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Lorkiewicz P, Waszkiewicz N. Viral infections in etiology of mental disorders: a broad analysis of cytokine profile similarities - a narrative review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1423739. [PMID: 39206043 PMCID: PMC11349683 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1423739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the associated mental health complications have renewed scholarly interest in the relationship between viral infections and the development of mental illnesses, a topic that was extensively discussed in the previous century in the context of other viruses, such as influenza. The most probable and analyzable mechanism through which viruses influence the onset of mental illnesses is the inflammation they provoke. Both infections and mental illnesses share a common characteristic: an imbalance in inflammatory factors. In this study, we sought to analyze and compare cytokine profiles in individuals infected with viruses and those suffering from mental illnesses. The objective was to determine whether specific viral diseases can increase the risk of specific mental disorders and whether this risk can be predicted based on the cytokine profile of the viral disease. To this end, we reviewed existing literature, constructed cytokine profiles for various mental and viral diseases, and conducted comparative analyses. The collected data indicate that the risk of developing a specific mental illness cannot be determined solely based on cytokine profiles. However, it was observed that the combination of IL-8 and IL-10 is frequently associated with psychotic symptoms. Therefore, to assess the risk of mental disorders in infected patients, it is imperative to consider the type of virus, the mental complications commonly associated with it, the predominant cytokines to evaluate the risk of psychotic symptoms, and additional patient-specific risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Lorkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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2
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Knox D, Parikh V. Basal forebrain cholinergic systems as circuits through which traumatic stress disrupts emotional memory regulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105569. [PMID: 38309497 PMCID: PMC10948307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Contextual and spatial systems facilitate changes in emotional memory regulation brought on by traumatic stress. Cholinergic basal forebrain (chBF) neurons provide input to contextual/spatial systems and although chBF neurons are important for emotional memory, it is unknown how they contribute to the traumatic stress effects on emotional memory. Clusters of chBF neurons that project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) modulate fear conditioned suppression and passive avoidance, while clusters of chBF neurons that project to the hippocampus (Hipp) and PFC (i.e. cholinergic medial septum and diagonal bands of Broca (chMS/DBB neurons) are critical for fear extinction. Interestingly, neither Hipp nor PFC projecting chMS/DBB neurons are critical for fear extinction. The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a contextual/spatial memory system that receives input from chMS/DBB neurons, but whether this chMS/DBB-RSC circuit facilitates traumatic stress effects on emotional memory remain unexplored. Traumatic stress leads to neuroinflammation and the buildup of reactive oxygen species. These two molecular processes may converge to disrupt chBF circuits enhancing the impact of traumatic stress on emotional memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Govindula A, Ranadive N, Nampoothiri M, Rao CM, Arora D, Mudgal J. Emphasizing the Crosstalk Between Inflammatory and Neural Signaling in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:248-266. [PMID: 37097603 PMCID: PMC10577110 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic incapacitating condition with recurrent experience of trauma-related memories, negative mood, altered cognition, and hypervigilance. Agglomeration of preclinical and clinical evidence in recent years specified that alterations in neural networks favor certain characteristics of PTSD. Besides the disruption of hypothalamus-pituitary-axis (HPA) axis, intensified immune status with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and arachidonic metabolites of COX-2 such as PGE2 creates a putative scenario in worsening the neurobehavioral facet of PTSD. This review aims to link the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-V) symptomology to major neural mechanisms that are supposed to underpin the transition from acute stress reactions to the development of PTSD. Also, to demonstrate how these intertwined processes can be applied to probable early intervention strategies followed by a description of the evidence supporting the proposed mechanisms. Hence in this review, several neural network mechanisms were postulated concerning the HPA axis, COX-2, PGE2, NLRP3, and sirtuins to unravel possible complex neuroinflammatory mechanisms that are obscured in PTSD condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Govindula
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Niraja Ranadive
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - C Mallikarjuna Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Levesque P, Desmeules C, Béchard L, Huot-Lavoie M, Demers MF, Roy MA, Deslauriers J. Sex-specific immune mechanisms in PTSD symptomatology and risk: A translational overview and perspectives. Brain Res Bull 2023; 195:120-129. [PMID: 36822271 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Altered immune function in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may play a role in the disorder pathophysiology and onset. Women are more likely to develop PTSD, suggesting potential sex-specific inflammatory mechanisms underlying the dichotomous prevalence and risk of PTSD in men and women. In this review we examine the available literature to better assess the state of knowledge in the field. In humans, increased systemic inflammation is found in both men and women with PTSD, but seems to be at a greater extend in women. Despite the existence of few clinical studies taking account of sex as a factor in the observed immune changes in PTSD, challenges in the study of sex-specific immune function in humans include: controlling for confounding variates such as the type of trauma and the ethnicity; and limited methodologies available to study central nervous system (CNS)-relevant changes. Thus, preclinical studies are a valuable tool to provide us with key insights on sex-specific peripheral and CNS immune mechanisms underlying PTSD. Available preclinical studies reported increased systemic and CNS inflammation, as well as elevated trafficking of monocytes from the periphery to the brain in both male and female rodents. To date, psychological trauma-induced inflammation is more robust in female vs male rodents. Limitations of preclinical studies include animal models hardly applicable to female rodents, and hormonal changes across estrus phases that may affect immune function. The present review: (1) highlights the key findings from both human and animal studies, (2) provides guidance to address limitations; and (3) discusses the gap of knowledge on the complex intertwined interaction between the brain, neurovascular, and systemic units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Levesque
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Charles Desmeules
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Laurent Béchard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, CIUSSS-CN, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Maxime Huot-Lavoie
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, CIUSSS-CN, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Marie-France Demers
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, CIUSSS-CN, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Marc-André Roy
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, CIUSSS-CN, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jessica Deslauriers
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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5
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Shanazz K, Nalloor R, Lucas R, Vazdarjanova A. Neuroinflammation is a susceptibility factor in developing a PTSD-like phenotype. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1112837. [PMID: 37064304 PMCID: PMC10090279 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder that occurs after a traumatic event in a subset of exposed individuals. This implies the existence of susceptibility factors that foster the development of PTSD. Susceptibility factors are present before trauma and can contribute to the development and maintenance of PTSD after trauma. Manipulation of susceptibility factors may decrease the probability of developing PTSD. A putative susceptibility factor is inflammation. Patients with PTSD have been documented to have a higher pro-inflammatory profile compared to non-PTSD subjects. In addition, they are more likely to develop and die from cardiovascular disease which has a strong inflammation component. It is not known, however, whether inflammation plays a role in developing PTSD or whether reducing inflammation can prevent PTSD.MethodsWe used the Revealing Individual Susceptibility to a PTSD-like phenotype (RISP) model to behaviorally classify male rats as resilient or susceptible before trauma and tested their serum and prefrontal cortical (mPFC) levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IL-10, IFN IFNγ, and KC/GRO to determine whether inflammation represents a putative susceptibility factor for PTSD.ResultsWe found elevated IL-6 levels in the mPFC, but not serum, of susceptible rats compared to resilient animals before trauma. Serum and mPFC levels were not correlated in any of the cytokines/chemokines. Rats with high anxiety-like behavior had elevated IL-6 and IL-10 mPFC levels. Acoustic startle responses were not associated with cytokine/chemokine levels.DiscussionNeuroinflammation, rather than systemic inflammation exists in susceptible male rats before trauma and is thus a putative susceptibility factor for PTSD. Thus, susceptibility appears neurogenic in its pathogenesis. The lack of differences between susceptible and resilient rats in serum cytokine/chemokine levels infers that peripheral markers will not be useful in determining susceptibility. Chronic neuroinflammation appears more broadly associated with anxiety rather than startle responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Shanazz
