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Murgia M, Rittweger J, Reggiani C, Bottinelli R, Mann M, Schiaffino S, Narici MV. Spaceflight on the ISS changed the skeletal muscle proteome of two astronauts. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:60. [PMID: 38839773 PMCID: PMC11153545 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle undergoes atrophy and loss of force during long space missions, when astronauts are persistently exposed to altered gravity and increased ionizing radiation. We previously carried out mass spectrometry-based proteomics from skeletal muscle biopsies of two astronauts, taken before and after a mission on the International Space Station. The experiments were part of an effort to find similarities between spaceflight and bed rest, a ground-based model of unloading, focused on proteins located at the costameres. We here extend the data analysis of the astronaut dataset and show compartment-resolved changes in the mitochondrial proteome, remodeling of the extracellular matrix and of the antioxidant response. The astronauts differed in their level of onboard physical exercise, which correlated with their respective preservation of muscle mass and force at landing in previous analyses. We show that the mitochondrial proteome downregulation during spaceflight, particularly the inner membrane and matrix, was dramatic for both astronauts. The expression of autophagy regulators and reactive oxygen species scavengers, however, showed partially opposite expression trends in the two subjects, possibly correlating with their level of onboard exercise. As mitochondria are primarily affected in many different tissues during spaceflight, we hypothesize that reactive oxygen species (ROS) rather than mechanical unloading per se could be the primary cause of skeletal muscle mitochondrial damage in space. Onboard physical exercise might have a strong direct effect on the prevention of muscle atrophy through mechanotransduction and a subsidiary effect on mitochondrial quality control, possibly through upregulation of autophagy and anti-oxidant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Murgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy.
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Roberto Bottinelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
- CIR-MYO Myology Center, 35121, Padua, Italy
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2
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Blottner D, Moriggi M, Trautmann G, Furlan S, Block K, Gutsmann M, Torretta E, Barbacini P, Capitanio D, Rittweger J, Limper U, Volpe P, Gelfi C, Salanova M. Nitrosative Stress in Astronaut Skeletal Muscle in Spaceflight. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:432. [PMID: 38671880 PMCID: PMC11047620 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-duration mission (LDM) astronauts from the International Space Station (ISS) (>180 ISS days) revealed a close-to-normal sarcolemmal nitric oxide synthase type-1 (NOS1) immunoexpression in myofibers together with biochemical and quantitative qPCR changes in deep calf soleus muscle. Nitro-DIGE analyses identified functional proteins (structural, metabolic, mitochondrial) that were over-nitrosylated post- vs. preflight. In a short-duration mission (SDM) astronaut (9 ISS days), s-nitrosylation of a nodal protein of the glycolytic flux, specific proteins in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, respiratory chain, and over-nitrosylation of creatine kinase M-types as signs of impaired ATP production and muscle contraction proteins were seen. S-nitrosylation of serotransferrin (TF) or carbonic anhydrase 3 (CA3b and 3c) represented signs of acute response microgravity muscle maladaptation. LDM nitrosoprofiles reflected recovery of mitochondrial activity, contraction proteins, and iron transporter TF as signs of muscle adaptation to microgravity. Nitrosated antioxidant proteins, alcohol dehydrogenase 5/S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (ADH5/GSNOR), and selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) levels indicated signs of altered redox homeostasis and reduced protection from nitrosative stress in spaceflight. This work presents a novel spaceflight-generated dataset on s-nitrosylated muscle protein signatures from astronauts that helps both to better understand the structural and molecular networks associated to muscular nitrosative stress and to design countermeasures to dysfunction and impaired performance control in human spaceflight missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Blottner
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (G.T.); (K.B.); (M.G.); (M.S.)
