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Strydom JP, Brand L, Viljoen FP, Wolmarans DW. Differential impact of pegfilgrastim, a recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor, on the neutrophil count of male and female deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii). BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 25:52. [PMID: 39160640 PMCID: PMC11331688 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-024-00778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing body of research implicates inflammatory processes, including alterations in the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), in the pathophysiology of psychiatric illness. The deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is commonly studied for its naturalistic expression of compulsive-like behaviour. Towards future efforts to gain an understanding of how innate and adaptive immune processes might be involved in this model, we aimed to study the effects of pegfilgrastim, a pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-CSF) analogue, on the NLR of both male and female deer mice. METHODS Briefly, 54 deer mice (equally distributed between sexes) were exposed to a single injection with either control or pegfilgrastim (0.1 or 1 mg/kg) (n = 18 per group). Six mice of each group (three per sex) were euthanized on days two, four and seven post-administration, their blood collected and the NLR calculated. Data were analysed by means of ordinary three-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc testing. RESULTS Irrespective of dose, pegfilgrastim resulted in higher NLR values in mice of both sexes at days four and seven of testing. However, female mice exposed to the higher dose, presented with significantly higher NLR values irrespective of time, compared to male mice exposed to the same. CONCLUSION The data generated from this work highlight important dose- and sex-specific aspects of pegfilgrastim with female mice showing heighted elevation of the NLR in response to high-dose pegfilgrastim administration only. Since the innate immune components of male and female deer mice is differentially sensitive to g-CSF stimulation, our results provide a useful basis for further study of sex-specific immunological processes in deer mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Strydom
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Building G23, Office 315, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Linda Brand
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Building G23, Office 315, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Francois P Viljoen
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Building G23, Office 315, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - De Wet Wolmarans
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Building G23, Office 315, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
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2
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Yin L, Han F, Yu Y, Wang Q. A computational network dynamical modeling for abnormal oscillation and deep brain stimulation control of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cogn Neurodyn 2023; 17:1167-1184. [PMID: 37786657 PMCID: PMC10542091 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with multi-nodal abnormalities in brain networks, characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours or mental acts (compulsions), which might manifest as pathological low-frequency oscillations in the frontal EEG and low-frequency bursting firing patterns in the subthalamus nucleus (STN). Abnormalities in the cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC) loop, including dysregulation of serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate systems, are considered to contribute to certain types of OCD. Here, we extend a biophysical computational model to investigate the effect of orbitofronto-subcortical loop abnormalities on network oscillations. Particularly, the OCD lesion process is simulated by the loss of connectivity from striatal parvalbumin interneurons (PV) to medium spiny neurons (MSNs), excessive activation to the hyperdirect pathway, and high dopamine concentrations. By calculating low-frequency oscillation power in the STN, STN burst index, and average firing rates levels of the cortex and thalamus, we demonstrate that the model can explain the pathology of glutamatergic and dopamine system dysregulation, the effects of pathway imbalance, and neuropsychiatric treatment in OCD. In addition, results indicate the abnormal brain rhythms caused by the dysregulation of orbitofronto-subcortical loop may serve as a biomarker of OCD. Our studies can help to understand the cause of OCD, thereby facilitating the diagnosis of OCD and the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Yin
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Fang Han
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620 China
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
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3
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Bendriss G, MacDonald R, McVeigh C. Microbial Reprogramming in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: A Review of Gut-Brain Communication and Emerging Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11978. [PMID: 37569349 PMCID: PMC10419219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental health disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbial composition, has been associated with various health conditions, including mental health disorders, autism, and inflammatory diseases. While the exact mechanisms underlying OCD remain unclear, this review presents a growing body of evidence suggesting a potential link between dysbiosis and the multifaceted etiology of OCD, interacting with genetic, neurobiological, immunological, and environmental factors. This review highlights the emerging evidence implicating the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of OCD and its potential as a target for novel therapeutic approaches. We propose a model that positions dysbiosis as the central unifying element in the neurochemical, immunological, genetic, and environmental factors leading to OCD. The potential and challenges of microbial reprogramming strategies, such as probiotics and fecal transplants in OCD therapeutics, are discussed. This review raises awareness of the importance of adopting a holistic approach that considers the interplay between the gut and the brain to develop interventions that account for the multifaceted nature of OCD and contribute to the advancement of more personalized approaches.
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Shin SH, Kim YK. Early Life Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Psychiatric Illness of Adulthood. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:105-134. [PMID: 36949308 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Stress exposure during early stages of life elevates the risk of developing psychopathologies and psychiatric illness in later life. The brain and immune system are not completely developed by birth and therefore continue develop after birth; this post birth development is influenced by several psychosocial factors; hence, early life stress (ELS) exposure can alter brain structural development and function. A growing number of experimental animal and observational human studies have investigated the link between ELS exposure and increased risk of psychopathology through alternations in the immune system, by evaluating inflammation biomarkers. Recent studies, including brain imaging, have also shed light on the mechanisms by which both the innate and adaptive immune systems interact with neural circuits and neurotransmitters, which affect psychopathology. Herein, we discuss the link between the experience of stress in early life and lifelong alterations in the immune system, which subsequently lead to the development of various psychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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Marazziti D, Palermo S, Arone A, Massa L, Parra E, Simoncini M, Martucci L, Beatino MF, Pozza A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PANDAS, and Tourette Syndrome: Immuno-inflammatory Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:275-300. [PMID: 36949315 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, much focus has been given to the possible role of inflammatory and immunologic alterations in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and some related conditions, such as pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) and Tourette syndrome (TS). Although the matter is intriguing, the available data are still controversial and/or limited. Therefore, the aim of this chapter was at reviewing and commenting on the literature on possible dysfunctions of inflammatory and immune system processes in OCD, PANDAS, and TS.This narrative review was carried out through searching PubMed and Google Scholar for English language papers from January 1985 to December 31, 2021.The data gathered up to now would suggest that the mechanisms involved might be heterogeneous according to the age of the patients and the disorder examined. Indeed, PANDAS seem more related to infections triggering autoimmunity not necessarily following group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infection, as supposed in the past. Autoimmunity seems also important in TS, if coupled with an individual vulnerability that can be genetic and/or environmental. The data in adult OCD, albeit scattered and sometimes obtained in small samples of patients, would indicate that immune system and inflammatory processes are involved in the pathophysiology of the disorder. However, it is still unclear to conclude whether they are primary or secondary phenomena.In conclusion, taken together, the current findings pave that way towards novel and promising domains to explore the pathophysiology of OCD and related disorders, as well towards the development of innovative therapeutic strategy beyond current pharmacological paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences - UniCamillus, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Palermo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Massa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Parra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marly Simoncini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Martucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Beatino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Pozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Nour-Eldine W, Ltaief SM, Abdul Manaph NP, Al-Shammari AR. In search of immune cellular sources of abnormal cytokines in the blood in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of case-control studies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:950275. [PMID: 36268027 PMCID: PMC9578337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.950275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal cytokine levels in circulating blood have been repeatedly reported in autism; however, the underlying cause remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to investigate cytokine levels in peripheral blood compartments and identify their potential immune cellular sources in subjects with autism through comparison with controls. We conducted an electronic database search (PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest Central, Ovid, SAGE Journals, and Wiley Online Library) from inception (no time limits) to July 9, 2020, and identified 75 relevant articles. Our qualitative data synthesis focused on results consistently described in at least three independent studies, and we reported the results according to the PRISMA protocol. We found that compared with controls, in subjects with autism, cytokines IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-1β increased in the plasma and serum. We also identified monocytes, neutrophils, and CD4+ T cells as potential sources of these elevated cytokines in autism. Cytokines IFN-γ, TGF-β, RANTES, and IL-8 were increased in the plasma/serum of subjects with autism, and IFN-γ was likely produced by CD4+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, although conflicting evidence is present for IFN-γ and TGF-β. Other cytokines—IL-13, IL-10, IL-5, and IL-4—were found to be unaltered in the plasma/serum and post-stimulated blood immune cells in autistic individuals as compared with controls. The frequencies of T cells, monocytes, B cells, and NK cells were unchanged in subjects with autism as opposed to controls, suggesting that abnormal cytokines were unlikely due to altered cell numbers but might be due to altered functioning of these cells in autism. Our results support existing studies of abnormal cytokines in autism and provide comprehensive evidence of potential cellular sources of these altered cytokines in the context of autism.
