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Agius R, Pace NP, Fava S. Phenotyping obesity: A focus on metabolically healthy obesity and metabolically unhealthy normal weight. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3725. [PMID: 37792999 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 4 decades, research has shown that having a normal body weight does not automatically imply preserved metabolic health and a considerable number of lean individuals harbour metabolic abnormalities typically associated with obesity. Conversely, excess adiposity does not always equate with an abnormal metabolic profile. In fact, evidence exists for the presence of a metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUHNW) and a metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype. It has become increasingly recognised that different fat depots exert different effects on the metabolic profile of each individual by virtue of their location, structure and function, giving rise to these different body composition phenotypes. Furthermore, other factors have been implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of the body composition phenotypes, including genetics, ethnicity, age and lifestyle/behavioural factors. Even though to date both MHO and MUHNW have been widely investigated and documented in the literature, studies report different outcomes on long-term cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. Future large-scale, observational and population-based studies are required for better profiling of these phenotypes as well as to further elucidate the pathophysiological role of the adipocyte in the onset of metabolic disorders to allow for better risk stratification and a personalised treatment paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Agius
- University of Malta Medical School, Msida, Malta
- Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | | | - Stephen Fava
- University of Malta Medical School, Msida, Malta
- Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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2
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Cascino G, Monteleone AM. Early traumatic experiences and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in people with eating disorders: A narrative review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 159:106665. [PMID: 37944210 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to trauma during childhood is a non-specific risk factor for psychiatric disorders, including eating disorders (EDs), over the life course. Moreover, an association between stressful life events and the onset/maintenance of EDs has been documented. Therefore, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, namely the main component of the endogenous stress response system, has been proposed to be implicated in the pathophysiology of EDs. In this narrative review the current knowledge concerning the effects of early trauma exposure on the HPA axis activity and their putative role in the pathophysiology of EDs will be illustrated. Research findings corroborate the idea that childhood trauma exposure has long-lasting dysregulating effects on the activity of the HPA axis, which may contribute to the biological background of the early trauma-related risk for the development of EDs across the life span. Moreover, literature data support the existence of a "maltreated ecophenotype" in EDs characterized by specific clinic and neuroendocrine features, which may have important implications in treatment programming for such a type of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giammarco Cascino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
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3
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Reading Skills, Social Competence, and Physiological Stress in the First Grade. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-021-09487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn awareness of school-related antecedents of children’s physiological stress at the beginning of school helps educators to prevent and mitigate children’s stress, the one of the major obstacles to their well-being and academic progress. We aimed to study the effect of reading skills and social competence on first-grade students’ salivary cortisol levels in natural settings. Based on previous results of the effects of everyday situations on children’s stress according to gender, we expected that both academic and social skills would affect girls’ physiological stress more, compared to boys. Our sample consisted of 277 students (7–8 years old, 50.2% girls). We used the highest salivary cortisol level of three morning samples and a cortisol level from the middle of the school day as physiological stress indicators. Reading skills were assessed by group-administered tests and social competence by teacher ratings. We found that lower reading comprehension skills and lower disruptiveness were related to higher cortisol levels for girls but not for boys. Higher empathy and lower disruptiveness moderated the effect of better reading comprehension on higher psychological stress in the middle of the school day only for girls. By recognizing the antecedents of children’s stress and supporting their academic and social skills, children’s, especially girls’, physiological self-regulation and coping skills in the primary grades will benefit.
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Bender D, Lösel F. Adrenocortical Activity and Aggressive Behavior in Children: A Longitudinal Study on Risk and Protective Effects. Front Psychol 2021; 12:636501. [PMID: 33967902 PMCID: PMC8100437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.636501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most research on aggression and delinquency concentrates on risk factors. There has been less attention for protective factors and mechanisms, in particular with regard to biosocial influences. Based on theories of autonomous arousal and stress reactance the present study addresses the influence of adrenocortical activity as a risk and/or protective factor in the development of antisocial behavior in children. We also investigated relations to anxiousness and family stressors. In a prospective longitudinal study of 150 German boys, the first measurement took place at preschool age and contained an assessment of cortisol after waking up and 30 min later. Aggressiveness and anxiousness of the children were assessed by the kindergarten teachers with the Social Behavior Questionnaire. After 6 years, the children's behavior was rated by the teachers in middle school. Variable-oriented data analyses revealed a significant correlation between the total amount of cortisol after waking up and 30 min later (AUC G ) and anxiousness both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, but not with aggressiveness. A family stress index correlated positively with aggressiveness but neither with cortisol nor with anxiousness. There were significant correlations between aggressiveness and anxiousness at kindergarten age and the respective behavior problems 6 years later. In a linear regression analysis on aggression only family stress had a significant effect but anxiousness not. Moderator analyses on aggressiveness with anxiousness and AUC G or on AUC G with anxiousness and aggressiveness did not show any significant interactions. Longitudinally, only aggression significantly predicted aggression 6 years later in a linear regression. In addition to variable-oriented analyses, we also applied a person-oriented approach to investigate specific patterns of behavior. Children who were high in both aggressiveness and anxiousness had the highest cortisol level and those with low anxiousness and high aggressiveness the lowest. The groups with different patterns of externalizing and internalizing problems at preschool age showed significant differences in aggression 6 years later. Our results underline the need for complex pattern analyses on cortisol, aggression, and anxiousness in children and for a differentiated consideration of emotional reactive aggression and unemotional instrumental aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Bender
- Institute of Psychology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Lösel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Choi ES, Jeon HS, Mun SJ. Association between sleep habits and symptoms of oral disease in adolescents: the 2017 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:233. [PMID: 33941148 PMCID: PMC8094500 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship between sleep habits and oral disease symptoms in adolescents. METHODS Among 62,276 adolescents who participated in the 13th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (2017), we selected a total of 54,766 adolescents (age, 12-18 years; male, 49.9%) for the final analysis, after excluding those who did not report their sleep duration. The 13th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey data were obtained from a stratified, multistage, clustered sample. Independent variables included general characteristics, oral health behavior, sleep types, sleep duration, and sleep quality; dependent variables comprised oral disease symptoms. Sleep was categorized according to bedtime astype A (bedtime < 1 a.m.) and type B (bedtime ≥ 1 a.m.). Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS After adjusting for all covariates, adolescents with type A sleep had a higher risk of toothache on chewing (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.02-1.15) than adolescents with type B. Adolescents who slept for 6 h or less each night had a higher risk of pain in the tongue and buccal mucosa (OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.18-1.54), gingival pain, and bleeding (OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.19-1.45) than those who slept for more than 8 h. Adolescents with low quality of sleep had a higher risk of toothache or throbbing (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.60-1.81), toothache on chewing (OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.65-1.82), and halitosis (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.41-1.59) than those with high quality of sleep. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that some oral symptoms are related to sleep duration and quality. It is essential to inculcate good sleeping habits in adolescents by emphasizing the effects of inadequate sleep duration and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sil Choi
- Department of Dental Hygiene, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Jeon
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Yeoju Institute of Technology, Yeoju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Mun
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, 26493, Wonju, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea.
