1
|
Boscaro V, James ER, Fiorito R, Del Campo J, Scheffrahn RH, Keeling PJ. Updated classification of the phylum Parabasalia. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024:e13035. [PMID: 38825738 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The phylum Parabasalia includes very diverse single-cell organisms that nevertheless share a distinctive set of morphological traits. Most are harmless or beneficial gut symbionts of animals, but some have turned into parasites in other body compartments, the most notorious example being Trichomonas vaginalis in humans. Parabasalians have garnered attention for their nutritional symbioses with termites, their modified anaerobic mitochondria (hydrogenosomes), their character evolution, and the wholly unique features of some species. The molecular revolution confirmed the monophyly of Parabasalia, but considerably changed our view of their internal relationships, prompting a comprehensive reclassification 14 years ago. This classification has remained authoritative for many subgroups despite a greatly expanded pool of available data, but the large number of species and sequences that have since come out allow for taxonomic refinements in certain lineages, which we undertake here. We aimed to introduce as little disruption as possible but at the same time ensure that most taxa are truly monophyletic, and that the larger clades are subdivided into meaningful units. In doing so, we also highlighted correlations between the phylogeny of parabasalians and that of their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Boscaro
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erick R James
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Fiorito
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Javier Del Campo
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gile GH. Protist symbionts of termites: diversity, distribution, and coevolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:622-652. [PMID: 38105542 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The symbiosis between termites and their hindgut protists is mutually obligate and vertically inherited. It was established by the late Jurassic in the cockroach ancestors of termites as they transitioned to wood feeding. Since then, protist symbionts have been transmitted from host generation to host generation by proctodeal trophallaxis (anal feeding). The protists belong to multiple lineages within the eukaryotic superphylum Metamonada. Most of these lineages have evolved large cells with complex morphology, unlike the non-termite-associated Metamonada. The species richness and taxonomic composition of symbiotic protist communities varies widely across termite lineages, especially within the deep-branching clade Teletisoptera. In general, closely related termites tend to harbour closely related protists, and deep-branching termites tend to harbour deep-branching protists, reflecting their broad-scale co-diversification. A closer view, however, reveals a complex distribution of protist lineages across hosts. Some protist taxa are common, some are rare, some are widespread, and some are restricted to a single host family or genus. Some protist taxa can be found in only a few, distantly related, host species. Thus, the long history of co-diversification in this symbiosis has been complicated by lineage-specific loss of symbionts, transfer of symbionts from one host lineage to another, and by independent diversification of the symbionts relative to their hosts. This review aims to introduce the biology of this important symbiosis and serve as a gateway to the diversity and systematics literature for both termites and protists. A searchable database with all termite-protist occurrence records and taxonomic references is provided as a supplementary file to encourage and facilitate new research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian H Gile
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma PP, Zou Y, Mu WJ, Zhang YY, Li YQ, Liu ZL, Zhang L, Chen LX, Liu GH, Wang S. Prevalence of intestinal trichomonads in captive non-human primates in China. Parasite 2024; 31:19. [PMID: 38530212 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichomonads are protozoan symbionts with the capacity to infect vertebrates including humans and non-human primates (NHPs), sometimes with pathogenic effects. However, their diversity and prevalence in NHPs in China are poorly understood. A total of 533 fecal samples were collected from captive NHPs in Yunnan Province, China, of which 461 samples from Macaca fascicularis and 72 from Macaca mulatta. Trichomonadidae species were identified using PCR amplification of the ITS-1/5.8S/ITS-2 sequences. The overall prevalence of trichomonads in NHPs was determined to be 11.4% (61/533), with gender, diarrhea, and region identified as potential risk factors for the infections. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis identified three species of trichomonads, i.e., Trichomitopsis minor (n = 45), Pentatrichomonas hominis (n = 11), and Tetratrichomonas sp. (n = 5). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report Trichomitopsis minor infection in NHPs in China. Of note, Pentatrichomonas hominis is generally recognized as a parasitic organism affecting humans. Collectively, our results suggest that NHPs are potential sources of zoonotic trichomonad infections, highlighting the importance of surveillance and control measures to protect human and animal populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China - Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Wen-Jie Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Yue-Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Ya-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Zhong-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Li-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hall LM, Munasinghe VS, Vella NGF, Ellis JT, Stark D. Observations on the transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis and the cyst life cycle stage. Parasitology 2024; 151:337-345. [PMID: 38250789 PMCID: PMC11007279 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the life cycle and mode of transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis. Recently it was suggested that fecal–oral transmission of cysts may play a role in the transmission of D. fragilis. In order to establish an infection, D. fragilis is required to remain viable when exposed to the pH of the stomach. In this study, we investigated the ability of cultured trophozoites to withstand the extremes of pH. We provide evidence that trophozoites of D. fragilis are vulnerable to highly acidic conditions. We also investigated further the ultrastructure of D. fragilis cysts obtained from mice and rats by transmission electron microscopy. These studies of cysts showed a clear cyst wall surrounding an encysted parasite. The cyst wall was double layered with an outer fibrillar layer and an inner layer enclosing the parasite. Hydrogenosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei were present in the cysts. Pelta-axostyle structures, costa and axonemes were identifiable and internal flagellar axonemes were present. This study therefore provides additional novel details and knowledge of the ultrastructure of the cyst stage of D. fragilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke M. Hall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
- Division of Microbiology, Sydpath, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Varuni S. Munasinghe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nicole G. F. Vella
- Macquarie University Microscopy Unit, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - John T. Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Division of Microbiology, Sydpath, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guadano-Procesi I, Berrilli F, Montalbano Di Filippo M, Di Cave D. Detection and genotyping of Dientamoeba fragilis from symptomatic patients: New insights from Italy into a little-known gastrointestinal protozoan. Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102816. [PMID: 37838287 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis (D. fragilis) represents a common protozoan in both high and low income countries. Despite this, epidemiological data on dientamoebiasis are still limited, and it is possible that the actual prevalence rates of D. fragilis have been underestimated due to the challenges in its detection and identification. In the present study, symptomatic patients from Rome (Central Italy) were surveyed for two years to determine D. fragilis percentage of infection and genotypes. Stool samples collection was performed over 864 patients, DNA extracted, and RT-PCR performed by the SeeGene Allplex™ Gastrointestinal Parasite Panel Assays. Seventy-nine resulted positive for D. fragilis (9.1%). Co-infections were detected in 22 isolates: 21 displayed Blastocystis sp. + D. fragilis (27.8%). Based on the sequence of a central fragment of the SSU rRNA gene, only genotype 1 was identified. These findings are among the few available data regarding genetic diversity of D. fragilis in Italy. Large-scale human and animal research are required to enhance our knowledge of prevalence, host range, genetic variability and zoonotic transmission of this little-known intestinal protozoan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Guadano-Procesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Federica Berrilli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy.
