked thermosets. Here, we developed vanillin-based polymer networks functionalized with dual-cleavable imine and acetal bonds that facilitate chemical recycling to primary building blocks and their convenient separation at the molecular level. A library of crosslinked poly(imine-acetal)s was synthesized by combining the in-bulk synthesized liquid di-vanillin acetal monomer (DVA) with commercially available liquid di- and triamines under solvent-free conditions. These thermosets showed tailor-made thermal and mechanical properties along with outstanding chemical recyclability. Under aqueous acidic conditions, poly(imine-acetal)s selectively and completely disintegrate into small molecules. During the polymer design stage, these compounds were carefully selected to enable facile separation without tedious techniques. As a result, the primary building blocks were isolated in high yields and purity and immediately reused to produce fresh polymers with identical thermomechanical properties. Since our "design for recycling" concept aims at obtaining the primary building blocks rather than monomers after depolymerization, a plethora of possibilities are unlocked to utilize these chemical resources, including closed-loop recycling as portrayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Saito
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Tankut Türel
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Željko Tomović
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
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Gu S, Xiao YF, Tan SH, Liu BW, Guo DM, Wang YZ, Chen L. Neighboring Molecular Engineering in Diels-Alder Chemistry Enabling Easily Recyclable Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202312638. [PMID: 37759361 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Although a variety of dynamic covalent bonds have been successfully used in the development of diverse sustainable thermosetting polymers and their composites, solving the trade-off between recovery efficiency and comprehensive properties is still a major challenge. Herein, a "one-stone-two-birds" strategy of lower rotational energy barrier (Er ) phosphate-derived Diels-Alder (DA) cycloadditions was proposed for easily recyclable carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced epoxy resins (EPs) composites. In such a strategy, the phosphate spacer with lower Er accelerated the segmental mobility and dynamic DA exchange reaction for network rearrangement to achieve high-efficiency repairing, reprocessing of the EPs matrix and its composites and rapid nondestructive recycling of CF; meanwhile, incorporating phosphorus-based units especially reduced their fire hazards. The resulting materials simultaneously showed excellent thermal/mechanical properties, superb fire safety and facile recyclability, realizing the concept of recycling for high-performance thermosetting polymers and composites. This strategy is of great significance for understanding and enriching the molecular connotation of DA chemistry, making it potentially applicable to the design and development of a wide range of dynamic covalent adaptable materials toward practical cutting-edge-tech applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yan-Fang Xiao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shi-Huan Tan
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Bo-Wen Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - De-Ming Guo
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Li Chen
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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10
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Veloso-Fernández A, Ruiz-Rubio L, Yugueros I, Moreno-Benítez MI, Laza JM, Vilas-Vilela JL. Improving the Recyclability of an Epoxy Resin through the Addition of New Biobased Vitrimer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3737. [PMID: 37765591 PMCID: PMC10537514 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of thermoset epoxy resins (ER) has spread to countless applications due to their mechanical properties, heat resistance and stability. However, these ERs are neither biodegradable nor recyclable due to their permanent crosslinked networks and usually, they are synthesized from fossil and toxic precursors. Therefore, reducing its consumption is of vital importance to the environment. On the one hand, the solution to the recyclability problems of epoxy resins can be achieved through the use of vitrimers, which have thermoset properties and can be recycled as thermoplastic materials. On the other hand, vitrimers can be made from natural sources, reducing their toxicity. In this work, a sustainable epoxy vitrimer has been efficiently synthesized, VESOV, by curing epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with a new vanillin-derived Schiff base (VSB) dynamic hardener, aliphatic diamine (1,4-butanediamine, BDA) and using 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI) as an accelerator. Likewise, using the same synthesized VSB agent, a commercial epoxy resin has also been cured and characterized as ESO. Finally, different percentages (30, 50 and 70 wt%) of the same ER have been included in the formulation of VESOV, demonstrating that only including 30 wt% of ER in the formulation is able to improve the thermo-mechanical properties, maintaining the VESOV's inherent reprocessability or recyclability. In short, this is the first approach to achieve a new material that can be postulated in the future as a replacement for current commercial epoxy resins, although it still requires a minimum percentage of RE in the formulation, it makes it possible to recycle the material while maintaining good mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Veloso-Fernández
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Imanol Yugueros
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - M. Isabel Moreno-Benítez
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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11
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Kim HC, Kwon YR, Kim JS, So JH, Kim DH. Dual-Cure Adhesives Using a Newly Synthesized Itaconic Acid-Based Epoxy Acrylate Oligomer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3304. [PMID: 37571198 PMCID: PMC10422372 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel biomass-derived itaconic acid (IA)-based epoxy acrylate oligomer (EAO) is synthesized by means of the esterification reaction of the epoxy group of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) with the carboxylic group of IA. The detailed chemical structure of the as-prepared bisphenol A diglycidyl ether diitaconate (BI) is characterized via the KOH value, FT-IR spectrum, and 1H-NMR spectrum. Further, a dual-cure adhesive system is formulated using BADGE, acrylic acid, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate with various BI contents, and the adhesive performance is investigated by measuring the thermal stability, adhesive properties, pencil hardness, and surface energy properties. Thus, the dual-cure adhesive with a BI content of 0.3 mol is shown to provide excellent thermal stability, along with an adhesive strength of 10.7 MPa, a pencil hardness of 2H, and a similar surface energy to that of a typical polycarbonate film. In addition, the properties of the BI-based dual-cure adhesive are compared with those of the dual-cure adhesives based on bisphenol A glycerolate diacrylate or bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Chan Kim
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan-si 15588, Republic of Korea; (H.-C.K.); (Y.-R.K.); (J.-S.K.); (J.-H.S.)