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Lewis CR, Breitenstein RS, Henderson A, Sowards HA, Piras IS, Huentelman MJ, Doane LD, Lemery-Chalfant K. Harsh Parenting Predicts Novel HPA Receptor Gene Methylation and NR3C1 Methylation Predicts Cortisol Daily Slope in Middle Childhood. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:783-793. [PMID: 32472381 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Adverse experiences in childhood are associated with altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and negative health outcomes throughout life. It is now commonly accepted that abuse and neglect can alter epigenetic regulation of HPA genes. Accumulated evidence suggests harsh parenting practices such as spanking are also strong predictors of negative health outcomes. We predicted harsh parenting at 2.5 years old would predict HPA gene DNA methylation similarly to abuse and neglect, and cortisol output at 8.5 years old. Saliva samples were collected three times a day across 3 days to estimate cortisol diurnal slopes. Methylation was quantified using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC array BeadChip (850 K) with DNA collected from buccal cells. We used principal components analysis to compute a summary statistic for CpG sites across candidate genes. The first and second components were used as outcome variables in mixed linear regression analyses with harsh parenting as a predictor variable. We found harsh parenting significantly predicted methylation of several HPA axis genes, including novel gene associations with AVPRB1, CRHR1, CRHR2, and MC2R (FDR corrected p < 0.05). Further, we found NR3C1 methylation predicted a steeper diurnal cortisol slope. Our results extend the current literature by demonstrating harsh parenting may influence DNA methylation similarly to more extreme early life experiences such as abuse and neglect. Further, we show NR3C1 methylation is associated with diurnal HPA function. Elucidating the molecular consequences of harsh parenting on health can inform best parenting practices and provide potential treatment targets for common complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace R Lewis
- Neurogenomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
- Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Adrienne Henderson
- Neurogenomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | | | - Ignazio S Piras
- Neurogenomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Leah D Doane
- Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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The Cost of Academic Focus: Daily School Problems and Biopsychological Adjustment in Chinese American Families. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:1631-1644. [PMID: 32451784 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Stress from daily school problems may accumulate and eventually lead to mental health issues in both youth and their parents. With a strong cultural emphasis on school performance, Chinese American families may be particularly vulnerable to such stress. In the current research, Chinese American adolescents (N = 95; Mean age = 13.7 years; 51% girls) and their parents completed daily diary reports of school problems and emotional well-being for 14 continuous days. Adolescents also provided four saliva samples per day for 4 consecutive days. Multilevel modeling analyses showed that youth's daily school problems predicted their lower happiness, higher distress, and higher total cortisol output above and beyond their emotional well-being and cortisol output the prior day. Moreover, there was a spillover effect such that youth's school problems also negatively predicted their parents' emotional well-being. Notably, the negative influence from school problems was moderated by children's cultural orientation, such that youth who were more oriented toward Chinese (vs. American) culture were more vulnerable to the school problems. Taken together, our results highlight the costs on biopsychological adjustment accompanying the academic focus in Chinese American youth and their parents.
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Ponzi D, Flinn MV, Muehlenbein MP, Nepomnaschy PA. Hormones and human developmental plasticity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 505:110721. [PMID: 32004677 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection favors the evolution of mechanisms that optimize the allocation of resources and time among competing traits. Hormones mediate developmental plasticity, the changes in the phenotype that occur during ontogeny. Despite their highly conserved functions, the flexibilities of human hormonal systems suggest a strong history of adaptation to variable environments. Physiological research on developmental plasticity has focused on the early programming effects of stress, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) and the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) during critical periods, when the hormones produced have the strongest influence on the developing brain. Often this research emphasizes the maladaptive effects of early stressful experiences. Here we posit that the HPAA and HPAG systems in human developmental plasticity have evolved to be responsive to complex and dynamic problems associated with human sociality. The lengthy period of human offspring dependency, and its associated brain development and risks, is linked to the uniquely human combination of stable breeding bonds, extensive paternal effort in a multi-male group, extended bilateral kin recognition, grandparenting, and controlled exchange of mates among kin groups. We evaluate an evolutionary framework that integrates proximate physiological explanations with ontogeny, phylogeny, adaptive function, and comparative life history data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ponzi
- Unit of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy.