| | | | - David Di Cave
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gerrick ER, Zlitni S, West PT, Carter MM, Mechler CM, Olm MR, Caffrey EB, Li JA, Higginbottom SK, Severyn CJ, Kracke F, Spormann AM, Sonnenburg JL, Bhatt AS, Howitt MR. Metabolic diversity in commensal protists regulates intestinal immunity and trans-kingdom competition. Cell 2024; 187:62-78.e20. [PMID: 38096822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The microbiota influences intestinal health and physiology, yet the contributions of commensal protists to the gut environment have been largely overlooked. Here, we discover human- and rodent-associated parabasalid protists, revealing substantial diversity and prevalence in nonindustrialized human populations. Genomic and metabolomic analyses of murine parabasalids from the genus Tritrichomonas revealed species-level differences in excretion of the metabolite succinate, which results in distinct small intestinal immune responses. Metabolic differences between Tritrichomonas species also determine their ecological niche within the microbiota. By manipulating dietary fibers and developing in vitro protist culture, we show that different Tritrichomonas species prefer dietary polysaccharides or mucus glycans. These polysaccharide preferences drive trans-kingdom competition with specific commensal bacteria, which affects intestinal immunity in a diet-dependent manner. Our findings reveal unappreciated diversity in commensal parabasalids, elucidate differences in commensal protist metabolism, and suggest how dietary interventions could regulate their impact on gut health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias R Gerrick
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Soumaya Zlitni
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrick T West
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew M Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Claire M Mechler
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew R Olm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elisa B Caffrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica A Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven K Higginbottom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher J Severyn
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Frauke Kracke
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alfred M Spormann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ami S Bhatt
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael R Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Keeling PJ, Eglit Y. Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002395. [PMID: 37988341 PMCID: PMC10662721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial life maintains nearly all the support systems that keep the Earth habitable, yet the diversity of this vast microbial world is greatly understudied, misrepresented, and misunderstood. Even what we do know is difficult to communicate broadly because an intuitive grasp of what these tiny organisms are like is abstract, and we lack tools that would help to describe them. In this Essay, we present a series of openly available technical diagrams that illustrate the diverse range of complex body plans of microbial eukaryotes (or "protists"), as well as an illustrated tree to show the vast diversity they encompass and how they are related to the more familiar macroscopic animals, fungi, and plants. These sorts of tools are desperately needed for teaching and communication about the microbial world, which is a pressingly important problem where much improvement is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yana Eglit
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biology and Institute for Comparative Genomics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tuzlak L, Alves-Ferreira EVC, Schwartz CL, Kennard A, Leung JM, Shehata C, Grigg ME. Fine structure and molecular characterization of two new parabasalid species that naturally colonize laboratory mice, Tritrichomonas musculus and Tritrichomonas casperi. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12989. [PMID: 37300520 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas muris is a common flagellated protist isolated from the cecum of wild rodents. This commensal protist has been shown previously to alter immune phenotypes in laboratory mice. Other trichomonads, referred to as Tritrichomonas musculis and Tritrichomonas rainier, also naturally colonize laboratory mice and cause immune alterations. This report formally describes two new trichomonads, Tritrichomonas musculus n. sp., and Tritrichomonas casperi n. sp., at the ultrastructural and molecular level. These two protists were isolated from laboratory mice and were differentiated by their size and the structure of their undulating membrane and posterior flagellum. Analysis at the 18S rRNA and trans-ITS genetic loci supported their designation as distinct species, related to T. muris. To assess the true extent of parabasalid diversity infecting laboratory mice, 135 mice bred at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) were screened using pan-parabasalid primers that amplify the trans-ITS region. Forty-four percent of mice were positive for parabasalids, encompassing a total of eight distinct sequence types. Tritrichomonas casperi and Trichomitus-like protists were dominant. T. musculus and T. rainier were also detected, but T. muris was not. Our work establishes a previously underappreciated diversity of commensal trichomonad flagellates that naturally colonize the enteric cavity of laboratory mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Tuzlak
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eliza V C Alves-Ferreira
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cindi L Schwartz
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Andrea Kennard
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Christina Shehata
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael E Grigg
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bailey NP, Shao Y, Du S, Foster PG, Fettweis J, Hall N, Wang Z, Hirt RP. Evolutionary conservation of Trichomonas-mycoplasma symbiosis across the host species barrier. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1242275. [PMID: 37808290 PMCID: PMC10557491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1242275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common cellular sexually transmitted disease in humans, and the closely related species Trichomonas gallinae is an avian parasite of ecological and economic importance. Phylogenetic evidence suggests T. vaginalis arose during bird to human transmission of a T. gallinae-like ancestor. Trichomonas vaginalis shares a strong clinical association with the independent sexually transmitted pathogen Metamycoplasma (formerly Mycoplasma) hominis, and the uncultured bacterium "Candidatus Malacoplasma (formerly Mycoplasma) girerdii," with the latter association being an order of magnitude stronger. Both bacterial species have been shown to profoundly influence T. vaginalis growth, energy production and virulence-associated mechanisms. Methods Evidence for a novel Malacoplasma sp. was discovered by in vivo Illumina metatranscriptomics sequencing of the T. gallinae-infected pigeon mouth. We leveraged published 16S rDNA profiling data from digestive tract of 12 healthy and 24 T. gallinae-infected pigeons to investigate association between the novel Malacoplasma sp. and T. gallinae. We utilised Illumina metagenomics sequencing targeted to pigeon oral and crop samples infected with the novel Malacoplasma sp. to generate its full-length genome sequence. Sequence similarity network analysis was used to compare annotated proteins from the novel Malacoplasma sp. with a range of other related species. Results Here we present evidence for a novel Malacoplasma species, related to "Ca. M. girerdii," that is strongly associated with T. gallinae in the upper digestive tract of domestic pigeons. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed gene features apparently specific to a Trichomonas-symbiotic Malacoplasma lineage. Discussion These data support a model of long-term association between Trichomonas and Malacoplasma spp. that has been conserved across diversification of the Trichomonas lineage and the host species barrier from birds to human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Bailey
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yuxin Shao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaodua Du
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Robert P. Hirt
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hehenberger E, Boscaro V, James ER, Hirakawa Y, Trznadel M, Mtawali M, Fiorito R, Del Campo J, Karnkowska A, Kolisko M, Irwin NAT, Mathur V, Scheffrahn RH, Keeling PJ. New Parabasalia symbionts Snyderella spp. and Daimonympha gen. nov. from South American Rugitermes termites and the parallel evolution of a cell with a rotating "head". J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12987. [PMID: 37282792 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most Parabasalia are symbionts in the hindgut of "lower" (non-Termitidae) termites, where they widely vary in morphology and degree of morphological complexity. Large and complex cells in the class Cristamonadea evolved by replicating a fundamental unit, the karyomastigont, in various ways. We describe here four new species of Calonymphidae (Cristamonadea) from Rugitermes hosts, assigned to the genus Snyderella based on diagnostic features (including the karyomastigont pattern) and molecular phylogeny. We also report a new genus of Calonymphidae, Daimonympha, from Rugitermes laticollis. Daimonympha's morphology does not match that of any known Parabasalia, and its SSU rRNA gene sequence corroborates this distinction. Daimonympha does however share a puzzling feature with a few previously described, but distantly related, Cristamonadea: a rapid, smooth, and continuous rotation of the anterior end of the cell, including the many karyomastigont nuclei. The function of this rotatory movement, the cellular mechanisms enabling it, and the way the cell deals with the consequent cell membrane shear, are all unknown. "Rotating wheel" structures are famously rare in biology, with prokaryotic flagella being the main exception; these mysterious spinning cells found only among Parabasalia are another, far less understood, example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hehenberger
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vittorio Boscaro
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erick R James
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yoshihisa Hirakawa
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Morelia Trznadel
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mahara Mtawali
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Fiorito
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Javier Del Campo
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Karnkowska
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martin Kolisko
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas A T Irwin
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Merton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Varsha Mathur
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nguyen L, Taerum SJ, Jasso-Selles DE, Slamovits CH, Silberman JD, Gile GH. True molecular phylogenetic position of the cockroach gut commensal Lophomonas blattarum (Lophomonadida, Parabasalia). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12988. [PMID: 37291797 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lophomonas blattarum is a facultative commensal gut dweller of common pest cockroaches. Its cells are roughly spherical in shape with an apical tuft of ~50 flagella. Controversially, it has been implicated in human respiratory infections based on light microscopic observations of similarly shaped cells in sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Here, we have sequenced the 18S rRNA gene of L. blattarum and its sole congener, Lophomonas striata, isolated from cockroaches. Both species branch in a fully supported clade with Trichonymphida, consistent with a previous study of L. striata, but not consistent with sequences from human samples attributed to L. blattarum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LeAnn Nguyen
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephen J Taerum
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Claudio H Slamovits
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Silberman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gillian H Gile
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghatee MA, Nakhaei M, Sharifpour A, Fakhar M, Mohamadi N, Soleymani M, Abedi S, Aliyali M, Mehravaran H. Geospatial Analysis and Molecular Epidemiologic Study of Emerging Pulmonary Lophomoniasis in Iran: A National Registry-Based Study. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:1039186. [PMID: 37323296 PMCID: PMC10266910 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1039186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis (BPL) is a protozoan pulmonary disease that has been reported sporadically, but its incidence has been increasing. However, the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease have not been clearly identified. The current study aims to identify BPL cases molecularly and assess the demographic and some environmental factors for the first time on the prevalence of BPL as a national registry-based study in Iran. Methodology. The study tested 960 patients with lower respiratory tract symptoms whose bronchoalveolar lavage samples were submitted from seven provinces of Iran to the Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis. They were tested for BPL by a newly developed polymerase chain reaction test. The study assessed the association of Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), digital elevation model (DEM), and geographic latitude as environmental factors and sex and age as demographic factors on the prevalence of BPL. Geospatial information systems methods and chi-squared and Pearson's correlation tests were used for the assessment of geographical and environmental factor effects and statistical analysis, respectively. Results Of the 960 patients, 218 (22.7%) tested positive for BPL; the highest and lowest prevalence rates were reported from the south and northeast of Iran, respectively. The study found a correlation between geographic latitude and age with BPL prevalence, but no association was found for gender, NDVI, or DEM. Most patients were over 40 years old, and the rate of disease was higher in southern latitudes. Conclusion Age and geographical latitude were found to be risk factors for BPL. More exposure to dust and/or chronic pulmonary problems may explain the higher prevalence of the disease in older adults. Higher rates of BPL in lower latitudes may be due to warmer weather and longer days, which can confine individual activities indoors and result in more contact with domestic insects and infected dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Ghatee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Maryam Nakhaei