- VA Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Rebecca Nalloor
- VA Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Almira Vazdarjanova
- VA Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Almira Vazdarjanova,
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Dell’Oste V, Fantasia S, Gravina D, Palego L, Betti L, Dell’Osso L, Giannaccini G, Carmassi C. Metabolic and Inflammatory Response in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Systematic Review on Peripheral Neuroimmune Biomarkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2937. [PMID: 36833633 PMCID: PMC9957545 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Several heterogeneous pathophysiology pathways have been hypothesized for being involved in the onset and course of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This systematic review aims to summarize the current evidence on the role of inflammation and immunological dysregulations in PTSD, investigating possible peripheral biomarkers linked to the neuroimmune response to stress. A total of 44 studies on the dysregulated inflammatory and metabolic response in subjects with PTSD with respect to controls were included. Eligibility criteria included full-text publications in the English language, human adult samples, studies involving both subjects with a clinical diagnosis of PTSD and a healthy control group. The research was focused on specific blood neuroimmune biomarkers, namely IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and INF-γ, as well as on the potential harmful role of reduced antioxidant activity (involving catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase). The possible role of the inflammatory-altered tryptophan metabolism was also explored. The results showed conflicting data on the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in individuals with PTSD, and a lack of study regarding the other mediators investigated. The present research suggests the need for further studies in human samples to clarify the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of PTSD, to define potential peripheral biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Dell’Oste
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Fantasia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Gravina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lionella Palego
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Betti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Liliana Dell’Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Smiley CE, Wood SK. Stress- and drug-induced neuroimmune signaling as a therapeutic target for comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108212. [PMID: 35580690 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress and substance use disorders remain two of the most highly prevalent psychiatric conditions and are often comorbid. While individually these conditions have a debilitating impact on the patient and a high cost to society, the symptomology and treatment outcomes are further exacerbated when they occur together. As such, there are few effective treatment options for these patients, and recent investigation has sought to determine the neural processes underlying the co-occurrence of these disorders to identify novel treatment targets. One such mechanism that has been linked to stress- and addiction-related conditions is neuroimmune signaling. Increases in inflammatory factors across the brain have been heavily implicated in the etiology of these disorders, and this review seeks to determine the nature of this relationship. According to the "dual-hit" hypothesis, also referred to as neuroimmune priming, prior exposure to either stress or drugs of abuse can sensitize the neuroimmune system to be hyperresponsive when exposed to these insults in the future. This review completes an examination of the literature surrounding stress-induced increases in inflammation across clinical and preclinical studies along with a summarization of the evidence regarding drug-induced alterations in inflammatory factors. These changes in neuroimmune profiles are also discussed within the context of their impact on the neural circuitry responsible for stress responsiveness and addictive behaviors. Further, this review explores the connection between neuroimmune signaling and susceptibility to these conditions and highlights the anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies that may be used for the treatment of stress and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora E Smiley
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America; WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America.
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America; WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America.
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8
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Seligowski AV, Webber TK, Marvar PJ, Ressler KJ, Philip NS. Involvement of the brain-heart axis in the link between PTSD and cardiovascular disease. Depress Anxiety 2022; 39:663-674. [PMID: 35708302 PMCID: PMC9588548 DOI: 10.1002/da.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has long been associated with a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A number of mechanisms have been implicated to underlie this brain-heart axis relationship, such as altered functioning of the autonomic nervous system and increased systemic inflammation. While neural alterations have repeatedly been observed in PTSD, they are rarely considered in the PTSD-CVD link. The brain-heart axis is a pathway connecting frontal and limbic brain regions to the brainstem and periphery via the autonomic nervous system and it may be a promising model for understanding CVD risk in PTSD given its overlap with PTSD neural deficits. We first provide a summary of the primary mechanisms implicated in the association between PTSD and CVD. We then review the brain-heart axis and its relevance to PTSD, as well as findings from PTSD trials demonstrating that a number of PTSD treatments have effects on areas of the brain-heart axis. Finally, we discuss sex considerations in the PTSD-CVD link. A critical next step in this study is to determine if PTSD treatments that affect the brain-heart axis (e.g., brain stimulation that improves autonomic function) also reduce the risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia V. Seligowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Kerry J. Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Noah S. Philip
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Anwar F, Sparrow NA, Rashid MH, Guidry G, Gezalian MM, Ley EJ, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Danovitch I, Ely EW, Karumanchi SA, Lahiri S. Systemic interleukin-6 inhibition ameliorates acute neuropsychiatric phenotypes in a murine model of acute lung injury. Crit Care 2022; 26:274. [PMID: 36100846 PMCID: PMC9469063 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute neuropsychiatric impairments occur in over 70% of patients with acute lung injury. Mechanical ventilation is a well-known precipitant of acute lung injury and is strongly associated with the development of acute delirium and anxiety phenotypes. In prior studies, we demonstrated that IL-6 mediates neuropathological changes in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of animals with mechanical ventilation-induced brain injury; however, the effect of systemic IL-6 inhibition on structural and functional acute neuropsychiatric phenotypes is not known. We hypothesized that a murine model of mechanical ventilation-induced acute lung injury (VILI) would induce neural injury to the amygdala and hippocampus, brain regions that are implicated in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, and corresponding delirium- and anxiety-like functional impairments. Furthermore, we hypothesized that these structural and functional changes would reverse with systemic IL-6 inhibition. VILI was induced using high tidal volume (35 cc/kg) mechanical ventilation. Cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) expression was quantified as a neural injury marker and found to be significantly increased in the VILI group compared to spontaneously breathing or anesthetized and mechanically ventilated mice with 10 cc/kg tidal volume. VILI mice treated with systemic IL-6 inhibition had significantly reduced amygdalar and hippocampal CC3 expression compared to saline-treated animals and demonstrated amelioration in acute neuropsychiatric behaviors in open field, elevated plus maze, and Y-maze tests. Overall, these data provide evidence of a pathogenic role of systemic IL-6 in mediating structural and functional acute neuropsychiatric symptoms in VILI and provide preclinical justification to assess IL-6 inhibition as a potential intervention to ameliorate acute neuropsychiatric phenotypes following VILI.