| | - Mark V Flinn
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Debeuf T, Verbeken S, Boelens E, Volkaert B, Van Malderen E, Michels N, Braet C. Emotion regulation training in the treatment of obesity in young adolescents: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:153. [PMID: 32039739 PMCID: PMC7011608 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-4020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence rates of childhood obesity are increasing. The current multidisciplinary treatments for (childhood) obesity are effective but only moderately and in the short term. A possible explanation for the onset and maintenance of childhood obesity is that it reflects a maladaptive mechanism for regulating high levels of stress and emotions. Therefore, the current RCT study aims to test the effectiveness of adding an emotion regulation training to care as usual (multidisciplinary obesity treatment) in young inpatients (10-14) involved in an obesity treatment program compared to care as usual alone. The research model for this RCT study states that when high levels of stress are regulated in a maladaptive way, this can contribute to the development of obesity. METHODS The current study will recruit 140 youngsters (10-14 years) who are involved in an inpatient multidisciplinary obesity treatment (MOT) program. After giving consent to participate in the study, youngsters will be randomly assigned, during consecutive waves, to one of two conditions: care as usual (receiving MOT) or intervention (receiving MOT in addition to emotion regulation training). The training itself consists of 12 weekly sessions, followed by a booster session after 3 and 5 months. The participants will be tested pretraining, post-training, and at 6 months' follow-up. We hypothesize that, compared to the control condition, youngsters in the intervention condition will (1) use more adaptive emotion regulation strategies and (2) report less emotional eating, both primary outcome measures. Moreover, on the level of secondary outcome measures, we hypothesize that youngsters in the intervention condition, compared with the control condition, will (3) report better sleep quality, (4) undergo improved weight loss and weight loss maintenance, and (5) experience better long-term (6-months) psychological well-being. DISCUSSION This study will add to both the scientific and clinical literature on the role of emotion regulation in the development and maintenance of different psychopathologies, as emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic factor. TRIAL REGISTRATION The RCT study protocol is registered at ISRCTN Registry, with study ID "ISRCTN 83822934." Registered on 13 December 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taaike Debeuf
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verbeken
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisa Boelens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brenda Volkaert
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Malderen
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Messerli-Bürgy N, Horsch A, Schindler C, Boichat A, Kriemler S, Munsch S, Crottet B, Marquez-Vidal PM, Borghini A, Puder JJ. Influence of Acute Physical Activity on Stress Reactivity in Obese and Normal Weight Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obes Facts 2019; 12:115-130. [PMID: 30844804 PMCID: PMC6465711 DOI: 10.1159/000494294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical activity (PA) may influence acute stress reactivity in children differently depending on their weight. This randomized controlled trial investigated the impact of acute PA and of BMI status (overweight/obese (OB/OW) and normal weight (NW) on stress reactivity. METHOD 50 prepubertal children (24 OW/OB and 26 NW) were randomly assigned to the PA or sedentary arm (SED) for 30 min followed by a stress task. Salivary cortisol, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were measured. RESULTS An interaction effect between the randomization arms and weight status on salivary cortisol was found after the stress task (p = 0.04). Cortisol increased in the SED, but not in the PA arm (p = 0.004 for differences in time course) of NW children. Time course did not differ between both arms in OW/OB children (p = 0.7). OW/OB SED children had a flat cortisol course, and levels were reduced compared to the NW SED or the OW/OB PA children (p ≤ 0.03). Systolic BP increased only in the SED arm (p = 0.01). HR was higher in the PA than in the SED arm during stress (p < 0.001) and showed different time courses (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION PA impacted on acute stress reactivity and influenced stress reactivity differently in NW and OW/OB children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Messerli-Bürgy
- Clinical Child Psychology & Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland,
- Obstetric Service, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland,
| | - Antje Horsch
- Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare, University of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neonatology Service, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schindler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anaëlle Boichat
- Institute of Sport Studies, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Crottet
- Service of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Obesity, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro M Marquez-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ayala Borghini
- University Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jardena J Puder
- Obstetric Service, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Michels N, Matthys D, Thumann B, Marild S, De Henauw S. Children's stress-related reports and stress biomarkers interact in their association with metabolic syndrome risk. Stress Health 2018; 34:523-533. [PMID: 29733496 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose was to examine the cross-sectional associations of stress-related reports and stress biomarkers with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk in children while also testing the interaction between stress biomarkers and stress reports. In 353 children (5-10 years old, 7.9% overweight/obese), MetS risk was measured by blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose homeostasis, triglycerides, and high-density cholesterol. Stress was measured by stress-related reports (events, emotions, and internalizing/externalizing problems) and two biomarkers: salivary cortisol (total-day and morning output) and heart rate variability (percentage of consecutive normal RR intervals differing more than 50 ms and low-to-high-frequency ratio). Cross-sectional regression analyses with z scored total MetS risk as outcome were adjusted for age, sex, and socio-economic status. Only internalizing problems were directly related to a higher MetS risk score (β = 0.236). Cortisol and heart rate variability were significant moderators: High cortisol morning output resulted in a positive (unfavourable) report-MetS relationship (β = 0.259-0.552), whereas low percentage of consecutive normal RR intervals differing more than 50 ms resulted in a negative (favourable) report-MetS relationship (β = -0.298) and low low-to-high-frequency ratio in a positive (unfavourable) report-MetS relationship (β = 0.478). In conclusion, stress can sometimes be a disadvantageous factor in metabolic health of otherwise healthy children. The cortisol biomarker seems relevant because metabolic risk was highest when stress-related reports were accompanied by high morning cortisol output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dante Matthys
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Thumann
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiologic Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Staffan Marild
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Messerli-Bürgy N, Arhab A, Stülb K, Kakebeeke TH, Zysset AE, Leeger-Aschmann CS, Schmutz EA, Ehlert U, Kriemler S, Jenni OG, Munsch S, Puder JJ. Physiological stress measures in preschool children and their relationship with body composition and behavioral problems. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 60:1009-1022. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Messerli-Bürgy
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; University of Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
- Department of Psychology; University of Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV); Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Amar Arhab
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV); Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stülb
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; University of Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center; University Children's Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Children's Research Center; University Children's Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Annina E. Zysset
- Child Development Center; University Children's Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Einat A. Schmutz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Department of Psychology - Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center; University Children's Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Children's Research Center; University Children's Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; University of Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Jardena J. Puder
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV); Lausanne Switzerland
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Obesity; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV); Lausanne Switzerland
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Miller AL, Gearhardt AN, Retzloff L, Sturza J, Kaciroti N, Lumeng JC. Early Childhood Stress and Child Age Predict Longitudinal Increases in Obesogenic Eating Among Low-Income Children. Acad Pediatr 2018; 18:685-691. [PMID: 29357310 PMCID: PMC6067997 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify whether psychosocial stress exposure during early childhood predicts subsequent increased eating in the absence of hunger (EAH), emotional overeating, food responsiveness, and enjoyment of food. METHODS This was an observational longitudinal study. Among 207 low-income children (54.6% non-Hispanic white, 46.9% girls), early childhood stress exposure was measured by parent report and a stress exposure index calculated, with higher scores indicating more stress exposure. Eating behaviors were measured in early (mean, 4.3; standard deviation, 0.5 years) and middle (mean, 7.9; standard deviation, 0.7 years) childhood. Observed EAH was assessed by measuring kilocalories of palatable food the child consumed after a meal. Parents reported on child eating behaviors on the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Child weight and height were measured and body mass index z score (BMIz) calculated. Multivariable linear regression, adjusting for child sex, race/ethnicity, and BMIz, was used to examine the association of stress exposure with rate of change per year in each child eating behavior. RESULTS Early childhood stress exposure predicted yearly increases in EAH (β = 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.002, 0.27) and Emotional Overeating (β = 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.008, 0.27). Stress exposure was not associated with Food Responsiveness (trend for decreased Enjoyment of Food; β = -0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.002, -0.26). All child obesogenic eating behaviors increased with age (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Early stress exposure predicted increases in child eating behaviors known to associate with overweight/obesity. Psychosocial stress may confer overweight/obesity risk through eating behavior pathways. Targeting eating behaviors may be an important prevention strategy for children exposed to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Mich.