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Sharifpour
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Niloufar Mohamadi
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mostafa Soleymani
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Siavash Abedi
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Aliyali
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Mehravaran
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mathison BA, Bradbury RS, Pritt BS. Medical Parasitology Taxonomy Update, June 2020-June 2022. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0028622. [PMID: 36809084 PMCID: PMC10204622 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00286-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy of medically important parasites continues to evolve. This minireview provides an update of additions and updates in the field of human parasitology from June 2020 through June 2022. A list of previously reported nomenclatural changes that have not been broadly adapted by the medical community is also included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaine A. Mathison
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Bobbi S. Pritt
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Noda S, Kitade O, Jasso-Selles DE, Taerum SJ, Takayanagi M, Radek R, Lo N, Ohkuma M, Gile GH. Molecular phylogeny of Spirotrichonymphea (Parabasalia) with emphasis on Spironympha, Spirotrichonympha, and three new genera Pseudospironympha, Nanospironympha, and Brugerollina. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12967. [PMID: 36760170 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Spirotrichonymphea, one of the six classes of phylum Parabasalia, are characterized by bearing many flagella in spiral rows, and they occur exclusively in the guts of termites. Phylogenetic relationships among the 13 described genera are not well understood due to complex morphological evolution and a paucity of molecular data. One such understudied genus is Spironympha. It has been variously considered a valid genus, a subgenus of Spirotrichonympha, or an "immature" life cycle stage of Spirotrichonympha. To clarify this, we sequenced the small subunit rRNA gene sequences of Spironympha and Spirotrichonympha cells isolated from the hindguts of Reticulitermes species and Hodotermopsis sjostedti and confirmed the molecular identity of H. sjostedti symbionts using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Spironympha as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic, with both H. sjostedti symbiont species branching separately from the "true" Spironympha from Reticulitermes. Similarly, the Spirotrichonympha symbiont of H. sjostedti branches separately from the "true" Spirotrichonympha found in Reticulitermes. Our data support Spironympha from Reticulitermes as a valid genus most closely related to Spirotrichonympha, though its monophyly and interspecific relationships are not resolved in our molecular phylogenetic analysis. We propose three new genera to accommodate the H. sjostedti symbionts and two new species of Spirotrichonympha from Reticulitermes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Noda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Osamu Kitade
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
| | | | - Stephen J Taerum
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Miki Takayanagi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Renate Radek
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathan Lo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Moriya Ohkuma
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Gillian H Gile
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Iriarte LS, Martinez CI, de Miguel N, Coceres VM. Tritrichomonas foetus Cell Division Involves DNA Endoreplication and Multiple Fissions. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0325122. [PMID: 36728437 PMCID: PMC10100903 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03251-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis are extracellular flagellated parasites that inhabit animals and humans, respectively. Cell division is a crucial process in most living organisms that leads to the formation of 2 daughter cells from a single mother cell. It has been assumed that T. vaginalis and T. foetus modes of reproduction are exclusively by binary fission. However, here, we showed that multinuclearity is a phenomenon regularly observed in different T. foetus and T. vaginalis strains in standard culture conditions. Additionally, we revealed that nutritional depletion or nutritional deprivation led to different dormant phenotypes. Although multinucleated T. foetus are mostly observed during nutritional depletion, numerous cells with 1 larger nucleus have been observed under nutritional deprivation conditions. In both cases, when the standard culture media conditions are restored, the cytoplasm of these multinucleated cells separates, and numerous parasites are generated in a short period of time by the fission multiple. We also revealed that DNA endoreplication occurs both in large and multiple nuclei of parasites under nutritional deprivation and depletion conditions, suggesting an important function in stress nutritional situations. These results provide valuable data about the cell division process of these extracellular parasites. IMPORTANCE Nowadays, it's known that T. foetus and T. vaginalis generate daughter cells by binary fission. Here, we report that both parasites are also capable of dividing by multiple fission under stress conditions. We also demonstrated, for the first time, that T. foetus can increase its DNA content per parasite without concluding the cytokinesis process (endoreplication) under stress conditions, which represents an efficient strategy for subsequent fast multiplication when the context becomes favorable. Additionally, we revealed the existence of novel dormant forms of resistance (multinucleated or mononucleated polyploid parasites), different than the previously described pseudocysts, that are formed under stress conditions. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the role of these structures in the parasites' transmission in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucrecia S. Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian I. Martinez
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia de Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica M. Coceres
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Radek R, Platt K, Öztas D, Šobotník J, Sillam-Dussès D, Hanus R, Brune A. New insights into the coevolutionary history of termites and their gut flagellates: Description of Retractinympha glossotermitis gen. nov. sp. nov. (Retractinymphidae fam. nov.). Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower termites harbor diverse consortia of symbiotic gut flagellates. Despite numerous evidence for co-cladogenesis, the evolutionary history of these associations remains unclear. Here, we present Retractinymphidae fam. nov., a monogeneric lineage of Trichonymphida from Serritermitidae. Although Retractinympha glossotermitis gen. nov. sp. nov. morphologically resembles members of the genus Pseudotrichonympha, phylogenetic analysis identified it as sister group of the Teranymphidae. We compared morphology and ultrastructure of R. glossotermitis to that of Pseudotrichonympha and other Teranymphidae, including the so-far undescribed Pseudotrichonympha solitaria sp. nov. from Termitogeton planus (Rhinotermitidae). Like all Teranymphidae, R. glossotermitis is a large, elongated flagellate with a bilaterally symmetric rostrum, an anterior, flagella-free operculum, and an internal rostral tube. However, it is readily distinguished by the length of its rostral flagella, which never exceeds that of the postrostral flagella, and its retractable anterior end. Inclusion of the hitherto unstudied Stylotermes halumicus (Stylotermitidae) in our survey of trichonymphid flagellates in Neoisoptera confirmed that the combined presence of Heliconympha and Retractinympha and absence of Pseudotrichonympha is unique to Serritermitidae. The close phylogenetic relatedness of Heliconympha in Serritermitidae to the spirotrichosomid flagellates in Stolotermitidae provides strong support for their acquisition by horizontal transmission.
Collapse
|
17
|
Tuzlak L, Alves-Ferreira EV, Kennard A, Shehata C, Schwartz CL, Grigg ME. Ultrastructural identification and molecular characterization of two new parabasalid species that naturally colonize laboratory mice, Tritrichomonas musculus and Tritrichomonas casperi. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.20.524969. [PMID: 36789430 PMCID: PMC9928039 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas muris is a flagellated protist isolated from the cecum of wild mice in the Czech Republic. This commensal protist has been shown previously to alter immune phenotypes in laboratory mice. Other trichomonads, previously referred to as Tritrichomonas musculis and Tritrichomonas rainier , also naturally colonize laboratory mice and cause immune alterations. This report formally describes two new trichomonads, Tritrichomonas musculus n. sp., and Tritrichomonas casperi n. sp., at the ultrastructural and molecular level. These two protists were isolated from laboratory mice, and were differentiated by their size and the structure of their undulating membrane and posterior flagellum. Analysis at the 18S rRNA and trans- ITS genetic loci supported their designation as distinct species, related to T. muris . To further assess the true extent of parabasalid diversity infecting laboratory mice, 135 mice were screened at the NIH using pan-parabasalid primers that amplify the trans- ITS region. Forty-four percent of mice were positive for parabasalids, encompassing a total of 8 distinct sequence types. Tritrichomonas casperi and Trichomitus- like protists were dominant. T. musculus and T. rainier were also detected, but T. muris was not. Our work establishes a previously underappreciated diversity of commensal trichomonad protists that naturally colonize the enteric cavity of laboratory mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Tuzlak
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Eliza V.C. Alves-Ferreira
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Andrea Kennard
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Christina Shehata
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Cindi L. Schwartz
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, 59840, USA
| | - Michael E. Grigg
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ramires MDJ, Hummel K, Hatfaludi T, Riedl P, Hess M, Bilic I. Comparative Surfaceome Analysis of Clonal Histomonas meleagridis Strains with Different Pathogenicity Reveals Strain-Dependent Profiles. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101884. [PMID: 36296163 PMCID: PMC9610433 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histomonas meleagridis, a poultry-specific intestinal protozoan parasite, is histomonosis’s etiological agent. Since treatment or prophylaxis options are no longer available in various countries, histomonosis can lead to significant production losses in chickens and mortality in turkeys. The surfaceome of microbial pathogens is a crucial component of host–pathogen interactions. Recent proteome and exoproteome studies on H. meleagridis produced molecular data associated with virulence and in vitro attenuation, yet the information on proteins exposed on the cell surface is currently unknown. Thus, in the present study, we identified 1485 proteins and quantified 22 and 45 upregulated proteins in the virulent and attenuated strains, respectively, by applying cell surface biotinylation in association with high-throughput proteomic analysis. The virulent strain displayed upregulated proteins that could be linked to putative virulence factors involved in the colonization and establishment of infection, with the upregulation of two candidates being confirmed by expression analysis. In the attenuated strain, structural, transport and energy production proteins were upregulated, supporting the protozoan’s adaptation to the in vitro environment. These results provide a better understanding of the surface molecules involved in the pathogenesis of histomonosis, while highlighting the pathogen’s in vitro adaptation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo de Jesus Ramires
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hummel
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamas Hatfaludi
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Riedl
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivana Bilic
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-12-5077-5158; Fax: +43-12-5077-5192
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Prevalence and diversity of Trichomonas gallinae in meat pigeons (Columba livia) in Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3183-3191. [PMID: 36083410 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Pigeon farming for meat has developed into an important economic industry in most countries, especially in China. Trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae, is a worldwide disease in pigeons. However, studies of the prevalence and distribution of T. gallinae lineages in domestic pigeons in southern China are limited. In this study, a total of 636 pigeon throat swabs samples from four regions in Guangdong Province were screened for T. gallinae by in vitro culture assays and microscopy. The results revealed an overall prevalence of T. gallinae infection in southern China of 26.6% (169/636). There were significant differences in the infection rate of T. gallinae between the four regions (χ2 = 117.948, df = 4, P = 0.000), with up to 44.6% in the Pearl River Delta region. The infection rate of young pigeons was as high as 70.8%. The rDNA sequences (18S rRNA/ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2) of 153 positive samples were amplified and sequenced. Results identified 58.2% (89/153) overall as ITS-A (18S-VI) (also known as ITS-OBT-Tg-1) and 41.8% (64/153) as ITS-B (18S-IV) (also known as ITS-OBT-Tg-2). Thus, ITS-A (18S-VI) was the dominant T. gallinae genotype in southern China, especially in young pigeon (97.0%, 32/33). In conclusion, a high prevalence of T. gallinae infection in domestic pigeons was identified in southern China, particularly in the Pearl River Delta region. The ITS-A (18S-VI) was the dominant genotype highly pathogenic, which may weaken the immune system of pigeons, and cause a negative impact on the development of the pigeon industry in China.
