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Kohnle L, Das T, Uddin MH, Nath SC, Mohsin MAS, Mahmud R, Biswas PK, Hoque MA, Pfeiffer DU, Fournié G. Amplification of avian influenza virus circulation along poultry marketing chains in Bangladesh: A controlled field experiment. Prev Vet Med 2024; 231:106302. [PMID: 39137554 PMCID: PMC11387981 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of avian influenza viruses is commonly found to increase dramatically as birds are transported from farms to live bird markets. Viral transmission dynamics along marketing chains are, however, poorly understood. To address this gap, we implemented a controlled field experiment altering chicken supply to a live bird market in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Broilers and backyard chickens traded along altered (intervention) and conventional (control) marketing chains were tested for avian influenza viruses at different time points. Upon arrival at the live bird market, the odds of detecting avian influenza viruses did not differ between control and intervention groups. However, 12 h later, intervention group odds were lower, particularly for broilers, indicating that viral shedding in live bird markets resulted partly from infections occurring during transport and trade. Curtailing avian influenza virus prevalence in live bird markets requires mitigating risk in marketing chain nodes preceding chickens' delivery at live bird markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kohnle
- City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Tridip Das
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh; Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, North Wagga, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
| | - Md Helal Uddin
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Sanjib Chandra Nath
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Abu Shoieb Mohsin
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Rashed Mahmud
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Paritosh Kumar Biswas
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Dirk Udo Pfeiffer
- City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, VetAgro Sup veterinary campus, 1, avenue Bourgelat, Marcy-l'Etoile 69280, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Clermont-Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, THEIX site, Saint Genes Champanelle, France.
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2
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Huang Q, Yang X, Zhao X, Han X, Sun S, Xu C, Cui N, Lu M. Co-infection of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus and QX genotype live attenuated infectious bronchitis virus increase the pathogenicity in SPF chickens. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110163. [PMID: 38959807 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection and vaccination against live attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (aIBV) are frequent in poultry worldwide. Here, we evaluated the clinical effect of H9N2 subtype AIV and QX genotype aIBV co-infection in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn chickens and explored the potential mechanisms underlying the observed effects using by 4D-FastDIA-based proteomics. The results showed that co-infection of H9N2 AIV and QX aIBV increased mortality and suppressed the growth of SPF chickens. In particular, severe lesions in the kidneys and slight respiratory signs similar to the symptoms of virulent QX IBV infection were observed in some co-infected chickens, with no such clinical signs observed in single-infected chickens. The replication of H9N2 AIV was significantly enhanced in both the trachea and kidneys, whereas there was only a slight effect on the replication of the QX aIBV. Proteomics analysis showed that the IL-17 signaling pathway was one of the unique pathways enriched in co-infected chickens compared to single infected-chickens. A series of metabolism and immune response-related pathways linked with co-infection were also significantly enriched. Moreover, co-infection of the two pathogens resulted in the enrichment of the negative regulation of telomerase activity. Collectively, our study supports the synergistic effect of the two pathogens, and pointed out that aIBV vaccines might increased IBV-associated lesions due to pathogenic co-infections. Exacerbation of the pathogenicity and mortality in H9N2 AIV and QX aIBV co-infected chickens possibly occurred because of an increase in H9N2 AIV replication, the regulation of telomerase activity, and the disturbance of cell metabolism and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Huang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Xiaoran Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Han
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shouli Sun
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Chuantian Xu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Ning Cui
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China.
| | - Mei Lu
- Weifang Engineering Vocational College, Qingzhou, China.