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Danışman Sonkurt M, Altınöz AE, Köşger F, Yiğitaslan S, Güleç G, Eşsizoğlu A. Are there differences in oxidative stress and inflammatory processes between the autogenous and reactive subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder? A controlled cross-sectional study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 44:171-177. [PMID: 34190826 PMCID: PMC9041960 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2021-1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To date, no study has investigated whether autogenous and reactive obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) types are different entities in terms of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. The aim of this study is to compare them in terms of these features. Methods: The study was conducted in subjects with reactive OCD (n=19), autogenous OCD (n=14), and a control group (n=17). All participants were non-smokers. Sociodemographic data were collected and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), and Overvalued Ideas Scale (OVIS) were administered. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), paraoxonase (PON1), total oxidant status (TOS), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured. Results: There were no significant differences in TAS, TOS, or oxidative stress index (OSI) between the OCD and control groups. PON1 and hs-CRP levels were higher in the OCD group, whereas IL-6 and IL-10 levels were lower. Comparison across the three groups revealed no differences in TAS, TOS, OSI, or PON1 levels; however, hs-CRP was significantly higher while IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly lower in the reactive group compared to controls. Conclusion: Our results show that, although inflammatory processes may play a role in OCD, the autogenous and reactive subtypes do not differ from each other in these respects. The classification of OCD into autogenous and reactive subtypes should be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Danışman Sonkurt
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ağrı Training and Research Hospital, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Ali E Altınöz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ferdi Köşger
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Semra Yiğitaslan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Gülcan Güleç
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Effects of celecoxib augmentation of antidepressant or anxiolytic treatment on affective symptoms and inflammatory markers in patients with anxiety disorders: exploratory study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:126-132. [PMID: 33724256 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged stress has been associated with elevated levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib exert anti-inflammatory effects and may enhance the response to antidepressant drug treatment in patients with depressive disorders, but their effect on anxiety symptoms in patients with anxiety disorders is uncertain. Patients with a primary diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, with stabilised symptoms, underwent either 6 weeks of celecoxib augmentation of continued treatment (n = 18) or continued 'treatment as usual' (n = 9). Assessments included the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being Scale (WEMWEBS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Oxford questionnaire of emotional side effects of antidepressants (OQUESA) and Clinical Global Impression of Illness Severity (CGI-S). Venous blood samples were collected for assays of inflammatory cytokines. Patients who underwent celecoxib augmentation showed significant reductions in anxiety (HADS-A -3.17) and depressive (HADS-D -2.11) symptoms and in overall illness severity (CGI-S -1.11), and improvements in mental well-being (WEMWBS 7.5) and positive changes in emotional responsiveness (OQUESA-RP -3.56; OQUESA-AC -4.22): these were not seen with 'treatment as usual'. There were no significant changes in blood levels of inflammatory cytokines in either group. Celecoxib augmentation appeared associated with beneficial effects on anxiety and depressive symptoms and mental well-being. The findings from this pilot study merit further exploration within a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled study.
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Troyer EA, Kohn JN, Ecklu-Mensah G, Aleti G, Rosenberg DR, Hong S. Searching for host immune-microbiome mechanisms in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A narrative literature review and future directions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:517-534. [PMID: 33639178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is disabling and often treatment-refractory. Host immunity and gut microbiota have bidirectional communication with each other and with the brain. Perturbations to this axis have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, but immune-microbiome signaling in OCD is relatively underexplored. We review support for further pursuing such investigations in OCD, including: 1) gut microbiota has been associated with OCD, but causal pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear; 2) early environmental risk factors for OCD overlap with critical periods of immune-microbiome development; 3) OCD is associated with increased risk of immune-mediated disorders and changes in immune parameters, which are separately associated with the microbiome; and 4) gut microbiome manipulations in animal models are associated with changes in immunity and some obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Theoretical pathogenic mechanisms could include microbiota programming of cytokine production, promotion of expansion and trafficking of peripheral immune cells to the CNS, and regulation of microglial function. Immune-microbiome signaling in OCD requires further exploration, and may offer novel insights into pathogenic mechanisms and potential treatment targets for this disabling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Troyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.
| | - Jordan N Kohn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Gertrude Ecklu-Mensah
- Department of Medicine and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Gajender Aleti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - David R Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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Gagliano A, Galati C, Ingrassia M, Ciuffo M, Alquino MA, Tanca MG, Carucci S, Zuddas A, Grossi E. Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Data Mining Approach to a Very Specific Constellation of Clinical Variables. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2020; 30:495-511. [PMID: 32460516 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Pediatric acute onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder presenting with: unusually abrupt onset of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or severe eating restrictions, with at least two concomitant cognitive, behavioral, or affective symptoms such as anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and irritability/depression. This study describes the clinical and laboratory variables of 39 children (13 female and 26 male) with a mean age at recruitment of 8.6 years (standard deviation 3.1). Methods: Using a mathematical approach based on Artificial Neural Networks, the putative associations between PANS working criteria, as defined at the NIH in July 2010 (Swedo et al. 2012), were explored by the Auto Contractive Map (Auto-CM) system, a mapping method able to compute the multidimensional association of strength of each variable with all other variables in predefined dataset. Results: The PANS symptoms were strictly linked to one another on the semantic connectivity map, shaping a central "diamond" encompassing anxiety, irritability/oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, behavioral regression, sensory motor abnormalities, school performance deterioration, sleep disturbances, and emotional lability/depression. The semantic connectivity map also showed the aggregation between PANS symptoms and laboratory and clinical variables. In particular, the emotional lability/depression resulted as a highly connected hub linked to autoimmune disease in pregnancy, allergic and atopic disorders, and low Natural Killer percentage. Also anxiety symptoms were shown to be strongly related with recurrent infectious disease remarking the possible role of infections as a risk factor for PANS. Conclusion: Our data mining approach shows a very specific constellation of symptoms having strong links to laboratory and clinical variables consistent with PANS feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Gagliano
- Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, & "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
- Funding: The authors received no specific funding
| | - Cecilia Galati
- Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Paediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Funding: The authors received no specific funding
| | - Massimo Ingrassia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Funding: The authors received no specific funding
| | - Massimo Ciuffo
- Department of Cognitive Psychological Pedagogical Sciences and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Funding: The authors received no specific funding
| | - Maria Ausilia Alquino
- Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Paediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Funding: The authors received no specific funding
| | - Marcello G Tanca
- Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, & "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
- Funding: The authors received no specific funding
| | - Sara Carucci
- Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, & "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
- Funding: The authors received no specific funding
| | - Alessandro Zuddas
- Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, & "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
- Funding: The authors received no specific funding
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Autism Research Unit, Villa Santa Maria Foundation, Tavernerio, Italy
- Funding: The authors received no specific funding
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Szechtman H, Harvey BH, Woody EZ, Hoffman KL. The Psychopharmacology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Preclinical Roadmap. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:80-151. [PMID: 31826934 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review evaluates current knowledge about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with the goal of providing a roadmap for future directions in research on the psychopharmacology of the disorder. It first addresses issues in the description and diagnosis of OCD, including the structure, measurement, and appropriate description of the disorder and issues of differential diagnosis. Current pharmacotherapies for OCD are then reviewed, including monotherapy with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and augmentation with antipsychotic medication and with psychologic treatment. Neuromodulatory therapies for OCD are also described, including psychosurgery, deep brain stimulation, and noninvasive brain stimulation. Psychotherapies for OCD are then reviewed, focusing on behavior therapy, including exposure and response prevention and cognitive therapy, and the efficacy of these interventions is discussed, touching on issues such as the timing of sessions, the adjunctive role of pharmacotherapy, and the underlying mechanisms. Next, current research on the neurobiology of OCD is examined, including work probing the role of various neurotransmitters and other endogenous processes and etiology as clues to the neurobiological fault that may underlie OCD. A new perspective on preclinical research is advanced, using the Research Domain Criteria to propose an adaptationist viewpoint that regards OCD as the dysfunction of a normal motivational system. A systems-design approach introduces the security motivation system (SMS) theory of OCD as a framework for research. Finally, a new perspective on psychopharmacological research for OCD is advanced, exploring three approaches: boosting infrastructure facilities of the brain, facilitating psychotherapeutic relearning, and targeting specific pathways of the SMS network to fix deficient SMS shut-down processes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A significant proportion of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not achieve remission with current treatments, indicating the need for innovations in psychopharmacology for the disorder. OCD may be conceptualized as the dysfunction of a normal, special motivation system that evolved to manage the prospect of potential danger. This perspective, together with a wide-ranging review of the literature, suggests novel directions for psychopharmacological research, including boosting support systems of the brain, facilitating relearning that occurs in psychotherapy, and targeting specific pathways in the brain that provide deficient stopping processes in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Erik Z Woody