Collapse
|
20
|
Suarez KJ, García MJG, Restrepo EYR, Campo LFC, Galván–Diaz ALG. Prevalencia de Dientamoeba fragilis y otros protozoarios intestinales en porcinos de una granja en la región Andina de Colombia. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v69n2.103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis es un protozoario que parasita el intestino grueso del hombre y animales domésticos. Hasta el momento, aún no son claros aspectos de su ciclo de vida, como el rango de hospedadores, reservorios, mecanismo de infección, entre otros. Se postula que el cerdo es un hospedador natural para este protozoario y que, debido a su cercanía con el humano, podría facilitar una transmisión zoonótica. En Colombia no existen a la fecha estudios sobre la presencia de D. fragilis en hospedadores animales, incluidos los cerdos, y los datos sobre la prevalencia de otros protozoarios intestinales en estos animales son escasos. El objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia de protozoarios intestinales, incluyendo D. fragilis, en cerdos de una granja tecnificada de una zona rural de Medellín (región Andina de Colombia). Se recolectaron muestras de materia fecal de 70 cerdos en etapa de preceba, que fueron evaluadas mediante examen directo, tinción tricrómica y Ziehl-Neelsen modificado. Se realizaron análisis univariados con medidas de frecuencia relativa y tendencia central y análisis bivariados para la exploración de factores de riesgo. Se detectó la presencia de D. fragilis en un 13% de las muestras y de otros parásitos como Entamoeba spp. (66%), Blastocystis spp. (64%), Balantioides coli (36%), Cryptosporidium spp. (36%), Iodamoeba butschlii (17%), coccidias (4%) y Giardia spp. (1,4%). En este primer reporte de D. fragilis en cerdos en Colombia se observó la alta prevalencia de otros protozoarios patógenos, lo que corrobora el papel de los cerdos como importantes reservorios de infecciones humanas.
Collapse
|
21
|
In-depth comparative analysis of Tritrichomonas foetus transcriptomics reveals novel genes linked with adaptation to feline host. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10057. [PMID: 35710931 PMCID: PMC9203502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a flagellated parasite able to infect cattle, cats, and pigs. Despite its prevalence, feline tritrichomonosis has received markedly less attention than venereal infection, and little information about the molecular mechanisms that participate in feline host infection is available. Through a bioinformatics approach, we integrated public transcriptomic data for three T. foetus isolates and explored the differences at transcript level with a focus on pathogenesis and adaptation processes, particularly for the feline isolate. Our analysis revealed higher abundance levels of predicted virulence factors, such as proteases and surface antigens. Additionally, by a comparative and expression analysis of T. foetus genes, we proposed putative virulence factors that could be involved in feline infection. Finally, we identified a great proportion of predicted transcription factors of the MYB protein family and, by a promoter analysis, we revealed that MYB-related proteins could participate in the regulation of gene transcription in T. foetus. In conclusion, this integrated approach is a valuable resource for future studies of host–pathogen interactions and identifying new gene targets for improved feline tritrichomonosis diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
|
22
|
Beer LC, Petrone-Garcia VM, Graham BD, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G, Vuong CN. Histomonosis in Poultry: A Comprehensive Review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:880738. [PMID: 35601402 PMCID: PMC9120919 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.880738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histomonas meleagridis, the etiological agent of histomonosis, is a poultry parasite primarily detrimental to turkeys. Characteristic lesions occur in the liver and ceca, with mortalities in turkey flocks often reaching 80-100%. Chickens and other gallinaceous birds can be susceptible but the disease was primarily considered sub-clinical until recent years. Treating and preventing H. meleagridis infection have become more difficult since 2015, when nitarsone was voluntarily removed from the market, leaving the poultry industry with no approved prophylactics, therapeutics, or vaccines to combat histomonosis. Phytogenic compounds evaluated for chemoprophylaxis of histomonosis have varied results with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Some recent research successes are encouraging for the pursuit of antihistomonal compounds derived from plants. Turkeys and chickens exhibit a level of resistance to re-infection when recovered from H. meleagridis infection, but no commercial vaccines are yet available, despite experimental successes. Safety and stability of live-attenuated isolates have been demonstrated; furthermore, highly efficacious protection has been conferred in experimental settings with administration of these isolates without harming performance. Taken together, these research advancements are encouraging for vaccine development, but further investigation is necessary to evaluate proper administration age, dose, and route. A summary of the published research is provided in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesleigh C. Beer
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Victor M. Petrone-Garcia
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico
| | - B. Danielle Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Christine N. Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Céza V, Kotyk M, Kubánková A, Yubuki N, Šťáhlavský F, Silberman JD, Čepička I. Free-living Trichomonads are Unexpectedly Diverse. Protist 2022; 173:125883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
24
|
Global Status of Emerging Lophomonas Infection: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases (1993—2020). Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022; 2022:3155845. [PMID: 35450275 PMCID: PMC9017527 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3155845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Lophomonas spp., is an emerging protozoan parasite that belongs to the Parabasalids (Parabasalia, lophomonadida) which infects the respiratory tracts of humans. Despite the presence of a few reports of human lophomoniasis, the true burden of Lophomonas infection is unknown. This systematic review aimed to elucidate the latest global status of publications reporting human cases of lophomoniasis as a new emerging protozoal disease. Methods. A comprehensive and systematic search was performed in 10 (five English and five Persian) databases for studies reporting cases of lophomoniasis between 1993 and March 2020 (27 years). Then, the selected articles were carefully reviewed and screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results. Overall, 32 eligible publications reporting 307 lophomoniasis cases from around the world are included in this review. The patients were aged between 1 month and 84 (mean age = 23.7 years). The highest number of cases (n = 171; 55.7%,
) significantly belonged to the juvenile age group (aged ≤18 years). The male to female ratio of the cases was almost equal, and no statistically significant difference between them was observed. The maximum number of cases (n = 237) was reported from Iran. Most cases (n = 196; 63.85%) had no history of underlying diseases/organ transplantation
. Moreover, the BAL specimen was the most commonly used clinical sample to diagnose lophomoniasis
. Conclusion. Our findings reveal that the prevalence of lophomoniasis is likely to be markedly underestimated when evaluated based on published case reports. Additionally, our data, at least for the time being, supports the idea that Lophomonas spp. should not be considered as an opportunistic infection. Thus, current work sheds light on some controversial issues regarding the epidemiological aspects of lophomoniasis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Miladinović-Tasić N, Nikolić K, Arizanović K. Oral cavity protozoa relevant in the practice of dentistry. ACTA STOMATOLOGICA NAISSI 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/asn2285352m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Oral cavity is the colonization site of most diverse microorganisms. The homeostasis of oral microbioma is affected by numerous factors. Periodontal diseases occur as a consequence of disturbed oral microbioma homeostasis, when an inflammatory reaction occurs in the periodontal tissue. The impact of parasites on periodontal pathophysiology has not been sufficiently studied, and present and future research should hopefully answer quite a few questions concerning the issue. Aim of the paper: In the light of the present knowledge of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and epidemiology of oral cavity infections caused by Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, the aim of the paper was review of literature which could to point to the importance of protozoa in the practice of dentistry and to possible oral cavity manifestations of parasitic infections relevant for public health. Conclusion: Dentists have an essential role in the diagnosis of oral diseases caused by oral cavity protozoa, and protozoa relevant for public health that produce systemic infections, the pathological changes of which may manifest in the oral cavity. Their identification represents a challenge and requires multidisciplinary approach for a timely diagnosis and adequate management.