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan-si 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Rok Kwon
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan-si 15588, Republic of Korea; (H.-C.K.); (Y.-R.K.); (J.-S.K.); (J.-H.S.)
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan-si 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Kim
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan-si 15588, Republic of Korea; (H.-C.K.); (Y.-R.K.); (J.-S.K.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Ju-Hee So
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan-si 15588, Republic of Korea; (H.-C.K.); (Y.-R.K.); (J.-S.K.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan-si 15588, Republic of Korea; (H.-C.K.); (Y.-R.K.); (J.-S.K.); (J.-H.S.)
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12
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He S, Chi C, Peng C, Zeng B, Chen Y, Miao Z, Xu H, Luo W, Chen G, Fu Z, Dai L. A Novel P/N/Si-Containing Vanillin-Based Compound for a Flame-Retardant, Tough Yet Strong Epoxy Thermoset. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102384. [PMID: 37242961 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is still extremely challenging to endow epoxy resins (EPs) with excellent flame retardancy and high toughness. In this work, we propose a facile strategy of combining rigid-flexible groups, promoting groups and polar phosphorus groups with the vanillin compound, which implements a dual functional modification for EPs. With only 0.22% phosphorus loading, the modified EPs obtain a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31.5% and reach V-0 grade in UL-94 vertical burning tests. Particularly, the introduction of P/N/Si-containing vanillin-based flame retardant (DPBSi) improves the mechanical properties of EPs, including toughness and strength. Compared with EPs, the storage modulus and impact strength of EP composites can increase by 61.1% and 240%, respectively. Therefore, this work introduces a novel molecular design strategy for constructing an epoxy system with high-efficiency fire safety and excellent mechanical properties, giving it immense potential for broadening the application fields of EPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Cheng Chi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chaohua Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Birong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhongxi Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Weiang Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhenping Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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13
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Stavila E, Yuliati F, Adharis A, Laksmono JA, Iqbal M. Recent advances in synthesis of polymers based on palm oil and its fatty acids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14747-14775. [PMID: 37197178 PMCID: PMC10184022 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01913f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Palm oil is a versatile bio-renewable resource for consumer products, oleochemicals, and biofuels. The utilization of palm oil in polymer production as a bio-based polymer is considered a promising alternative to conventional petrochemical-based polymers due to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, and vast obtainability. Triglycerides and fatty acids in palm oil and their derivatives can be utilized as bio-based monomers for synthesizing polymers. This review summarizes the recent advancement in using palm oil and its fatty acids for polymer synthesis and their applications. Moreover, this review will overview the most commonly used synthesis pathways for producing palm oil-based polymers. Therefore, this review can be used as a reference for designing a new approach to synthesizing palm oil-based polymers with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erythrina Stavila
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, Research Organization for Nanotechnology and Material (ORNM), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Gedung 460 KST B. J. Habibie/Puspiptek, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Tangerang Selatan 15315 Banten Indonesia
| | - Frita Yuliati
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, Research Organization for Nanotechnology and Material (ORNM), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Gedung 460 KST B. J. Habibie/Puspiptek, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Tangerang Selatan 15315 Banten Indonesia
| | - Azis Adharis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Computer Science, Universitas Pertamina (UPER) Jl. Teuku Nyak Arief, RT.7/RW.8, Simprug Jakarta Selatan 12220 Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Indonesia
| | - Joddy Arya Laksmono