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10
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Murdaca G, Paladin F, Casciaro M, Vicario CM, Gangemi S, Martino G. Neuro-Inflammaging and Psychopathological Distress. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2133. [PMID: 36140234 PMCID: PMC9495653 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammaging is a low degree of chronic and systemic tissue inflammation associated with aging, and is intimately linked to pro-inflammatory mediators. These substances are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and related psychopathological symptoms. When inflammation and aging affect the brain, we use the term neuro-inflammaging. In this review, we focused on the neuro-inflammatory process typical of advanced ages and the related psychopathological symptoms, with particular attention to understanding the immune-pathogenetic mechanisms involved and the potential use of immunomodulatory drugs in the control of clinical psychological signs. Inflammation and CNS were demonstrated being intimately linked in the neuro-inflammatory loop. IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, COX and PGE are only partially responsible. BBB permeability and the consequent oxidative stress resulting from tissue damage make the rest. Some authors elaborated the "theory of cytokine-induced depression". Inflammation has a crucial role in the onset symptoms of psychopathological diseases as it is capable of altering the metabolism of biogenic monoamines involved in their pathogenesis. In recent years, NSAIDs as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of relevant psychopathological disorders associated with chronic inflammatory conditions demonstrated their efficacy. Additionally, novel molecules have been studied, such as adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept showing antidepressant and anxiolytic promising results. However, we are only at the beginning of a new era characterized by the use of biological drugs for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and this paper aims to stimulate future studies in such a direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Paladin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Casciaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Martino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
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11
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Peruzzolo TL, Pinto JV, Roza TH, Shintani AO, Anzolin AP, Gnielka V, Kohmann AM, Marin AS, Lorenzon VR, Brunoni AR, Kapczinski F, Passos IC. Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3150-3163. [PMID: 35477973 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with persistent, low-degree inflammation, which could explain the increased prevalence of autoimmune conditions and accelerated aging among patients. The aim of the present study is to assess which inflammatory and oxidative stress markers are associated with PTSD. We carried out a meta-analytic and meta-regression analysis based on a systematic review of studies comparing inflammatory and oxidative stress markers between patients with PTSD and controls. We undertook meta-analyses whenever values of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were available in two or more studies. Overall, 28,008 abstracts were identified, and 54 studies were included, with a total of 8394 participants. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. Concentrations of C-reactive protein (SMD = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.21 to 1.06; p = 0.0031; k = 12), interleukin 6 (SMD = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.36 to 1.52; p = 0.0014; k = 32), and tumor necrosis factor-α (SMD = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.23 to 1.55; p = 0.0080; k = 24) were significantly increased in patients with PTSD in comparison with healthy controls. Interleukin 1β levels almost reached the threshold for significance (SMD = 1.20; 95% CI: -0.04 to 2.44; p = 0.0569; k = 15). No oxidative stress marker was associated with PTSD. These findings may explain why PTSD is associated with accelerated aging and illnesses in which immune activation has a key role, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. In addition, they pointed to the potential role of inflammatory markers as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lauxen Peruzzolo
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jairo Vinícius Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Roza
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Ossamu Shintani
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Anzolin
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Gnielka
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Moura Kohmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Salvador Marin
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitória Ruschel Lorenzon
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Russowsky Brunoni
- Centro de Pesquisas Clínicas e Epidemiológicas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Departamentos de Clínica Médica e Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Psiquiatria (IMBION), Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ives Cavalcante Passos
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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12
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Szafoni S, Piegza M. Progress in Personalized Psychiatric Therapy with the Example of Using Intranasal Oxytocin in PTSD Treatment. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1067. [PMID: 35887564 PMCID: PMC9317706 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe mental disorder that results in the frequent coexistence of other diseases, lowers patients' quality of life, and has a high annual cost of treatment. However, despite the variety of therapeutic approaches that exist, some patients still do not achieve the desired results. In addition, we may soon face an increase in the number of new PTSD cases because of the current global situation-both the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing armed conflicts. Hence, in recent years, many publications have sought a new, more personalized treatment approach. One such approach is the administration of intranasal oxytocin (INOXT), which, due to its pleiotropic effects, seems to be a promising therapeutic option. However, the current findings suggest that it might only be helpful for a limited, strictly selected group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Szafoni
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 42-612 Tarnowskie Góry, Poland;
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13
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Gupta S, Guleria RS. Involvement of Nuclear Factor-κB in Inflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132034. [PMID: 35805118 PMCID: PMC9265339 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition which develops either due to stress or witnessing a traumatic situation. PTSD is characterized by acute and chronic stress response exhibit anxiety, fear, and an increased inflammatory etiology. Inflammation contributes a critical role in several parts of the brain that control fear and flashback cognatic function. It is known that impairment of the neurological circuit leads to the development of PTSD. Evidence has suggested that dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and inflammatory responsiveness are pivotal and a greater risk in PTSD. NF-κB, a master regulator for inflammation, has been showed to modulate memory reconsolidation and synaptic plasticity; however, NF-κB’s association with PTSD remain elusive. In this review, we provide relevant findings regarding NF-κB activity in various components of brain and describe a potential mechanism linking PTSD using preclinical and clinical models. We envisage NF-κB signaling as a crucial mediator for inflammation, cognitive function, memory restoration and behavioral actions of stress and suggest that it could be used for therapeutic intervention in PTSD.
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14
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Raut SB, Marathe PA, van Eijk L, Eri R, Ravindran M, Benedek DM, Ursano RJ, Canales JJ, Johnson LR. Diverse therapeutic developments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicate common mechanisms of memory modulation. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108195. [PMID: 35489438 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), characterized by abnormally persistent and distressing memories, is a chronic debilitating condition in need of new treatment options. Current treatment guidelines recommend psychotherapy as first line management with only two drugs, sertraline and paroxetine, approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of PTSD. These drugs have limited efficacy as they only reduce symptoms related to depression and anxiety without producing permanent remission. PTSD remains a significant public health problem with high morbidity and mortality requiring major advances in therapeutics. Early evidence has emerged for the beneficial effects of psychedelics particularly in combination with psychotherapy for management of PTSD, including psilocybin, MDMA, LSD, cannabinoids, ayahuasca and ketamine. MDMA and psilocybin reduce barrier to therapy by increasing trust between therapist and patient, thus allowing for modification of trauma related memories. Furthermore, research into the memory reconsolidation mechanisms has allowed for identification of various pharmacological targets to disrupt abnormally persistent memories. A number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have investigated novel and re-purposed pharmacological agents to disrupt fear memory in PTSD. Novel therapeutic approaches like neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, cannabinoids and neuroactive steroids have also shown potential for PTSD treatment. Here, we focus on the role of fear memory in the pathophysiology of PTSD and propose that many of these new therapeutic strategies produce benefits through the effect on fear memory. Evaluation of recent research findings suggests that while a number of drugs have shown promising results in preclinical studies and pilot clinical trials, the evidence from large scale clinical trials would be needed for these drugs to be incorporated in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket B Raut
- Schools of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Padmaja A Marathe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Liza van Eijk
- Department of Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Manoj Ravindran
- Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, North-West Private Hospital, Burnie TAS 7320, Australia
| | - David M Benedek
- Centre for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Centre for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Juan J Canales
- Schools of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Luke R Johnson
- Schools of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia; Centre for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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15
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Neuroinflammation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050953. [PMID: 35625690 PMCID: PMC9138406 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a well-known mental illness, which is caused by various stressors, including memories of past physical assaults and psychological pressure. It is diagnosed as a mental and behavioral disorder, but increasing evidence is linking it to the immune system and inflammatory response. Studies on the relationship between inflammation and PTSD revealed that patients with PTSD had increased levels of inflammatory cytokine biomarkers, such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor-κB, and C-reactive protein, compared with healthy controls. In addition, animal model experiments imitating PTSD patients suggested the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of PTSD. In this review, we summarize the definition of PTSD and its association with increased inflammation, its mechanisms, and future predictable diseases and treatment possibilities. We also discuss anti-inflammatory treatments to address inflammation in PTSD.
