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Pimpini L, Kochs S, Franssen S, van den Hurk J, Valente G, Roebroeck A, Jansen A, Roefs A. More complex than you might think: Neural representations of food reward value in obesity. Appetite 2022; 178:106164. [PMID: 35863505 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obesity reached pandemic proportions and weight-loss treatments are mostly ineffective. The level of brain activity in the reward circuitry is proposed to be proportionate to the reward value of food stimuli, and stronger in people with obesity. However, empirical evidence is inconsistent. This may be due to the double-sided nature of high caloric palatable foods: at once highly palatable and high in calories (unhealthy). This study hypothesizes that, viewing high caloric palatable foods, a hedonic attentional focus compared to a health and a neutral attentional focus elicits more activity in reward-related brain regions, mostly in people with obesity. Moreover, caloric content and food palatability can be decoded from multivoxel patterns of activity most accurately in people with obesity and in the corresponding attentional focus. During one fMRI-session, attentional focus (hedonic, health, neutral) was manipulated using a one-back task with individually tailored food stimuli in 32 healthy-weight people and 29 people with obesity. Univariate analyses (p < 0.05, FWE-corrected) showed that brain activity was not different for palatable vs. unpalatable foods, nor for high vs. low caloric foods. Instead, this was higher in the hedonic compared to the health and neutral attentional focus. Multivariate analyses (MVPA) (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected) showed that palatability and caloric content could be decoded above chance level, independently of either BMI or attentional focus. Thus, brain activity to visual food stimuli is neither proportionate to the reward value (palatability and/or caloric content), nor significantly moderated by BMI. Instead, it depends on people's attentional focus, and may reflect motivational salience. Furthermore, food palatability and caloric content are represented as patterns of brain activity, independently of BMI and attentional focus. So, food reward value is reflected in patterns, not levels, of brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pimpini
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Sarah Kochs
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sieske Franssen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - Job van den Hurk
- Scannexus, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Valente
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - Alard Roebroeck
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - Anita Jansen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anne Roefs
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Zhao Y, Li H, Donelan W, Li S, Tang D. Expression of Recombinant Rat Secretable FNDC5 in Pichia Pastoris and Detection of Its Biological Activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:852015. [PMID: 35321332 PMCID: PMC8936140 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.852015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
FNDC5 is the precursor of the myokine irisin proposed to exhibit favorable metabolic activity, including anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects. The diversity of FNDC5 transcripts has been reported by several studies, but the role and existence of these transcripts are not well defined. In our previous study, a novel secretable FNDC5 (sFNDC5) isoform lacking the transmembrane region was found in rat INS-1 cells and multiple rat tissues. In the current study, we established a high-yield system for the expression and purification of sFNDC5 in Pichia pastoris, and functional investigations were undertaken using 3T3-L1 cells. We discovered that this new isoform has similar and even stronger biological functions than irisin, which may be due to its more complete structure without cleavage. Hence, we believe that sFNDC5, as the first identified readily secretable derivative, can better induce lipolysis and can potentially prevent obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - William Donelan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shiwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dongqi Tang
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Dongqi Tang,
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Babayiğit M, Can ME, Bulus H, Dereli N, Ozayar E, Kurtay A, Babayiğit MA, Ilhan S, Horasanli E. Prospective Randomized Trial on the Effects of Sevoflurane and Propofol on the Intraocular Pressure in Bariatric Surgery. Bariatr Surg Pract Patient Care 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/bari.2020.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Münire Babayiğit
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erol Can
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Bulus
- Department of General Surgery, Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Necla Dereli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Ozayar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysun Kurtay
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Seda Ilhan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eyüp Horasanli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
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Plant Extracts and Reactive Oxygen Species as Two Counteracting Agents with Anti- and Pro-Obesity Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184556. [PMID: 31540021 PMCID: PMC6770307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease of great public health significance worldwide: It entails several complications including diabetes mellitus type 2, cardiovascular dysfunction and hypertension, and its prevalence is increasing around the world. The pathogenesis of obesity is closely related to reactive oxygen species. The role of reactive oxygen species as regulatory factors in mitochondrial activity in obese subjects, molecules taking part in inflammation processes linked to excessive size and number of adipocytes, and as agents governing the energy balance in hypothalamus neurons has been examined. Phytotherapy is the traditional form of treating health problems using plant-derived medications. Some plant extracts are known to act as anti-obesity agents and have been screened in in vitro models based on the inhibition of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and activity of pancreatic lipase methods and in in vivo high-fat diet-induced obesity rat/mouse models and human models. Plant products may be a good natural alternative for weight management and a source of numerous biologically-active chemicals, including antioxidant polyphenols that can counteract the oxidative stress associated with obesity. This review presents polyphenols as natural complementary therapy, and a good nutritional strategy, for treating obesity without serious side effects.
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Wheat Flour, Enriched with γ-Oryzanol, Phytosterol, and Ferulic Acid, Alleviates Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in High-Fat-Fructose-Fed Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071697. [PMID: 31340583 PMCID: PMC6683091 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Modern dietary patterns with a high intake of fat and fructose, as well as refined carbohydrates, closely relate to lipid/glucose metabolic disorders. The main objective of this study is to provide new thoughts in designing functional food with some lipid/glucose metabolism regulating effects for obese people. (2) Methods: The alleviating abilities of γ-oryzanol, phytosterol or ferulic acid-enriched wheat flour on lipid/glucose metabolic dysfunction were evaluated in male SD rats induced by a high-fat-fructose diet. The underlying mechanisms were clarified using western blot. (3) Results: In an in vitro cell model, γ-oryzanol, phytosterol and ferulic acid regulate lipid/glucose metabolism by increasing the phosphorylation of AMPK and Akt, and PI3K expression, as well as decreasing expressions of DGAT1 and SCD. The in vivo study shows that ferulic acid and γ-oryzanol-enriched flours are beneficial for managing body weight, improving glucose metabolism, hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation. Phytosterol-enriched flour exerted remarkable effects in regulating hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and hyperuricemia. Western blot analysis of proteins from liver samples reveals that these enriched flours alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance through their elevation in the phosphorylation of AMPK and Akt. (4) Conclusions: Our study indicates that these enriched flours can serve as a health-promoting functional food to regulate obesity-related lipid/glucose metabolic dysfunction in rats.