- NeuroMuscular System and Signaling Group, Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Moriggi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.B.); (D.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Gabor Trautmann
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (G.T.); (K.B.); (M.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Sandra Furlan
- C.N.R. Neuroscience Institute, I-35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Katharina Block
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (G.T.); (K.B.); (M.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Martina Gutsmann
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (G.T.); (K.B.); (M.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Enrica Torretta
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Lipidomics, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Pietro Barbacini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.B.); (D.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.B.); (D.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Joern Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany; (J.R.); (U.L.)
| | - Ulrich Limper
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany; (J.R.); (U.L.)
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, 51109 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pompeo Volpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università di Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.B.); (D.C.); (C.G.)
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Lipidomics, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Michele Salanova
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (G.T.); (K.B.); (M.G.); (M.S.)
- NeuroMuscular System and Signaling Group, Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Cáceres-Ayala C, Mira RG, Acuña MJ, Brandan E, Cerpa W, Rebolledo DL. Episodic Binge-like Ethanol Reduces Skeletal Muscle Strength Associated with Atrophy, Fibrosis, and Inflammation in Young Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021655. [PMID: 36675170 PMCID: PMC9861047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Binge Drinking (BD) corresponds to episodes of ingestion of large amounts of ethanol in a short time, typically ≤2 h. BD occurs across all populations, but young and sports-related people are especially vulnerable. However, the short- and long-term effects of episodic BD on skeletal muscle function have been poorly explored. Young rats were randomized into two groups: control and episodic Binge-Like ethanol protocol (BEP) (ethanol 3 g/kg IP, 4 episodes of 2-days ON-2-days OFF paradigm). Muscle function was evaluated two weeks after the last BEP episode. We found that rats exposed to BEP presented decreased muscle strength and increased fatigability, compared with control animals. Furthermore, we observed that skeletal muscle from rats exposed to BEP presented muscle atrophy, evidenced by reduced fiber size and increased expression of atrophic genes. We also observed that BEP induced fibrotic and inflammation markers, accompanied by mislocalization of nNOSµ and high levels of protein nitration. Our findings suggest that episodic binge-like ethanol exposure alters contractile capacity and increases fatigue by mechanisms involving atrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation, which remain for at least two weeks after ethanol clearance. These pathological features are common to several neuromuscular diseases and might affect muscle performance and health in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Cáceres-Ayala
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6213515, Chile
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Rodrigo G. Mira
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6213515, Chile
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - María José Acuña
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Enrique Brandan
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510157, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6213515, Chile
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (D.L.R.)
| | - Daniela L. Rebolledo
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6213515, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (D.L.R.)
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4
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Mosqueira M, Scheid LM, Kiemel D, Richardt T, Rheinberger M, Ollech D, Lutge A, Heißenberg T, Pfitzer L, Engelskircher L, Yildiz U, Porth I. nNOS-derived NO modulates force production and iNO-derived NO the excitability in C2C12-derived 3D tissue engineering skeletal muscle via different NO signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2022; 13:946682. [PMID: 36045747 PMCID: PMC9421439 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.946682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive gas produced by one of the three NO synthases: neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS). NO has a relevant modulatory role in muscle contraction; this takes place through two major signaling pathways: (i) activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and, thus, protein kinase G or (ii) nitrosylation of sulfur groups of cysteine. Although it has been suggested that nNOS-derived NO is the responsible isoform in muscle contraction, the roles of eNOS and iNOS and their signaling pathways have not yet been clarified. To elucidate the action of each pathway, we optimized the generation of myooids, an