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16
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Renner V, Schellong J, Bornstein S, Petrowski K. Stress-induced pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in female PTSD and depressive patients. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:158. [PMID: 35422029 PMCID: PMC9010431 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the hypothalamus pituitary-axis on one hand and heightened rates of somatic diseases and mortality on the other hand are consistently found for PTSD and MDD patients. A possible link between these factors might be the immune system, in particular pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A 'low-grade inflammation' in PTSD and MDD patients was found, whereas the influence of acute stress and the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines was rarely examined. In this study, 17 female PTSD patients participated in the Trier social stress test while serum cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-10) were assessed. Cytokine levels of PTSD patients were compared with levels of female depressive patients (n = 18) and female healthy controls (n = 18). Group differences were assessed using a 3 (group) x 8 (time: -15, -1, +1, +10, +20, +30, +45, +60 min) ANCOVA for repeated measures with baseline values as covariates. There was no group difference regarding IL-6 levels (p = 0.920) but PTSD patients showed significantly higher levels of IL-10 compared with depressive patients (p < 0.001, d = 0.16) and healthy controls (p = 0.001, d = 0.38). Under acute stress, PTSD patients did not show the widely found elevated IL-6 levels but showed an increase of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Therefore, acute stress seems to promote an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in PTSD and might indicate a hyperreactive immune response. This should be considered in future studies to further understand the role of the immune system as a link between stress response and somatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Renner
- Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Julia Schellong
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Petrowski
- Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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17
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Malik S, Alnaji O, Malik M, Gambale T, Rathbone MP. Correlation between Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and Emotional Symptom Traits: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12010102. [PMID: 35053845 PMCID: PMC8773760 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Both mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) and systemic injuries trigger a transient neuroinflammatory response that result in similar clinical outcome. The ensuing physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms fail to subside in approximately 15–20% of the concussed population. Emotional impairments, particularly depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are commonly associated with poor recovery following mTBI. These emotional impairments also have a significant neuroinflammatory component. We hypothesized that the inflammatory cytokines seen in mTBI patients with emotional symptoms would coincide with those commonly seen in patients with emotional symptoms without mTBI. A systematic review was conducted to identify the most common neuroinflammatory cytokines in the mTBI population with psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, PTSD). The electronic databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PUBMED, and PSYCINFO were searched from data inception to 31 August 2021. A systematic screening approach was employed from screening to data analysis. A total of 994 articles were screened, 108 were selected for full article review, and 8 were selected for data analysis. The included studies consisted of 875 patients of which 81.3% were male. The mean sample size of patients with at least one mTBI was 73.8 ± 70.3 (range, 9–213), with a mean age of 33.9 ± 4.8 years. The most common cytokines associated with poor psychological outcomes involving PTSD and/or depression in the chronic mTBI population were IL-6, TNFα, IL-10, and CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Malik
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Omar Alnaji
- Faculty of Life Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Mahnoor Malik
- Bachelor of Health Sciences Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Teresa Gambale
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (T.G.); (M.P.R.)
| | - Michel Piers Rathbone
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (T.G.); (M.P.R.)
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18
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Chen YL, Zheng YJ, Shen YL, Guo QW, Chen X, Lin J, Fang DZ. Male adolescents with Interleukin 10 rs1800872 AA genotype had higher prevalence and slower recoveries of post-traumatic stress disorder at late stage of a follow-up. Neurosci Lett 2021; 771:136411. [PMID: 34952166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathophysiological mechanisms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are elusive and heterogeneous relationships have been reported among PTSD, Interleukin 10 (IL-10), and other factors after stresses. The present study aimed to longitudinally investigate associations of PTSD with environmental factors and genetic variation of rs1800872 at IL-10 gene. METHODS Symptoms of PTSD were measured by PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) in 462 high school students at 6, 12, and 18 months after Wenchuan earthquake in China. Genotypes of IL-10 rs1800872 were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and verified by DNA sequencing. RESULTS AA homozygotes had higher PTSD prevalence than C allele carriers only at 18 months in male, but not female subjects. PTSD prevalence at 18 months was lowered in all subjects except male AA homozygotes when compared to that at 6 months, and only in female C allele carriers when compared to that at 12 months. PCL-C scores at 18 months were decreased in all students but not in male AA homozygotes when compared to those at 6 months. IL-10 rs1800872 was associated with PTSD at 18 months. Patterns of predictors of PCL-C scores were different between AA homozygotes and C allele carriers at different times during the follow-up. CONCLUSION There were different reciprocal actions of IL-10 rs1800872 with other potential factors or predictors on PTSD in a time-course and gender-dependent manner. Male students with IL-10 rs1800872 AA genotype had higher prevalence and slower recoveries of PTSD at late stage of the follow-up, suggesting requirements of special psychiatric care or drug supplementation at this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Yan Jiang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Yi Lin Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Qi Wei Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Ding Zhi Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, PR China.
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19
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Williamson JB, Jaffee MS, Jorge RE. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Anxiety-Related Conditions. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2021; 27:1738-1763. [PMID: 34881734 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides a synopsis of current assessment and treatment considerations for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related anxiety disorder characteristics. Epidemiologic and neurobiological data are reviewed as well as common associated symptoms, including sleep disruption, and treatment approaches to these conditions. RECENT FINDINGS PTSD is no longer considered an anxiety-related disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition classification and instead is associated with trauma/stressor-related disorders. PTSD symptoms are clustered into four domains including intrusive experiences, avoidance, mood, and arousal symptoms. Despite this reclassification, similarities exist in consideration of diagnosis, treatment, and comorbidities with anxiety disorders. PTSD and anxiety-related disorders are heterogeneous, which is reflected by the neural circuits involved in the genesis of symptoms that may vary across symptom domains. Treatment is likely to benefit from consideration of this heterogeneity.Research in animal models of fear and anxiety, as well as in humans, suggests that patients with PTSD and generalized anxiety disorder have difficulty accurately determining safety from danger and struggle to suppress fear in the presence of safety cues.Empirically supported psychotherapies commonly involved exposure (fear extinction learning) and are recommended for PTSD. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been shown to be effective in other anxiety-related disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are commonly used in the treatment of PTSD and anxiety disorders in which pharmacologic intervention is supported. Treating sleep disruption including sleep apnea (continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP]), nightmares, and insomnia (preferably via psychotherapy) may improve symptoms of PTSD, as well as improve mood in anxiety disorders. SUMMARY PTSD has a lifetime prevalence that is close to 10% and shares neurobiological features with anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are the most common class of mental conditions and are highly comorbid with other disorders; treatment considerations typically include cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacologic intervention. Developing technologies show some promise as treatment alternatives in the future.