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Chang CY, Li TY, Cheng SN, Pan RY, Cheng CN, Wang HJ, Hu SH, Chen YC. Obesity and overweight in patients with hemophilia: Prevalence by age, clinical correlates, and impact on joint bleeding. J Chin Med Assoc 2019; 82:289-294. [PMID: 30946208 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity in patients with hemophilia (PWH) varies among different ethnicities, and its influence on joint bleeding and hemophilic arthropathy has not been studied in Taiwan population. We explored the prevalence and clinical correlates of obesity and the impact of body mass index (BMI) on annual joint bleeding rate (AJBR) and hemophilic arthropathy in PWH in Taiwan. METHODS We retrospectively collected clinical information on 140 severe/40 moderate PWH from 2006 to 2014. The patients' median age was 31.5 years, ranged from 6 to 73 years. Their BMI, 6 index joints score by Pettersson scoring, AJBR, and other clinical data were analyzed. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity by age group was 7.1% in PWH aged ≤10 years, and rapidly increased to 34.5% in PWH aged 11 to 18 years, 46.7% in PWH aged 18 to 29 years, 61.8% in PWH aged 30 to 39 years, 60.6% in PWH aged 40 to 49 years, and 48% in PWH aged ≥50 years, respectively. Two peak rates were 72.7% in PWH aged 35 to 44 years and 66.7% in PWH aged >65 years. Age, HCV infection, knee score, elbow score, and total 6 index joints scores were found to correlate positively with BMI. However, subtype and severity of hemophilia, ankle scores, HBV and HIV infection did not correlate with BMI. Finally, BMI was found to correlate positively with AJBR in both adult and pediatric PWH. CONCLUSION The prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescent and adult PWH was higher than those in the general male population in Taiwan, which rapidly increased with age to peak in PWH aged 35 to 44 years and >65 years. High index joint score, with the exception of ankle scores, positively correlated with high BMI. Further, BMI and obesity also had positive correlation with AJBR in PWH. To our knowledge, this is the first study examining these associations in PWH in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yau Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hemophilia Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Ying Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Hemophilia Care and Research Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shin-Nan Cheng
- Hemophilia Care and Research Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ru-Yu Pan
- Hemophilia Care and Research Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopedics, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Neng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Jung Wang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hemophilia Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Hsia Hu
- Hemophilia Care and Research Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yeu-Chin Chen
- Hemophilia Care and Research Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Aulbach MB, Knittle K, Haukkala A. Implicit process interventions in eating behaviour: a meta-analysis examining mediators and moderators. Health Psychol Rev 2019; 13:179-208. [PMID: 30676235 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1571933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dual-process models integrate deliberative and impulsive mental systems and predict dietary behaviours better than deliberative processes alone. Computerised tasks such as the Go/No-Go, Stop-Signal, Approach-Avoidance, and Evaluative Conditioning have been used as interventions to directly alter implicit biases. This meta-analysis examines the effects of these tasks on dietary behaviours, explores potential moderators of effectiveness, and examines implicit bias change as a proposed mechanism. Thirty randomised controlled trials testing implicit bias interventions (47 comparisons) were included in a random-effects meta-analysis, which indicated small cumulative effects on eating-related behavioural outcomes (g = -0.17, CI95 = [-0.29; -0.05], p = .01) and implicit biases (g = -0.18, CI95 = [-0.34; -0.02], p = .02). Task type moderated these effects, with Go/No-Go tasks producing larger effects than other tasks. Effects of interventions on implicit biases were positively related to effects on eating behaviour (B = 0.42, CI95 = [0.02; 0.81], p = .03). Go/No-Go tasks seem to have most potential for altering dietary behaviours through implicit processes. While changes in implicit biases seem related to the effects of these interventions on dietary outcomes, more research should explore whether repeated exposure to implicit bias interventions may have any practical intervention value in real world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias B Aulbach
- a Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Keegan Knittle
- a Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Ari Haukkala
- a Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which an exposure to disaster is associated with change in health behaviors. METHODS Federal disaster declarations were matched at the county-level to self-reported behaviors for participants in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 2000-2014. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between disaster and change in physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and cigarette smoking. RESULTS The sample included 20,671 individuals and 59,450 interviews; 1,451 unique disasters were declared in counties in which HRS respondents lived during the study period. Exposure to disaster was significantly associated with weight gain (unadjusted RRR=1.19; 95% CI, 1.11-1.27; adjusted RRR=1.21; 95% CI, 1.13-1.30). Vigorous physical activity was significantly lower among those who had experienced a disaster compared to those who had not (unadjusted OR=0.89; 95% CI, 0.84-0.95; adjusted OR=0.84; 95% CI, 0.79-0.89). No significant difference in cigarette smoking was found. CONCLUSIONS This study found an increase in weight gain and decrease in physical activity among older adults after disaster exposure. Adverse health behaviors such as these can contribute to functional decline among older adults.BellSA, ChoiH, LangaKM, IwashynaTJ. Health risk behaviors after disaster exposure among older adults. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):95-97.