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, Research Organization for Nanotechnology and Material (ORNM), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Gedung 460 KST B. J. Habibie/Puspiptek, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Tangerang Selatan 15315 Banten Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) Jl. Ganesha No. 10 Bandung 40135 Jawa Barat Indonesia
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14
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Subramaniyan S, Bergoglio M, Sangermano M, Hakkarainen M. Vanillin-Derived Thermally Reprocessable and Chemically Recyclable Schiff-Base Epoxy Thermosets. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200234. [PMID: 37020622 PMCID: PMC10069320 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The paradigm shift from traditional petroleum-based non-recyclable thermosets to biobased repeatedly recyclable materials is required to move toward circular bioeconomy. Here, two mechanically and chemically recyclable extended vanillin-derived epoxy thermosets are successfully fabricated by introduction of Schiff-base/imine covalent dynamic bonds. Thermoset 1 (T1) is based on linear monomer 1 (M1) with two alcohol end groups and one imine bond, while thermoset 2 (T2) is based on branched monomer 2 (M2) with three alcohol end-groups and three imine-groups. Thermosets are obtained by reaction of monomer 1 (M1) and monomer 2 (M2) with trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether. The structure of the monomers and thermosets is confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. Both thermosets exhibit good thermal and mechanical properties and they are stable in common organic solvents. Furthermore, they can be thermally reprocessed through compression molding with good recovery of the mechanical properties. Last but not least, the fabricated thermosets can be rapidly and completely chemically recycled to water-soluble aldehydes and amines by imine hydrolysis at room temperature in 0.1 m HCl solution. This is promising for development of future materials with multiple circularity by different routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathiyaraj Subramaniyan
- KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyTeknikringen 58Stockholm100 44Sweden
- KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyWallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC)Teknikringen 58Stockholm100 44Sweden
| | - Matteo Bergoglio
- KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyTeknikringen 58Stockholm100 44Sweden
- Politecnico di TorinoDepartment of Applied Science and TechnologyC.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24Torino10129Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Politecnico di TorinoDepartment of Applied Science and TechnologyC.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24Torino10129Italy
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyTeknikringen 58Stockholm100 44Sweden
- KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyWallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC)Teknikringen 58Stockholm100 44Sweden
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15
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Kumar A, Gresil M, Connal LA. Dynamic elastomers based on bio‐derived crosslinker. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20230005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Matthieu Gresil
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Luke A. Connal
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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16
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Hevilla V, Sonseca A, Echeverría C, Muñoz-Bonilla A, Fernández-García M. Photocuring of aliphatic-lineal poly(glycerol adipate) with a monomer bearing thiazolium groups as a promising approach for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Nanostructuring Biobased Epoxy Resin with PEO-PPO-PEO Block Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051216. [PMID: 36904457 PMCID: PMC10007555 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A biobased diglycidyl ether of vanillin (DGEVA) epoxy resin was nanostructured by poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) triblock copolymer. Due to the miscibility/immiscibility properties of the triblock copolymer in DGEVA resin, different morphologies were obtained depending on the triblock copolymer amount. A hexagonally packed cylinder morphology was kept until reaching 30 wt% of PEO-PPO-PEO content, while a more complex three-phase morphology was obtained for 50 wt%, in which large worm-like PPO domains appear surrounded by two different phases, one of them rich in PEO and another phase rich in cured DGEVA. UV-vis measurements show that the transmittance is reduced with the increase in triblock copolymer content, especially at 50 wt%, probably due to the presence of PEO crystals detected by calorimetry.