| | | | - Lauren Retzloff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Julie Sturza
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Mich
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14
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Michels N, Clarke G, Olavarria-Ramirez L, Gómez-Martínez S, Díaz LE, Marcos A, Widhalm K, Carvalho LA. Psychosocial stress and inflammation driving tryptophan breakdown in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis of two cohorts. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 94:104-111. [PMID: 29775873 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan breakdown is an important mechanism in several diseases e.g. inflammation and stress-induced inflammation have been associated with the development of depression via enhanced tryptophan breakdown. Depression is a major public health problem which commonly starts during adolescence, thus identifying underlying mechanisms during early life is crucial in prevention. The aim of this work was to verify whether independent and interacting associations of psychosocial stress and inflammation on tryptophan breakdown already exist in children and adolescents as a vulnerable age group. METHODS Two cross-sectional population-based samples of children/adolescents (8-18 y) were available: 315 from the European HELENA study and 164 from the Belgian ChiBS study. In fasting serum samples, tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-ɣ, soluble vascular adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM1) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM1) were measured. Psychological stress was measured by stress reports (subjective) and cortisol (objective - awakening salivary cortisol or hair cortisol). Linear regressions with stress or inflammation as predictor were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, puberty, socio-economic status and country. RESULTS In both cohorts, inflammation as measured by higher levels of CRP, sVCAM1 and sICAM1 was associated with kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and thus enhanced tryptophan breakdown (beta: 0.145-0.429). Psychological stress was only associated with tryptophan breakdown in the presence of higher inflammatory levels (TNF-α in both populations). CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory levels were replicable key in enhancing tryptophan breakdown along the kynurenine pathway, even at young age and in a non-clinical sample. The stress-inflammation interaction indicated that only the stress exposures inducing higher inflammatory levels (or in an already existing inflammatory status) were associated with more tryptophan breakdown. This data further contributes to our understanding of pathways to disease development, and may help identifying those more likely to develop stress or inflammation-related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Loreto Olavarria-Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sonia Gómez-Martínez
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism & Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain; ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Nutrición y la Obesidad (CIBEROBN), Spain
| | - Ligia Esperanza Díaz
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism & Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain; ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Nutrición y la Obesidad (CIBEROBN), Spain
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism & Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain; ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Nutrición y la Obesidad (CIBEROBN), Spain
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Department of Pediatric, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Livia A Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1 M 6BQ, UK
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15
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Monteleone AM, Monteleone P, Volpe U, De Riso F, Fico G, Giugliano R, Nigro M, Maj M. Impaired cortisol awakening response in eating disorder women with childhood trauma exposure: evidence for a dose-dependent effect of the traumatic load. Psychol Med 2018; 48:952-960. [PMID: 28847330 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma is a non specific risk factor for adult eating disorders (ED), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis seems to mediate such a risk. Here we explored the impact of different types of childhood trauma and of traumatic load on the cortisol awakening response (CAR) of women with anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN). METHODS Saliva samples were collected at awakening and after 15, 30, 60 min to measure cortisol levels by 121 women (44 AN patients, 36 BN patients and 41 healthy women). Participants filled in the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. RESULTS AN and BN patients with childhood maltreatment exhibited an attenuated CAR compared with non-maltreated ones. In the whole ED patient group, the CAR showed a progressive impairment with the increasing number of reported trauma types. Although significant negative correlations emerged between the type or the number of traumas and the CAR, only the number of traumas remained significantly associated with the CAR in a stepwise multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS Present findings confirm that childhood trauma is associated with an impaired CAR in adult AN and BN patients and demonstrate for the first time a negative dose-dependent effect of the traumatic load on HPA axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Monteleone
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - P Monteleone
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - U Volpe
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - F De Riso
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - G Fico
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - R Giugliano
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - M Nigro
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - M Maj
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
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16
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Classroom social experiences in early elementary school relate to diurnal cortisol levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 87:1-8. [PMID: 29032322 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Social stress has been linked to altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocorticol (HPA) axis activation. During elementary school, children can become exposed to negative peer relations, such as poor appraisal among classroom peers, which is considered a social stressor. However, little is known about the association between classroom peer appraisal and the physiological stress system in children. The goal of this study was to examine the association of peer acceptance and peer non-acceptance with diurnal cortisol concentrations in 222 children from 20 mainstream elementary schools (Mage=6.97years, SD=0.99, 55% boys) in the Netherlands. Saliva samples were collected at awakening, 30min post-awakening, at noon and at 8 pm during a weekend day. From these assessments, the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR), diurnal cortisol concentration (AUCg) and diurnal cortisol slope were calculated. Peer nominations of peer acceptance (being liked), and peer non-acceptance (being disliked) were collected across a one year interval. Associations were controlled for peer victimization, age, sex and SES and children's levels of emotional problems and behavioural problems. Results showed that low peer acceptance was associated with heightened diurnal cortisol concentration (i.e., heightened AUGg), lower cortisol reductions across the day (i.e., less decreasing cortisol slope) and heightened cortisol awakening response (i.e., heightened CAR). Peer non-acceptance and the interaction between peer acceptance and peer non-acceptance (known as peer rejection) were not associated with AUCg, cortisol slope or the CAR. The findings emphasize the association between poor appraisal among classroom peers and children's heightened HPA-axis activation. This underscores the importance of the physiological stress system in studying the consequences of negative peer relations in children.