engineered skeletal muscle tissue based on the C2C12 cell line. In comparison with diaphragm strips from wild-type mice, 180 myooids were analyzed, which expressed all relevant excitation–contraction coupling proteins and both nNOS and iNOS isoforms. Along with the biochemical results, myooids treated with NO donor (SNAP) and unspecific NOS blocker (L-NAME) revealed a comparable NO modulatory effect on force production as was observed in the diaphragm strips. Under the effects of pharmacological tools, we analyzed the myooids in response to electrical stimulation of two possible signaling pathways and NO sources. The nNOS-derived NO exerted its negative effect on force production via the sGG-PKG pathway, while iNOS-derived NO increased the excitability in response to sub-threshold electrical stimulation. These results strengthen the hypotheses of previous reports on the mechanism of action of NO during force production, showed a novel function of iNOS-derived NO, and establish the myooid as a novel and robust alternative model for pathophysiological skeletal muscle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Mosqueira
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Matias Mosqueira,
| | - Lisa-Mareike Scheid
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- PromoCell GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Kiemel
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Talisa Richardt
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mona Rheinberger
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Ollech
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Applied Physics Department, Science for Life Laboratory and KTH Royal Technical University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Almut Lutge
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Life Science at the University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Heißenberg
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Pfitzer
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- myNEO NV, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Engelskircher
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Immatics Biotechnology GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Umut Yildiz
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Porth
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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5
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Monti E, Reggiani C, Franchi MV, Toniolo L, Sandri M, Armani A, Zampieri S, Giacomello E, Sarto F, Sirago G, Murgia M, Nogara L, Marcucci L, Ciciliot S, Šimunic B, Pišot R, Narici MV. Neuromuscular junction instability and altered intracellular calcium handling as early determinants of force loss during unloading in humans. J Physiol 2021; 599:3037-3061. [PMID: 33881176 PMCID: PMC8359852 DOI: 10.1113/jp281365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points Few days of unloading are sufficient to induce a decline of skeletal muscle mass and function; notably, contractile force is lost at a faster rate than muscle mass. The reasons behind this disproportionate loss of muscle force are still poorly understood. We provide strong evidence of two mechanisms only hypothesized until now for the rapid muscle force loss in only 10 days of bed rest. Our results show that an initial neuromuscular junction instability, accompanied by alterations in the innervation status and impairment of single fibre sarcoplasmic reticulum function contribute to the loss of contractile force in front of a preserved myofibrillar function and central activation capacity. Early onset of neuromuscular junction instability and impairment in calcium dynamics involved in excitation–contraction coupling are proposed as eligible determinants to the greater decline in muscle force than in muscle size during unloading.
Abstract Unloading induces rapid skeletal muscle atrophy and functional decline. Importantly, force is lost at a much higher rate than muscle mass. We aimed to investigate the early determinants of the disproportionate loss of force compared to that of muscle mass in response to unloading. Ten young participants underwent 10 days of bed rest (BR). At baseline (BR0) and at 10 days (BR10), quadriceps femoris (QF) volume (VOL) and isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were assessed. At BR0 and BR10 blood samples and biopsies of vastus lateralis (VL) muscle were collected. Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability and myofibre innervation status were assessed, together with single fibre mechanical properties and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium handling. From BR0 to BR10, QFVOL and MVC decreased by 5.2% (P = 0.003) and 14.