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Kurt Leroy Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
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12
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De Amicis K, Costa PR, Figo DD, De Lima CMF, Castro FFM, Kalil J, Santos KS, Galvão CES. Immunophenotypical Characterization of a Brazilian POIS (Post-Orgasmic Illness Syndrome) Patient: Adding More Pieces to Puzzle. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2019; 46:227-233. [PMID: 31612795 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2019.1677835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Post-orgasmic illness syndrome (POIS) is a rare condition characterized by post-ejaculatory symptoms. Here is reported the first Brazilian POIS patient. Immunological investigation did not confirm the previous hypothesis of a hypersensitivity reaction. Cell immunophenotyping comparing healthy individuals produced evidence of abnormalities not associated to clinical manifestations. The patient was submitted to specific immunotherapy with transient clinical response and was referred to a psychologist but did not demonstrate clinical improvement of symptoms. Therefore, etiology of POIS remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine De Amicis
- Disciplina de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Ramos Costa
- Disciplina de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Danella Figo
- Disciplina de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Fernandes Morato Castro
- Disciplina de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III), INCT, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Disciplina de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto Do Coraçao, Hospital Das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III), INCT, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keity Souza Santos
- Disciplina de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto Do Coraçao, Hospital Das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III), INCT, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clovis Eduardo Santos Galvão
- Serviço de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Marazziti D, Albert U, Mucci F, Piccinni A. The Glutamate and the Immune Systems: New Targets for the Pharmacological Treatment of OCD. Curr Med Chem 2019; 25:5731-5738. [PMID: 29119912 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171108152035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decades the pharmacological treatment of obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) has been significantly promoted by the effectiveness of selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the subsequent development of the 5-HT hypothesis of OCD. However, since a large majority of patients (between 40% and 60 %) do not respond to SSRIs or strategies based on the modulation of the 5-HT system, it is now essential to search for other possible therapeutic targets. AIMS The aim of this paper was to review current literature through a PubMed and Google Scholar search of novel hypotheses and related compounds for the treatment of OCD, with a special focus on the glutammate and the immune systems. DISCUSSION The literature indicates that glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter, might play an important role in the pathophysiology of OCD. In addition, a series of clinical studies also supports the potential efficacy of drugs modulating the glutamate system. The role of the immune system alterations in OCD in both children and adults needs to be more deeply elucidated. In children, a subtype of OCD has been widely described resulting from infections driven by group A streptococcus β-hemolitic and belonging to the so-called "pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus" (PANDAS). In adults, available findings are meager and controversial, although interesting. CONCLUSION The glutamate and the immune systems represent two intriguing topics of research that hold promise for the development of open novel treatment strategies in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Umberto Albert
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Mucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Piccinni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Akaltun İ, Kara SS, Ayaydın H, Kara T. Nörolojik tutulumu olmayan brusellozlu çocuk ve ergenlerin depresyon açısından değerlendirilmesi. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.458278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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15
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Bennabi M, Tarantino N, Gaman A, Scheid I, Krishnamoorthy R, Debré P, Bouleau A, Caralp M, Gueguen S, Le-Moal ML, Bouvard M, Amestoy A, Delorme R, Leboyer M, Tamouza R, Vieillard V. Persistence of dysfunctional natural killer cells in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: stigma/consequence of unresolved early infectious events? Mol Autism 2019; 10:22. [PMID: 31123562 PMCID: PMC6521549 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by abnormal neurodevelopment, genetic, and environmental risk factors, as well as immune dysfunctions. Several lines of evidence suggest alterations in innate immune responses in children with ASD. To address this question in adults with high-functioning ASD (hf-ASD), we sought to investigate the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the persistence of ASD. Methods NK cells from 35 adults with hf-ASD were compared to that of 35 healthy controls (HC), selected for the absence of any immune dysfunctions, at different time-points, and over a 2-year follow-up period for four patients. The phenotype and polyfunctional capacities of NK cells were explored according to infectious stigma and clinical parameters (IQ, social, and communication scores). Results As compared to HC, NK cells from patients with hf-ASD showed a high level of cell activation (p < 0.0001), spontaneous degranulation (p < 0.0001), and interferon-gamma production (p = 0.0004), whereas they were exhausted after in vitro stimulations (p = 0.0006). These data yielded a specific HLA-DR+KIR2DL1+NKG2C+ NK-cell signature. Significant overexpression of NKG2C in hf-ASD patients (p = 0.0005), indicative of viral infections, was inversely correlated with the NKp46 receptor level (r = − 0.67; p < 0.0001), regardless of the IgG status of tested pathogens. Multivariate linear regression analysis also revealed that expression of the late-activating HLA-DR marker was both associated with structural language (r = 0.48; p = 0.007) and social awareness (r = 0.60; p = 0.0007) scores in adult patients with hf-ASD, while KIR2DL1 expression correlated with IQ scores (p = 0.0083). Conclusions This study demonstrates that adults with hf-ASD have specific NK-cell profile. Presence of NKG2C overexpression together with high-level activation of NK cells suggest an association with underlying pathogens, a hypothesis warranting further exploration in future studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13229-019-0269-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Bennabi
- 1INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,2Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,4DHU PePSY, Department of psychiatry, Mondor Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
| | - Nadine Tarantino
- 3Sorbonne Université, UPMC, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Alexandru Gaman
- 2Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,4DHU PePSY, Department of psychiatry, Mondor Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Scheid
- 2Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,4DHU PePSY, Department of psychiatry, Mondor Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
| | | | - Patrice Debré
- 3Sorbonne Université, UPMC, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Arthur Bouleau
- 4DHU PePSY, Department of psychiatry, Mondor Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
| | - Mireille Caralp
- 5Inserm Transfer, Paris, France.,6French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Gueguen
- 5Inserm Transfer, Paris, France.,6French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France
| | | | - Manuel Bouvard
- 2Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,8Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anouck Amestoy
- 2Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,8Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- 2Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,DHU Protect, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- 2Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,4DHU PePSY, Department of psychiatry, Mondor Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- 1INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,2Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,4DHU PePSY, Department of psychiatry, Mondor Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- 3Sorbonne Université, UPMC, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
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Relationship between toxoplasmosis and obsessive compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007306. [PMID: 30969961 PMCID: PMC6457543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A few studies investigated the relationship between toxoplasmosis and mental disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the specific nature of the association between Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection and OCD is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to collect information on the relationship between OCD and toxoplasmosis and assess whether patients with toxoplasmosis are prone to OCD. Methods For the purpose of this study, 6 major electronic databases and the Internet search engine Google Scholar were searched for the published articles up to July 30th, 2018 with no restriction of language. The inverse variance method and the random effect model were used to combine the data. The values of odds ratio (OR) were estimated at 95% confidence interval (CI). Results A total of 9 case-control and 3 cross-sectional studies were included in our systematic review. However, 11 of these 12 articles were entered into the meta-analysis containing 9873 participants, out of whom 389 were with OCD (25.96% positive for toxoplasmosis) and 9484 were without OCD (17.12% positive for toxoplasmosis). The estimation of the random effect model indicated a significant common OR of 1.96 [95% CI: 1.32–2.90]. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that toxoplasmosis could be as an associated factor for OCD (OR = 1.96). However, further prospective investigations are highly recommended to illuminate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of T. gondii infection in OCD and to better investigate the relationship between OCD and T. gondii infection. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate neurotropic parasite that infected about 25–30% of the total human population in the developed and developing countries. The obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disease that affects the income and quality of life. Some studies confirmed an association between infectious agents as the associated or protective factors specifying the development of psychiatry diseases. Among various pathogens associated with psychological disorders, most of the attention is on T. gondii, which has a life-long asymptomatic latent phase after a short acute stage in healthy individuals. The detrimental effect of T. gondii on immunocompromised people and pregnant women is an important concern for public health. The correlation between toxoplasmosis and OCD is still relatively understudied with a paucity of documented findings. The previous meta-analysis reviewed only two studies and reported a 3.4-fold greater chance of OCD. The results of our study presented stronger evidence of a positive relationship between toxoplasmosis and OCD. Eventually, our research team hopes to present an overview of what is known and encourage more intensive research to determine the real impact of this parasite on the occurrence of OCD that may contribute to the prevention of OCD worldwide.