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18
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Abdur Rahman M, Haque S, Athikesavan MM, Kamaludeen MB. A review of environmental friendly green composites: production methods, current progresses, and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:16905-16929. [PMID: 36607568 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growing concern about environmental damage and the inability to meet the demand for more versatile, environmentally friendly materials has sparked increasing interest in polymer composites derived from renewable and biodegradable plant-based materials, mainly from forests. These composites are mostly referred to as "green" and they can be widely employed in many industrial applications. Green composites are less harmful to the environment and could be potential substitutes for petroleum-based polymeric materials. It is helpful to limit usage of fossil oil assets by developing biopolymer matrices such as cellulose-reinforced biocomposites using renewable assets such as plant oils, carbohydrates, and proteins. This paper focuses on green composites processing utilizing a variety of naturally available resources, sustainable materials which are not detrimental to the environment, new scientific signs of progress in achieving green sustainable development, as well as nanotechnology and its environmental consequences. Additionally, the environmental impacts of different composite materials are examined in this paper, along with their production from eco-friendly materials. Moreover, the manufacturing aspects of green composites and some concerns related to their production are also discussed. The merits of green composite materials and valid reasons why they are a valuable substitute for the traditionally used composite materials are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdur Rahman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600048, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Serajul Haque
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Manokar Athikesavan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohamed Bak Kamaludeen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600048, Tamil Nadu, India
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19
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Feng Z, Liu X, Liu J, Chen X, Chen B, Liang L. Liquid crystal epoxy composites based on functionalized boron nitride: Synthesis and thermal properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Feng
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- China National Chemistry Southern Construction & Investment Co., Ltd Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Bifang Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Liang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
- CASH GCC Shaoguan Research Institute of Advanced Materials Nanxiong People's Republic of China
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20
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Kumar A, Connal LA. Biobased Transesterification Vitrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200892. [PMID: 36661130 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the use of plastics and the related sustainability issues, including the depletion of global petroleum reserves, have rightly sparked interest in the use of biobased polymer feedstocks. Thermosets cannot be remolded, processed, or recycled, and hence cannot be reused because of their permanent molecular architecture. Vitrimers have emerged as a novel polymer family capable of bridging the difference between thermoplastic and thermosets. Vitrimers enable unique recycling strategies, however, it is still important to understand where the raw material feedstocks originate from. Transesterification vitrimers derived from renewable resources are a massive opportunity, however, limited research has been conducted in this specific family of vitrimers. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of transesterification vitrimers produced from biobased monomers. The focus is on the biomass structural suitability with dynamic covalent chemistry, as well as the viability of the synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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21
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3D printing of thermosets with diverse rheological and functional applicabilities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:245. [PMID: 36646723 PMCID: PMC9842742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermosets such as silicone are ubiquitous. However, existing manufacturing of thermosets involves either a prolonged manufacturing cycle (e.g., reaction injection molding), low geometric complexity (e.g., casting), or limited processable materials (e.g., frontal polymerization). Here, we report an in situ dual heating (ISDH) strategy for the rapid 3D printing of thermosets with complex structures and diverse rheological properties by incorporating direct ink writing (DIW) technique and a heating-accelerated in situ gelation mechanism. Enabled by an integrated Joule heater at the printhead, extruded thermosetting inks can quickly cure in situ, allowing for DIW of various thermosets with viscosities spanning five orders of magnitude, printed height over 100 mm, and high resolution of 50 μm. We further demonstrate DIW of a set of heterogenous thermosets using multiple functional materials and present a hybrid printing of a multilayer soft electronic circuit. Our ISDH strategy paves the way for fast manufacturing of thermosets for various emerging fields.
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22
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ShangGuan J, Zheng Y, Jiang J, Li Y, Sun H, Xiang S, Zhao S, Fu F, Liu X. Enhanced performance of a bio‐based diluent with both vinyl and epoxide groups for unsaturated polyester resin applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianan ShangGuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Yanglei Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Junyi Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Haoran Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Shuangfei Xiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Shujun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Feiya Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
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23
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Wang X, Huang X, Hu W, Ji Z, Sheng H, Liu H. Fluorine‐free, highly transparent, chemically durable and low ice adhesion icephobic coatings from biobased epoxy and polydimethylsiloxane. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhao Wang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Zemin Ji
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Haoqiang Sheng
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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24
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Kobzar Y, Fatyeyeva KY. A Simple Solvent-Free Strategy of Polybenzoxazine Film Elaboration with Controllable Performance via Molecular Weight Regulation between Cross-Linking Knots. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Kobzar
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès, Biopolymères, Surfaces (PBS), 76000Rouen, France
| | - Kateryna Yu. Fatyeyeva
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès, Biopolymères, Surfaces (PBS), 76000Rouen, France
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25
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Bio-Vitrimers for Sustainable Circular Bio-Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204338. [PMID: 36297916 PMCID: PMC9606967 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim to achieve sustainable development goals (SDG) and cut CO2-emission is forcing researchers to develop bio-based materials over conventional polymers. Since most of the established bio-based polymeric materials demonstrate prominent sustainability, however, performance, cost, and durability limit their utilization in real-time applications. Additionally, a sustainable circular bioeconomy (CE) ensures SDGs deliver material production, where it ceases the linear approach from production to waste. Simultaneously, sustainable circular bio-economy promoted materials should exhibit the prominent properties to involve and substitute conventional materials. These interceptions can be resolved through state-of-the-art bio-vitrimeric materials that display durability/mechanical properties such as thermosets and processability/malleability such as thermoplastics. This article emphasizes the current need for vitrimers based on bio-derived chemicals; as well as to summarize the developed bio-based vitrimers (including reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties) and their requirements for a sustainable circular economy in future prospects.