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Yang Q, Ji J, Yang J, Zhang Y, Yin H, Dai H, Wang W, Li S. Diversity of genotypes and pathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza virus derived from wild bird and domestic poultry. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1402235. [PMID: 38974026 PMCID: PMC11225357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1402235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The H9N2 subtype is a predominant avian influenza virus (AIV) circulating in Chinese poultry, forming various genotypes (A-W) based on gene segment origins. This study aims to investigate the genotypic distribution and pathogenic characteristics of H9N2 isolates from wild birds and domestic poultry in Yunnan Province, China. Methods Eleven H9N2 strains were isolated from fecal samples of overwintering wild birds and proximate domestic poultry in Yunnan, including four from common cranes (Grus grus), two from bar-headed geese (Anser indicus), and five from domestic poultry (Gallus gallus). Phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine the genotypes, and representative strains were inoculated into Yunnan mallard ducks to assess pathogenicity. Results Phylogenetic analysis revealed that five isolates from domestic birds and one from a bar-headed goose belong to genotype S, while the remaining five isolates from wild birds belong to genotype A. These bird-derived strains possess deletions in the stalk domain of NA protein and the N166D mutation of HA protein, typical of poultry strains. Genotype S H9N2 demonstrated oropharyngeal shedding, while genotype A H9N2 exhibited cloacal shedding and high viral loads in the duodenum. Both strains caused significant pathological injuries, with genotype S inducing more severe damage to the thymus and spleen, while genotype A caused duodenal muscle layer rupture. Discussion These findings suggest that at least two genotypes of H9N2 are currently circulating in Yunnan, and Yunnan mallard ducks potentially act as intermediaries in interspecies transmission. These insights highlight the importance of analyzing the current epidemiological transmission characteristics of H9N2 among wild and domestic birds in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhong Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jia Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jia Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yongxian Zhang
- Animal Disease Inspection and Supervision Institution of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Hongbin Yin
- Animal Disease Inspection and Supervision Institution of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Hongyang Dai
- The Management Bureau of Huize Black Necked Crane National Nature Reserve, Qujing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Suhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Zhang JF, Shang K, Kim SW, Park JY, Wei B, Jang HK, Kang M, Cha SY. Simultaneous construction strategy using two types of fluorescent markers for HVT vector vaccine against infectious bursal disease and H9N2 avian influenza virus by NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1385958. [PMID: 38812565 PMCID: PMC11135205 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1385958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), which was initially employed as a vaccine against Marek's disease (MD), has been shown to be a highly effective viral vector for producing recombinant vaccines that can simultaneously express the protective antigens of multiple poultry diseases. Prior to the development of commercial HVT-vectored dual-insert vaccines, the majority of HVT-vectored vaccines in use only contained a single foreign gene and were often generated using time-consuming and inefficient traditional recombination methods. The development of multivalent HVT-vectored vaccines that induce simultaneous protection against several avian diseases is of great value. In particular, efficacy interference between individual recombinant HVT vaccines can be avoided. Herein, we demonstrated the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology for the insertion of an IBDV (G2d) VP2 expression cassette into the UL45/46 region of the recombinant rHVT-HA viral genome to generate the dual insert rHVT-VP2-HA recombinant vaccine. The efficacy of this recombinant virus was also evaluated in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. PCR and sequencing results showed that the recombinant virus rHVT-VP2-HA was successfully constructed. Vaccination with rHVT-VP2-HA produced high levels of specific antibodies against IBDV (G2d) and H9N2/Y280. rHVT-VP2-HA can provide 100% protection against challenges with IBDV (G2d) and H9N2/Y280. These results demonstrate that rHVT-VP2-HA is a safe and highly efficacious vaccine for the simultaneous control of IBDV (G2d) and H9N2/Y280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Zhang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke Shang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Sang-Won Kim
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Park
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Nilsson J, Eriksson P, Naguib MM, Jax E, Sihlbom C, Olsson BM, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B, Järhult JD, Larson G, Ellström P. Expression of influenza A virus glycan receptor candidates in mallard, chicken, and tufted duck. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad098. [PMID: 38127648 PMCID: PMC10987293 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics result from interspecies transmission events within the avian reservoir and further into mammals including humans. Receptor incompatibility due to differently expressed glycan structures between species has been suggested to limit zoonotic IAV transmission from the wild bird reservoir as well as between different bird species. Using glycoproteomics, we have studied the repertoires of expressed glycan structures with focus on putative sialic acid-containing glycan receptors for IAV in mallard, chicken and tufted duck; three bird species with different roles in the zoonotic ecology of IAV. The methodology used pinpoints specific glycan structures to specific glycosylation sites of identified glycoproteins and was also used to successfully discriminate α2-3- from α2-6-linked terminal sialic acids by careful analysis of oxonium ions released from glycopeptides in tandem MS/MS (MS2), and MS/MS/MS (MS3). Our analysis clearly demonstrated that all three bird species can produce complex N-glycans including α2-3-linked sialyl Lewis structures, as well as both N- and O- glycans terminated with both α2-3- and α2-6-linked Neu5Ac. We also found the recently identified putative IAV receptor structures, Man-6P N-glycopeptides, in all tissues of the three bird species. Furthermore, we found many similarities in the repertoires of expressed receptors both between the bird species investigated and to previously published data from pigs and humans. Our findings of sialylated glycan structures, previously anticipated to be mammalian specific, in all three bird species may have major implications for our understanding of the role of receptor incompatibility in interspecies transmission of IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Vita Stråket 12, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Elinor Jax