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Özyurt G, Binici NC. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio in adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder: Does comorbid anxiety disorder affect inflammatory response? Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:311-315. [PMID: 30597382 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent adult etiologic studies indicated evidence linking increased inflammatory parameters with psychiatric disorders. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio are easily obtainable clinical markers of inflammation and have been found to be increased in various medical and mental disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Secondarily, the effect of comorbid anxiety disorder with OCD on the inflammatory response was investigated. Sixty drug-naïve adolescents with OCD aged 12 to 18 years were enrolled in the patient group. Twenty-three of the OCD group had comorbid anxiety disorder (AD) and 37 had no comorbidities. One hundred twenty-eight adolescents in the same age range with no psychiatric disorders were recruited as the healthy control group. The severity of OCD symptoms was evaluated using the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. There were statistically significant differences in the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, white blood cell, neutrophil, and platelet counts among the three groups, even after adjusting for age and sex. The adolescents with OCD and AD had the highest neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and white blood cell counts. A comorbid anxiety disorder diagnosis in addition to obsessive-compulsive disorder may increase the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Özyurt
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical School, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Nagihan Cevher Binici
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Specialist, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, İzmir, Turkey.
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18
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Immune Aberrations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4751-4759. [PMID: 30382535 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Some lines of evidence have indicated that immune dysregulation could play a role in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, results have been inconsistent across studies. Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies measuring immune mediators in participants with OCD compared to healthy controls (HC) was conducted. The PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EMBASE electronic databases were systematically searched from inception through June 21, 2018. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria comprising data from 1001 participants (538 with OCD and 463 were HCs). Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon-γ did not significantly differ between participants with OCD and healthy controls. In addition, the ex vivo production of TNF-α and IL-6 by isolated macrophages did not significantly differ between participants with OCD and HCs. Nevertheless, included studies have varied in methodological quality with the enrollment of samples that differed regarding medication status, the proper matching of OCD participants and HCs, age groups, and the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. In conclusion, an association between immune dysregulation and OCD remains unproven. Future studies should consider enrolling larger and more homogeneous samples with OCD.
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Lamothe H, Baleyte JM, Smith P, Pelissolo A, Mallet L. Individualized Immunological Data for Precise Classification of OCD Patients. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E149. [PMID: 30096863 PMCID: PMC6119917 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8080149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive⁻compulsive disorder (OCD) affects about 2% of the general population, for which several etiological factors were identified. Important among these is immunological dysfunction. This review aims to show how immunology can inform specific etiological factors, and how distinguishing between these etiologies is important from a personalized treatment perspective. We found discrepancies concerning cytokines, raising the hypothesis of specific immunological etiological factors. Antibody studies support the existence of a potential autoimmune etiological factor. Infections may also provoke OCD symptoms, and therefore, could be considered as specific etiological factors with specific immunological impairments. Finally, we underline the importance of distinguishing between different etiological factors since some specific treatments already exist in the context of immunological factors for the improvement of classic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Lamothe
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France.
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France.
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Baleyte
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France.
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | - Pauline Smith
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Pelissolo
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Créteil, France.
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France.
- INSERM, U955, Team 15, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | - Luc Mallet
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France.
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Créteil, France.
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France.
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Global Health Institute, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Esawy MM, Shabana MA, Ali EF. Role of IL-6/IL-10 ratio in the diagnosis and in the assessment of the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cytokine, chemokine and BDNF levels in medication-free pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:977-984. [PMID: 29302747 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the serum levels of IL-12, IL-17, TGFβ, TNF-alpha, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, IL-1β, CCL3, CCL24, CXCL8, and BDNF are associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in medication-free children. A total of 44 (22 boys/22 girls) medication-free children with OCD and 40 (23 boys/17 girls) healthy controls were included in this study. The severity of the OCD symptoms were assessed by the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. The Children's Depression Inventory and the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders were applied to the children in order to determine depression and anxiety levels. IL-17, IL-12, TGF β, TNF-alpha, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, IL-1β, CCL3, CCL24, CXCL8, and BDNF levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed a significant main effect on both groups for the levels of serum cytokine, chemokine, and BDNF, an effect that was independent of severities of depression and anxiety [Pillai's Trace V = 0.371, F (11, 70) = 3.756, p < 0.001, hp2 = 0.187]. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that serum TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher in the OCD group than in the control group (p < 0.001). In contrast, serum IL-12 levels were significantly lower in the OCD group than in the control group (p = 0.014). These findings suggest that TNF-alpha and IL-12 may play a role in the pathophysiology of OCD in children. The causal relationship between these proinflammatory cytokines and pediatric OCD requires further investigation.
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22
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Immune system and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 93:39-44. [PMID: 29689421 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, much attention has been devoted to the possible alterations of the immune system in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the current literature on the relationships between OCD and immune system. METHODS A PubMed and Google Scholar search was performed with specific keywords. RESULTS In the childhood, much emphasis has been given to the relationship between group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection and the development of a group of clinical syndromes characterized by neuropsychiatric symptoms known as "pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus" (PANDAS). However, more recently, PANDAS has been reconsidered and evolved towards pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) and/or Childhood Acute Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (CANS) all characterized by the presence of typical of OCD symptoms and tics. In adult OCD patients, different immunological parameters have been described to differ from those of healthy control subjects, although a few numbers of studies were carred out and most of them performed in small samples. CONCLUSIONS Although the exact relationships between OCD and immune processes are still unclear, available literature supports their role in the pathophysiology of OCD, while providing a fascinating hint for possible immunotherapeutic treatments in OCD.