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. Initial and partial denervation was detected from increased neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)‐positive myofibres at BR10 compared with BR0 (+3.4%, P = 0.016). NMJ instability was further inferred from increased C‐terminal agrin fragment concentration in serum (+19.2% at BR10, P = 0.031). Fast fibre cross‐sectional area (CSA) showed a trend to decrease by 15% (P = 0.055) at BR10, while single fibre maximal tension (force/CSA) was unchanged. However, at BR10 SR Ca2+ release in response to caffeine decreased by 35.1% (P < 0.002) and 30.2% (P < 0.001) in fast and slow fibres, respectively, pointing to an impaired excitation–contraction coupling. These findings support the view that the early onset of NMJ instability and impairment in SR function are eligible mechanisms contributing to the greater decline in muscle force than in muscle size during unloading. Few days of unloading are sufficient to induce a decline of skeletal muscle mass and function; notably, contractile force is lost at a faster rate than muscle mass. The reasons behind this disproportionate loss of muscle force are still poorly understood. We provide strong evidence of two mechanisms only hypothesized until now for the rapid muscle force loss in only 10 days of bed rest. Our results show that an initial neuromuscular junction instability, accompanied by alterations in the innervation status and impairment of single fibre sarcoplasmic reticulum function contribute to the loss of contractile force in front of a preserved myofibrillar function and central activation capacity. Early onset of neuromuscular junction instability and impairment in calcium dynamics involved in excitation–contraction coupling are proposed as eligible determinants to the greater decline in muscle force than in muscle size during unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.,Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, 6000, Slovenia
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Orus 2, Padova, 35129, Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Orus 2, Padova, 35129, Italy
| | - Sandra Zampieri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, 35124, Italy
| | - Emiliana Giacomello
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Strada di Fiume, 447, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Fabio Sarto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sirago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Marta Murgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.,Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Leonardo Nogara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marcucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Stefano Ciciliot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Orus 2, Padova, 35129, Italy
| | - Boštjan Šimunic
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, 6000, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pišot
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, 6000, Slovenia
| | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.,Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, 6000, Slovenia.,CIR-MYO Myology Center, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
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6
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Blottner D, Capitanio D, Trautmann G, Furlan S, Gambara G, Moriggi M, Block K, Barbacini P, Torretta E, Py G, Chopard A, Vida I, Volpe P, Gelfi C, Salanova M. Nitrosative Redox Homeostasis and Antioxidant Response Defense in Disused Vastus lateralis Muscle in Long-Term Bedrest (Toulouse Cocktail Study). Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030378. [PMID: 33802593 PMCID: PMC8001160 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a major determinant of disuse-induced muscle atrophy. Muscle biopsies (thigh vastus lateralis, VL) obtained from healthy male subjects enrolled in the Toulouse Cocktail bedrest (BR) study were used to assess efficacy of an antioxidant cocktail (polyphenols, omega-3, vitamin E, and selenium) to counteract the increased redox homeostasis and enhance the antioxidant defense response by using label-free LC–MS/MS and NITRO-DIGE (nitrosated proteins), qPCR, and laser confocal microscopy. Label-free LC–MS/MS indicated that treatment prevented the redox homeostasis dysregulation and promoted structural remodeling (TPM3, MYH7, MYBPC, MYH1, MYL1, HRC, and LUM), increment of RyR1, myogenesis (CSRP3), and skeletal muscle development (MUSTN1, LMNA, AHNAK). These changes were absent in the Placebo group. Glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid beta-oxidation, and mitochondrial transmembrane transport were normalized in treated subjects. Proteins involved in protein folding were also normalized, whereas protein entailed in ion homeostasis decreased. NITRO-DIGE analysis showed significant protein nitrosylation changes for CAT, CA3, SDHA, and VDAC2 in Treatment vs. Placebo. Similarly, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) antioxidant response element (Nrf-2 ARE) signaling pathway showed an enhanced response in the Treatment group. Increased nitrosative redox homeostasis and decreased antioxidant defense response were found in post-BR control (Placebo, n = 10) vs. the antioxidant cocktail treated group (Treatment, n = 10). Taken together, increased nitrosative redox homeostasis and muscle deterioration during BR-driven physical inactivity were prevented, whereas decreased antioxidant nitrosative stress defense response was attenuated by Treatment suggesting positive effects of the nutritional intervention protocol in bedrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Blottner
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (D.B.); (G.T.); (I.V.)
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (G.G.); (K.B.)
| | - Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Gabor Trautmann
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (D.B.); (G.T.); (I.V.)
| | - Sandra Furlan
- C.N.R. Institute of Neuroscience, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Guido Gambara
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (G.G.); (K.B.)
| | - Manuela Moriggi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (C.G.)