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Panda SK. Synthesis and Overall Migration Study of Chitosan‐Encapsulated ZnO‐Based ESO Bionanocomposite with Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity for Packaging Purpose. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv kumari Panda
- Assistant professor in Department of Chemistry U.N Autonomous college of Science and Technology Adaspur Cuttack Odisha 754011 India
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27
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Guo X, Liu F, Lv M, Chen F, Gao F, Xiong Z, Chen X, Shen L, Lin F, Gao X. Self-Healable Covalently Adaptable Networks Based on Disulfide Exchange. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193953. [PMID: 36235901 PMCID: PMC9570560 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducing dynamic covalent bonding into thermoset polymers has received considerable attention because they can repair or recover when damaged, thereby minimizing waste and extending the service life of thermoset polymers. However, most of the yielded dynamic covalent bonds require an extra catalyst, high temperature and high-pressure conditions to trigger their self-healing properties. Herein, we report on a catalyst-free bis-dynamic covalent polymer network containing vinylogous urethane and disulfide bonds. It is revealed that the introduction of disulfide bonds significantly reduces the activation energy (reduced from 94 kJ/mol to 51 kJ/mol) of the polymer system for exchanging and promotes the self-healing efficiency (with a high efficiency of 86.92% after being heated at 100 °C for 20 h) of the material. More importantly, the mechanical properties of the healed materials are comparable to those of the initial ones due to the special bis-dynamic covalent polymer network. These results suggest that the bis-dynamic covalent polymer network made of disulfide and inter-vinyl ester bonds opens a new strategy for developing high-performance vitrimer polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Guo
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Meng Lv
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Fengbiao Chen
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Zhenhua Xiong
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Liang Shen
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Faman Lin
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xuelang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.G.); (X.G.)
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Kölsch JC, Berač CM, Lossada F, Stach OS, Seiffert S, Walther A, Besenius P. Recyclable Vitrimers from Biogenic Poly(itaconate) Elastomers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C. Kölsch
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian M. Berač
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Francisco Lossada
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver S. Stach
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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29
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Wang X, Leng W, Nayanathara RMO, Caldona EB, Liu L, Chen L, Advincula RC, Zhang Z, Zhang X. Anticorrosive epoxy coatings from direct epoxidation of bioethanol fractionated lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:268-277. [PMID: 36058389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of lignin-based anticorrosive epoxy coatings for steel protection is beneficial for both alleviating the fossil resource depletion and value-added utilization of lignin but remains a challenge due to the inherent heterogeneous structure of lignin. Here, we selectively extract the low molecular weight (MW) fraction of a crop residue-derived enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) through a bioethanol fractionation process and prepare epoxy resin by direct epoxidation of the bioethanol fractionated lignin (BFL). The coatings are then fabricated using 20-100 wt% of BFL-based epoxy resin (LEp) as the commercial epoxy resin substitute. The low MW and high p-hydroxyphenyl content of the BFL offer high solubility and good workability for BFL and LEp during epoxidation and coating production, respectively. Lignin-based coatings with 20-40 wt% LEp exhibit good adhesion property (5B) and superior corrosion resistance, compared to the commercial epoxy coating. Although coating with high LEp concentrations (i.e., 60-100 wt%) resulted in decreased adhesion strength, the coating with 100 wt% LEp still displayed corrosion protection performance comparable to that of the commercial epoxy coating. Overall, this study provides a simple and effective approach to converting lignin to epoxy resins for a wide variety of surface coating applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Weiqi Leng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - R M Oshani Nayanathara
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Eugene B Caldona
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States
| | - Liyang Liu
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, United States
| | - Rigoberto C Advincula
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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30
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Polyester-Based Coatings for Corrosion Protection. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163413. [PMID: 36015670 PMCID: PMC9415685 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The article is the first review encompassing the study and the applications of polyester-based coatings for the corrosion protection of steel. The impact of corrosion and the challenges encountered thus far and the solutions encountered in industry are addressed. Then, the use of polyesters as a promising alternative to current methods, such as phosphating, chromating, galvanization, and inhibitors, are highlighted. The classifications of polyesters and the network structure determine the overall applications and performance of the polymer. The review provides new trends in green chemistry and smart and bio-based polyester-based coatings. Finally, the different applications of polyesters are covered; specifically, the use of polyesters in surface coatings and for other industrial uses is discussed.