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21
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Dehelean L, Papava I, Musat MI, Bondrescu M, Bratosin F, Bucatos BO, Bortun AMC, Mager DV, Romosan RS, Romosan AM, Paczeyka R, Cut TG, Pescariu SA, Laza R. Coping Strategies and Stress Related Disorders in Patients with COVID-19. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101287. [PMID: 34679351 PMCID: PMC8533929 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe COVID-19 experience high-stress levels and thus are at risk for developing acute stress disorder (ASD) and/or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study aims to search for correlations between psychiatric response to stress and coping strategies among individuals with acute vs. remitted COVID-19. Ninety subjects with COVID-19 were included in the study, divided into two samples by disease category. Our focus was analysing the perceived stress intensity according to NSESSS and PCL-C-17 scales, and coping strategies with COPE-60. High NSESSS scores were found in 40% of acute patients, and 15.6% of remitted patients had high PCL-C-17 scores fulfilling the criteria for PTSD. We found a negative correlation between stress level and disease category. Acute patients used significantly more engagement and emotion-focused coping methods, but less disengagement types of coping than patients in the remitted phase. Remitted patients under high stress levels are prone to use disengagement and emotion-focused coping strategies. In conclusion, remitted COVID-19 patients experience lower levels of stress and use less emotion-focused strategies, except among those who developed PTSD post-COVID-19 infection, presenting with high-stress levels and using more disengagement and emotion-focused types of coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Dehelean
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Center for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ion Papava
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Center for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Madalina Iuliana Musat
- Neuropsychiatry Hospital Craiova—Psychiatry Clinic I, Aleea Potelu 24, 200317 Craiova, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Mariana Bondrescu
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Felix Bratosin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.B.); (R.L.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Bianca Oana Bucatos
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ana-Maria Cristina Bortun
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Daniela Violeta Mager
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Radu Stefan Romosan
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Center for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ana-Maria Romosan
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Roxana Paczeyka
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Talida Georgiana Cut
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.B.); (R.L.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Silvius Alexandru Pescariu
- Department VI, Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ruxandra Laza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.B.); (R.L.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
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22
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González-Castro TB, Tovilla-Zárate CA, López-Narváez ML, Genis-Mendoza AD, Juárez-Rojop IE. Interleukin-6 Levels in Serum, Plasma, and Cerebral Spinal Fluid in Individuals with Suicide Behavior: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 41:258-267. [PMID: 34280025 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2020.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations have an important role in suicide behavior (SB) as they are usually increased in these individuals, although no conclusive outcomes have been attained. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the IL-6 levels in plasma, serum, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) to determine through a meta-analysis if these levels are increased in individuals with SB in comparison to a group. We calculated the standardized mean difference and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). In the systematic review, 21 studies were included, while in the meta-analysis, we included nine studies. The results of our meta-analysis indicated that individuals with SB had reduced levels of IL-6 in plasma (d - 0.189, 95% CI: -0.274 to -0.103, Z, P (Q) = 0.339, I2 = 7.478), but increased levels of IL-6 in serum (d - 1.14, 95% CI: 0.658 to 1.630, Z, P (Q) = 0.26, I2 = 7.47) and CSF (d 0.64, 95% CI: 0.245 to 1.035, Z, P (Q) = 0.163, I2 = 44.80). The meta-regression analysis showed an association between males and high IL-6 levels in plasma (P = 0.003) and serum (P = 0.010), but not the central nervous system (CNS), while age was not associated with IL-6 levels in any of the samples evaluated (plasma, serum, or CNS). The present meta-analysis indicates that serum and CNS IL-6 levels are increased in individuals with SB, while plasma IL-6 levels are decreased, highlighting the importance of the biological sample at the moment of selecting IL-6 as biomarker. However, we need more studies performed in different populations that measure IL-6 and also consider gender when these measures are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma Beatriz González-Castro
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, México
| | | | | | - Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, México
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23
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Katrinli S, Smith AK. Immune system regulation and role of the human leukocyte antigen in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100366. [PMID: 34355049 PMCID: PMC8322450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that adversely affect mental and physical health. Recent studies have increasingly explored the role of the immune system in risk for PTSD and its related symptoms. Dysregulation of the immune system may lead to central nervous system tissue damage and impair learning and memory processes. Individuals with PTSD often have comorbid inflammatory or auto-immune disorders. Evidence shows associations between PTSD and multiple genes that are involved in immune-related or inflammatory pathways. In this review, we will summarize the evidence of immune dysregulation in PTSD, outlining the contributions of distinct cell types, genes, and biological pathways. We use the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) locus to illustrate the contribution of genetic variation to function in different tissues that contribute to PTSD etiology, severity, and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Katrinli
- Emory University, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Emory University, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Corne R, Besson V, Ait Si Slimane S, Coutan M, Palhas MLC, Shen FX, Marchand-Leroux C, Ogier M, Mongeau R. Insulin-like Growth Factors may be Markers of both Traumatic Brain Injury and Fear-Related Stress. Neuroscience 2021; 466:205-221. [PMID: 33895341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are potent neurotrophic and neurorepair factors that were recently proposed as biomarkers of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and associated psychiatric comorbidities, in particular post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD). We tested the hypothesis that the IGF system is differentially deregulated in the acute and early chronic stages of TBI, and under acute stress. Plasma and brain IGF1 and IGF2 levels were evaluated in mice 3 weeks and 3 days after a controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced mild-to-moderate TBI. The effects of conditioned fear on IGF levels and its interaction with TBI (TBI followed, 3 weeks later, by fear-inducing procedures) were also evaluated. In the plasma, IGF1 decreased 3 weeks post-TBI only (-9%), whereas IGF2 remained unaffected. In the brain, IGF1 increased only in the cortex and hippocampus at 3 weeks post-TBI (up to +650%). At 3 days, surpringly, this increase was more diffuse and more important in sham (craniotomized) animals. Additionally, IGF2 immunostaining in brain ventricles was reorganized in TBI animals at both post-TBI stages. Conditioned fear exposure did not influence the effects of early chronic TBI on plasma IGF1 levels, but reduced plasma IGF2 (-6%) levels. It also dampened the effects of TBI on brain IGF systems, but brain IGF1 level and IGF2 tissue distribution remained statistically different from controls under these conditions. In co-exposed animals, DNA methylation increased at the hippocampal Igf1 gene promoter. These results show that blood IGF1 and IGF2 are most reduced in the early chronic phase of TBI and after exposure to a stressful event, and that the brain IGF system is up-regulated after TBI, and more so in the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Corne
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Besson
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; UMR_S1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sofiane Ait Si Slimane
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coutan
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale de Armées, 1 place du Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge Cedex, France
| | - Marta L C Palhas
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Fang Xue Shen
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marchand-Leroux
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; UMR_S1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Michaël Ogier