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Impact of the LIFESTEPS Weight Management Program on Measures of Adiposity, Self-Efficacy, and Lifestyle Behaviors. TOP CLIN NUTR 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/tin.0000000000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Izquierdo-Fernández A, Minarro JC, Carpintero-Lluch R, Estévez-Torres EM, Carpintero-Benítez P. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty in obese patients: analysis of functionality in the medium-term. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2018; 138:1-5. [PMID: 28986684 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-017-2816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is an epidemic nowadays and this fact conditions results in orthopaedic surgery. Very few studies evaluates if obesity is a risk factor for reverse shoulder arthroplasty. The aim of this study is to confirm if there are differences with regard to the outcomes in patients undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty according to their body mass index (BMI). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 35 patients were enrolled in the study. Then divided into subpopulations according to their BMI and analyzed twice. First analysis set a division 30 of BMI and second set it in 35. ASES score, major complications, length of the hospital stay, radiolucent lines in components as well as scapular notching were assessed. RESULTS No major complications were described in our patients. No differences were found related to hospital stay, radiolucent lines or scapular notching. However, in the second analysis (BMI < 35 and ≥ 35) statistical differences were found regarding ASES score. Poorer functional outcomes were described in the type-II obese and morbidly obese population. CONCLUSION Functional outcomes of reverse shoulder arthroplasty are worse in patients with a BMI over 35.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Carlos Minarro
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rocío Carpintero-Lluch
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
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Alexander KE. Attachment anxiety is associated with a fear of becoming fat, which is mediated by binge eating. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3034. [PMID: 28286709 PMCID: PMC5345385 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work demonstrated that individuals with higher levels of attachment anxiety are prone to increased binge eating (Alexander & Siegel, 2013). Given that our society rejects obese individuals and individuals with higher levels of attachment anxiety tend to be highly sensitive to rejection (Downey & Feldman, 1996), it follows that those with increased attachment anxiety may be especially fearful of becoming fat. Methods Undergraduate psychology students (n = 148) completed surveys measuring attachment, binge eating, and fear of becoming fat. Results The data demonstrate that attachment anxiety is positively associated with a fear of becoming fat (β = .30, p < .001) and binge eating mediates this relationship. In other words, binge eating underlies the fear of becoming fat. Discussion These findings contribute to a more refined understanding of binge eating which may create pathways for professionals to develop targeted interventions.
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Ritterman Weintraub ML, Fernald LC, Goodman E, Guendelman S, Adler NE. Obesity-Related Behaviors among Poor Adolescents and Young Adults: Is Social Position Associated with Risk Behaviors? Front Public Health 2015; 3:224. [PMID: 26528461 PMCID: PMC4607870 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HighlightsDifferent measures of social position capture unique dimensions of relative rank among youth.Youth-specific measures of social position may be important in identifying the most at-risk for obesity.Lower social status youth are more likely to be at-risk for obesity-related behaviors compared to those with a higher rank. This cross-sectional study examines multiple dimensions of social position in relation to obesity-related behaviors in an adolescent and young adult population. In addition to using conventional measures of social position, including parental education and household expenditures, we explore the usefulness of three youth-specific measures of social position - community and society subjective social status and school dropout status. Data are taken from a 2004 house-to-house survey of urban households within the bottom 20th percentile of income distribution within seven states in Mexico. A total of 5,321 Mexican adolescents, aged 12-22 years, provided information on obesity-related behaviors (e.g., diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior) and indicators of subjective and objective social position. A parent in each household provided information on socioeconomic status of the parent and household. Ordinal logistic regressions are used to estimate the associations of parental, household and adolescent indicators of social position and obesity-related risk behaviors. Those adolescents with the highest odds of adopting obesity risk behaviors were the ones who perceived themselves as lower in social status in reference to their peer community and those who had dropped out of school. We found no significant associations between parental education or household expenditures and obesity-related risk behaviors. Immediate social factors in adolescents' lives may have a strong influence on their health-related behaviors. This study provides evidence for the usefulness of two particular measures, both of which are youth-specific. Adolescents and young adults who have dropped out of school and those with lower perceived relative social position within their community are more likely to be at-risk for obesity-related behaviors than those with higher relative social position. We conclude that youth-specific measures may be important in identifying the most at-risk among relatively homogeneous populations of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Lucia Ritterman Weintraub
- Public Health, Touro University California , Vallejo, CA , USA ; Public Health, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - Lia C Fernald
- Public Health, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - Elizabeth Goodman
- Goodman Lab, General Academic Pediatrics, Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Mass General Hospital for Children , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Sylvia Guendelman
- Public Health, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - Nancy E Adler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
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Prevalence and relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms among individuals of different body mass index: A population-based study. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 10:143-50. [PMID: 26142872 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been identified as a potential risk factor for gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, although the data from community samples remain sparse. We assess the associations between GI symptoms and obesity in a population-based sample of Australian adults. METHOD The prevalence of 26 GI symptoms was determined by a validated postal questionnaire which was sent to 5000 randomly selected residents. The response rate was 60%. GI symptoms were classified into six broader symptom groups based on the Rome II Criteria - abdominal pain, esophageal symptoms, dysmotility symptoms, diarrhea, vomiting, and constipation. Obesity was defined according to body mass index using self-reported height and weight. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30kg/m(2)) was 25.1%; 36.1% were overweight. There were significant and positive univariate associations between obesity and abdominal pain (OR=1.75; 95% CI: 1.39-2.21), esophageal symptoms (OR=1.74; 95% CI: 1.36-2.22), dysmotility symptoms (OR=1.43; 95% CI: 1.16-1.77) and diarrhea (OR=2.01; 95% CI: 1.65-2.45). The adjustment for socioeconomic characteristics and eating behaviors had minimal effect on the associations for abdominal pain (OR=1.34; 95% CI: 1.01-1.79), esophageal symptoms (OR=1.35; 95% CI: 1.03-1.78), and diarrhea (OR=1.86; 95% CI: 1.49-2.31); however, the association between obesity and dysmotility symptoms became non-significant. Obesity was not related to constipation. CONCLUSION Obesity is an independent risk factor for abdominal pain, esophageal symptoms and diarrhea, but is not associated with dysmotility symptoms or constipation.