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Baden-Württemberg DE-78315, Germany
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Olsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Vita Stråket 12, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
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Raj S, Alizadeh M, Matsuyama-Kato A, Boodhoo N, Denis MS, Nagy É, Mubareka S, Karimi K, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Efficacy of an inactivated influenza vaccine adjuvanted with Toll-like receptor ligands against transmission of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 268:110715. [PMID: 38219434 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV), including the H9N2 subtype, pose a major threat to the poultry industry as well as to human health. Although vaccination provides a protective control measure, its effect on transmission remains uncertain in chickens. The objective of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of beta-propiolactone (BPL) whole inactivated H9N2 virus (WIV) vaccine either alone or in combination with CpG ODN 2007 (CpG), poly(I:C) or AddaVax™ (ADD) to prevent H9N2 AIV transmission in chickens. The seeder chickens (trial 1) and recipient chickens (trial 2) were vaccinated twice with different vaccine formulations. Ten days after secondary vaccination, seeder chickens were infected with H9N2 AIV (trial 1) and co-housed with healthy recipient chickens. In trial 2, the recipient chickens were vaccinated and then exposed to H9N2 AIV-infected seeder chickens. Our results demonstrated that BPL+ CpG and BPL+ poly(I:C) treated chickens exhibited reduced oral and cloacal shedding in both trials post-exposure (PE). The number of H9N2 AIV+ recipient chickens in the BPL+ CpG group (trial 1) was lower than in other vaccinated groups, and the reduction was higher in BPL+ CpG recipient chickens in trial 2. BPL+ CpG vaccinated chickens demonstrated enhanced systemic antibody responses with high IgM and IgY titers with higher rates of seroprotection by day 21 post-primary vaccination (ppv). Additionally, the induction of IFN-γ expression and production was higher in the BPL+ CpG treated chickens. Interleukin (IL)- 2 expression was upregulated in both BPL+ CpG and BPL+ poly(I:C) groups at 12 and 24 hr post-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Myles St Denis
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NE, United Kingdom
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Xu X, Chen Q, Tan M, Liu J, Li X, Yang L, Shu Y, Wang D, Zhu W. Epidemiology, evolution, and biological characteristics of H6 avian influenza viruses in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2151380. [PMID: 36440484 PMCID: PMC9788695 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2151380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
H6 avian influenza virus (AIV) is one of the most prevalent AIV subtypes in birds globally. To investigate the current situation and characteristics of H6 AIVs circulating in China, we analysed the epidemiology, genetic evolution and pathogenic features of this subtype. During 2000-2021, H6 subtype AIVs spread widely through Southern China and presented high host diversity. On analysing 171 H6 viruses isolated during 2009-2021, dynamic reassortments were observed among H6 and other co-circulating AIV subtypes, and these generated a total of 16 different genotypes. A few H6N6 strains possessed L226 and S228 mutations of hemagglutinin (H3 numbering), which may enhance the affinity of H6 viruses to human receptors. H6N6 viruses also exhibited divergent pathogenicity and growth profiles in vivo and in vitro. Some of the H6N6 viruses could infect mice without mammalian adaptation, and even caused death in this species. Therefore, our study demonstrated that the H6 AIVs posed a potential threat to human health and highlighted the urgent need for continued surveillance and evaluation of the H6 influenza viruses circulating in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohao Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Yuelong Shu School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Dayan Wang National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Wenfei Zhu National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Naguib MM, Eriksson P, Jax E, Wille M, Lindskog C, Bröjer C, Krambrich J, Waldenström J, Kraus RHS, Larson G, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B, Järhult JD, Ellström P. A Comparison of Host Responses to Infection with Wild-Type Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Tufted Ducks. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0258622. [PMID: 37358408 PMCID: PMC10434033 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02586-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) from wild waterfowl to poultry is the first step in a chain of events that can ultimately lead to exposure and infection of humans. Herein, we study the outcome of infection with eight different mallard-origin IAV subtypes in two different avian hosts: tufted ducks and chickens. We found that infection and shedding patterns as well as innate immune responses were highly dependent on viral subtypes, host species, and inoculation routes. For example, intraoesophageal inoculation, commonly used in mallard infection experiments, resulted in no infections in contrast to oculonasal inoculation, suggesting a difference in transmission routes. Despite H9N2 being endemic in chickens, inoculation of mallard-origin H9N2 failed to cause viable infection beyond 1 day postinfection in our study design. The innate immune responses were markedly different in chickens and tufted