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17
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Vestergaard M, Holm SK, Uldall P, Siebner HR, Paulson OB, Baaré WFC, Madsen KS. Glucocorticoid treatment earlier in childhood and adolescence show dose-response associations with diurnal cortisol levels. Dev Psychobiol 2017; 59:1010-1020. [PMID: 28888057 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heightened levels of glucocorticoids in children and adolescents have previously been linked to prolonged changes in the diurnal regulation of the stress-hormone cortisol, a glucocorticoid regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPA-axis). To address this question, we examined the salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR) and daily cortisol output in 36 children and adolescents (25 girls/11 boys) aged 7-16 years previously treated with glucocorticoids for nephrotic syndrome or rheumatic disorder and 36 healthy controls. Patients and controls did not significantly differ in the CAR or diurnal cortisol output; however, sex-dependent group differences were observed. Specifically, female patients had a higher CAR relative to female controls, while male patients had higher daily cortisol levels compared to male controls. Notably, CAR in female patients and daily cortisol levels in male patients showed a positive linear relationship with the mean daily glucocorticoid doses administered during treatment. The observed dose-response associations suggest that glucocorticoid therapy during childhood and adolescence might trigger long-term changes in HPA-axis regulation, which may differ for males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vestergaard
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand Psychiatry, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Sara K Holm
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Neuropaediatric Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Uldall
- Neuropaediatric Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartwig R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olaf B Paulson
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William F C Baaré
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kathrine S Madsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Technology, Metropolitan University College, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In adults, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity shows sexual dimorphism, and this is thought to be a mechanism underlying sex-specific disease incidence. Evidence is scarce on whether these sex differences are also present in childhood. In a meta-analysis, we recently found that basal (non-stimulated) cortisol in saliva and free cortisol in 24-h urine follow sex-specific patterns. We explored whether these findings could be extended with sex differences in HPA axis reactivity. METHODS From inception to January 2016, PubMed and EMBASE.com were searched for studies that assessed HPA axis reactivity in healthy girls and boys aged ≤18 years. Articles were systematically assessed and reported in the categories: (1) diurnal rhythm, (2) cortisol awakening response (CAR), (3) protocolled social stress tests similar or equal to the Trier Social Stress Test for children (TSST-C), (4) pharmacological (ACTH and CRH) stress tests, and (5) miscellaneous stress tests. RESULTS Two independent assessors selected 109 out of 6158 records for full-text screening, of which 81 studies (with a total of 14,591 subjects) were included. Studies showed that girls had a tendency towards a more variable diurnal rhythm (12 out of 29 studies), a higher CAR (8 out of 18 studies), and a stronger cortisol response to social stress tests (9 out of 21 studies). We found no evidence for sex differences in cortisol response after a pharmacological challenge or to miscellaneous stress tests. DISCUSSION Sex differences in HPA axis reactivity appear to be present in childhood, although evidence is not unequivocal. For a better evaluation of sex differences in HPA axis reactivity, standardization of protocols and reports of stress tests is warranted.