Collapse
|
26
|
Palmieri N, de Jesus Ramires M, Hess M, Bilic I. Complete genomes of the eukaryotic poultry parasite Histomonas meleagridis: linking sequence analysis with virulence / attenuation. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:753. [PMID: 34674644 PMCID: PMC8529796 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histomonas meleagridis is a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of histomonosis, an important poultry disease whose significance is underlined by the absence of any treatment and prophylaxis. The recent successful in vitro attenuation of the parasite urges questions about the underlying mechanisms. Results Whole genome sequence data from a virulent and an attenuated strain originating from the same parental lineage of H. meleagridis were recruited using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) and Illumina platforms, which were combined to generate megabase-sized contigs with high base-level accuracy. Inspecting the genomes for differences identified two substantial deletions within a coding sequence of the attenuated strain. Additionally, one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and indel targeting coding sequences caused the formation of premature stop codons, which resulted in the truncation of two genes in the attenuated strain. Furthermore, the genome of H. meleagridis was used for characterizing protein classes of clinical relevance for parasitic protists. The comparative analysis with the genomes of Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus and Entamoeba histolytica identified ~ 2700 lineage-specific gene losses and 9 gene family expansions in the H. meleagridis lineage. Conclusions Taken as a whole, the obtained data provide the first hints to understand the molecular basis of attenuation in H. meleagridis and constitute a genomics platform for future research on this important poultry pathogen. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08059-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Palmieri
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcelo de Jesus Ramires
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivana Bilic
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Landman WJM, Gantois N, Sawant M, Majoor FA, van Eck JHH, Viscogliosi E. Prevalence of trichomonads in the cloaca of wild wetland birds in the Netherlands. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:465-476. [PMID: 34463603 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1967876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe granulomatosis in productive layer chickens due to Tetratrichomonas gallinarum strain 13/16632 infection occurred in 2013 and 2017 on farms situated in a wetland area in the Netherlands. We hypothesized that wetland birds could be the source of the infection. Therefore, a prevalence study on trichomonads was performed by analysing cloaca swabs of 526 birds belonging to 13 species of wetland birds. The number of birds sampled ranged from 1 to 275 per species. Birds were sampled at 15 locations in the Netherlands. DNA extracted from the cloaca swabs was subjected to nested PCR using trichomonad-specific primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 region followed by cloning and sequencing. In nine bird species, trichomonads were detected; the overall prevalence was 9% (47/526), while the prevalence in the five species for which a substantial number of birds were examined (at least 39 per species) ranged from 4% to 24%. Three trichomonad species were found: T. gallinarum, Trichomonas tenax and Simplicimonas sp. of which T. gallinarum dominated. The virulent T. gallinarum strain 13/16632 was not detected, but closely related strains were. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all T. gallinarum isolates belonged to two clusters within lineage 15 of Tetratrichomonas lineages. All T. tenax isolates were identical and clustered with reference strain H95, while Simplicimonas sp. isolates showed large genetic diversity. Some isolates may represent a new species of the genus Simplicimonas. We conclude that trichomonads are widespread amongst wetland birds, raising the question, amongst others, of their relevance for commercial poultry. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSTrichomonads occur among wild wetland birds in the Netherlands.T. gallinarum is the dominant trichomonad species in the cloaca of wetland birds.Some T. gallinarum isolates are closely related to a strain causing granulomas in layer chickens.Some isolates may represent a new species of the genus Simplicimonas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - N Gantois
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - M Sawant
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - F A Majoor
- SOVON Vogelonderzoek Nederland, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J H H van Eck
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - E Viscogliosi
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gile GH, Taerum SJ, Jasso-Selles DE, Sillam-Dussès D, Ohkuma M, Kitade O, Noda S. Molecular Phylogenetic Position of Microjoenia (Parabasalia: Spirotrichonymphea) from Reticulitermes and Hodotermopsis Termite Hosts. Protist 2021; 172:125836. [PMID: 34757297 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2021.125836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microjoenia are obligate symbionts of termites. The genus was erected in 1892 for small cells with many flagella that insert near, but not directly from, the cell apex, and an axostyle that can protrude from the cell posterior. Although ultrastructural studies have been carried out on three Microjoenia species to date, no molecular data have been directly attributed to any species. Microjoenia are classified within the parabasalian class Spirotrichonymphea, which is characterized by flagellar bands that emerge near the cell apex and proceed posteriorly in a right-handed helix. In Microjoenia, however, the flagellar bands are very short and proceed longitudinally or with a weakly observable helix. In this study, we have amplified and sequenced the 18S ribosomal RNA gene from individually isolated Microjoenia cells from Reticulitermes and Hodotermopsis hosts as part of an ongoing effort to understand the phylogeny of Spirotrichonymphea and their coevolution with termites. In our 18S rRNA gene phylogeny, Microjoenia forms the sister lineage to Spirotrichonympha, though many other evolutionary relationships within Spirotrichonymphea remain unresolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian H Gile
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Stephen J Taerum
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Daniel E Jasso-Selles
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - David Sillam-Dussès
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology (LEEC) UR4443, University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Moriya Ohkuma
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Osamu Kitade
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Satoko Noda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
To get sick or not to get sick-Trichomonas infections in two Accipiter species from Germany. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3555-3567. [PMID: 34480593 PMCID: PMC8460582 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonosis caused by the flagellate Trichomonas gallinae is one of the most important avian diseases worldwide. The parasite is localised in the oesophageal area of its host and mainly infects pigeon and dove species. During the last decade, a host expansion to passerine birds occurred, making the disease a potential threat for passerine predators as naïve host species. Here, we investigated the effect of the parasite on two Accipiter species in Germany which show a comparable lifestyle but differ in prey choice, the Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) mainly hunting pigeons and the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) mainly feeding on passerines. We genetically identified the parasite strains using the Fe-Hydrogenase gene as marker locus and compared the incidence of parasite presence and clinical signs of trichomonosis between nestlings of the two Accipiter species. In total, we identified 14 strains, with nine strains unknown so far. There was a higher strain diversity and prevalence of Trichomonas spp. in goshawks than sparrowhawks (42.4% vs. 21.2%) whereas sparrowhawks when being infected more often displayed clinical signs of trichomonosis than goshawks (37.1% vs. 6.1%). Even though sparrowhawks were mainly infected with the finch epidemic strain and genetic data indicated some variation between isolates, no correlation with virulence could be detected. All in all, goshawks seem to be better adapted to Trichomonas infections, whereas to sparrowhawks, this is a novel disease with more severe manifestations, from individual morbidity to a higher risk of population decline caused by trichomonosis.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a venereal trichomonad parasite which causes reproductive issues in cattle. No other trichomonads are known to be urogenital pathogens in cattle, but there are several reports of Tetratrichomonas and Pentatrichomonas isolates of unclear origin from the cattle urogenital tract (UGT) in the Americas. This study reports the first case of a non-T. foetus cattle urogenital trichomonad isolate in Europe. Molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1-5.8S ribosomal RNA-ITS 2 and 18S ribosomal RNA loci suggest that the isolate is a Tetratrichomonas species from a lineage containing other previously described bull preputial isolates. We identified close sequence similarity between published urogenital and gastrointestinal Tetratrichomonas spp., and this is reviewed alongside further evidence regarding the gastrointestinal origin of non-T. foetus isolates. Routine screening for T. foetus is based on culture and identification by microscopy, and so considering other trichomonad parasites of the bovine UGT is important to avoid misdiagnosis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Characterization of new cristamonad species from kalotermitid termites including a novel genus, Runanympha. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7270. [PMID: 33790354 PMCID: PMC8012604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cristamonadea is a large class of parabasalian protists that reside in the hindguts of wood-feeding insects, where they play an essential role in the digestion of lignocellulose. This group of symbionts boasts an impressive array of complex morphological characteristics, many of which have evolved multiple times independently. However, their diversity is understudied and molecular data remain scarce. Here we describe seven new species of cristamonad symbionts from Comatermes, Calcaritermes, and Rugitermes termites from Peru and Ecuador. To classify these new species, we examined cells by light and scanning electron microscopy, sequenced the symbiont small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and carried out barcoding of the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene of the hosts to confirm host identification. Based on these data, five of the symbionts characterized here represent new species within described genera: Devescovina sapara n. sp., Devescovina aymara n. sp., Macrotrichomonas ashaninka n. sp., Macrotrichomonas secoya n. sp., and Macrotrichomonas yanesha n. sp. Additionally, two symbionts with overall morphological characteristics similar to the poorly-studied and probably polyphyletic ‘joeniid’ Parabasalia are classified in a new genus Runanympha n. gen.: Runanympha illapa n. sp., and Runanympha pacha n. sp.