ducks, and despite the presence of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) in tufted duck transcriptomes, it was neither up nor downregulated in response to infection. Overall, we have revealed the heterogeneity of infection patterns and responses in two markedly different avian hosts following a challenge with mallard-origin IAV. These virus-host interactions provide new insights into important aspects of interspecies transmission of IAV. IMPORTANCE Our current findings highlight important aspects of IAV infection in birds that have implications for our understanding of its zoonotic ecology. In contrast to mallards where the intestinal tract is the main site of IAV replication, chickens and tufted ducks show limited or no signs of intestinal infection suggesting that the fecal-oral transmission route might not apply to all bird IAV host species. Our results indicate that mallard-origin IAVs undergo genetic changes upon introduction into new hosts, suggesting rapid adaptation to a new environment. However, similar to the mallard, chickens and tufted ducks show a limited immune response to infection with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. These findings and future studies in different IAV hosts are important for our understanding of barriers to IAV transmission between species and ultimately from the wild reservoir to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elinor Jax
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michelle Wille
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janina Krambrich
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Robert H. S. Kraus
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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An SH, Hong SM, Song JH, Son SE, Lee CY, Choi KS, Kwon HJ. Engineering an Optimal Y280-Lineage H9N2 Vaccine Strain by Tuning PB2 Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108840. [PMID: 37240186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) cause economic losses in the poultry industry and provide internal genomic segments for the evolution of H5N1 and H7N9 AIVs into more detrimental strains for poultry and humans. In addition to the endemic Y439/Korea-lineage H9N2 viruses, the Y280-lineage spread to Korea since 2020. Conventional recombinant H9N2 vaccine strains, which bear mammalian pathogenic internal genomes of the PR8 strain, are pathogenic in BALB/c mice. To reduce the mammalian pathogenicity of the vaccine strains, the PR8 PB2 was replaced with the non-pathogenic and highly productive PB2 of the H9N2 vaccine strain 01310CE20. However, the 01310CE20 PB2 did not coordinate well with the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of the Korean Y280-lineage strain, resulting in a 10-fold lower virus titer compared to the PR8 PB2. To increase the virus titer, the 01310CE20 PB2 was mutated (I66M-I109V-I133V) to enhance the polymerase trimer integrity with PB1 and PA, which restored the decreased virus titer without causing mouse pathogenicity. The reverse mutation (L226Q) of HA, which was believed to decrease mammalian pathogenicity by reducing mammalian receptor affinity, was verified to increase mouse pathogenicity and change antigenicity. The monovalent Y280-lineage oil emulsion vaccine produced high antibody titers for homologous antigens but undetectable titers for heterologous (Y439/Korea-lineage) antigens. However, this defect was corrected by the bivalent vaccine. Therefore, the balance of polymerase and HA/NA activities can be achieved by fine-tuning PB2 activity, and a bivalent vaccine may be more effective in controlling concurrent H9N2 viruses with different antigenicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Song
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Son
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Poultry Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Republic of Korea
- Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center (FACTRC), GBST, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
- GeNiner Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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10
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Lee J, Cho AY, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Lee SW, Song CS. Live recombinant Newcastle disease virus vectored vaccine expressing the haemagglutinin of H9N2 avian influenza virus suppresses viral replication in chickens. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:100-107. [PMID: 36377478 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2148516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, the Y280-lineage H9N2 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) was introduced into South Korea for the first time. Current vaccines are focused on the control of Y439-like viruses; however, there are continuous reports of decrease in egg production and secondary infections caused by Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI infection in chickens. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective novel vaccines against Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI. Most commercialized avian influenza vaccines are oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccines, which are labour-intensive to administer and require higher dosage. In this study, rK148/Y280-HA, a novel recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccine against Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI, was developed and evaluated using two mass-applicable administration methods, spray vaccination and drinking water vaccination. Regardless of low serum antibody haemagglutination inhibition titres against NDV and Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI after applying the rK148/Y280-HA vaccine, vaccination with either administration method protected chickens against virulent NDV and Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAIV after the challenge. Taken together, these results indicate that the rK148/Y280 vaccine can be administered using facile mass-application methods to provide protection against the Y280-lineage LPAI.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS NDV vectored vaccine harbouring Y280-lineage H9N2 HA protein was successfully generated.NDV vectored vaccine provides protection against NDV.NDV vectored vaccine with H9N2 HA protects against homologous H9N2 LPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Y Cho
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Kim