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Worry or craving? A selective review of evidence for food-related attention biases in obese individuals, eating-disorder patients, restrained eaters and healthy samples. Proc Nutr Soc 2014; 74:99-114. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665114001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Living in an ‘obesogenic’ environment poses a serious challenge for weight maintenance. However, many people are able to maintain a healthy weight indicating that not everybody is equally susceptible to the temptations of this food environment. The way in which someone perceives and reacts to food cues, that is, cognitive processes, could underlie differences in susceptibility. An attention bias for food could be such a cognitive factor that contributes to overeating. However, an attention bias for food has also been implicated with restrained eating and eating-disorder symptomatology. The primary aim of the present review was to determine whether an attention bias for food is specifically related to obesity while also reviewing evidence for attention biases in eating-disorder patients, restrained eaters and healthy-weight individuals. Another aim was to systematically examine how selective attention for food relates (causally) to eating behaviour. Current empirical evidence on attention bias for food within obese samples, eating-disorder patients, and, even though to a lesser extent, in restrained eaters is contradictory. However, present experimental studies provide relatively consistent evidence that an attention bias for food contributes to subsequent food intake. This review highlights the need to distinguish not only between different (temporal) attention bias components, but also to take different motivations (craving v. worry) and their impact on attentional processing into account. Overall, the current state of research suggests that biased attention could be one important cognitive mechanism by which the food environment tempts us into overeating.
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Relationship between Body Mass Index, Blood Pressure, and Visual Acuity in Residents of Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/510460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To study the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) on visual acuity among apparently healthy residents of Ekpoma, Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Methodology. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study among 225 subjects (ages of 18–35 years) from whom BP, body weight, and height were collected. Visual acuity was measured using the Snellen chart following standard procedures of number of letters seen at 6-metre distance. The data were then analyzed using SPSS version 17. Results. The sampled population consists of 112 male and 113 female (mean age 31.72±14.2 years). Majority (180) of the respondents had normal visual acuity. However, compared with the respondents with normal BMI (R19.61±1.5; L19.67±1.70), visual acuity of underweight (R18.53±2.30; L18.53±2.70) and obese (R15.68±4.79; L17.73±1.70) were more deviated. Similarly, compared with respondent with normal BP (120–125/80–85 mmHg; R18.00±2.53; L18.07±3.11), hypotensive (R15.5±7.35; L15.00±10.20), and hypertensive (R15.01±21.25; L15.00±11.91) respondents had deviated visual acuity. Conclusion. Abnormal body weight (underweight and obese) and BP (hypotension and hypertension) have potential negative impacts on visual acuity. Based on the observed relationship between weights, BP, and visual acuity, eye examinations can be included as regular screening exercise for abnormal BMI and BP conditions.
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Werthmann J, Renner F, Roefs A, Huibers MJH, Plumanns L, Krott N, Jansen A. Looking at food in sad mood: do attention biases lead emotional eaters into overeating after a negative mood induction? Eat Behav 2014; 15:230-6. [PMID: 24854809 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional eating is associated with overeating and the development of obesity. Yet, empirical evidence for individual (trait) differences in emotional eating and cognitive mechanisms that contribute to eating during sad mood remain equivocal. AIM The aim of this study was to test if attention bias for food moderates the effect of self-reported emotional eating during sad mood (vs neutral mood) on actual food intake. It was expected that emotional eating is predictive of elevated attention for food and higher food intake after an experimentally induced sad mood and that attentional maintenance on food predicts food intake during a sad versus a neutral mood. METHOD Participants (N = 85) were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental mood induction conditions (sad/neutral). Attentional biases for high caloric foods were measured by eye tracking during a visual probe task with pictorial food and neutral stimuli. Self-reported emotional eating was assessed with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and ad libitum food intake was tested by a disguised food offer. RESULTS Hierarchical multivariate regression modeling showed that self-reported emotional eating did not account for changes in attention allocation for food or food intake in either condition. Yet, attention maintenance on food cues was significantly related to increased intake specifically in the neutral condition, but not in the sad mood condition. DISCUSSION The current findings show that self-reported emotional eating (based on the DEBQ) might not validly predict who overeats when sad, at least not in a laboratory setting with healthy women. Results further suggest that attention maintenance on food relates to eating motivation when in a neutral affective state, and might therefore be a cognitive mechanism contributing to increased food intake in general, but maybe not during sad mood.
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Patterson C, Hilton S. Normalisation and Stigmatisation of Obesity in UK Newspapers: a Visual Content Analysis. THE OPEN OBESITY JOURNAL 2013; 5:82-91. [PMID: 30344798 PMCID: PMC6195189 DOI: 10.2174/1876823720131001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity represents a major and growing global public health concern. The mass media play an important role in shaping public understandings of health, and obesity attracts much media coverage. This study offers the first content analysis of photographs illustrating UK newspaper articles about obesity. The researchers studied 119 articles and images from five major national newspapers. Researchers coded the manifest content of each image and article and used a graphical scale to estimate the body size of each image subject. Data were analysed with regard to the concepts of the normalisation and stigmatisation of obesity. Articles' descriptions of subjects' body sizes were often found to differ from coders' estimates, and subjects described as obese tended to represent the higher values of the obese BMI range, differing from the distribution of BMI values of obese adults in the UK. Researchers identified a tendency for image subjects described as overweight or obese to be depicted in stereotypical ways that could reinforce stigma. These findings are interpreted as illustrations of how newspaper portrayals of obesity may contribute to societal normalisation and the stigmatisation of obesity, two forces that threaten to harm obese individuals and undermine public health efforts to reverse trends in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Patterson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow,
UK
| | - Shona Hilton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow,
UK
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Diet-induced obesity reduces the responsiveness of the peripheral taste receptor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79403. [PMID: 24236129 PMCID: PMC3827352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is a growing epidemic that causes many serious health related complications. While the causes of obesity are complex, there is conclusive evidence that overconsumption coupled with a sedentary lifestyle is the primary cause of this medical condition. Dietary consumption is controlled by appetite which is in turn regulated by multiple neuronal systems, including the taste system. However, the relationship between taste and obesity has not been well defined. Growing evidence suggests that taste perception in the brain is altered in obese animals and humans, however no studies have determined if there are altered taste responses in the peripheral taste receptor cells, which is the initiation site for the detection and perception of taste stimuli. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we used C57Bl/6 mice which readily become obese when placed on a high fat diet. After ten weeks on the high fat diet, we used calcium imaging to measure how taste-evoked calcium signals were affected in the obese mice. We found that significantly fewer taste receptor cells were responsive to some appetitive taste stimuli while the numbers of taste cells that were sensitive to aversive taste stimuli did not change. Properties of the taste-evoked calcium signals were also significantly altered in the obese mice. Behavioral analyses found that mice on the high fat diet had reduced ability to detect some taste stimuli compared to their littermate controls. Conclusions/Significance Our findings demonstrate that diet-induced obesity significantly influences peripheral taste receptor cell signals which likely leads to changes in the central taste system and may cause altered taste perception.