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale de Armées, 1 place du Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge Cedex, France
| | - Raymond Mongeau
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 3649 T3S-1124 - UMR-S 1124 - Addictions, Pharmacology and Therapy, Université Paris Descartes, 45, rue des Saint-Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
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25
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Manukhina EB, Tseilikman VE, Komelkova MV, Lapshin MS, Goryacheva AV, Kondashevskaya MV, Mkhitarov VA, Lazuko SS, Tseilikman OB, Sarapultsev AP, Dmitrieva YA, Strizhikov VK, Kuzhel OP, Downey HF. Сardiac injury in rats with experimental posttraumatic stress disorder and mechanisms of its limitation in experimental posttraumatic stress disorder-resistant rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:759-771. [PMID: 33411642 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00694.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic stress causes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is associated with cardiovascular diseases and risk of sudden cardiac death in some subjects. We compared effects of predator stress (PS, cat urine scent, 10 days) on mechanisms of cardiac injury and protection in experimental PTSD-vulnerable (PTSD) and -resistant (PTSDr) rats. Fourteen days post-stress, rats were evaluated with an elevated plus-maze test, and assigned to PTSD and PTSDr groups according to an anxiety index calculated from the test results. Cardiac injury was evaluated by: 1) exercise tolerance; 2) ECG; 3) myocardial histomorphology; 4) oxidative stress; 5) pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Myocardial heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was also measured. Experimental PTSD developed in 40% of rats exposed to PS. Exercise tolerance of PTSD rats was 25% less than control rats and 21% less than PTSDr rats. ECG QRS, QT, and OTc intervals were significantly longer in PTSD rats than in control and PTSDr rats. Only cardiomyocytes of PTSD rats had histomorphological signs of metabolic and hypoxic injury and impaired contractility. Oxidative stress markers were higher in PTSD than in PTSDr rats. Pro-inflammatory IL-6 was higher in PTSD rats than in control and PTSDr rats, and anti-inflammatory IL-4 was lower in PTSD than in control and PTSDr rats. Myocardial HSP70 was lower in PTSD rats than in PTSDr and control rats. Our conclusion was that rats with PTSD developed multiple signs of cardiac injury. PTSDr rats were resistant also to cardiac injury. Factors that limit cardiac damage in PS rats include reduced inflammation and oxidative stress and increased protective HSP70.NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, rats exposed to stress were segregated into experimental PTSD (ePTSD)-susceptible and ePTSD-resistant rats. Cardiac injury, ECG changes, and impaired exercise tolerance were more pronounced in ePTSD-susceptible rats. Resistance to ePTSD was associated with decreased inflammation and oxidative stress and with increased protective heat shock protein 70. Results may help identify individuals at high risk of PTSD and also provide a foundation for developing preventive and therapeutic means to restrict PTSD-associated cardiac morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia B Manukhina
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Regulatory Mechanisms of Stress and Adaptation, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Vadim E Tseilikman
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Maria V Komelkova
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim S Lapshin
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V Goryacheva
- Laboratory for Regulatory Mechanisms of Stress and Adaptation, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina V Kondashevskaya
- Laboratory for Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A Mkhitarov
- Laboratory for Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana S Lazuko
- Department of Normal Physiology, Vitebsk State Medical University, Vitebsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Olga B Tseilikman
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation.,School of Basic Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey P Sarapultsev
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Immunopathophysiology, Institute of Immunology and Physiology of RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia A Dmitrieva
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Viktor K Strizhikov
- Department of Morphology and Histology, South Ural State Agricultural University, Troitsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga P Kuzhel
- Department of Normal Physiology, Vitebsk State Medical University, Vitebsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - H Fred Downey
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation.,Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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26
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Chang CC, Liu CD, Pan SF, Huang WH, Peng CW, Hsu HJ. Targeting of interleukin-10 receptor by a potential human interleukin-10 peptide efficiently blocks interleukin-10 pathway-dependent cell proliferation. Tzu Chi Med J 2020; 32:245-253. [PMID: 32955521 PMCID: PMC7485672 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_237_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Human interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a dimeric and pleiotropic cytokine that plays a crucial role in cellular immunoregulatory responses. As IL-10 binds to its receptors, IL-10Ra and IL-10Rb, it will suppress or induce the downstream cellular immune responses to protect from diseases. Materials and Methods In this study, a potential peptide derived from IL-10 based on molecular docking and structural analysis was designed and validated by a series of cell assays to block IL-10 binding to receptor IL-10Ra for the inhibition of cell growth. Results The simulation results indicate that the designed peptide IL10NM25 bound to receptor IL-10Ra is dominated by electrostatic interactions, whereas van der Waals (VDW) and hydrophobic interactions are minor. The cell experiments showed that IL10NM25 specifically binds to receptor IL-10Ra on the cell surface of two B-lineage cell lines, B lymphoma derived (BJAB), and lymphoblastoid cell line, whereas the mutant and scramble peptides are not able to suppress the binding of IL-10 to receptor IL-10Ra, consistent with the molecular simulation predictions. Conclusion This study demonstrates that structure-based peptide design can be effective in the development of peptide drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chun Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Der Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Pan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Huang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Peng
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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27
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Ilchmann-Diounou H, Menard S. Psychological Stress, Intestinal Barrier Dysfunctions, and Autoimmune Disorders: An Overview. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1823. [PMID: 32983091 PMCID: PMC7477358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders (ADs) are multifactorial diseases involving, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors characterized by an inappropriate immune response toward self-antigens. In the past decades, there has been a continuous rise in the incidence of ADs, which cannot be explained by genetic factors alone. Influence of psychological stress on the development or the course of autoimmune disorders has been discussed for a long time. Indeed, based on epidemiological studies, stress has been suggested to precede AD occurrence and to exacerbate symptoms. Furthermore, compiling data showed that most of ADs are associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, that is, microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal hyperpermeability, and intestinal inflammation. Interestingly, social stress (acute or chronic, in adult or in neonate) is a well-described intestinal disrupting factor. Taken together, those observations question a potential role of stress-induced defect of the intestinal barrier in the onset and/or the course of ADs. In this review, we aim to present evidences supporting the hypothesis for a role of stress-induced intestinal barrier disruption in the onset and/or the course of ADs. We will mainly focus on autoimmune type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, ADs for which we could find sufficient circumstantial data to support this hypothesis. We excluded gastrointestinal (GI) ADs like coeliac disease to privilege ADs not focused on intestinal disorders to avoid confounding factors. Indeed, GIADs are characterized by antibodies directed against intestinal barrier actors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/epidemiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/microbiology
- Autoimmunity
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/microbiology
- Dysbiosis
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/epidemiology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/microbiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/epidemiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/microbiology
- Permeability
- Risk Factors
- Stress, Psychological/epidemiology
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandrine Menard