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KHAV Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KHAV Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Cho HK, Kang YM, Sagong M, Kim J, Kim H, An S, Lee YJ, Kang HM. Protection of SPF Chickens by H9N2 Y439 and G1 Lineage Vaccine against Homologous and Heterologous Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030538. [PMID: 36992122 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior to the identification of low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 viruses belonging to the Y280 lineage in 2020, Y439 lineage viruses had been circulating in the Republic of Korea since 1996. Here, we developed a whole inactivated vaccine (vac564) by multiple passage of Y439 lineage viruses and then evaluated immunogenicity and protective efficacy in specific-pathogen-free chickens. We found that LBM564 could be produced at high yield in eggs (108.4EID50/0.1 mL; 1024 hemagglutinin units) and was immunogenic (8.0 ± 1.2 log2) in chickens. The vaccine showed 100% inhibition of virus in the cecal tonsil with no viral shedding detected in either oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs after challenge with homologous virus. However, it did not induce effective protection against challenge with heterologous virus. An imported commercial G1 lineage vaccine inhibited viral replication against Y280 and Y439 lineage viruses in major tissues, although viral shedding in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs was observed up until 5 dpi after exposure to both challenge viruses. These results suggest that a single vaccination with vac564 could elicit immune responses, showing it to be capable of protecting chickens against the Y439 lineage virus. Thus, our results suggest the need to prepare suitable vaccines for use against newly emerging and re-emerging H9N2 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhun Kim
- Bioapp Institute, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang-si 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun An
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
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12
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Begum JA, Hossain I, Nooruzzaman M, King J, Chowdhury EH, Harder TC, Parvin R. Experimental Pathogenicity of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Harboring a Tri-Basic Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site in Sonali and Broiler Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020461. [PMID: 36851676 PMCID: PMC9967266 DOI: 10.3390/v15020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 virus is endemic in Bangladesh, causing huge economic losses in the poultry industry. Although a considerable number of Bangladeshi LPAI H9N2 viruses have been molecularly characterized, there is inadequate information on the pathogenicity of H9N2 viruses in commercial poultry. In this study, circulating LPAI H9N2 viruses from recent field outbreaks were characterized, and their pathogenicity in commercial Sonali (crossbred) and broiler chickens was assessed. Phylogenetic analysis of currently circulating field viruses based on the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences revealed continuous circulation of G1 lineages containing the tri-basic hemagglutinin cleavage site (HACS) motif (PAKSKR*GLF) at the HA protein. Both the LPAI susceptible Sonali and broiler chickens were infected with selected H9N2 isolates A/chicken/Bangladesh/2458-LT2/2020 or A/chicken/Bangladesh/2465-LT56/2021 using intranasal (100 µL) and intraocular (100 µL) routes with a dose of 106 EID50/mL. Infected groups (LT_2-So1 and LT_56-So2; LT_2-Br1 and LT_56-Br2) revealed no mortality or clinical signs. However, at gross and histopathological investigation, the trachea, lungs, and intestine of the LT_2-So1 and LT_56-So2 groups displayed mild to moderate hemorrhages, congestion, and inflammation at different dpi. The LT 2-Br1 and LT 56-Br2 broiler groups showed nearly identical changes in the trachea, lungs, and intestine at various dpi, indicating no influence on pathogenicity in the two commercial bird species under study. Overall, the prominent lesions were observed up to 7 dpi and started to disappear at 10 dpi. The H9N2 viruses predominantly replicated in the respiratory tract, and higher titers of virus were shed through the oropharyngeal route than the cloacal route. Finally, this study demonstrated the continuous evolution of tri-basic HACS containing H9N2 viruses in Bangladesh with a low-pathogenic phenotype causing mild to moderate tracheitis, pneumonia, and enteritis in Sonali and commercial broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Ara Begum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ismail Hossain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Correspondence:
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13
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Genetic, Antigenic, and Pathobiological Characterization of H9 and H6 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020244. [PMID: 36838209 PMCID: PMC9962344 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9 and H6 subtypes of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) cause substantial economic losses in poultry worldwide, including Vietnam. Herein, we characterized Vietnamese H9 and H6 LPAIVs to facilitate the control of avian influenza. The space-time representative viruses of each subtype were selected based on active surveillance from 2014 to 2018 in Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis using hemagglutinin genes revealed that 54 H9 and 48 H6 Vietnamese LPAIVs were classified into the sublineages Y280/BJ94 and Group II, respectively. Gene constellation analysis indicated that 6 and 19 genotypes of the H9 and H6 subtypes, respectively, belonged to the representative viruses. The Vietnamese viruses are genetically related to the previous isolates and those in neighboring countries, indicating their circulation in poultry after being introduced into Vietnam. The antigenicity of these subtypes was different from that of viruses isolated from wild birds. Antigenicity was more conserved in the H9 viruses than in the H6 viruses. Furthermore, a representative H9 LPAIV exhibited systemic replication in chickens, which was enhanced by coinfection with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O2. Although H9 and H6 were classified as LPAIVs, their characterization indicated that their silent spread might significantly affect the poultry industry.