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19
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Michels N, Sioen I, Ruige J, De Henauw S. Children's psychosocial stress and emotional eating: A role for leptin? Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:471-480. [PMID: 27441953 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychosocial stress can be a health threat by stimulating unhealthier eating behaviors. We aim to test the role of the hormone leptin in the association between stress and diet/emotional eating as detected in primary school children. METHOD In a two-wave longitudinal study with 308 Belgian children (5-12y) in 2010-2012, the association of fasting serum leptin with reported stress (negative events and emotional problems), measured stress by salivary cortisol (overall cortisol output and awakening response), emotional eating and food consumption frequency was examined. Analyses were split by sex. Mediation and moderation by leptin change were tested. RESULTS One stress marker (overall cortisol output) was significantly correlated with high leptin levels, but only in girls and cross-sectionally. Only in boys, leptin was associated with low emotional eating. Leptin was not a significant predictor of unhealthy food consumption. Leptin change was not a mediator but an enhancing moderator in the link between stress (high cortisol output and emotional problems) and emotional eating in girls: high reports of emotional eating in 2012 were present in the case of combined high 2-year leptin increase and high stress at baseline. DISCUSSION Stress (represented by emotional problems and high daily cortisol) seems to lead to hyperleptinemia in girls; and the combination of high stress and hyperleptinemia might make girls more vulnerable to stress-induced eating. No functional data on leptin sensitivity were present, but results might suggest that stress induces lower sensitivity to the anorexigenic leptin activity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:471-480).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 4K3, B, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 4K3, B, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johannes Ruige
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Building 6 K12, Ghent, 9000, Belgium, and Centrum Diabeteszorg AZ Nikolaas Moerlandstraat 1, 9100, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 4K3, B, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Health Sciences, Vesalius, University College Ghent, Keramiekstraat 80, Ghent, B, 9000, Belgium
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20
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Chen L, Chi P, Li X, Zilioli S, Zhao J, Zhao G, Lin D. The effects of trait and state affect on diurnal cortisol slope among children affected by parental HIV/AIDS in rural China. AIDS Care 2016; 29:1034-1040. [PMID: 28030969 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1274015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Affect is believed to be one of the most prominent proximal psychological pathway through which more distal psychosocial factors influence physiology and ultimately health. The current study examines the relative contributions of trait affect and state affect to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, with particular focus on cortisol slope, in children affected by parental HIV/AIDS. A sample of 645 children (8-15 years old) affected by parental HIV/AIDS in rural China completed a multiple-day naturalistic salivary cortisol protocol. Trait and state affect, demographics, and psychosocial covariates were assessed via self-report. Hierarchical linear modeling was used for estimating the effects of trait affect and state affect on cortisol slope. Confidence intervals for indirect effects were estimated using the Monte Carlo method. Our results indicated that both trait and state negative affect (NA) predicted flatter (less "healthy") diurnal cortisol slopes. Subsequent analyses revealed that children's state NA mediated the effect of their trait NA on diurnal cortisol slope. The same relationships did not emerge for trait and state positive affect. These findings provide a rationale for future interventions that target NA as a modifiable antecedent of compromised health-related endocrine processes among children affected by parental HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- a Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Peilian Chi
- b Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Macau , Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- c Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Samuele Zilioli
- d Department of Psychology , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.,e Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Science , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- f Department of Psychology , Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University , Kaifeng , People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang Zhao
- f Department of Psychology , Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University , Kaifeng , People's Republic of China
| | - Danhua Lin
- a Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,g School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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21
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Bae YJ, Stadelmann S, Klein AM, Jaeger S, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Ceglarek U, Gaudl A, Schaab M, von Klitzing K, Thiery J, Kratzsch J, Döhnert M. The hyporeactivity of salivary cortisol at stress test (TSST-C) in children with internalizing or externalizing disorders is contrastively associated with α-amylase. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 71:78-88. [PMID: 26462206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress biomarkers of the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) can be measured via alpha-amylase (AA) and cortisol and cortisone in saliva. Objectives were to determine 1) the response patterns of cortisol, cortisone, and AA under both circadian conditions and the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C), 2) which reactivity index is most suitable to differentiate internalizing or externalizing disorders from controls, and to explore 3) the interaction between AA and cortisol in the presence of internalizing or externalizing disorders. METHODS Saliva samples (n = 2893) from children with internalizing (n = 55) or externalizing disorders (n = 33) and healthy children (n = 81) were analyzed for cortisol, cortisone, and AA under circadian conditions and TSST-C. RESULTS Circadian rhythm of three biomarkers did not differ between diagnostic groups. Age and gender were significant predictors for cortisol and awakening time influenced all three biomarkers significantly. TSST-C responses appeared sequentially in the order of AA, cortisol, and cortisone. Trajectories of cortisol and cortisone responses, not in AA, were significantly lower in children with internalizing or externalizing disorders than in healthy children. Cortisol percentage increase appeared to be the most suitable reactivity index to detect the difference between the diagnostic groups. Internalizing disorders had a negative association between AA decrease and cortisol increase (β = -.199, p < .05, R(2) = .304). Externalizing disorders had a positive association between AA baseline and cortisol increase (β = .229, p < .05, R(2) = .304). CONCLUSION An altered HPA-axis response during stress might result from chronic allostatic load in internalizing disorders and underaroused stress response system in externalizing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ju Bae
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Stadelmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annette Maria Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sonia Jaeger
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hiemisch
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexander Gaudl
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michael Schaab
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kai von Klitzing
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Juergen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mirko Döhnert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Kuhlman KR, Geiss EG, Vargas I, Lopez-Duran NL. Differential associations between childhood trauma subtypes and adolescent HPA-axis functioning. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 54:103-14. [PMID: 25704913 PMCID: PMC4384935 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies examining the association between childhood trauma exposure and neuroendocrine functioning have returned inconsistent findings. To date, few studies have accounted for the role exposure to different types of childhood trauma may have on different neuroendocrine adaptations, and no study has examined this association using multiple indices of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) functioning. The purpose of this study was to characterize the unique associations between exposure to physical abuse, emotional abuse, and non-intentional trauma, and multiple indices of HPA-axis functioning. METHODS A community sample of 138 youth (aged 9-16) completed the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Task (SE-CPT) while their parents completed the Early Trauma Inventory (ETI). All youth then collected 4 diurnal salivary cortisol samples at home across 2 consecutive weekdays. RESULTS High reported exposure to non-intentional trauma was associated with intact diurnal regulation but elevated cortisol at bedtime, physical abuse was associated with faster reactivity to acute stress, and emotional abuse was associated with delayed recovery of cortisol following acute stress. Taken together, there was a heterogeneous relationship among different indices of HPA-axis functioning and trauma subtype. DISCUSSION Different types of childhood trauma exposure are related to distinct anomalies in HPA-axis functioning. This study underscores the importance of research incorporating multiple indices of HPA-axis functioning to inform our understanding of the underlying neuroendocrine dysregulation that may later lead to stress-related psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate R. Kuhlman