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Jiang C, Ma X, Qi S, Han G, Li Y, Liu Y, Liu L. Association between TNF-α-238G/A gene polymorphism and OCD susceptibility: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9769. [PMID: 29384866 PMCID: PMC5805438 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is an important cytokine and has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. TNF-α gene is located on a region that has been found to be associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We performed this meta-analysis to assess the relationship between susceptibility to OCD and the TNF-α-238G/A gene polymorphism. METHODS An extensive search of the available literature on the association between the susceptibility to OCD and the TNF gene polymorphism was conducted by searching PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Embase, Chinese Web of Knowledge, Wanfang, and Chongqing VIP database. The database was searched up to December 2016 and includes language of English and/or Chinese with the keywords of "obsessive-compulsive disorder" or "OCD," polymorphism or variant or mutation, "tumor necrosis factor" or "TNF" or "cytokine." The association between TNF-α-238G/A gene polymorphism and the susceptibility of OCD was anticipated by odds ratio (OR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS Four studies including 435 cases and 1073 controls were incorporated in our meta-analysis. In general, TNF-α-238G/A gene polymorphism might lead to a decreased risk of OCD susceptibility (G vs A genotype model: OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.37-2.77, P = .981; GG vs AA+AG model: OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.37-2.36, P = .879; GG+AG vs AA model: OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.06-0.73, P = .014; GG vs AA model: OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.06-0.71, P = .012; AG vs AA model: OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.07-1.16, P = .081; GG+AA vs AG model: OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.55-2.51, P = .683). CONCLUSION TNF-α-238G/A gene polymorphism might lead to a decreased risk of OCD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinyan Ma
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hebei Province, China
| | | | | | - Yan Li
- Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Lanfen Liu
- Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Akaltun İ, Kara SS, Kara T. The relationship between Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies and generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a new approach. Nord J Psychiatry 2018; 72:57-62. [PMID: 28990850 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1385850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Toxoplasma gondii may play a role in the development of psychiatric diseases by affecting the brain. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between serum toxoplasma IgG positivity and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in children and adolescents. METHOD Sixty patients diagnosed with OCD and 60 patients with GAD presenting to the pediatric psychiatry clinic, together with 60 control group subjects with no psychiatric diagnosis, were included in the study. The patients were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Serum toxoplasma IgG levels were determined from blood specimens collected from the study and control groups. The results were then compared using statistical methods. RESULTS State and trait anxiety levels were significantly higher in the OCD and GAD patients than in the control group (p = .0001/.0001). Serum toxoplasma IgG levels were positive in 21 (35%) of the OCD patients, 19 (31.7%) of the GAD patients and 6 (10%) of the control group. A significant relation was determined between IgG positivity and GAD (p = .003). IgG-positive individuals were determined to have a 4.171-fold greater risk of GAD compared to those without positivity (4.171[1.529-11.378]) (p = .005). A significant relation was also determined between IgG positivity and OCD (p = .001). IgG-positive individuals were determined to have a 4.846-fold greater risk of OCD compared to those without positivity (4.846[1.789-13.126]) (p = .002). CONCLUSION This study shows that serum toxoplasma IgG positivity indicating previous toxoplasma infection increased the risk of GAD 4.171-fold and the risk of OCD 4.846-fold in children and adolescents. Further studies are now needed to investigate the relation between T. gondii infection and GAD/OCD and to determine the pathophysiology involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Akaltun
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Gaziantep Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital , Gaziantep , Turkey
| | - Soner Sertan Kara
- b Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Tayfun Kara
- c Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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Rodríguez N, Morer A, González-Navarro EA, Serra-Pages C, Boloc D, Torres T, García-Cerro S, Mas S, Gassó P, Lázaro L. Inflammatory dysregulation of monocytes in pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:261. [PMID: 29284508 PMCID: PMC5746006 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the exact etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is unknown, there is growing evidence of a role for immune dysregulation in the pathophysiology of the disease, especially in the innate immune system including the microglia. To test this hypothesis, we studied inflammatory markers in monocytes from pediatric patients with OCD and from healthy controls. METHODS We determined the percentages of total monocytes, CD16+ monocytes, and classical (CD14highCD16-), intermediate (CD14highCD16low), and non-classical (CD14lowCD16high) monocyte subsets in 102 patients with early-onset OCD and in 47 healthy controls. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokine production (GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) was measured by multiplex Luminex analysis in isolated monocyte cultures, in basal conditions, after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate immune response or after exposure to LPS and the immunosuppressant dexamethasone. RESULTS OCD patients had significantly higher percentages of total monocytes and CD16+ monocytes than healthy controls, mainly due to an increase in the intermediate subset but also in the non-classical monocytes. Monocytes from OCD patients released higher amounts of GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α than healthy controls after exposure to LPS. However, there were no significant differences in basal cytokine production or the sensitivity of monocytes to dexamethasone treatment between both groups. Based on monocyte subset distribution and cytokine production after LPS stimulation, patients receiving psychoactive medications seem to have an intermediate inflammatory profile, that is, lower than non-medicated OCD individuals and higher than healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly support the involvement of an enhanced proinflammatory innate immune response in the etiopathogenesis of early-onset OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rodríguez
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Astrid Morer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Azucena González-Navarro
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Serra-Pages
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Boloc
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Torres
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerro
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Mas
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Gassó
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Lázaro
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Bandelow B, Baldwin D, Abelli M, Bolea-Alamanac B, Bourin M, Chamberlain SR, Cinosi E, Davies S, Domschke K, Fineberg N, Grünblatt E, Jarema M, Kim YK, Maron E, Masdrakis V, Mikova O, Nutt D, Pallanti S, Pini S, Ströhle A, Thibaut F, Vaghix MM, Won E, Wedekind D, Wichniak A, Woolley J, Zwanzger P, Riederer P. Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD: A consensus statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:162-214. [PMID: 27419272 PMCID: PMC5341771 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1190867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS Findings in biomarker research were reviewed by a task force of international experts in the field, consisting of members of the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Biological Markers and of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Anxiety Disorders Research Network. RESULTS The present article (Part II) summarises findings on potential biomarkers in neurochemistry (neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine or GABA, neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin, neurokinins, atrial natriuretic peptide, or oxytocin, the HPA axis, neurotrophic factors such as NGF and BDNF, immunology and CO2 hypersensitivity), neurophysiology (EEG, heart rate variability) and neurocognition. The accompanying paper (Part I) focuses on neuroimaging and genetics. CONCLUSIONS Although at present, none of the putative biomarkers is sufficient and specific as a diagnostic tool, an abundance of high quality research has accumulated that should improve our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borwin Bandelow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Baldwin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Marianna Abelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Blanca Bolea-Alamanac
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michel Bourin
- Neurobiology of Anxiety and Mood Disorders, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire, Parkway, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eduardo Cinosi
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele D’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simon Davies
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Naomi Fineberg
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire, Parkway, UK
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marek Jarema
- Third Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eduard Maron
- Department of Psychiatry, North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Vasileios Masdrakis
- Athens University Medical School, First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Olya Mikova
- Foundation Biological Psychiatry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - David Nutt
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Stefano Pallanti
- UC Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Pini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – University Medica Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florence Thibaut
- Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, University Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Matilde M. Vaghix
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Eunsoo Won
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adam Wichniak
- Third Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jade Woolley
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter Zwanzger
- kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum Wasserburg am Inn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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27