Collapse
|
32
|
Duarte S, Nunes L, Kržišnik D, Humar M, Jones D. Influence of Zwitterionic Buffer Effects with Thermal Modification Treatments of Wood on Symbiotic Protists in Reticulitermes grassei Clément. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020139. [PMID: 33562148 PMCID: PMC7915112 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Over the past thirty years, the thermal modification of wood has become a universally recognised and commercialised wood modification process. Thermal modifications may affect wood properties, either positively (dimensional stability and decay resistance) or negatively (mechanical properties). The combination of the impregnation of specific reagents with thermal modification may help to overcome the negative effects on wood properties. In this study, we evaluate the effect of a combination of two zwitterionic buffers, bicine and tricine, and thermal modification of two wood species (beech and spruce) against subterranean termites and their symbiotic fauna. Bicine and tricine treatments alone had a clear influence on wood mass loss and termite survival. The flagellate protist symbiotic community was affected by the treatments and responded differently to them, as a highly adaptable community. However, the combination of bicine with the thermal modification showed a negative effect on termites and their symbionts on both wood species. The combination of these different factors should be further investigated, as these results seem to be promising with regard to the enhancement of the termite resistance of wood. Abstract The majority of thermal modification processes are at temperatures greater than 180 °C, resulting in a product with some properties enhanced and some diminished (e.g., mechanical properties). However, the durability of thermally modified wood to termite attack is recognised as low. Recent attempts at combining thermal modification with chemical modification, either prior to or directly after the thermal process, are promising. Buffers, although not influencing the reaction systems, may interact on exposure to certain conditions, potentially acting as promoters of biological changes. In this study, two zwitterionic buffers, bicine and tricine, chosen for their potential to form Maillard-type products with fragmented hemicelluloses/volatiles, were assessed with and without thermal modification for two wood species (spruce and beech), with subsequent evaluation of their effect against subterranean termites (Reticulitermes grassei Clément) and their symbiotic protists. The effect of the wood treatments on termites and their symbionts was visible after four weeks, especially for spruce treated with tricine and bicine and heat treatment (bicine HT), and for beech treated with bicine and bicine and heat treatment (bicine HT). The chemical behaviour of these substances should be further investigated when in contact with wood and also after heat treatment. This is the first study evaluating the effect of potential Maillard reactions with zwitterionic buffers on subterranean termite symbiotic fauna.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Duarte
- LEAF (Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food) Research Centre, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa. Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Lina Nunes
- LNEC, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Structures Department, Av. do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal;
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores, 9700–042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Davor Kržišnik
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Miha Humar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Dennis Jones
- Department Wood Science and Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, S-93197 Skellefteå, Sweden;
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 1176, 16521 Praha 6–Suchdol, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Taerum SJ, Jasso-Selles DE, Hileman JT, De Martini F, Mizumoto N, Gile GH. Spirotrichonymphea (Parabasalia) symbionts of the termite Paraneotermes simplicicornis. Eur J Protistol 2020; 76:125742. [PMID: 33161208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The desert dampwood termite Paraneotermes simplicicornis harbors several species of obligately symbiotic protists that support its nutrition by fermenting lignocellulose. Among them are three morphotypes with the dexiotropic spiraling flagellar bands characteristic of Spirotrichonymphea (Parabasalia). The largest morphotype, characterized by an elongated cell apex with axial columella and internally positioned spiraling flagellar bands, was previously described as Spirotrichonympha polygyra. A smaller morphotype, with similarly internalized flagellar bands but a more rounded posterior without a protruding axostyle, was previously reported but not named. The smallest morphotype has surface flagellar bands and can attach to other protist cells by its apex. In this study, we combine light microscopy of live specimens and 18S rRNA gene sequencing of individually isolated cells to better understand the diversity of symbionts in P. simplicicornis. We found that S. polygyra branches distantly from true Spirotrichonympha, which are associated with Reticulitermes termites. Thus, we propose the new genus Cuppa to accommodate C. polygyra n. comb. (type species) and the similar but smaller morphotype Cuppa taenia n. sp. The undescribed smallest morphotype can be excluded from all previously described Spirotrichonymphea genera by molecular and behavioral evidence, so we propose Fraterculus simplicicornis n. gen., n. sp., to accommodate this organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Taerum
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, 85287, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
| | - Daniel E Jasso-Selles
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, 85287, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathon T Hileman
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, 85287, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Francesca De Martini
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, 85287, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Nobuaki Mizumoto
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, 85287, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Gillian H Gile
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, 85287, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hauck R, Stoute S, Savaris T, Shivaprasad HL. Typhlohepatitis and Amyloidosis Associated with High Mortality in Chukar Partridges ( Alectoris chukar). Avian Dis 2020; 63:446-451. [PMID: 31967427 DOI: 10.1637/avdi-avdi-19-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Twelve chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) from a farm experiencing poor uniformity and increased mortality of up to 65% were submitted for diagnosis. Several birds had mild to moderate multifocal white foci or multifocal petechial hemorrhages throughout the liver. Livers and spleens of older birds were moderate to severely diffusely enlarged. In addition, some birds had caseous cores mixed with blood within the ceca as well as segmentally thickened cecal walls. Histopathology showed acute, multifocal, severe, often coalescing foci of necrosis with accumulation of fibrin and/or fibrinosuppurative inflammation in livers and spleens. Scattered within exudate were protozoa that were spherical or round and measured 12-20 µm in diameter. In the ceca, acute necrosis of the mucosa was observed, often with ulceration and fibrinosuppurative inflammation. Immunohistochemistry using an antiserum against Tritrichomonas foetus revealed round protozoa in ceca, small intestines, liver, spleen, and lung. Quantitative PCR to detect DNA of Histomonas meleagridis was negative. Non-species-specific PCRs amplifying the partial rDNA, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and the partial beta-tubulin gene yielded products of the expected size. Sequences of the PCR products had the highest homology to sequences of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and less homology to sequences of H. meleagridis. In addition there was accumulation of amyloid in the space of Disse in the liver, splenic sinuses, and walls of the blood vessels. The typhlohepatitis and other inflammatory processes that were diagnosed might be the underlying cause of the amyloidosis. Other findings were clusters of Clostridium perfringens associated with the lesions in the ceca; multifocal granulomas in the lungs, occasionally associated with fungal hyphae; hyperkeratosis associated with bacteria and Candida sp. cells in the crop; mild infection of the bursal mucosa with Cryptosporidium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Pathobiology and Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849,
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Thaiza Savaris
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis Tulare Branch, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis Tulare Branch, Tulare, CA 93274
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Badparva E, Badparva S, Hosseini-Chegeni A. Occurrence of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum (Trichomonadida: Trichomonadidae) in chicken feces from Lorestan Province, Western Iran. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:10-16. [PMID: 32174700 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Trichomonas gallinae, are found in the digestive tract of birds. To investigate trichomonads of a lower intestinal tract of native chickens, we examined 72 feces samples from the different life stages of fowl species in Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Western Iran. Using microscopical examination, out of 72 collected samples, 26 (31.6%) bird feces samples were found infected with a trichomonad similar to T. gallinarum. A 527-bp fragment of 18S rRNA gene of T. gallinarum was amplified by PCR. The 18S constructed phylogeny indicates two different clades within T. gallinarum, suggesting that commensal T. gallinarum-like of the bird hosts may be the reason for the genetic divergence in T. gallinarum species complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Badparva
- 1Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sajad Badparva
- Yang Researchers and Elite Club, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Asadollah Hosseini-Chegeni
- 3Department of Plant Protection, Lorestan University (Pol-e Dokhtar Higher Education Center), Pol-e Dokhtar, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Michaud C, Hervé V, Dupont S, Dubreuil G, Bézier AM, Meunier J, Brune A, Dedeine F. Efficient but occasionally imperfect vertical transmission of gut mutualistic protists in a wood‐feeding termite. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:308-324. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Michaud
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS – Université de Tours Tours France
| | - Vincent Hervé
- Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Marburg Germany
| | - Simon Dupont
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS – Université de Tours Tours France
| | - Géraldine Dubreuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS – Université de Tours Tours France
| | - Annie M. Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS – Université de Tours Tours France
| | - Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS – Université de Tours Tours France
| | - Andreas Brune
- Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Marburg Germany
| | - Franck Dedeine
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS – Université de Tours Tours France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mee ED, Gaylor MG, Jasso‐Selles DE, Mizumoto N, Gile GH. Molecular Phylogenetic Position of
Hoplonympha natator
(Trichonymphea, Parabasalia): Horizontal Symbiont Transfer or Differential Loss? J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 67:268-272. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan D. Mee
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University 427 E Tyler MallTempe Arizona 85287
| | - Maya G. Gaylor
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University 427 E Tyler MallTempe Arizona 85287
| | | | - Nobuaki Mizumoto
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University 427 E Tyler MallTempe Arizona 85287
| | - Gillian H. Gile
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University 427 E Tyler MallTempe Arizona 85287
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sympatric western lowland gorillas, central chimpanzees and humans are infected with different trichomonads. Parasitology 2019; 147:225-230. [PMID: 31559930 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated intestinal trichomonads in western lowland gorillas, central chimpanzees and humans cohabiting the forest ecosystem of Dzanga-Sangha Protected Area in Central African Republic, using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and SSU rRNA gene sequences. Trichomonads belonging to the genus Tetratrichomonas were detected in 23% of the faecal samples and in all host species. Different hosts were infected with different genotypes of Tetratrichomonas. In chimpanzees, we detected tetratrichomonads from 'novel lineage 2', which was previously reported mostly in captive and wild chimpanzees. In gorillas, we found two different genotypes of Tetratrichomonas. The ITS region sequences of the more frequent genotype were identical to the sequence found in a faecal sample of a wild western lowland gorilla from Cameroon. Sequences of the second genotype from gorillas were almost identical to sequences previously obtained from an anorexic French woman. We provide the first report of the presence of intestinal tetratrichomonads in asymptomatic, apparently healthy humans. Human tetratrichomonads belonged to the lineage 7, which was previously reported in domestic and wild pigs and a domestic horse. Our findings suggest that the ecology and spatial overlap among hominids in the tropical forest ecosystem has not resulted in exchange of intestinal trichomonads among these hosts.