- University of California, Los Angles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Corresponding author at: 502 Portola Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States. (K.R. Kuhlman)
| | - Elisa G. Geiss
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ivan Vargas
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Ozyurek P, Oztasan N, Kilic I. The relationship between perceived stress and computer technology attitude: an application on health sciences students. Acta Inform Med 2015; 23:33-8. [PMID: 25870489 PMCID: PMC4384841 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2015.23.33-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study is to define attitudes of students in health sciences towards perceived personal stress and computer technologies, and to present the relationship between stress and computer technology attitudes. Methods: In this scope, this study has a descriptive nature and thus a questionnaire has been applied on 764 students from Afyon Kocatepe University Health Sciences High School, Turkey for data gathering. Descriptive statistics, independent samples, t test, one way ANOVA, and regression analysis have been used for data analysis. Findings: In the study, it is seen that female (=3,78) have a more positive attitude towards computer technology than male students (=3,62). according to the results of regression analysis of the study, the regression model between computer technology attitude (CTA) and perceived stress (PS) has been found meaningful (F=16,291; p<0,005). There was a negative relationship between computer technology attitude and perceived stress (when computer technology altitude increases, perceived stress decreases), and an increase of one unit in computer attitude results in 0.275 decrease in perceived stress. Conclusions: it can be concluded that correct and proper use of computer technologies can be accepted as a component of overcoming stress methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakize Ozyurek
- Department of Surgery Nursing, Health Sciences High School, Afyon Kocatepe University, TR-03200-Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Nuray Oztasan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Kocatepe University, TR-03200- Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Kilic
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, TR-03200-Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Michels N, Sioen I, Boone L, Clays E, Vanaelst B, Huybrechts I, De Henauw S. Cross-lagged associations between children's stress and adiposity: the Children's Body Composition and Stress study. Psychosom Med 2015; 77:50-8. [PMID: 25341703 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The public health threats stress and adiposity have previously been associated with each other. Longitudinal studies are needed to reveal whether this association is bidirectional and the moderating factors. METHODS In the longitudinal Children's Body Composition and Stress study, 316 children (aged 5-12 years) had measures of stress (questionnaires concerning negative life events, problem behavior, and emotions) and adiposity (body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and fat percentage) in three waves at 1-year intervals. The bidirectionality of the association between stress and adiposity was examined using cross-lagged analyses. We tested moderation by cortisol and life-style (physical activity, screen time, food consumption, eating behavior and sleep duration). RESULTS Adiposity (body mass index: β = 0.48 and fat percentage: β = 0.18; p < .001) were associated with subsequent increased stress levels, but stress was not directly related to subsequent increases in adiposity indices. Cortisol and life-style factors displayed a moderating effect on the association between stress and adiposity. Stress was positively associated with adiposity in children with high cortisol awakening patterns (β = 0.204; p = .020) and high sweet food consumption (β = 0.190; p = .031), whereas stress was associated with lower adiposity in the most active children (β = -0.163; p = .022). CONCLUSIONS Stress is associated with the development of children's adiposity, but the effects depend on cortisol levels and life-style factors. This creates new perspectives for multifactorial obesity prevention programs. Our results also highlight the adverse effect of an unhealthy body composition on children's psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Michels
- From the Department of Public Health (N.M., I.S., E.C., B.V., I.H., S.D.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Department of Developmental Personality and Social Psychology (L.B.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Dietary Exposure Assessment Group (I.H.), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France; and Department of Health Sciences (S.D.H.), Vesalius, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Children's heart rate variability as stress indicator: association with reported stress and cortisol. Biol Psychol 2013; 94:433-40. [PMID: 24007813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stress is a complex phenomenon coordinated by two main neural systems: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system with cortisol as classical stress biomarker and the autonomic nervous system with heart rate variability (HRV) as recently suggested stress marker. To test low HRV (5 minute measurements) as stress indicator in young children (5-10 y), associations with self-reported chronic stress aspects (events, emotions and problems) (N=334) and salivary cortisol (N=293) were performed. Peer problems, anger, anxiety and sadness were associated with lower root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and high frequency power (i.e. lower parasympathetic activity). Anxiety and anger were also related to a higher low frequency to high frequency ratio. Using multilevel modelling, higher cortisol levels, a larger cortisol awakening response and steeper diurnal decline were also associated with these HRV patterns of lower parasympathetic activity. CONCLUSION Low HRV (lower parasympathetic activity) might serve as stress indicator in children.
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Michels N, Sioen I, Braet C, Huybrechts I, Vanaelst B, Wolters M, De Henauw S. Relation between salivary cortisol as stress biomarker and dietary pattern in children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1512-20. [PMID: 23332247 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Psychological stress has been suggested to result in hormonal effects (e.g. changes in cortisol pattern) that may change food selection in unhealthy ways. This study examines whether children's dietary pattern is indeed related to salivary cortisol levels. METHODS In 323 children (5-10 years old) participating in the Belgian ChiBS study, salivary cortisol samples, a biomarker for stress, was sampled when waking up, 30 and 60 min after wake up and in the evening on two consecutive weekdays. Data on the children's dietary pattern (frequency of sweet foods, fatty foods, snacks, fruit and vegetables) was collected with a food frequency questionnaire. Multilevel time modelling was used with adjustments for sex, age, body mass index, parental education and wake up time. RESULTS Higher overall cortisol levels and a large cortisol awakening response (CAR) were associated with more frequent consumption of sweet foods. A steeper diurnal cortisol decline was associated with a higher sweet, fatty and snack food consumption frequency. No associations with fruit and vegetables consumption were found. CONCLUSIONS High cortisol levels were linked to an unhealthier dietary pattern (more fatty food, snacks and especially sweet food). This supports the theory of cortisol-induced comfort food preference and strengthens the stress-diet relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 2 Blok A, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Reduced cortisol in boys with early-onset conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:349530. [PMID: 23841064 PMCID: PMC3693123 DOI: 10.1155/2013/349530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggests an association between altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity and the development of persistent antisocial behavior in children. However the effects of altered cortisol levels remain poorly understood in the complex context of conduct disorder, callous-unemotional (CU) personality traits, and frequent comorbidities, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of the current study was to investigate associations among CU traits, antisocial behavior, and comorbid ADHD symptomatology with cortisol levels in male children and adolescents. METHODS The study included 37 boys with early-onset conduct disorder (EO-CD, mean age 11.9 years) and 38 healthy boys (mean age 12.5 years). Participants were subjected to multiple daytime salivary cortisol measurements and a psychometric characterization. RESULTS Subjects in the EO-CD group with elevated CU traits showed a diminished cortisol awakening response compared to healthy participants. In the EO-CD group, high CU traits and impulsivity were associated with decreased diurnal cortisol levels, while associations with antisocial behavior were not detected. The cortisol awakening response was significantly inversely associated with hyperactivity (P = 0.02) and marginally significant with CU traits (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a specific association between CU traits and a diminished stress response, which is not explained by antisocial behavior in general.