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31
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Isogai T, Hayashi M. Critical Effects of Branch Numbers at the Cross-Link Point on the Relaxation Behaviors of Transesterification Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Isogai
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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32
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Vinciguerra D, Gelb MB, Maynard HD. Synthesis and Application of Trehalose Materials. JACS AU 2022; 2:1561-1587. [PMID: 35911465 PMCID: PMC9327084 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose is a naturally occurring, nonreducing disaccharide that is widely used in the biopharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its stabilizing and cryoprotective properties. Over the years, scientists have developed methodologies to synthesize linear polymers with trehalose units either in the polymer backbone or as pendant groups. These macromolecules provide unique properties and characteristics, which often outperform trehalose itself. Additionally, numerous reports have focused on the synthesis and formulation of materials based on trehalose, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, and thermoset networks. Among many applications, these polymers and materials have been used as protein stabilizers, as gene delivery systems, and to prevent amyloid aggregate formation. In this Perspective, recent developments in the synthesis and application of trehalose-based linear polymers, hydrogels, and nanomaterials are discussed, with a focus on utilization in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Vinciguerra
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, 570 Westwood
Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Madeline B. Gelb
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, 570 Westwood
Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, 570 Westwood
Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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33
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Tenebrio molitor Larvae-Based Magnetic Polyurea Employed as Crude Oil Spill Removal Tool. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15145063. [PMID: 35888532 PMCID: PMC9324184 DOI: 10.3390/ma15145063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Renewable resources constitute an extremely rich and varied set of molecules and polymers produced by natural biological activities. Within the applications of these polymers, a very important application is the use of these materials as a sorber for oils or oil spills. The advantage of these nanocomposites is the fact that they integrate different component materials and their properties into a single component material. They have several applications, ranging from environmental remediation to the development of advanced medical applications. This work proposed using magnetic polyurea composites based on an animal substrate from Tenebrio molitor larvae to perform oil spill clean-up operations under a magnetic field in the presence of 1% and 3% of magnetite to be tested as magnetic crude oil sorber. The obtained materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Differential Calorimetry (DSC), and Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR 1H). The sorber material is simple to prepare and inexpensive. The use of magnetite as a magnetic charge allowed for the efficient removal of oil from water with about 28 g of oil per gram of sorber. These results are very promising and encouraging for future environmental recovery studies involving magnetite and sustainable polymers.
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34
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Manarin E, Corsini F, Trano S, Fagiolari L, Amici J, Francia C, Bodoardo S, Turri S, Bella F, Griffini G. Cardanol-Derived Epoxy Resins as Biobased Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Potassium-Ion Conduction. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:3855-3865. [PMID: 35601462 PMCID: PMC9112699 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, biobased gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) membranes were developed via the esterification reaction of a cardanol-based epoxy resin with glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride, and hexahydro-4-methylphthalic anhydride. Nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry was used to assess the optimal curing time and temperature of the formulations, evidencing a process activation energy of ∼65-70 kJ mol-1. A rubbery plateau modulus of 0.65-0.78 MPa and a crosslinking density of 2 × 10-4 mol cm-3 were found through dynamic mechanical analysis. Based on these characteristics, such biobased membranes were tested for applicability as GPEs for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs), showing an excellent electrochemical stability toward potassium metal in the -0.2-5 V voltage range and suitable ionic conductivity (10-3 S cm-1) at room temperature. This study demonstrates the practical viability of these biobased materials as efficient GPEs for the fabrication of KIBs, paving the path to increased sustainability in the field of next-generation battery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Manarin
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Corsini
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Trano
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Lucia Fagiolari
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Julia Amici
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Carlotta Francia
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Bodoardo
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Turri
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Bella
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Griffini
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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35
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Liu X, Fan W, Yang X. Bio‐based epoxy‐anhydride thermosets from multi‐armed cardanol‐derived epoxy oligomers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Polymer Composite Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Weifeng Fan
- Polymer Composite Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Xiaoniu Yang