Collapse
|
39
|
Taerum SJ, Jasso‐Selles DE, Wilson M, Ware JL, Sillam‐Dussès D, Šobotník J, Gile GH. Molecular Identity of
Holomastigotes
(Spirotrichonymphea, Parabasalia) with Descriptions of
Holomastigotes flavipes
n. sp. and
Holomastigotes tibialis
n. sp. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:882-891. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Taerum
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University 427 E Tyler Mall 85287 Tempe Arizona
| | | | - Megan Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences Rutgers‐Newark University Boyden Hall, 195 University Ave 07102 Newark New Jersey
| | - Jessica L. Ware
- Department of Biological Sciences Rutgers‐Newark University Boyden Hall, 195 University Ave 07102 Newark New Jersey
| | - David Sillam‐Dussès
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology (LEEC) University of Paris 13 Sorbonne Paris Cité, 99 avenue Jean‐Baptiste Clément 93430 Villetaneuse France
| | - Jan Šobotník
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Kamýcká 129 165 21 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Gillian H. Gile
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University 427 E Tyler Mall 85287 Tempe Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yao C, Ketzis JK. Aberrant and accidental trichomonad flagellate infections: rare or underdiagnosed? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 112:64-72. [PMID: 29608771 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance and frequency of human infections with trichomonad flagellates in aberrant locations (locations other than the predilection sites) and accidental infections (infections with non-human trichomonads) are unclear. The total number of case reports in the literature is low, with the identification of the infection largely the outcome of investigations for the cause of clinical signs. At least seven species have been identified in either aberrant or accidental infections, with these infections occurring worldwide. Results of prospective and retrospective surveys of adults with respiratory disease suggest that aberrant and accidental trichomonad infections are less rare than the number of case reports suggest, with Trichomonas tenax being the most frequent. Surveys of neonates and infants suggest that aberrant Trichomonas vaginalis infections can be higher and more serious than suggested by the few case reports. The density and location of infection might be as important, if not more so, than species in determining pathogenicity. Molecular diagnostic methods including DNA sequencing can be used to better diagnose infections and enable identification to assist in determining the clinical significance of different species. Raising awareness of these infections among clinicians and adding them to their differential lists are strongly suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Jennifer K Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Benabdelkader S, Andreani J, Gillet A, Terrer E, Pignoly M, Chaudet H, Aboudharam G, La Scola B. Specific clones of Trichomonas tenax are associated with periodontitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213338. [PMID: 30856220 PMCID: PMC6411126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas tenax, an anaerobic protist difficult to cultivate with an unreliable molecular identification, has been suspected of involvement in periodontitis, a multifactorial inflammatory dental disease affecting the soft tissue and bone of periodontium. A cohort of 106 periodontitis patients classified by stages of severity and 85 healthy adult control patients was constituted. An efficient culture protocol, a new identification tool by real-time qPCR of T. tenax and a Multi-Locus Sequence Typing system (MLST) based on T. tenax NIH4 reference strain were created. Fifty-three strains of Trichomonas sp. were obtained from periodontal samples. 37/106 (34.90%) T. tenax from patients with periodontitis and 16/85 (18.80%°) T. tenax from control patients were detected by culture (p = 0.018). Sixty of the 191 samples were tested positive for T. tenax by qPCR, 24/85 (28%) controls and 36/106 (34%) periodontitis patients (p = 0.089). By combining both results, 45/106 (42.5%) patients were positive by culture and/or PCR, as compared to 24/85 (28.2%) controls (p = 0.042). A link was established between the carriage in patients of Trichomonas tenax and the severity of the disease. Genotyping demonstrates the presence of strain diversity with three major different clusters and a relation between disease strains and the periodontitis severity (p<0.05). More frequently detected in periodontal cases, T. tenax is likely to be related to the onset or/and evolution of periodontal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Benabdelkader
- Aix-Marseille Université UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Andreani
- Aix-Marseille Université UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Alexis Gillet
- UFR Odontologie, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Terrer
- Aix-Marseille Université UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- UFR Odontologie, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Pignoly
- UFR Odontologie, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Herve Chaudet
- Aix-Marseille Université UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Gerard Aboudharam
- Aix-Marseille Université UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- UFR Odontologie, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Aix-Marseille Université UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Monoyios A, Hummel K, Nöbauer K, Patzl M, Schlosser S, Hess M, Bilic I. An Alliance of Gel-Based and Gel-Free Proteomic Techniques Displays Substantial Insight Into the Proteome of a Virulent and an Attenuated Histomonas meleagridis Strain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:407. [PMID: 30505807 PMCID: PMC6250841 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular protozoan Histomonas meleagridis is notorious for being the causative agent of histomonosis, which can cause high mortality in turkeys and substantial production losses in chickens. The complete absence of commercially available curative strategies against the disease renders the devising of novel approaches a necessity. A fundamental step toward this objective is to understand the flagellate's virulence and attenuation mechanisms. For this purpose we have previously conducted a comparative proteomic analysis of an in vitro cultivated virulent and attenuated histomonad parasite using two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF. The current work aimed to substantially extend the knowledge of the flagellate's proteome by applying 2D-DIGE and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH) MS as tools on the two well-defined strains. In the gel-based experiments, 49 identified protein spots were found to be differentially expressed, of which 37 belonged to the in vitro cultivated virulent strain and 12 to the attenuated one. The most frequently identified proteins in the virulent strain take part in cytoskeleton formation, carbohydrate metabolism and adaptation to stress. However, post-translationally modified or truncated ubiquitous cellular proteins such as actin and GAPDH were identified as upregulated in multiple gel positions. This indicated their contribution to processes not related to cytoskeleton and carbohydrate metabolism, such as fibronectin or plasminogen binding. Proteins involved in cell division and cytoskeleton organization were frequently observed in the attenuated strain. The findings of the gel-based studies were supplemented by the gel-free SWATH MS analysis, which identified and quantified 42 significantly differentially regulated proteins. In this case proteins with peptidase activity, metabolic proteins and actin-regulating proteins were the most frequent findings in the virulent strain, while proteins involved in hydrogenosomal carbohydrate metabolism dominated the results in the attenuated one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Monoyios
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hummel
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Nöbauer
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Patzl
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Schlosser
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivana Bilic
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mitra T, Kidane FA, Hess M, Liebhart D. Unravelling the Immunity of Poultry Against the Extracellular Protozoan Parasite Histomonas meleagridis Is a Cornerstone for Vaccine Development: A Review. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2518. [PMID: 30450097 PMCID: PMC6224373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis is the causative agent of histomonosis in gallinaceous birds, predominantly in turkeys and chickens. Depending on the host species the outcome of the disease can be very severe with high mortality as observed in turkeys, whereas in chickens the mortality rates are generally lower. The disease is known for more than 100 years when in vitro and in vivo investigations started to understand histomonosis and the causative pathogen. For decades histomonosis could be well-controlled by effective drugs for prevention and therapy until the withdrawal of such chemicals for reasons of consumer protection in Europe, the USA and additional countries worldwide. Consequently, research efforts also focused to find new strategies against the disease, resulting in the development of an efficacious live-attenuated vaccine. In addition to efficacy and safety several studies were performed to obtain a deeper understanding of the immune response of the host against H. meleagridis. It could be demonstrated that antibodies accumulate in different parts of the intestine of chickens following infection with H. meleagridis which was much pronounced in the ceca. Furthermore, expression profiles of various cytokines revealed that chickens mounted an effective cecal innate immune response during histomonosis compared to turkeys. Studying the cellular immune response following infection and/or vaccination of host birds showed a limitation of pronounced changes of B cells and T-cell subsets in vaccinated birds in comparison to non-protected birds. Additionally, numbers of lymphocytes including cytotoxic T cells increased in the ceca of diseased turkeys compared to infected chickens suggesting an immunopathological impact on disease pathogenesis. The identification of type 1 and type 2 T-helper (Th) cells in infected and lymphoid organs by in situ hybridization did not show a clear separation of Th cells during infection but revealed a coherence of an increase of interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA positive cells in ceca and protection. The present review not only summarizes the research performed on the immune response of host birds in the course of histomonosis but also highlights the specific features of H. meleagridis as a model organism to study immunological principles of an extracellular organism in birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Mitra
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fana Alem Kidane
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Human intestinal parasites in Mahajanga, Madagascar: The kingdom of the protozoa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204576. [PMID: 30304028 PMCID: PMC6179227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intestinal parasitic infections are a major public health problem in inter-tropical areas. The aim of our study was to describe the situation in Mahajanga, Madagascar with a particular focus on two protozoa, Dientamoeba fragilis and Blastocystis sp. METHODS This was a prospective study from February to June 2015. Stool samples from symptomatic hospitalized patients and asymptomatic volunteers were submitted to microscopy and molecular assays in order to detect parasites. RESULTS A wide panel of intestinal parasites were identified among the 265 included subjects, protozoa being the most prevalent with 72.8% whereas the prevalence of helminths and microsporidia was of 7.9% and 4.5%, respectively. Blastocystis sp. was the most prevalent protozoa (64.5% of the entire cohort) followed by various amoebas (35.5%) and flagellates (27,5%). We only detected subtypes 1, 2 and 3 of Blastocystis sp. Among the patients positive for D. fragilis (9.4%), 23 carried genotype 1 and 1 genotype 2. For the first time, we detected in 4 human stools the DNA of a recently described protozoon, Simplicimonas similis. Interestingly, subjects living in urban areas harbored significantly more different parasitic species than subjects living in rural areas with a correlation between sanitary level of neighborhood and protozoan infection. However, there was no difference in prevalence of digestive symptoms between parasite-free and parasite-infected subjects, except for Giardia intestinalis which had more symptomatic carriers. DISCUSSION Our study reveals a high overall parasite prevalence, similar to what had been found in 2003 in the same city and to other prevalence studies conducted in Africa. The poor access of the population to sanitary infrastructures may explain this result. Data from our study provide valuable key for sanitation programs and prevention of fecal-related infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