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The link between autoimmune diseases and obsessive-compulsive and tic disorders: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:542-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hazari N, Narayanaswamy JC, Arumugham SS. Predictors of response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1175-91. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1199960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Rao NP, Venkatasubramanian G, Ravi V, Kalmady S, Cherian A, Yc JR. Plasma cytokine abnormalities in drug-naïve, comorbidity-free obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:949-52. [PMID: 26187339 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence in the last decade suggest significant role of immune alterations in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cytokines, mediators of inflammation, alter the neurotransmitter concentration and result in a hyposerotonergic and hyperglutamatergic state implicated in pathogenesis of OCD. However, only few studies have examined cytokine abnormalities in OCD with inconsistent results possibly due to confounding effects of medications and comorbid anxiety-depression. We examined 20 comorbidity free, drug free OCD patients and 20 age and sex matched healthy controls. Clinical severity was assessed using Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Hamilton anxiety rating scale, Hamilton depression rating scale and Clinical Global Impression. Levels of different cytokines, Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and Interferon (IFN)-γ were assessed using Cytometric Bead Array. OCD patients had significantly greater plasma levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α levels than controls but not IFN-γ. Reanalysis of data with only drug naïve patients (excluding 4 drug free patients) did not alter the results. Presence of these abnormalities in drug-naïve patients suggests the possible role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of OCD. Study findings have potential clinical utility in development of novel therapeutic options targeting cytokine aberrations in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren P Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | | | - Vasanthapuram Ravi
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sunil Kalmady
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Anish Cherian
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Janardhan Reddy Yc
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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30
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Furtado M, Katzman MA. Neuroinflammatory pathways in anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and obsessive compulsive disorders. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:37-48. [PMID: 26296951 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As prevalence of anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and obsessive compulsive disorders continue to rise worldwide, increasing focus has been placed on immune mediated theories in understanding the underlying mechanisms of these disorders. Associations between the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and these disorders have been recognized in the scientific literature, specifically in regard to cortisol levels, as well as changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The present commentary will systematically assess the scientific literature within the past decade in regard to the psychoneuroimmunology of anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and obsessive compulsive disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of these disorders is essential in order to determine efficacious and targeted treatment strategies, which may lead to substantial improvements in overall functioning, as well as significant decreases in societal and economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Furtado
- START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin A Katzman
- START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; The Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; Adler Graduate Professional School, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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31
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Daily intake of probiotics with high IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio increases the cytotoxicity of human natural killer cells: a personalized probiotic approach. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:721505. [PMID: 25759833 PMCID: PMC4352450 DOI: 10.1155/2014/721505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A personalized probiotic microfluidic chip system has been established and used to screen the probiotics which had the highest value of IFN-γ/IL-10 or IL-10/IFN-γ among six probiotics, including L. paracasei BRAP01, L. acidophilus AD300, B. longum BA100, E. faecium BR0085, L. rhamnosus AD500, and L. reuteri BR101. One hundred volunteers were included and their PBMCs were collected and stimulated by the six probiotics. People who belonged to the IFN-γ group took the probiotics that exerted the highest ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 and vice versa in IL-10 group. A significant increase in NK cytotoxicity of 69 volunteers in the IFN-γ group was observed compared to the IL-10 group (n = 21) and control group (n = 10). The result also showed that L. paracasei BRAP01 and L. acidophilus AD300 were the two dominant inducers in IFN-γ group which yielded higher value of IFN-γ/IL-10 than the other 4 probiotics, while L. reuteri BR101 was the most effective agent on the ratio of IL-10/IFN-γ in the IL-10 group. Our finding highlighted the concept of personalized probiotics and also provided a good foundation to investigate the probiotics with NK activity.
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Keszler G, Kruk E, Kenezloi E, Tarnok Z, Sasvari-Szekely M, Nemoda Z. Association of the tumor necrosis factor -308 A/G promoter polymorphism with Tourette syndrome. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 41:493-8. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Keszler
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - E. Kruk
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - E. Kenezloi
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic; Budapest Hungary
| | - Z. Tarnok
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic; Budapest Hungary
| | - M. Sasvari-Szekely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Z. Nemoda
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
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Ganguly P, Brenhouse HC. Broken or maladaptive? Altered trajectories in neuroinflammation and behavior after early life adversity. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 11:18-30. [PMID: 25081071 PMCID: PMC4476268 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews how early life adversity alters neuroimmune mechanisms. Neuroimmune sensitization from early life adversity impacts circuitry at discrete life stages. Neuroimmune and neurodevelopmental influences can impact behavior and vulnerability. Sexual dimorphism in immune and brain development yield distinct effects of early life adversity.
Exposure to adversity and stress early in development yields vulnerability to mental illnesses throughout the lifespan. Growing evidence suggests that this vulnerability has mechanistic origins involving aberrant development of both neurocircuitry and neuro-immune activity. Here we review the current understanding of when and how stress exposure initiates neuroinflammatory events that interact with brain development. We first review how early life adversity has been associated with various psychopathologies, and how neuroinflammation plays a role in these pathologies. We then summarize data and resultant hypotheses describing how early life adversity may particularly alter neuro-immune development with psychiatric consequences. Finally, we review how sex differences contribute to individualistic vulnerabilities across the lifespan. We submit the importance of understanding how stress during early development might cause outright neural or glial damage, as well as experience-dependent plasticity that may insufficiently prepare an individual for sex-specific or life-stage specific challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabarna Ganguly
- Northeastern University, Psychology Department, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Heather C Brenhouse
- Northeastern University, Psychology Department, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Uguz F, Onder Sonmez E, Sahingoz M, Gokmen Z, Basaran M, Gezginc K, Sonmez G, Kaya N, Yilmaz E, Erdem SS, Dulger HH, Cicekler H, Tasyurek E. Neuroinflammation in the fetus exposed to maternal obsessive-compulsive disorder during pregnancy: a comparative study on cord blood tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:861-5. [PMID: 24480417 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between maternal psychiatric disorders and fetal neurodevelopment is unclear. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is relatively frequent during pregnancy. The study aimed to investigate whether maternal OCD during pregnancy affects fetal circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels, an important pro-inflammatory cytokine, by comparing cord blood TNF-α levels in newborn infants of women with and without OCD. METHODS The study sample included 7 women with OCD and 30 healthy women. OCD and other psychiatric diagnoses were screened by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. The blood sample for the determination of TNF-α level was obtained from the umbilical cord during delivery. RESULTS Cord blood TNF-α levels in newborn infants exposed to maternal OCD were significantly higher compared to non-exposed infants. Maternal anxiety symptom level was found to positively correlate with cord blood TNF-α levels in newborn infants of women with OCD. CONCLUSION The study results imply that maternal OCD during pregnancy may lead to neuroinflammation in the developing fetal brain through higher levels of circulating TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Uguz
- Department of Psychiatry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Erdem Onder Sonmez
- Department of Psychiatry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mine Sahingoz
- Department of Psychiatry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Zeynel Gokmen
- Department of Neonatology, Konya Research and Training Hospital, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Basaran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konya Research and Training Hospital, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Kazim Gezginc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Gulsum Sonmez
- Department of Neonatology, Konya Research and Training Hospital, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Nazmiye Kaya
- Department of Psychiatry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Emre Yilmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Sami Sait Erdem
- Department of Biochemistry, Konya Research and Training Hospital, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Haluk Dulger
- Department of Biochemistry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Humeyra Cicekler
- Department of Biochemistry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Erkan Tasyurek
- Department of Biochemistry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
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R K, D M A, C N, S N W, C D. Oxidative imbalance and anxiety disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:193-204. [PMID: 24669212 PMCID: PMC3964749 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11666131120223530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative imbalance appears to have an important role in anxiety development. Studies in both humans and animals have shown a strong correlation between anxiety and oxidative stress. In humans, for example, the increased malondialdehyde levels and discrepancies in antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes have been observed. In animals, several studies also show that anxiety-like behavior is related to the oxidative imbalance. Moreover, anxiety-like behavior can be caused by pharmacological-induced oxidative stress. Studies using knockout or overexpression of antioxidant enzymes have shown a relationship between anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress. Related factors of oxidative stress that could influence anxious behavior are revised, including impaired function of different mitochondrial proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and neurotrophic factors. It has been suggested that a therapy specifically focus in reducing reactive species production may have a beneficial effect in reducing anxiety. However, the neurobiological pathways underlying the effect of oxidative stress on anxiety symptoms are not fully comprehended. The challenge now is to identify the oxidative stress mechanisms likely to be involved in the induction of anxiety symptoms. Understanding these pathways could help to clarify the neurobiology of the anxiety disorder and provide tools for new discovery in therapies and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krolow R