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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28
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Vedantam A, Brennan J, Levin HS, McCarthy JJ, Dash PK, Redell JB, Yamal JM, Robertson CS. Early versus Late Profiles of Inflammatory Cytokines after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Their Association with Neuropsychological Outcomes. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:53-62. [PMID: 32600167 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite pre-clinical evidence for the role of inflammation in traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is limited data on inflammatory biomarkers in mild TBI (mTBI). In this study, we describe the profile of plasma inflammatory cytokines and explore associations between these cytokines and neuropsychological outcomes after mTBI. Patients with mTBI with negative computed tomography and orthopedic injury (OI) controls without mTBI were prospectively recruited from emergency rooms at three trauma centers. Plasma inflammatory cytokine levels were measured from venous whole-blood samples that were collected at enrollment (within 24 h of injury) and at 6 months after injury. Neuropsychological tests were performed at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the injury. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify associations between inflammatory cytokines and neuropsychological outcomes. A total of 53 mTBI and 24 OI controls were included in this study. The majority of patients were male (62.3%), and injured in motor vehicle accidents (37.7%). Plasma interleukin (IL)-2 (p = 0.01) and IL-6 (p = 0.01) within 24 h post-injury were significantly higher for mTBI patients compared with OI controls. Elevated plasma IL-2 at 24 h was associated with more severe 1-week post-concussive symptoms (p = 0.001). At 6 months, elevated plasma IL-10 was associated with greater depression scores (p = 0.004) and more severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (p = 0.001). Plasma cytokine levels (within 24 h and at 6 months post-injury) were significantly associated with early and late post-concussive symptoms, PTSD, and depression scores after mTBI. These results highlight the potential role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic symptoms after mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Vedantam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey Brennan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harvey S Levin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James J McCarthy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pramod K Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John B Redell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jose-Miguel Yamal
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
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29
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Steardo L, Steardo L, Verkhratsky A. Psychiatric face of COVID-19. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:261. [PMID: 32732883 PMCID: PMC7391235 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a severe multiorgan pathology which, besides cardio-respiratory manifestations, affects the function of the central nervous system (CNS). The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), similarly to other coronaviruses demonstrate neurotropism; the viral infection of the brain stem may complicate the course of the disease through damaging central cardio-respiratory control. The systemic inflammation as well as neuroinflammatory changes are associated with massive increase of the brain pro-inflammatory molecules, neuroglial reactivity, altered neurochemical landscape and pathological remodelling of neuronal networks. These organic changes, emerging in concert with environmental stress caused by experiences of intensive therapy wards, pandemic fears and social restrictions, promote neuropsychiatric pathologies including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder (BD), various psychoses, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 represent serious clinical challenge that has to be considered for future complex therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Steardo
- Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy.
- Fortunato University, Benevento, Italy.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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30
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Kokkosis AG, Tsirka SE. Neuroimmune Mechanisms and Sex/Gender-Dependent Effects in the Pathophysiology of Mental Disorders. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:175-192. [PMID: 32661057 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.266163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune mechanisms have emerged as critical regulators of CNS homeostasis and mental health. A plethora of immunologic factors have been reported to interact with emotion- and behavior-related neuronal circuits, modulating susceptibility and resilience to mental disorders. However, it remains unclear whether immune dysregulation is a cardinal causal factor or an outcome of the pathologies associated with mental disorders. Emerging variations in immune regulatory pathways based on sex differences provide an additional framework for discussion in these psychiatric disorders. In this review, we present the current literature pertaining to the effects that disrupted immune pathways have in mental disorder pathophysiology, including immune dysregulation in CNS and periphery, microglial activation, and disturbances of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, we present the suggested origins of such immune dysregulation and discuss the gender and sex influence of the neuroimmune substrates that contribute to mental disorders. The findings challenge the conventional view of these disorders and open the window to a diverse spectrum of innovative therapeutic targets that focus on the immune-specific pathophenotypes in neuronal circuits and behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The involvement of gender-dependent inflammatory mechanisms on the development of mental pathologies is gaining momentum. This review addresses these novel factors and presents the accumulating evidence introducing microglia and proinflammatory elements as critical components and potential targets for the treatment of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Kokkosis
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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31
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Sanchis-Soler G, Tortosa-Martínez J, Manchado-Lopez C, Cortell-Tormo JM. The effects of stress on cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease: Physical exercise as a counteract measure. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 152:157-193. [PMID: 32450995 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AD is a complicated multi-systemic neurological disorder that involves different biological pathways. Several risk factors have been identified, including chronic stress. Chronic stress produces an alteration in the activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) system, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which over time increase the risk of AD and also the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity and type 2 diabetes, associated with cognitive impairment and AD. Considering the multi-factorial etiology of AD, understanding the complex interrelationships between different risk factors is of potential interest for designing adequate strategies for preventing, delaying the onset or slowing down the progression of this devastating disease. Thus, in this review we will explore the general mechanisms and evidence linking stress, cardiovascular disease and AD, and discuss the potential benefits of physical activity for AD by counteracting the negative effects of chronic stress, CVD and risk factors.
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Inflammation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Review of Potential Correlates of PTSD with a Neurological Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020107. [PMID: 31991875 PMCID: PMC7070581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic condition characterized by symptoms of physiological and psychosocial burden. While growing research demonstrated signs of inflammation in PTSD, specific biomarkers that may be representative of PTSD such as the detailed neural correlates underlying the inflammatory responses in relation to trauma exposure are seldom discussed. Here, we review recent studies that explored alterations in key inflammatory markers in PTSD, as well as neuroimaging-based studies that further investigated signs of inflammation within the brain in PTSD, as to provide a comprehensive summary of recent literature with a neurological perspective. A search was conducted on studies published from 2009 through 2019 in PubMed and Web of Science. Fifty original articles were selected. Major findings included elevated levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines in individuals with PTSD across various trauma types, as compared with those without PTSD. Furthermore, neuroimaging-based studies demonstrated that altered inflammatory markers are associated with structural and functional alterations in brain regions that are responsible for the regulation of stress and emotion, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortex. Future studies that utilize both central and peripheral inflammatory markers are warranted to elucidate the underlying neurological pathway of the pathophysiology of PTSD.