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19
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Perceived hunger mediates the relationship between attachment anxiety and emotional eating. Eat Behav 2013; 14:374-7. [PMID: 23910783 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eating is an inherently emotional activity and the attachment system is an emotion regulation system. Individuals with attachment insecurity have less interoceptive awareness and difficulty regulating emotion. Insecurely attached individuals may eat emotionally because they misinterpret internal hunger cues, (i.e. think they are hungry when they are experiencing some other internal, attachment-related state). The current study found a positive association between attachment anxiety and emotional eating. This relationship was mediated by perceived hunger.
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Pruchno R, Wilson-Genderson M. Adherence to clusters of health behaviors and successful aging. J Aging Health 2012; 24:1279-97. [PMID: 22976443 DOI: 10.1177/0898264312457412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analyses examine the extent to which adherence to recommendations regarding health behaviors cluster among older adults, whether people who adhere to multiple health behaviors are more likely to age successfully than those who adhere to fewer health behaviors, and whether some health behavior clusters are more closely associated with successful aging than others. METHOD Cross-sectional data were collected using structured telephone interviews from 5,688 persons aged 50 to 74 living in New Jersey. RESULTS Prevalence odds ratio analyses indicated that differential cluster patterns exist. Logistic regression revealed that as the number of adherent behaviors increased so did the likelihood of aging successfully and that adherence to some health behavior clusters was more closely associated with successful aging than adherence to others. DISCUSSION Although adherence to more health behaviors was associated with a greater likelihood of successful aging, it is possible to age successfully by adhering to specific clusters of health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pruchno
- New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, UMDNJ-SOM, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA.
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21
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Wong TE, Majumdar S, Adams E, Bergman S, Damiano ML, Deutsche J, Recht M. Overweight and obesity in hemophilia: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Prev Med 2011; 41:S369-75. [PMID: 22099360 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT As life expectancy in individuals with congenital hemophilia approaches that of the general population, we hypothesize that public health risks, including overweight and obesity, also follow a similar trend. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A search of the literature included terms relating to overweight, sequelae of being overweight, and hemophilia. Studies were included if they reported the frequency or clinical significance of known complications of overweight and obesity, including musculoskeletal disease, aerobic capacity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased quality of life, and change in pharmacokinetics of infused clotting factor in hemophilia. Recommendations from medical organizations were searched for preventive and management strategies applicable to this population. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Overweight and obesity are now more prevalent in the hemophilia population than previous generations, with rates similar to and, in certain subsets even higher, than that of the general population. Increased BMI leads to limitations in joint range of motion in the general population and even more so in persons with hemophilia. CONCLUSIONS Overweight and obesity in hemophilia are an increasing problem. Simple steps can be taken to encourage patients to decrease caloric intake and increase physical activity. Prevention and management of overweight, obesity, and their sequelae must be addressed in clinical practice in order to maximize the overall health of the hemophilia population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha E Wong
- Puget Sound Blood Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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22
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Adedze P, Chapman-Novakofski K, Witz K, Orr R, Donovan S. Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about nutrition and childhood overweight among WIC participants. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2011; 34:301-310. [PMID: 21881417 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0b013e31822b53dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about nutrition, physical activity, and health risks related to childhood overweight among Women, Infants, and Children participants. Most (n = 165) were knowledgeable about causes/health risks of overweight (90%). The belief that "some people are born big or thin . . . " varied by education level (P < 0.05). Concerning activity, many (white non-Hispanic, 53%; African-American 69%) reported their children spending 2 to 3 hours per day watching television and playing video games, with 10% white non-Hispanic and 21% of African-American reporting 4 hours or more (P < 0.05). Beliefs related to the risk of overweight and activity level of the children differed among ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascasie Adedze
- Division of Nutritional Sciences & Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Small DM, Scott TR. Symposium overview: What Happens to the pontine processing? repercussions of interspecies differences in pontine taste representation for tasting and feeding. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1170:343-6. [PMID: 19686158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Small
- Department of Psychiatry, The John B Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA.