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14
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Raj S, Alizadeh M, Shoojadoost B, Hodgins D, Nagy É, Mubareka S, Karimi K, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Determining the Protective Efficacy of Toll-Like Receptor Ligands to Minimize H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Transmission in Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:238. [PMID: 36680279 PMCID: PMC9861619 DOI: 10.3390/v15010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9N2 subtype can infect and cause disease in chickens. Little is known about the efficacy of immune-based strategies for reducing the transmission of these viruses. The present study investigated the efficacy of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (CpG ODN 2007 and poly(I:C)) to reduce H9N2 AIV transmission from TLR-treated seeder (trial 1) or inoculated chickens (trial 2) to naive chickens. The results from trial 1 revealed that a low dose of CpG ODN 2007 led to the highest reduction in oral shedding, and a high dose of poly(I:C) was effective at reducing oral and cloacal shedding. Regarding transmission, the recipient chickens exposed to CpG ODN 2007 low-dose-treated seeder chickens showed a maximum reduction in shedding with the lowest number of AIV+ chickens. The results from trial 2 revealed a maximum reduction in oral and cloacal shedding in the poly(I:C) high-dose-treated chickens (recipients), followed by the low-dose CpG ODN 2007 group. In these two groups, the expression of type I interferons (IFNs), protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), viperin, and (interleukin) IL-1β, IL-8, and 1L-18 was upregulated in the spleen, cecal tonsils and lungs. Hence, TLR ligands can reduce AIV transmission in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Douglas Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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15
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Sagong M, Lee KN, Lee EK, Kang H, Choi YK, Lee YJ. Current situation and control strategies of H9N2 avian influenza in South Korea. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e5. [PMID: 36560837 PMCID: PMC9899936 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza (AI) has become endemic in poultry in many countries since the 1990s, which has caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. Considering the long history of the low pathogenicity H9N2 AI in many countries, once H9N2 AI is introduced, it is more difficult to eradicate than high pathogenicity AI. Various preventive measures and strategies, including vaccination and active national surveillance, have been used to control the Y439 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea, but it took a long time for the H9N2 virus to disappear from the fields. By contrast, the novel Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI was introduced in June 2020 and has spread nationwide. This study reviews the history, genetic and pathogenic characteristics, and control strategies for Korean H9N2 AI. This review may provide some clues for establishing control strategies for endemic AIV and a newly introduced Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.
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16
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Larbi I, Ghedira K, Arbi M, Butcher GD, Rego N, Naya H, Tougorti H, Lachhab J, Behi IE, Nsiri J, Ghram A. Phylogenetic analysis and assessment of the pathogenic potential of the first H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and Lagoon water in Tunisia. Virus Res 2022; 322:198929. [PMID: 36126884 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been isolated from various species of wild birds and domestic poultry worldwide. It has been reported since the late 1990s, that H9N2 AIV has infected humans as reported in some Asian and North African countries. This subtype has already been circulating and constituting a serious threat to the poultry industry in Tunisia back in 2009. To investigate zoonotic potential and pathogenicity of H9N2 AIV in chickens and mice in Tunisia, five strains have been isolated during the period from 2014 to 2018. Samples were withdrawn from several wild bird species and environment (Lagoon water) of Maamoura and Korba Lagoons as well as Kuriat Island. Phylogenetic analyzes demonstrated that the isolated H9N2 strains belonged to the G1-like sublineage and were close to AIV H9N2 poultry viruses from North Africa, West Africa and the Middle East. All strains carried in their hemagglutinin the residue 226 L, which is an important marker for avian-to-human viral transmission. The hemagglutinin cleavage site has several motifs: PSKSSR/G, PARSSR/G and HARSSR/G. The neuraminidase showed S372A and R403W substitutions that have been previously detected in H3N2 and H2N2 viruses that were reported in human pandemics. Many mutations associated with mammalian infections have been detected in internal proteins. Pathogenicity evaluation in chickens showed that GF/14 replicates effectively in the lungs, tracheas, spleens, kidneys and brains and that it was transmitted among contact chickens. However, GHG/18 replicates poorly in chickens and has not an efficient transmission in contact chickens. GF/14 and GHG/18 could not kill mice though they replicated in their respiratory tract and caused a significant body weight loss (p < 0.05). This study highlights the importance of H9N2 AIV monitoring in both migratory birds and the environment to prevent virus transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Arbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gary David Butcher
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Natalia Rego
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Naya
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departmento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Halima Tougorti
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Lachhab
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen El Behi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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17