45
|
Duarte S, Nobre T, Borges PAV, Nunes L. Symbiotic flagellate protists as cryptic drivers of adaptation and invasiveness of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes grassei Clément. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5242-5253. [PMID: 29938049 PMCID: PMC6010709 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in flagellate protist communities of subterranean termite Reticulitermes grassei across different locations were evaluated following four predictions: (i) Rural endemic (Portugal mainland) termite populations will exhibit high diversity of symbionts; (ii) invasive urban populations (Horta city, Faial island, Azores), on the contrary, will exhibit lower diversity of symbionts, showing high similarity of symbiont assemblages through environmental filtering; (iii) recent historical colonization of isolated regions-as the case of islands-will imply a loss of symbiont diversity; and (iv) island isolation will trigger a change in colony breeding structure toward a less aggressive behavior. Symbiont flagellate protist communities were morphologically identified, and species richness and relative abundances, as well as biodiversity indices, were used to compare symbiotic communities in colonies from urban and rural environments and between island invasive and mainland endemic populations. To evaluate prediction on the impact of isolation (iv), aggression tests were performed among termites comprising island invasive and mainland endemic populations. A core group of flagellates and secondary facultative symbionts was identified. Termites from rural environments showed, in the majority of observed colonies, more diverse and abundant protist communities, probably confirming prediction (i). Corroborating prediction (ii), the two least diverse communities belong to termites captured inside urban areas. The Azorean invasive termite colonies had more diverse protist communities than expected and prediction (iii) which was not verified within this study. Termites from mainland populations showed a high level of aggressiveness between neighboring colonies, in contrast to the invasive colonies from Horta city, which were not aggressive to neighbors according to prediction (iv). The symbiotic flagellate community of R. grassei showed the ability to change in a way that might be consistent with adaptation to available conditions, possibly contributing to optimization of the colonization of new habitats and spreading of its distribution area, highlighting R. grassei potential as an invasive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Duarte
- Structures DepartmentLNECLisbonPortugal
- Faculty of Agrarian and Environmental SciencescE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity GroupUniversity of the AzoresAzoresPortugal
| | - Tânia Nobre
- Laboratory of EntomologyICAAM ‐ Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais MediterrânicasUniversity of ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
| | - Paulo A. V. Borges
- Faculty of Agrarian and Environmental SciencescE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity GroupUniversity of the AzoresAzoresPortugal
| | - Lina Nunes
- Structures DepartmentLNECLisbonPortugal
- Faculty of Agrarian and Environmental SciencescE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity GroupUniversity of the AzoresAzoresPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Michelazzo MDMZ, Sasse JP, de Souza M, Marutani VHB, Sampaio Baptista AA, Garcia JL, Alfieri AA, Headley SA. Systemic Histomoniasis in a Leucistic Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) from Southern Brazil. Avian Dis 2018; 61:325-329. [PMID: 28957005 DOI: 10.1637/11583-010617-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The pathological and molecular findings associated with Histomonas meleagridis are described in a leucistic Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) from Southern Brazil. The most significant gross findings were multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and diphtheric typhlitis. Histopathologic evaluation of the liver, ceca, kidney, spleen, and small intestine revealed systemic histomoniasis (SH) associated with intralesional and intravascular accumulations of histomonad organisms consistent with H. meleagridis. PCR was used to amplify the DNA of H. meleagridis from the liver, ceca, small intestine, spleen, lungs, and kidneys. Direct sequencing and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the isolate of the flagellated trichomonad identified from this investigation is more phylogenetically related to H. meleagridis than Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, Tritrichomonas foetus, and Dientamoeba fragilis. These results confirmed the occurrence of SH in this peafowl and add to the diagnosis of this disease in birds from Brazil. This report might represent the first complete identification of spontaneous histomoniasis in a peafowl due to pathological and molecular characteristics and one of the few documented cases of SH in non-commercial birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - João Pedro Sasse
- B Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marielen de Souza
- A Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Brunaldi Marutani
- A Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Angelita Sampaio Baptista
- C Laboratory of Avian Medicine, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- B Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- D Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- A Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Taerum SJ, De Martini F, Liebig J, Gile GH. Incomplete Co-cladogenesis Between Zootermopsis Termites and Their Associated Protists. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:184-195. [PMID: 29325010 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coevolution is a major driver of speciation in many host-associated symbionts. In the termite-protist digestive symbiosis, the protists are vertically inherited by anal feeding among nest mates. Lower termites (all termite families except Termitidae) and their symbionts have broadly co-diversified over ~170 million yr. However, this inference is based mainly on the restricted distribution of certain protist genera to certain termite families. With the exception of one study, which demonstrated congruent phylogenies for the protist Pseudotrichonympha and its Rhinotermitidae hosts, coevolution in this symbiosis has not been investigated with molecular methods. Here we have characterized the hindgut symbiotic protists (Phylum Parabasalia) across the genus Zootermopsis (Archotermopsidae) using single cell isolation, molecular phylogenetics, and high-throughput amplicon sequencing. We report that the deepest divergence in the Zootermopsis phylogeny (Zootermopsis laticeps [Banks; Isoptera: Termopsidae]) corresponds with a divergence in three of the hindgut protist species. However, the crown Zootermopsis taxa (Zootermopsis angusticollis [Hagen; Isoptera: Termopsidae], Z. nevadensis nevadensis [Hagen; Isoptera: Termopsidae], and Z. nevadensis nuttingi [Haverty & Thorne; Isoptera: Termopsidae]) share the same protist species, with no evidence of co-speciation under our methods. We interpret this pattern as incomplete co-cladogenesis, though the possibility of symbiont exchange cannot be entirely ruled out. This is the first molecular evidence that identical communities of termite-associated protist species can inhabit multiple distinct host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürgen Liebig
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Gillian H Gile
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Monoyios A, Patzl M, Schlosser S, Hess M, Bilic I. Unravelling the differences: comparative proteomic analysis of a clonal virulent and an attenuated Histomonas meleagridis strain. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:145-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
49
|
Pseudotrichonympha leei, Pseudotrichonympha lifesoni, and Pseudotrichonympha pearti, new species of parabasalian flagellates and the description of a rotating subcellular structure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16349. [PMID: 29180788 PMCID: PMC5703945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudotrichonympha is a large and structurally complex genus of parabasalian protists that play a key role in the digestion of lignocellulose in the termite hindgut. Like many termite symbionts, it has a conspicuous body plan that makes genus-level identification relatively easy, but species-level diversity of Pseudotrichonympha is understudied. Molecular surveys have suggested the diversity is much greater than the current number of described species, and that many “species” described in multiple hosts are in fact different, but gene sequences from formally described species remain a rarity. Here we describe three new species from Coptotermes and Prorhinotermes hosts, including small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) sequences from single cells. Based on host identification by morphology and DNA barcoding, as well as the morphology and phylogenetic position of each symbiont, all three represent new Pseudotrichonympha species: P. leei, P. lifesoni, and P. pearti. Pseudotrichonympha leei and P. lifesoni, both from Coptotermes, are closely related to other Coptotermes symbionts including the type species, P. hertwigi. Pseudotrichonympha pearti is the outlier of the trio, more distantly related to P. leei and P. lifesoni than they are to one another, and contains unique features, including an unusual rotating intracellular structure of unknown function.
Collapse
|
50
|
Boscaro V, James ER, Fiorito R, Hehenberger E, Karnkowska A, Del Campo J, Kolisko M, Irwin NAT, Mathur V, Scheffrahn RH, Keeling PJ. Molecular characterization and phylogeny of four new species of the genus Trichonympha (Parabasalia, Trichonymphea) from lower termite hindguts. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:3570-3575. [PMID: 28840814 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Trichonympha are among the most well-known, recognizable and widely distributed parabasalian symbionts of lower termites and the wood-eating cockroach species of the genus Cryptocercus. Nevertheless, the species diversity of this genus is largely unknown. Molecular data have shown that the superficial morphological similarities traditionally used to identify species are inadequate, and have challenged the view that the same species of the genus Trichonympha can occur in many different host species. Ambiguities in the literature, uncertainty in identification of both symbiont and host, and incomplete samplings are limiting our understanding of the systematics, ecology and evolution of this taxon. Here we describe four closely related novel species of the genus Trichonympha collected from South American and Australian lower termites: Trichonympha hueyi sp. nov. from Rugitermes laticollis, Trichonympha deweyi sp. nov. from Glyptotermes brevicornis, Trichonympha louiei sp. nov. from Calcaritermes temnocephalus and Trichonympha webbyae sp. nov. from Rugitermes bicolor. We provide molecular barcodes to identify both the symbionts and their hosts, and infer the phylogeny of the genus Trichonympha based on small subunit rRNA gene sequences. The analysis confirms the considerable divergence of symbionts of members of the genus Cryptocercus, and shows that the two clades of the genus Trichonympha harboured by termites reflect only in part the phylogeny of their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Boscaro
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erick R James
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Fiorito
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Anna Karnkowska
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Javier Del Campo
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Kolisko
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas A T Irwin
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Varsha Mathur
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|