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Arcego D M
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Noschang C
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Weis S N
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dalmaz C
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Bo Y, Liu S, Yin Y, Wang Z, Cui J, Zong J, Zhang X, Li X. Association study between IL-1β-511 C/T polymorphism and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in Chinese Han population. Int J Psychiatry Med 2014; 46:145-52. [PMID: 24552038 DOI: 10.2190/pm.46.2.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the potential association between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and a functional polymorphism of IL-1beta-511 C/T in Chinese Han population. METHODS The authors genotyped the IL-1beta-511 C/T of 241 OCD patients and 444 healthy control subjects and then performed a case-control association analysis. RESULTS No difference was found in IL-1beta-511 C/T genotypic and allelic frequencies between OCD cases and controls (chi2 = 0.501, df = 2, P = 0.78 by genotype; chi2 = 0.487, df = 1, P = 0.49 by allele). CONCLUSION IL-1beta-511 polymorphism may not play a major role in the genetic predisposition to OCD in Chinese Han population. Given that this is an early investigation of this gene in OCD, further studies are required to draw firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Bo
- Shandong University and Qingdao University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xingang Li
- Neurosurgery Department of Qilu Hospital, Brain Sciences Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Zhang X, Yin Y, Liu S, Ma X. A case-control association study between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and the MCP-1 -2518G/A polymorphism in a Chinese sample. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2013; 34:451-3. [PMID: 23429817 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbp.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and a functional polymorphism of MCP-1 in the Chinese Han population. METHOD We genotyped and performed a case-control association analysis of the MCP-1 -2518G/A polymorphism in 200 OCD patients and 294 healthy control subjects. RESULTS There was no significant difference in MCP-1 -2518G/A genotypic and allelic frequencies between OCD cases and controls (x² = 1.123, df = 2, P = 0.57 by genotype; x² = 0.802, df = 1, P = 0.37 by allele). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that MCP-1 -2518G/A may not play a major role in the genetic predisposition of the Chinese Han population to OCD. However, further studies using a larger number of subjects are required to obtain a clear conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Pychology and Psychiatry, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Poli A, Kmiecik J, Domingues O, Hentges F, Bléry M, Chekenya M, Boucraut J, Zimmer J. NK cells in central nervous system disorders. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5355-62. [PMID: 23687193 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are important players in immunity against pathogens and neoplasms. As a component of the innate immune system, they are one of the first effectors on sites of inflammation. Through their cytokine production capacities, NK cells participate in the development of a potent adaptive immune response. Furthermore, NK cells were found to have regulatory functions to limit and prevent autoimmunity via killing of autologous immune cells. These paradoxical functions of NK cells are reflected in CNS disorders. In this review, we discuss the phenotypes and functional features of peripheral and brain NK cells in brain tumors and infections, neurodegenerative diseases, acute vascular and traumatic damage, as well as mental disorders. We also discuss the implication of NK cells in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection following CNS pathology, as well as the crosstalk between NK cells and brain-resident immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Poli
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Allergology, Public Research Center for Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Moylan S, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Berk M. How cigarette smoking may increase the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders: a critical review of biological pathways. Brain Behav 2013; 3:302-26. [PMID: 23785661 PMCID: PMC3683289 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have demonstrated an association between cigarette smoking and increased anxiety symptoms or disorders, with early life exposures potentially predisposing to enhanced anxiety responses in later life. Explanatory models support a potential role for neurotransmitter systems, inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotrophins and neurogenesis, and epigenetic effects, in anxiety pathogenesis. All of these pathways are affected by exposure to cigarette smoke components, including nicotine and free radicals. This review critically examines and summarizes the literature exploring the role of these systems in increased anxiety and how exposure to cigarette smoke may contribute to this pathology at a biological level. Further, this review explores the effects of cigarette smoke on normal neurodevelopment and anxiety control, suggesting how exposure in early life (prenatal, infancy, and adolescence) may predispose to higher anxiety in later life. A large heterogenous literature was reviewed that detailed the association between cigarette smoking and anxiety symptoms and disorders with structural brain changes, inflammation, and cell-mediated immune markers, markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial function, neurotransmitter systems, neurotrophins and neurogenesis. Some preliminary data were found for potential epigenetic effects. The literature provides some support for a potential interaction between cigarette smoking, anxiety symptoms and disorders, and the above pathways; however, limitations exist particularly in delineating causative effects. The literature also provides insight into potential effects of cigarette smoke, in particular nicotine, on neurodevelopment. The potential treatment implications of these findings are discussed in regards to future therapeutic targets for anxiety. The aforementioned pathways may help mediate increased anxiety seen in people who smoke. Further research into the specific actions of nicotine and other cigarette components on these pathways, and how these pathways interact, may provide insights that lead to new treatment for anxiety and a greater understanding of anxiety pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Moylan
- Deakin University School of Medicine Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Najjar S, Pearlman DM, Alper K, Najjar A, Devinsky O. Neuroinflammation and psychiatric illness. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:43. [PMID: 23547920 PMCID: PMC3626880 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence support the pathogenic role of neuroinflammation in psychiatric illness. While systemic autoimmune diseases are well-documented causes of neuropsychiatric disorders, synaptic autoimmune encephalitides with psychotic symptoms often go under-recognized. Parallel to the link between psychiatric symptoms and autoimmunity in autoimmune diseases, neuroimmunological abnormalities occur in classical psychiatric disorders (for example, major depressive, bipolar, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders). Investigations into the pathophysiology of these conditions traditionally stressed dysregulation of the glutamatergic and monoaminergic systems, but the mechanisms causing these neurotransmitter abnormalities remained elusive. We review the link between autoimmunity and neuropsychiatric disorders, and the human and experimental evidence supporting the pathogenic role of neuroinflammation in selected classical psychiatric disorders. Understanding how psychosocial, genetic, immunological and neurotransmitter systems interact can reveal pathogenic clues and help target new preventive and symptomatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhel Najjar
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Moylan S, Eyre HA, Maes M, Baune BT, Jacka FN, Berk M. Exercising the worry away: how inflammation, oxidative and nitrogen stress mediates the beneficial effect of physical activity on anxiety disorder symptoms and behaviours. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:573-84. [PMID: 23415701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity exerts positive effects on anxiety disorder symptoms, although the biological mechanisms underpinning this effect are incompletely understood. Numerous lines of evidence support inflammation and oxidative and nitrogen stress (O&NS) as important in the pathogenesis of mood and anxiety disorders, and physical activity is known to influence these same pathways. This paper reviews the inter-relationships between anxiety disorders, physical activity and inflammation and O&NS, to explore whether modulation of inflammation and O&NS may in part underpin the positive effect of physical activity on anxiety disorders. Numerous studies support the notion that physical activity operates as an anti-inflammatory and anti-O&NS agent which potentially exerts positive effects on neuroplasticity, the expression of neurotrophins and normal neuronal functions. These effects may therefore influence the expression and evolution of anxiety disorders. Further exploration of this area may elicit a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders, and inform the development of integrated programmes including PA specifically suited to the treatment and prevention of anxiety disorders and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moylan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Fontenelle LF, Barbosa IG, Luna JV, de Sousa LP, Abreu MNS, Teixeira AL. A cytokine study of adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2012; 53:797-804. [PMID: 22300901 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the plasma levels of cytokines in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as compared with healthy controls and to investigate whether there is any association between their concentrations and OCD clinical and therapeutic features. METHODS Forty patients with OCD and 40 healthy controls had their plasmas assessed for a range of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, or TNF-α), chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL11, CCL24, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10), and other mediators (TNF soluble receptors sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with OCD were further examined with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, and the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, patients with OCD exhibited significantly increased plasma levels of CCL3, CXCL8, sTNFR1, and sTNFR2. Among patients with OCD, there was a positive correlation between relative antidepressant dose and sTNFr2 levels. Furthermore, although the levels of sTNFR1 correlated positively with the severity of washing symptoms, CCL24 levels correlated negatively with the severity of hoarding. CONCLUSIONS The levels of certain immune markers are increased in adult patients with OCD and seem to vary according to predominant symptoms dimensions. Other studies are required to establish whether our findings truly reflect immunologic dysfunction in OCD or are the result of other hidden confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F Fontenelle
- Anxiety and Depression Research Program, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro 22290-140, Brazil.