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Zhang JL, Chen ZY, Lin SL, King CC, Chen CC, Chen PS. Airborne Avian Influenza Virus in Ambient Air in the Winter Habitats of Migratory Birds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15365-15376. [PMID: 36288568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza virus (AIV) have raised public concerns recently. Airborne AIV has been evaluated in live poultry markets and case farms; however, no study has discussed airborne AIV in ambient air in the winter habitats of migratory birds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate airborne AIV, specifically H5, H7, and H9, in a critical winter habitat of migratory birds and assess the factors influencing airborne AIV transmission in ambient air to provide novel insights into the epidemiology of avian influenza. A total of 357 ambient air samples were collected in the Aogu Wetland, Taiwan, Republic of China, between October 2017 and December 2019 and analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effects of environmental factors including air pollutants, meteorological factors, and the species of the observed migratory birds on the concentration of airborne AIV were also analyzed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the relationship between airborne AIV in ambient air and the influence factors in the winter habitats of migratory birds, demonstrating the benefits of environmental sampling for infectious disease epidemiology. The positive rate of airborne H7 (12%) was higher than that of H5 (8%) and H9 (10%). The daily mean temperature and daily maximum temperature had a significant negative correlation with influenza A, H7, and H9. Cold air masses and bird migration were significantly associated with airborne H9 and H7, respectively. In addition, we observed a significant correlation between AIV and the number of pintails, common teals, Indian spot-billed ducks, northern shovelers, Eurasian wigeons, tufted ducks, pied avocets, black-faced spoonbills, and great cormorants. In conclusion, we demonstrated the potential for alternative surveillance approaches (monitoring bird species) as an indicator for influenza-related risks and identified cold air masses and the presence of specific bird species as potential drivers of the presence and/or the airborne concentration of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin Zhang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yu Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Si-Ling Lin
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chwan-Chuen King
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Chih Chen
- Animal Biologics Pilot Production Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City912, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City912, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City912, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Shih Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
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18
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Zhang A, Li D, Song C, Jing H, Li H, Mi J, Zhang G, Jin S, Ren X, Huangfu H, Shi D, Chen R. Evaluation of different combination of pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod enhance immune responses to H9N2 avian influenza antigen in dendritic cells and duck. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271746. [PMID: 35853030 PMCID: PMC9295992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current commercial H9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) vaccines cannot provide satisfactory antibody titers and protective immunity against AIVs in duck. Toll like receptors (TLR) ligand as AIVs adjuvants can activate dendritic cells to improve immune responses in multiple animals, while the studies were absent in duck. Therefore, we investigated TLR ligands pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and/or imiquimod enhance immune responses to inactivated H9N2 avian influenza antigen (H9N2 IAIV) in peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and duck. In vitro, we observed that transcription factor NF-κB, Th1/Th2 type cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-6) and the ability of catching H9N2 IAIV antigen were significantly up-regulated when H9N2 IAIV along with TLR ligands (pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod, alone or combination) in duck MoDCs. Also, the best enhancement effects were showed in combination of pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod group, whereas IFN-α showed no significant enhancement in all experimental groups. In vivo, the results demonstrated that the percentages of CD4+/ CD8+ T lymphocytes, the levels of Th1/Th2 type cytokines and H9N2 HI titers were significant enhanced in combination of pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod group. However, pam2CSK4 alone or combining with imiquimod showed no enhancement or additive effects on Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2), Th2 cytokines (IL-6) and HI titers in Muscovy duck, respectively. Taken together, our results concluded that not all TLR ligands showed enhancement of immune responses to H9N2 IAIV in duck. The combination of poly (I:C), imiquimod and pam2CSK4 that can be an effectively adjuvant candidate for H9N2 AIVs inactivated vaccine in duck, which provide novel insights in explore waterfowl vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Huannong (Zhaoqing) Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- Henan Poultry Disease Prevention and Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (RC); (AZ)
| | - Deyin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huiyuan Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junxian Mi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuangxing Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Poultry Disease Prevention and Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Heping Huangfu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- Huannong (Zhaoqing) Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (RC); (AZ)
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19