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Hajnal A, Norgren R, Kovacs P. Parabrachial coding of sapid sucrose: relevance to reward and obesity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1170:347-64. [PMID: 19686159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative evidence in rats suggests that the pontine parabrachial nuclei (PBN) are necessary for assigning hedonic value to taste stimuli. In a series of studies, our laboratory has investigated the parabrachial coding of sapid sucrose in normal and obese rats. First, using chronic microdialysis, we demonstrated that sucrose intake increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, an effect that is dependent on oral stimulation and on concentration. The dopamine response was independent of the thalamocortical gustatory system but was blunted substantially by lesions of the PBN. Similar lesions of the PBN but not the thalamic taste relay diminished cFos activation in the nucleus accumbens caused by sucrose ingestion. Recent single-neuron recording studies have demonstrated that processing of sucrose-evoked activity in the PBN is altered in Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, which develop obesity due to chronic overeating and express increased avidity to sweet. Compared with lean controls, taste neurons in OLETF rats had reduced overall sensitivity to sucrose and altered concentration responses, with decreased responses to lower concentrations and augmented responses to higher concentrations. The decreased sensitivity to sucrose was specific to NaCl-best neurons that also responded to sucrose, but the concentration effects were carried by the sucrose-specific neurons. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that the PBN enables taste stimuli to engage the reward system and, in doing so, influences food intake and body weight regulation. Obesity, in turn, may further alter the gustatory code via forebrain connections to the taste relays or hormonal changes consequent to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Hajnal
- Department of Neural & Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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25
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Ballard M, Gray M, Reilly J, Noggle M. Correlates of video game screen time among males: body mass, physical activity, and other media use. Eat Behav 2009; 10:161-7. [PMID: 19665099 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the correlations between media use, body mass variables, and physical activity among 116 male undergraduates (white n=106; African American n=5, Latin American n=1, Asian American n=2, and 2 others). Length of video game play during one sitting was positively related to body mass index (BMI; r=.27, p<.01) and negatively correlated with frequency of exercise (r=-.21, p<.05) and days of walking (r=-.22, p<.05). Frequency of video game play was negatively correlated with length of exercising (r=-.21, p<.05). Years of video game play was negatively correlated with length of exercise (r=-.21, p<.05). These results were stronger among those who play online games. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that video game use predicted BMI, accounting for 6.9% of the variance. The implications of the results are discussed.
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Shay LE, Shobert JL, Seibert D, Thomas LE. Adult weight management: translating research and guidelines into practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 21:197-206. [PMID: 19366378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2008.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a practical approach to managing overweight and obese adult patients based on data from research and recommendations from established guidelines. DATA SOURCES Comprehensive review articles and original research articles identified through Medline and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). CONCLUSIONS There is a great deal of research being conducted on new ways to treat obesity; however, despite all this new information, many primary care providers continue to report that they do not address weight or weight control strategies with their patients. Reasons include too little time, not enough training, lack of financial incentive, and failure to believe that patients can be successful. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Weight management essentially comes down to one key concept: negative energy balance (fewer calories in and/or more calories out). Patients can be taught how to achieve a negative energy balance by using a food/exercise diary to track their daily caloric goal to achieve a 1-2 pound weight loss per week. Nurse practitioners (NPs) can implement safe and effective weight management plans for their patients by teaching them how to self-monitor, eat healthy, and exercise. This method is similar to what NPs commonly use for patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Shay
- Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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Wang HJ, Zhang H, Zhang SW, Pan YP, Ma J. Association of the common genetic variant upstream of INSIG2 gene with obesity related phenotypes in Chinese children and adolescents. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2008; 21:528-536. [PMID: 19263810 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-3988(09)60013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between the rs7566605 variant of INSIG2 and obesity-related phenotypes in Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS The study sample consisted of two independent cohorts of Chinese children and adolescents. Anthropometric indices, lipids, blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin and percentage of fat mass were determined. PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed for genotyping the rs7566605 variant. RESULTS In each of the two independent cohorts, no significant association was observed between rs7566605 and obesity under additive, dominant or recessive model. We also did not detect any difference in the genotype frequency between all the obese children and controls. Furthermore, we did not find evidence of an association between body composition indices and metabolic phenotypes in all children. However, the triglyceride level of CC homozygotes was significantly higher than that of GG+GC genotypes in obese children (P=0.022). Additionally, we observed a non-significant trend of severe obesity in a post-hoc test. CONCLUSION INSIG2 rs7566605 variant is not associated Chinese childhood obesity in two independent cohorts. Further study is needed to verify the effect of rs7566605 on triglyceride in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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28
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Rapid increases in obesity in Jamaica, compared to Nigeria and the United States. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:133. [PMID: 18433493 PMCID: PMC2390537 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weight gain in adulthood is now common in many populations, ranging from modest gains in developing countries to a substantial percentage of body weight in some Western societies. To examine the rate of change across the spectrum of low to high-income countries we compared rates of weight change in samples drawn from three countries, Nigeria, Jamaica and the United States. Methods Population samples from Nigeria (n = 1,242), Jamaica (n = 1,409), and the US (n = 809) were selected during the period 1995–1999 in adults over the age of 19; participation rates in the original survey were 96%, 60%, and 60%, respectively. Weight in (kg) was measured on 3 different occasions, ending in 2005. Multi-level regression models were used to estimate weight change over time and pattern-mixture models were applied to assess the potential effect of missing data on estimates of the model parameters. Results The unadjusted weight gain rate (standard error) was 0.34(0.06), 1.26(0.12), 0.34(0.19) kg/year among men and 0.43(0.06), 1.28(0.10), 0.40(0.15) kg/year among women in Nigeria, Jamaica, US, respectively. Regression-adjusted weight change rates were significantly different across country, sex, and baseline BMI. Adjusted weight gain in Nigeria, Jamaica and US was 0.31(0.05), 1.37(.04), and 0.52(0.05) kg/year respectively. Women in Nigeria and the US had higher weight gains than men, with the converse observed among Jamaicans. The obese experienced weight loss across all three samples, whereas the normal weight (BMI < 25) had significant weight gains. Missing data patterns had an effect on the rates of weight change. Conclusion Weight change in sample cohorts from a middle-income country was greater than in cohorts from either of the low- or high-income countries. The steep trajectory of weight gain in Jamaica, relative to Nigeria and the US, is most likely attributable to the accelerating effects of the cultural and behavioral shifts which have come to bear on transitional societies.