- Polymer Composite Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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36
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Bonon AJ, Bahú JO, Klein BC, Mandelli D, Filho RM. Green production of limonene diepoxide for potential biomedical applications. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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37
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38
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A Study of Concept to Prepare Totally Biosourced Wood Adhesives from Only Soy Protein and Tannin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061150. [PMID: 35335481 PMCID: PMC8948876 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a study of concept on the initial application for wood adhesives totally biosourced from the covalent reaction between soy protein isolate (SPI) and a commercial flavonoid tannin, namely quebracho tannin. The adhesive is composed exclusively of the two vegetable biomaterials mentioned and thus is totally biosourced and non-toxic, as tannin has been classified as being not at all toxic by the European Commission REACH program. The pre-reaction between the two yielded the best plywood bonding results when limited to a temperature of 40 °C, final cross-linking being achieved during the plywood higher temperature hot pressing procedure, as for any other thermosetting adhesive. Pre-reaction at higher temperatures, namely 60 °C and 80 °C, achieved extensive premature cross-linking that lost any activity to cross-link further when hot pressed for preparing plywood. The reaction was followed by thermomechanical analysis, by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI ToF) mass spectrometry, and by plywood shear strength tested dry, after a 24 h cold water soak and 1 h in boiling water. The adhesive of this approach lends itself to be further reinforced by the multitude of approaches on soy resins already developed by several other research groups.
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39
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Papanicolaou GC, Zaoutsos SP, Anastasiou DE. Manufacturing technology and dynamic mechanical investigation of moisture‐resistant
Luffa cylindrica
‐reinforced epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George C. Papanicolaou
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering University of Patras Patras Greece
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40
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Dąbrowska A. Plant-Oil-Based Fibre Composites for Boat Hulls. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051699. [PMID: 35268927 PMCID: PMC8911051 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-oil-based fibre composites for boat hulls are an interesting and growing group of materials. Although many problems are to be tackled at different stages of their preparation, the green composites are already successfully commercialised. Within this paper, the most important chemical and physical characteristics of both natural fibres and sustainable resins are provided in the form of a comprehensive review. Finally, the complex issue of interactions filler-matrix is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dąbrowska
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy of Intermolecular Interactions, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101 St., 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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41
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Vidil T, Llevot A. Fully Biobased Vitrimers: Future Direction Towards Sustainable Cross‐Linked Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vidil
- University of Bordeaux CNRS Bordeaux INP Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques UMR 5629, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey‐Berland Pessac cedex F‐33607 France
| | - Audrey Llevot
- University of Bordeaux CNRS Bordeaux INP Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques UMR 5629, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey‐Berland Pessac cedex F‐33607 France
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42
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Yu Z, Ma S, Liu Y, Su Y, Feng H, Li P, Dong Y, Tang Z, Zhang K, Zhu J. Facile synthesis of bio-based latent curing agent and its high-Tg epoxy network. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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43
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Liguori A, Hakkarainen M. Designed from Biobased for Recycling: Imine-Based Covalent Adaptable Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100816. [PMID: 35080074 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Turning thermosets into fully sustainable materials requires utilization of biobased raw materials and design for easy recyclability. Here, dynamic covalent chemistry for fabrication of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) could be an enabling tool. CAN thermosets ideally combine the positive material properties of thermosets with thermal recyclability of linear thermoplastics. Among the dynamic covalent bonds, imine bond, also called Schiff base, can participate in both dissociative and associative pathways. This induces potential for chemical recyclability, thermal reprocessability and self-healing. This review presents an overview of the current research front of biobased thermosets fabricated by Schiff base chemistry. The discussed materials are categorized on the basis of the employed biobased components. The chemical approaches for the synthesis and curing of the resins, as well as the resulting properties and recyclability of the obtained thermosets are described and discussed. Finally, challenges and future perspectives are briefly summarized. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Liguori
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 58, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 58, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
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44