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Panzarin V, Marciano S, Fortin A, Brian I, D’Amico V, Gobbo F, Bonfante F, Palumbo E, Sakoda Y, Le KT, Chu DH, Shittu I, Meseko C, Haido AM, Odoom T, Diouf MN, Djegui F, Steensels M, Terregino C, Monne I. Redesign and Validation of a Real-Time RT-PCR to Improve Surveillance for Avian Influenza Viruses of the H9 Subtype. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061263. [PMID: 35746734 PMCID: PMC9227555 DOI: 10.3390/v14061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the H9 subtype cause significant losses to poultry production in endemic regions of Asia, Africa and the Middle East and pose a risk to human health. The availability of reliable and updated diagnostic tools for H9 surveillance is thus paramount to ensure the prompt identification of this subtype. The genetic variability of H9 represents a challenge for molecular-based diagnostic methods and was the cause for suboptimal detection and false negatives during routine diagnostic monitoring. Starting from a dataset of sequences related to viruses of different origins and clades (Y439, Y280, G1), a bioinformatics workflow was optimized to extract relevant sequence data preparatory for oligonucleotides design. Analytical and diagnostic performances were assessed according to the OIE standards. To facilitate assay deployment, amplification conditions were optimized with different nucleic extraction systems and amplification kits. Performance of the new real-time RT-PCR was also evaluated in comparison to existing H9-detection methods, highlighting a significant improvement of sensitivity and inclusivity, in particular for G1 viruses. Data obtained suggest that the new assay has the potential to be employed under different settings and geographic areas for a sensitive detection of H9 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Panzarin
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabrina Marciano
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Andrea Fortin
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Irene Brian
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Valeria D’Amico
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Federica Gobbo
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.T.L.)
| | - Kien Trung Le
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.T.L.)
| | - Duc-Huy Chu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Hanoi 115-19, Vietnam;
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenzas and Other Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930010, Nigeria; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Clement Meseko
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenzas and Other Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930010, Nigeria; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Abdoul Malick Haido
- Laboratoire Central de l’Élevage (LABOCEL), Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage, Niamey 485, Niger;
| | - Theophilus Odoom
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Veterinary Services Directorate, Ministry of Food & Agriculture, Accra M161, Ghana;
| | - Mame Nahé Diouf
- Laboratoire National de l’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV) de l’Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann 2057, Senegal;
| | - Fidélia Djegui
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Vétérinaire et de Sérosurveillance (LADISERO), Parakou 23, Benin;
| | - Mieke Steensels
- AI/ND National Reference Laboratory, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Calogero Terregino
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Isabella Monne
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
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20
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Adel A, Abdelmagid MA, Mohamed AAE, Wasberg A, Mosaad Z, Selim K, Shaaban A, Tarek M, Hagag NM, Lundkvist Å, Ellström P, Naguib MM. Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens. Viruses 2022; 14:1030. [PMID: 35632771 PMCID: PMC9143995 DOI: 10.3390/v14051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was first discovered, the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 subtype has established linages infecting the poultry population globally and has become one of the most prevalent influenza subtypes in domestic poultry. Several different variants and genotypes of LPAI H9N2 viruses have been reported in Egypt, but little is known about their pathogenicity and how they have evolved. In this study, four different Egyptian LPAI H9N2 viruses were genetically and antigenically characterized and compared to representative H9N2 viruses from G1 lineage. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of three genetically distinct Egyptian LPAI H9N2 viruses was assessed by experimental infection in chickens. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the H9N2 virus of the Egy-2 G1-B lineage (pigeon-like) has become the dominant circulating H9N2 genotype in Egypt since 2016. Considerable variation in virus shedding at day 7 post-infections was detected in infected chickens, but no significant difference in pathogenicity was found between the infected groups. The rapid spread and emergence of new genotypes of the influenza viruses pinpoint the importance of continuous surveillance for the detection of novel reassortant viruses, as well as monitoring the viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Adel
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Marwa A. Abdelmagid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Ahmed Abd-Elhalem Mohamed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Anishia Wasberg
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.W.); (Å.L.)
| | - Zienab Mosaad
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Karim Selim
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Asmaa Shaaban
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Mohamed Tarek
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Naglaa M. Hagag
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.W.); (Å.L.)
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Mahmoud M. Naguib
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.A.-E.M.); (Z.M.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (M.T.); (N.M.H.)
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.W.); (Å.L.)
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