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Merten MJ, Wickrama KAS, Williams AL. Adolescent Obesity and Young Adult Psychosocial Outcomes: Gender and Racial Differences. J Youth Adolesc 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-008-9281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Changulani M, Kalairajah Y, Peel T, Field RE. The relationship between obesity and the age at which hip and knee replacement is undertaken. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 90:360-3. [PMID: 18310761 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.90b3.19782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We audited the relationship between obesity and the age at which hip and knee replacement was undertaken at our centre. The database was analysed for age, the Oxford hip or knee score and the body mass index (BMI) at the time of surgery. In total, 1369 patients were studied, 1025 treated by hip replacement and 344 by knee replacement. The patients were divided into five groups based on their BMI (normal, overweight, moderately obese, severely obese and morbidly obese). The difference in the mean Oxford score at surgery was not statistically significant between the groups (p > 0.05). For those undergoing hip replacement, the mean age of the morbidly obese patients was ten years less than that of those with a normal BMI. For those treated by knee replacement, the difference was 13 years. The age at surgery fell significantly for those with a BMI > 35 kg/m2 for both hip and knee replacement (p > 0.05). This association was stronger for patients treated by knee than by hip replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Changulani
- William Harvey Hospital, Kennington Road, Willesborough, Ashford, Kent TN24 0LZ, UK
| | - Y. Kalairajah
- Luton and Dunstable Hospital NHS Trust, Lewsey Road, Luton LU4 0DZ, UK
| | - T. Peel
- South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Dorking Road, Epsom KT18 7EG, UK
| | - R. E. Field
- South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Dorking Road, Epsom KT18 7EG, UK
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Hajnal A, Acharya NK, Grigson PS, Covasa M, Twining RC. Obese OLETF rats exhibit increased operant performance for palatable sucrose solutions and differential sensitivity to D2 receptor antagonism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R1846-54. [PMID: 17804583 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00461.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CCK-1-receptor-deficient Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats are hyperphagic and exhibit a greater preference for sucrose compared with lean controls [Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO)]. To directly assess motivation to work for sucrose reward in this model of obesity and type 2 diabetes, we examined the operant performance of OLETF rats at nondiabetic and prediabetic stages (14 and 24 wk of age, respectively) on fixed-ratio (FR) and progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. To evaluate the involvement of dopamine systems, the effects of the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (100 and 200 nmol/kg ip) and the D2 receptor antagonist raclopride (200 and 400 nmol/kg ip), were also tested on PR responding for sucrose. Compared with age-matched LETO rats, 14-wk-old OLETF rats emitted more licks on the "active" empty spout operant on the FR-10 schedule of reinforcement to obtain 0.01 M and 0.3 M sucrose and completed higher ratio requirements on the PR schedule to gain access to 0.3 M and 1.0 M sucrose. At 24 wk, this effect was limited to 1.0 M sucrose. Both antagonists were potent in reducing operant responding to 0.3 M sucrose in both strains at both ages, and there was no strain effect to SCH23390 at either age. OLETF rats, on the other hand, showed an increased sensitivity to the higher dose of raclopride, resulting in reduced responding to sucrose reinforcement at 24 wk. Taken together, these findings provide the first direct evidence for an increased motivation for sucrose reward in the OLETF rats and suggest altered D2 receptor regulation with the progression of obesity and prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Hajnal
- Dept. of Neural and Behavioral Sciences H181, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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32
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Ali MR, Baucom-Pro S, Broderick-Villa GA, Campbell JB, Rasmussen JJ, Weston AN, Yamasaki JL, Fuller WD, Monash JB, Casillas RA. Weight loss before gastric bypass: feasibility and effect on postoperative weight loss and weight loss maintenance. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007; 3:515-20. [PMID: 17686662 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed at a tertiary care university hospital. We hypothesized that weight loss before laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is feasible, does not diminish the expected postoperative weight loss, and might enhance overall weight loss and maintenance. METHODS A population of 351 consecutive patients, who had undergone LRYGB, was divided into 4 groups depending on the percentage of body weight loss achieved before surgery (group 1, none or gain; group 2, <5%; group 3, 5-10%; and group 4, >10%). Data were collected regarding the demographics, body mass index (BMI) change, and excess weight loss and analyzed by analysis of variance and Fisher's exact test at the alpha = 0.05 level. RESULTS All groups were demographically similar in age and were predominantly women. The maximal follow-up was 36 months. Groups 3 and 4 had significantly greater initial excess weight and BMI (P <.05) but these became similar after the preoperative weight loss. Most patients (74%) were able to lose weight before surgery, with 36% losing >5% body weight. Preoperative weight loss did not decrease the magnitude of the expected postoperative weight loss. Patients who lost weight preoperatively demonstrated more excess weight loss and BMI change (from their initial weight) that was sustained far into the postoperative period and reached statistical significance at several points (P <.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study have demonstrated that obese patients are capable of losing weight before LRYGB and that this weight loss does not negatively affect their expected postoperative weight loss. Furthermore, preoperative weight loss combined with LRYGB might result in better long-term excess weight loss and BMI change than surgery alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R Ali
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in many countries. Although its impact on overall health is well documented, less is known about the ocular manifestations of obesity. Among different eye diseases, obesity has been linked with age-related cataract, glaucoma, age-related maculopathy, and diabetic retinopathy. Numerous population-based and prospective studies support an association between obesity and risk of age-related cataract. However, the nature and strength of these associations, particularly with the different cataract subtypes, remains to be determined. There is strong evidence that obesity is associated with elevated intraocular pressure, but there is no convincing data to support a more direct association between obesity and glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Studies to date have not found a consistent pattern of association between obesity and risk of age-related maculopathy or diabetic retinopathy. Thus, although obesity may be a risk factor for many ocular conditions, the present literature is inadequate to establish any convincing associations. Furthermore, whether weight loss reduces the risk of eye diseases remains unresolved. Because of the potential public health impact of obesity, there is a greater need to understand its ocular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cheung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tien Y. Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Harms S, Larson R, Sahmoun AE, Beal JR. Obesity increases the likelihood of total joint replacement surgery among younger adults. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2007; 31:23-6. [PMID: 16688455 PMCID: PMC2267551 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-006-0130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective review of medical charts of patients, aged 18 to 59 years old, who underwent either a total knee replacement (TKR) or total hip replacement (THR) from January 2002 to December 2004. Of the 204 study subjects, 52% had a TKR while 48% had a THR. Obesity was significantly associated with the need for a TKR or THR when comparing the study group to adults of similar age in the general population (P< 0.0001). Seventy-two percent (146) of the study group was obese and 21% (42) overweight (BMI 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m(2)) compared to only 26% (596) obese and 34% (732) overweight in the general population. Patients undergoing a TKR were significantly more likely to be obese (BMI>30 kg/m(2)) than those having a THR, 83% (89) compared to 59% (57) (P< .0006). Our findings support those previously observed in the elderly population. Primary and secondary prevention programs aimed at reducing obesity are strongly recommended.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee
- Comorbidity
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- North Dakota/epidemiology
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/epidemiology
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/complications
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/epidemiology
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/surgery
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/complications
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/epidemiology
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/surgery
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Harms
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND USA
| | - R. Larson
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND USA
| | - A. E. Sahmoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND USA
| | - J. R. Beal
- Department of Family Medicine, UND School of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202–9037 USA
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35
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Feng Y, Dong H, Xiang Q, Hong X, Wilker E, Zhang Y, Xu X, Xu X. Lack of association between rs7566605 and obesity in a Chinese population. Hum Genet 2006; 120:743-5. [PMID: 17024366 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Brown LM, Clegg DJ, Benoit SC, Woods SC. Intraventricular insulin and leptin reduce food intake and body weight in C57BL/6J mice. Physiol Behav 2006; 89:687-91. [PMID: 16979194 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As the incidence of obesity continues to increase, adequate animal models acquire increased importance for the investigation of energy homeostatic mechanisms. Understanding the central mechanism of action of the adiposity hormones, insulin and leptin, has become particularly important as researchers examine ways to treat or prevent obesity. Although the intra-3rd-ventricular (i3vt) administration of insulin reduces food intake in several species, its effects on food intake and body weight have not been previously been assessed in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were administered insulin i3vt (0.05, 0.1 or 0.4 microU) or leptin i3vt (5 microg/1 microl) as a positive control. As it occurs in other species, i3vt insulin dose-dependently reduced 24-h food intake and body weight, and increased hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA. Hence, genetic manipulations that influence brain insulin sensitivity in mice can now more easily be integrated with the broader literature on energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda M Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA.
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Getchell TV, Kwong K, Saunders CP, Stromberg AJ, Getchell ML. Leptin regulates olfactory-mediated behavior in ob/ob mice. Physiol Behav 2006; 87:848-56. [PMID: 16549076 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated olfactory-mediated pre-ingestive behavior in leptin (ob/ob) and leptin receptor (db/db) mutant mice compared to age- and gender-matched wild-type (wt) mice. Olfactory-mediated behavior was tested using a buried food paradigm 5 times/day at 2-h intervals for 6 days. Mean food-finding times of ob/ob and db/db mice were approximately 10 times shorter than those of wt mice. To test the effect of leptin replacement in ob/ob mice, leptin (1 or 5 microg/g body weight in sterile saline) or carrier was injected i.p. once daily prior to testing. Mean food finding times in ob/ob mice injected with carrier or with 1 microg/g leptin were similar and were 2-3 times faster than in wt mice. Mean food finding times in ob/ob mice injected with 5 microg/g leptin tripled compared to carrier-injected ob/ob mice and were of the same order of magnitude as those of wt mice, suggesting functional leptin replacement. A 3-factor repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significant differences between the 6 cohorts (P = 0.0001), food finding times (P< or = 0.0001), and cohort by day interaction (P< or = 0.0001). Post hoc tests suggested that the ob/ob+5 mug/g leptin cohort performed more like the wt cohort in the food-finding test than like the ob/ob or ob/ob+carrier cohort. Potential local sites of leptin production and action were identified with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in epithelial and gland cells of the olfactory and nasal mucosae. Our results strongly suggest that leptin acting through leptin receptors modulates olfactory-mediated pre-ingestive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Getchell
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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Hajnal A, Covasa M, Bello NT. Altered taste sensitivity in obese, prediabetic OLETF rats lacking CCK-1 receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1675-86. [PMID: 16081877 PMCID: PMC1950450 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00412.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats lack the CCK-1 receptor, are hyperphagic, progressively become obese, and develop type-2 diabetes. We recently demonstrated an increased preference for both real and sham feeding of sucrose in this strain, suggesting altered orosensory sensitivity. To investigate taste functions, we used an automated gustometer with 10-s access to different concentrations of various sapid stimuli. Tests were repeated at 10 and 18 wk of age to assess the early and advanced stages of prediabetes, respectively. Compared with age-matched, nonmutant controls, the OLETF rats showed higher avidity for sucrose at both ages. This difference increased as a function of age and tastant concentration. An exaggerated response also occurred for saccharin, alanine, and fructose, but not for Polycose. Similarly, OLETF rats consumed monosodium-glutamate more at the lower concentrations compared with controls, an effect that age also accentuated. In contrast, there was no statistical strain or age differences in responses to NaCl, MgCl2, citric acid, quinine-HCl, and the trigeminal stimulus capsaicin. These findings demonstrate that compared with controls, OLETF rats differ in their gustatory functions with an overall augmented sensitivity for sweet that progresses during prediabetes. This effect explains their overconsumption of sweet solutions and may contribute to the overall hyperphagia and obesity in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Hajnal
- Dept. of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State Univ., 500 Univ. Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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