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Vanaelst B, Michels N, Huybrechts I, Clays E, Flórez MR, Balcaen L, Resano M, Aramendia M, Vanhaecke F, Rivet N, Raul JS, Lanfer A, De Henauw S. Cross-sectional relationship between chronic stress and mineral concentrations in hair of elementary school girls. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:41-9. [PMID: 23546894 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress exposure is associated with diverse negative health outcomes. It has been hypothesised that stress may also negatively affect the body's mineral status. This study investigates the association between chronic stress and long-term mineral concentrations of calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) in scalp hair among elementary school girls. Complete information on child-reported stress estimates (Coddington Life Events Scale (CLES)), hair cortisone and hair mineral concentrations, and predefined confounders in the stress-mineral relationship (i.e. age, body mass index, physical activity, diet, hair colour and parental education) was provided cross-sectionally for 140 girls (5-10 years old). The relationship between childhood stress measures (predictor) and hair minerals (outcome) was studied using linear regression analysis, adjusted for the abovementioned confounders. Hair cortisone concentrations were inversely associated with hair mineral concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn and the Ca/P ratio. Children at risk by life events (CLES) presented an elevated Ca/Mg ratio. These findings were persistent after adjustment for confounders. This study demonstrated an independent association between chronic stress measures and hair mineral levels in young girls, indicating the importance of physiological stress-mineral pathways independently from individual or behavioural factors. Findings need to be confirmed in a more heterogeneous population and on longitudinal basis. The precise mechanisms by which stress alters hair mineral levels should be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vanaelst
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 2 block A, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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29
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Refulio Z, Rocafuerte M, de la Rosa M, Mendoza G, Chambrone L. Association among stress, salivary cortisol levels, and chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2013; 43:96-100. [PMID: 23678393 PMCID: PMC3651943 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2013.43.2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic periodontitis (CP) seems to be associated with stress and depression, but little information on this possible association is available in the literature. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association among stress, the salivary cortisol level (SCL), and CP. Methods Seventy systemically healthy subjects were included in the study from January to September 2011. Full medical and dental histories were obtained, and the following measurements were recorded: 1) probing depth; 2) clinical attachment level; 3) bleeding on probing; and 4) tooth mobility. Saliva samples were collected for the evaluation of SCL (via a highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay), and all subjects also answered a questionnaire (i.e., the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale). The odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated, and one way analysis of variance and the Tukey-Kramer method were performed. Results A total of 36 subjects with CP (51.4%) and 34 without CP were evaluated. Of them, all of the subjects with CP and one periodontally healthy subject were diagnosed with depression. Subjects with moderate CP had statistically significantly higher levels of SCL than subjects with a diagnosis of slight CP (P=0.006). Also, subjects with severe CP showed the same outcome when compared to those with slight CP (P=0.012). In addition, 46 subjects presented high SCL whereas 24 had a normal level. CP was found to be correlated with the SCL, with an OR of 4.14 (95% CI, 1.43 to 12.01). Conclusions Subjects with a high SCL and depression may show an increased risk for CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoila Refulio
- Department of Periodontology, Universidad San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
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The Association Between Childhood Stress and Body Composition, and the Role of Stress-Related Lifestyle Factors—Cross-sectional Findings from the Baseline ChiBS Survey. Int J Behav Med 2013; 21:292-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-013-9294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Burghy CA, Stodola DE, Ruttle PL, Molloy EK, Armstrong JM, Oler JA, Fox ME, Hayes AS, Kalin NH, Essex MJ, Davidson RJ, Birn RM. Developmental pathways to amygdala-prefrontal function and internalizing symptoms in adolescence. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:1736-41. [PMID: 23143517 PMCID: PMC3509229 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis predict later psychopathology. Animal studies and cross-sectional human studies suggest that this process might operate through amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) circuitry implicated in the regulation of emotion. Here we prospectively investigated the roles of ELS and childhood basal cortisol amounts in the development of adolescent resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC), assessed by functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI), in the amygdala-PFC circuit. In females only, greater ELS predicted increased childhood cortisol levels, which predicted decreased amygdala-vmPFC rs-FC 14 years later. For females, adolescent amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity was inversely correlated with concurrent anxiety symptoms but positively associated with depressive symptoms, suggesting differing pathways from childhood cortisol levels function through adolescent amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity to anxiety and depression. These data highlight that, for females, the effects of ELS and early HPA-axis function may be detected much later in the intrinsic processing of emotion-related brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Burghy
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Vanaelst B, Huybrechts I, Bammann K, Michels N, de Vriendt T, Vyncke K, Sioen I, Iacoviello L, Günther K, Molnar D, Lissner L, Rivet N, Raul JS, de Henauw S. Intercorrelations between serum, salivary, and hair cortisol and child-reported estimates of stress in elementary school girls. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1072-81. [PMID: 22725679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the impact of stress on children's well-being, it is important to have valid and reliable stress assessment methods. Nevertheless, selection of an appropriate method for a particular research question may not be straightforward, as there is currently no consensus on a reference method to measure stress in children. This article examined to what extent childhood stress can be estimated accurately by stressor questionnaires (i.e., Coddington life events scale) and biological markers (serum, salivary, and hair cortisol) using the Triads (a triangulation) method in 272 elementary school girls. Salivary cortisol was shown to most accurately indicate true childhood stress for short periods in the past (i.e., last 3 months), whereas hair cortisol may be preferred above salivary measurements for periods more distant and thus for chronic stress assessment. However, applicability should be confirmed in larger and more heterogeneous populations.
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