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Abstract
Several studies have examined levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. This meta-analysis was conducted to examine the association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and plasma serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in IL-1β levels in OCD. No significant difference in plasma levels of IL-6 or TNF-α was demonstrated. Stratified subgroup analysis revealed possible moderating effects of age and medication use on IL-6 levels. Studies including children on psychotropic medication had lower plasma IL-6 levels. Stratified subgroup analysis revealed a moderating effect of comorbid depression on TNF-α levels. Elevated TNF-α levels were reported in studies that included individuals with comorbid depression. Future studies examining immune function in OCD should adjust for potential confounding due to medication use and comorbid depression. Further studies assessing cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels in OCD are also needed.
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Liu S, Liu Y, Yin Y, Zhang X, Ma X. A case-control study of interleukin-12 1188A/C polymorphism in obsessive-compulsive disorder in Chinese population. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2012; 24:172-5. [PMID: 26953011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies indicated that the levels of serum interleukin (IL)-12 at baseline were elevated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients compared with control subjects, suggesting that IL-12 maybe involved in the etiopathogenesis of OCD. Therefore, we study the relationship between 1188A/C polymorphism of IL-12(rs3212227) and OCD in Chinese Han population. METHODS We genotyped 194 OCD patients and 322 healthy individuals by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), then analyzed the data using case-control association test. RESULTS No significant differences were found in 1188A/C genotypic and allelic frequencies between OCD cases and controls ( X 2 = 2.12, df = 2, P = 0.35 by genotype; X 2 = 0.005, df = 1, P = 0.94 by allele). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that there may be lack of an association between OCD and IL-12 1188A/C polymorphism in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Departments of psychiatry and Psychological clinic, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingying Yin
- Departments of psychiatry and Psychological clinic, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Departments of psychiatry and Psychological clinic, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Graduate school, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Davey GCL. Disgust: the disease-avoidance emotion and its dysfunctions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3453-65. [PMID: 22042921 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This review analyses the accumulating evidence from psychological, psychophysiological, neurobiological and cognitive studies suggesting that the disease-avoidance emotion of disgust is a predominant emotion experienced in a number of psychopathologies. Current evidence suggests that disgust is significantly related to small animal phobias (particularly spider phobia), blood-injection-injury phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder contamination fears, and these are all disorders that have primary disgust elicitors as a significant component of their psychopathology. Disgust propensity and sensitivity are also significantly associated with measures of a number of other psychopathologies, including eating disorders, sexual dysfunctions, hypochondriasis, height phobia, claustrophobia, separation anxiety, agoraphobia and symptoms of schizophrenia--even though many of these psychopathologies do not share the disease-avoidance functionality that characterizes disgust. There is accumulating evidence that disgust does represent an important vulnerability factor for many of these psychopathologies, but when disgust-relevant psychopathologies do meet the criteria required for clinical diagnosis, they are characterized by significant levels of both disgust and fear/anxiety. Finally, it has been argued that disgust may also facilitate anxiety and distress across a broad range of psychopathologies through its involvement in more complex human emotions such as shame and guilt, and through its effect as a negative affect emotion generating threat-interpretation biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C L Davey
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK.
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Liu S, Liu Y, Zhang X, Ma X. Lack of association of -251T/A polymorphism in interleukin 8 gene with susceptibility to obsessive-compulsive disorder in Chinese Han population. Cytokine 2012; 59:209-10. [PMID: 22609211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Matz J, Krause DL, Dehning S, Riedel M, Gruber R, Schwarz MJ, Müller N. Altered monocyte activation markers in Tourette's syndrome: a case-control study. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:29. [PMID: 22471395 PMCID: PMC3356225 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections and immunological processes are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome (TS). To determine possible common underlying immunological mechanisms, we focused on innate immunity and studied markers of inflammation, monocytes, and monocyte-derived cytokines. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we used current methods to determine the number of monocytes and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in 46 children, adolescents, and adult patients suffering from TS and in 43 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble CD14 (sCD14), IL1-receptor antagonist (IL1-ra), and serum neopterin were detected by immunoassays. RESULTS We found that CRP and neopterin levels and the number of monocytes were significantly higher in TS patients than in healthy controls. Serum concentrations of TNF-alpha, sIL1-ra, and sCD14 were significantly lower in TS patients. All measured values were within normal ranges and often close to detection limits. CONCLUSIONS The present results point to a monocyte dysregulation in TS. This possible dysbalance in innate immunity could predispose to infections or autoimmune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Matz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela L Krause
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Dehning
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Riedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany,Vinzenz von Paul Hospital, Psychiatry, Schwenninger Str. 55, 78628, Rottweil, Germany
| | - Rudolf Gruber
- Department of Rheumatology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus J Schwarz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Zohar J, Greenberg B, Denys D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 106:375-90. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hou R, Baldwin DS. A neuroimmunological perspective on anxiety disorders. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27:6-14. [PMID: 22213434 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research into psychoneuroimmunology has led to substantial advances in our understanding of the reciprocal interactions between the central nervous system and the immune system in neuropsychiatric disorders. To date, the presence of inflammatory responses and the crucial role of cytokines in major depression have been addressed in numerous studies. However, neuroinflammatory hypotheses in anxiety disorders have been studied less extensively than in major depression. There is a high research need for better understanding of both the heterogeneous role of specific cytokines in the control of anxious states and in different anxiety disorders and of the immunomodulating effects of antidepressants on anxiety. METHODS Relevant literature was identified through a search of MEDLINE via PubMed. We discuss recent research on neuroimmunology in anxiety and make methodological recommendations for future investigation of neuroinflammatory hypotheses in anxiety disorders. RESULTS Some accumulating evidence has indicated modulatory effects of cytokines on neuronal communication and anxiety; however, research has not revealed consistent reproducible findings. CONCLUSIONS The availability of inflammatory biomarkers may provide an opportunity to identify patients via specific pathophysiological processes and to monitor therapeutic responses within relevant pathways. Further understanding of the neuroimmunological mechanisms to untangle the reciprocal associations between inflammation and anxiety is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Hou
- University Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Atmaca M, Kilic F, Koseoglu F, Ustundag B. Neutrophils are decreased in obsessive-compulsive disorder: preliminary investigation. Psychiatry Investig 2011; 8:362-5. [PMID: 22216047 PMCID: PMC3246145 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2011.8.4.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been no study in the literature evaluating total blood count in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Therefore, we performed the present study to spesifically measure serum total blood count particularly white blood cells to see whether or not its eventual alterations might have an etiopathogenetic significance in patients with OCD. METHODS Total blood count was measured in thirty patients and same number of healthy controls. Additionally, all patients were assessed by Yale-Brown Obsession Compulsion Scale (Y-BOCS). RESULTS Except for neutrophil count, there were no significant differences between the groups regarding any haematological parameter. The mean neutrophil count of the patient group was lower compared to that of the control subjects. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present study suggests that neutrophil count is reduced in pure OCD patients and this finding may contribute to the role of immunological factors in the pathogenesis of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Atmaca
- Department of Psychiatry, Fırat University, School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Faruk Kilic
- Department of Psychiatry, Fırat University, School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Filiz Koseoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Fırat University, School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Bilal Ustundag
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Fırat University, School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
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