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Huang J, Fu P, Li W, Xiao L, Chen J, Nie X. Influence of crosslinking density on the mechanical and thermal properties of plant oil-based epoxy resin. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23048-23056. [PMID: 36090445 PMCID: PMC9379777 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant oil-based epoxy resins are of great interest due to their ecological and economic necessity. Previous studies suggested that the crosslinking density had a considerable influence on the mechanical and thermal properties of plant oil-based epoxy resins. However, so far, the relationship between the crosslinking density and the thermo-mechanical properties of plant oil-based epoxy resins is not clear. To address this issue, model tung oil-based epoxy resins with different crosslinking densities were fabricated to investigate the influence of crosslinking density on the mechanical and thermal properties of tung oil-based epoxy resins. Results show that the tensile strength, Young's modulus, and glass transition temperature are linearly increased with increasing crosslinking density. The elongation at break and tensile toughness show nonlinear downward trends as the crosslinking density increases. The elongation at break decreases gently at first, then dramatically, and finally slowly as the crosslinking density increases. The tensile toughness declines sharply at first and then slowly with increasing crosslinking density. The relationship between the thermostability and the crosslinking density is complex, because the thermostability is determined by both the molecular structure of the curing system and the crosslinking density. These results provide some information for designing plant oil-based epoxy resins according to the requirements of their applications. Plant oil-based epoxy resins are of great interest due to their ecological and economic necessity. In this study, the relationship between the crosslinking density and the thermo-mechanical properties of tung oil-based epoxy resins was established.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Huang
- Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Laihui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
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Makwana K, Ichake AB, Valodkar V, Padmanaban G, Badiger MV, Wadgaonkar PP. Cardol: Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) - Derived Starting Material for the Preparation of Partially Bio-Based Epoxy Resins. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Photocurable Coatings Based on Bio-Renewable Oligomers and Monomers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247731. [PMID: 34947325 PMCID: PMC8708715 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to long-term problems related to environmental protection, economic aspects, and waste management in the chemical industry, it is justified to develop renewable polymers as an alternative to synthetic polymers. Two kinds of acrylic bio-renewable components were used for the modification of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The bio-based compositions used as photocurable binders to obtain the photocurable coatings with satisfactory properties and high bio content were then prepared. The kinetic of curing reaction of the oligomers and monomers towards radical photopolymerization and the properties of the cured coatings were fully investigated; the results are discussed in relation with the compounds’ structures. Important information about how to design and obtain renewable photocurable coatings with satisfactory properties was provided in this study. In this study, AESO resin was modified with renewable oligomer or (math)acrylate monomer to increase the reactivity and reduce the viscosity of the photoreactive system in order to obtain renewable and viable alternatives to petroleum-based polymeric materials with perfect film-forming properties. It turned out that both photopolymerization rate and hardness of cured coatings were increased significantly with the addition of modifiers; the use of a thiol modifier and change of the photoinitiator concentration allowed to improve the adhesion, hardness, and control of the photo-curing process.
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Feng X, Li G. Room-Temperature Self-Healable and Mechanically Robust Thermoset Polymers for Healing Delamination and Recycling Carbon Fibers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53099-53110. [PMID: 34705416 PMCID: PMC8587616 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advocacy of carbon neutrality and circular economy encourages people to pursue self-healing and recycling of glassy thermoset polymers in a more realistic and energy-saving manner, the best being intrinsic healing under room temperature. However, the high mechanical robustness and healing ability are mutually exclusive because of their completely opposite requirements for the mobility of the polymer networks. Here, we report a dual-cross-linked network by slightly coupling the low-molecular-weight branched polyethylenimine with an ester-containing epoxy monomer in a nonstoichiometric proportion. The highly mobile and dense noncovalent hydrogen bonds at the chain branches and ends can not only complement the mechanical robustness (tensile strength of 61.6 MPa, elastic modulus of 1.6 GPa, and toughness of 19.2 MJ/m3) but also endow the glassy thermoset polymer (Tg > 40 °C) with intrinsic self-healing ability (healing efficiency > 84%) at 20 °C. Moreover, the resultant covalent adaptive network makes the thermoset polymer stable to high temperatures and solvents, yet it is readily dissolved in ethylene glycol through internal catalyzed transesterification. The application to room temperature delamination healing and carbon fiber recycling was demonstrated as a proof-of-concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaming Feng
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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Nonque F, Benlahoues A, Audourenc J, Sahut A, Saint-Loup R, Woisel P, Potier J. Study on polymerization of bio-based isosorbide monomethacrylate for the formation of low-T and high-T sustainable polymers. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shaer B, Norastehfar N, Amoohadi MH, Teimouri A. Castor oil/hydroxyapatite modified chitosan composite scaffolds with antibacterial property for wound healing applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Kalita DJ, Tarnavchyk I, Chisholm BJ, Webster DC. Novel bio-based epoxy resins from eugenol as an alternative to BPA epoxy and high throughput screening of the cured coatings. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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