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Hori H, Yoshida F, Itoh M, Lin M, Niwa M, Ino K, Imai R, Ogawa S, Matsui M, Kamo T, Kunugi H, Kim Y. Proinflammatory status-stratified blood transcriptome profiling of civilian women with PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 111:104491. [PMID: 31698278 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains largely unknown. Studies have shown that a significant subset of patients with PTSD exhibit increased inflammation, suggesting that the understanding of this disorder could be facilitated by classifying these patients by inflammatory status. Here we performed a microarray-based blood transcriptome analysis on proinflammatory status-stratified Japanese civilian women with PTSD most of whom developed the disorder after experiencing interpersonal violence. By utilizing our previously identified cut-off serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) level that approximately corresponded to the median IL-6 level of our PTSD patients, we classified patients into those with high IL-6 levels and those with normal IL-6 levels (n = 16 for each). Transcriptome profiles of these 2 groups were compared with the profile of 16 age-matched healthy control women. Differentially expressed genes between high IL-6 patients and controls showed significant enrichment in a number of gene ontology terms and pathways primarily involved in immune/inflammatory responses, and their protein-protein interaction network was significantly enriched. In contrast, differentially expressed genes between normal IL-6 patients and controls showed significant enrichment in several gene ontology terms related to ion transport and neural function. The microarray data were confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. These findings illustrate the heterogeneous molecular mechanisms of PTSD within this relatively homogeneous sample in terms of sex, trauma type, and ethnicity, suggesting that peripheral proinflammatory status such as IL-6 levels could be a useful subtyping marker for this disorder. With further research, it is hoped that our findings will be translated into personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Fuyuko Yoshida
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Itoh
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mingming Lin
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Niwa
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Ino
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Risa Imai
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sei Ogawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mie Matsui
- Department of Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshiko Kamo
- Wakamatsu-cho Mental and Skin Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kim
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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A Novel Role of Ascorbic Acid in Anti-Inflammatory Pathway and ROS Generation in HEMA Treated Dental Pulp Stem Cells. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010130. [PMID: 31892218 PMCID: PMC6981406 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Resin (co)monomers issued from restorative dental materials are able to distribute in the dental pulp or the gingiva, to get to the saliva and to the flowing blood. Many authors have recently shown that methacrylate-based resins, in particular 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), are responsible of inflammatory and autophagic processes in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) while ascorbic acid (AS), an antioxidant molecule, can assume a protective role in cell homeostasis. The purpose of the current work was to study if 50 µg/mL AS can affect the inflammatory status induced by 2 mM HEMA in hDPSCs, a tissue–specific cell population. Cell proliferation, cytokine release, morphological arrangement and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were determined respectively by MTT, ELISA, morphological analysis and dichlorofluorescein assay. The hDPSCs exposed to HEMA let to an increment of ROS formation and in the expression of high levels of inflammatory mediators such as nuclear factor-κB (NFkB), inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin IL6, IL8, interferon (IFN)ɣ and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)1. Moreover, HEMA induced the up-regulation of pospho-extracellular signal–regulated kinases (pERK)/ERK signaling pathway associated to the nuclear translocation. AS treatment significantly down-regulated the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Then, the natural product AS reduced the detrimental result promoted by methacrylates in clinical dentistry, in fact restore cell proliferation, reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokine, downregulate ROS production and of NFkB/pERK/ERK signaling path. In synthesis, AS, could improve the quality of dental care and play a strategic role as innovative endodontic compound easy to use and with reasonable cost.
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Butler SH. Laboratory biomarkers of systemic inflammation – what can they tell us about chronic pain? Scand J Pain 2019; 20:5-7. [DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2019-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Distinct Profiles of Cell-Free MicroRNAs in Plasma of Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070963. [PMID: 31277223 PMCID: PMC6678393 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in body fluids has been reported in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent studies of various diseases showed that extracellular vesicles (EV) in body fluids can provide different spectra of circulating miRNAs and disease-associated signatures from whole fluid or EV-depleted fraction. However, the association of miRNAs in EVs to PTSD has not been studied. In this study, we performed a comprehensive profiling of miRNAs in whole plasma, extracellular vesicles (EV) and EV-depleted plasma (EVD) samples collected from combat veterans with PTSD and matched controls by utilizing a next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. In total, 520 circulating miRNAs were quantified from 24 male Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans with (n = 12) and without (n = 12) PTSD. The overall miRNA profiles in whole plasma, EV and EVD fractions were different and miRNAs affected by PTSD were also distinct in each sample type. The concentration changes of miR-203a-3p in EV and miR-339-5p in EVD were confirmed in an independent validation cohort that consisted of 20 veterans (10 with and 10 without PTSD) using qPCR. The target genes of these two miRNAs were involved in signaling pathways and comorbid conditions associated with PTSD (e.g., neurotransmitter systems such as dopaminergic and serotonergic signaling, inflammatory response, and cardiovascular diseases). Our findings suggest that PTSD may have different impacts on miRNAs encapsulated in vesicles and outside of vesicles. Further studies using larger samples are needed to evaluate the utility of these miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for PTSD.
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Hori H, Kim Y. Inflammation and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:143-153. [PMID: 30653780 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is currently diagnosed based solely on classic psychological and behavioral symptoms, a growing body of evidence has highlighted a link between this disorder and alterations in the immune and inflammatory systems. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that PTSD is associated with significantly increased rates of physical comorbidities in which immune dysregulation is involved, such as metabolic syndrome, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune diseases. In line with this, a number of blood biomarker studies have reported that compared to healthy controls, individuals with PTSD exhibit significantly elevated levels of proinflammatory markers, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein. Moreover, various lines of animal and human research have suggested that inflammation is not only associated with PTSD but also can play an important role in its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. In this review, we first summarize evidence suggestive of increased inflammation in PTSD. We then examine findings that suggest possible mechanisms of inflammation in this disorder in terms of two different but interrelated perspectives: putative causes of increased proinflammatory activities and potential consequences that inflammation generates. Given that there is currently a dearth of treatment options for PTSD, possibilities of new therapeutic approaches using pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments/interventions that have anti-inflammatory effects are also discussed. Despite the increasing attention given to the inflammatory pathology of PTSD, there remains much to be elucidated, including more detailed mechanisms of inflammation, potential usefulness of inflammatory biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and efficacy of novel treatment strategies targeting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kim
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Sharif K, Watad A, Coplan L, Lichtbroun B, Krosser A, Lichtbroun M, Bragazzi NL, Amital H, Afek A, Shoenfeld Y. The role of stress in the mosaic of autoimmunity: An overlooked association. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:967-983. [PMID: 30118900 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stress is defined as the pscyophysiological reaction in which the steady state is disturbed or threatened. Stress is not always perceived as a negative response. Stress results when environmental demands exceed an individuals' adaptive capacities. Autoimmune diseases are heterogeneous group of chronic diseases which occur secondary to loss of self antigen tolerance. The etiopathogenesis of autoimmune disease is uncertain. Genetic factors as well as environmental factors appear to interplay, leading to a cascade of events resulting in disease onset. Stress has been postulated to play a role in disease onset in the genetically susceptible patients. During the stress response, catecholamines and glucocorticoids are released from locus coeruleus and adrenal gland. These biomolecules exert control over various immune cells in the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, thereby altering the cytokine profile released. The increase of IL-4 promotes T-helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, while the decrease in IL-12 and the increased IL-10 production reduce the number of T-helper 1 (Th1) cells. The relationship between stress and autoimmune diseases is intricate. Stress has been shown to be associated with disease onset, and disease exacerbations in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, Graves' disease as well as other autoimmune conditions. In certain conditions such as psoriasis, stress has been implicated in delaying lesion clearance upon the application of standard treatment regimes. Finally, psychological therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy aimed to reduce stress levels was shown to be effective in influencing better outcomes in many autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this paper is to closer inspect the clinical evidence regarding the role of stress on influencing the various aspects of disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassem Sharif
- Department of Medicine 'B', Israel; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Abdulla Watad
- Department of Medicine 'B', Israel; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Louis Coplan
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Alec Krosser
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Howard Amital
- Department of Medicine 'B', Israel; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Arnon Afek
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Head of The Mosaic of Autoimmunity Project, Saint Petersburg State University, Israel; Head of The Mosaic of Autoimmunity Project, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia.
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