- IRCCS Policlinico S. Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan 2, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Katharina Block
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (G.G.); (K.B.)
| | - Pietro Barbacini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Enrica Torretta
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Guillaume Py
- UFR STAPS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, UMR 866 Dynamique et Métabolisme, 34060 Montpellier, France; (G.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Angèle Chopard
- UFR STAPS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, UMR 866 Dynamique et Métabolisme, 34060 Montpellier, France; (G.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Imre Vida
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (D.B.); (G.T.); (I.V.)
| | - Pompeo Volpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (C.G.)
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Michele Salanova
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (D.B.); (G.T.); (I.V.)
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (G.G.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450528-354; Fax: +49-30-4507528-062
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7
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Blood Profile of Cytokines, Chemokines, Growth Factors, and Redox Biomarkers in Response to Different Protocols of Treadmill Running in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218071. [PMID: 33137990 PMCID: PMC7663152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both positive and negative aspects of sport performance are currently considered. The aim of our study was to determine time- and intensity-dependent effects of a single exercise bout on redox and inflammatory status. The experiment was performed on 40 male Wistar rats subjected to treadmill running for 30 min with the speed of 18 m/min (M30) or 28 m/min (F30), or for 2 h with the speed of 18 m/min (M120). Immunoenzymatic and spectrophotometric methods were applied to assess the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, the antioxidant barrier, redox status, oxidative damage products, nitrosative stress, and their relationships with plasma non-esterified fatty acids. Treadmill running caused a reduction in the content of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) and nitric oxide (M30, M120, F30 groups) as well as macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) (M30, F30 groups). We also demonstrated an increase in catalase activity as well as higher levels of reduced glutathione, advanced oxidation protein products, lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde (M30, M120, F30 groups), and advanced glycation end products (F30 group). The presented findings showed the activation of antioxidative defense in response to increased reactive oxygen species' production after a single bout of exercise, but it did not prevent oxidative damage of macromolecules.
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8
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Mason SA, Trewin AJ, Parker L, Wadley GD. Antioxidant supplements and endurance exercise: Current evidence and mechanistic insights. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101471. [PMID: 32127289 PMCID: PMC7284926 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant supplements are commonly consumed by endurance athletes to minimize exercise-induced oxidative stress, with the intention of enhancing recovery and improving performance. There are numerous commercially available nutritional supplements that are targeted to athletes and health enthusiasts that allegedly possess antioxidant properties. However, most of these compounds are poorly investigated with respect to their in vivo redox activity and efficacy in humans. Therefore, this review will firstly provide a background to endurance exercise-related redox signalling and the subsequent adaptations in skeletal muscle and vascular function. The review will then discuss commonly available compounds with purported antioxidant effects for use by athletes. N-acetyl cysteine may be of benefit over the days prior to an endurance event; while chronic intake of combined 1000 mg vitamin C + vitamin E is not recommended during periods of heavy training associated with adaptations in skeletal muscle. Melatonin, vitamin E and α-lipoic acid appear effective at decreasing markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, evidence on their effects on endurance performance are either lacking or not supportive. Catechins, anthocyanins, coenzyme Q10 and vitamin C may improve vascular function, however, evidence is either limited to specific sub-populations and/or does not translate to improved performance. Finally, additional research should clarify the potential benefits of curcumin in improving muscle recovery post intensive exercise; and the potential hampering effects of astaxanthin, selenium and vitamin A on skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance training. Overall, we highlight the lack of supportive evidence for most antioxidant compounds to recommend to athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adam J Trewin
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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9
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Margaritelis NV, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Redox basis of exercise physiology. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101499. [PMID: 32192916 PMCID: PMC7284946 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox reactions control fundamental processes of human biology. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the responses and adaptations to exercise are, at least in part, mediated by redox reactions. In this review, we are trying to show that redox reactions are the basis of exercise physiology by outlining the redox signaling pathways that regulate four characteristic acute exercise-induced responses (muscle contractile function, glucose uptake, blood flow and bioenergetics) and four chronic exercise-induced adaptations (mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle hypertrophy, angiogenesis and redox homeostasis). Based on our analysis, we argue that redox regulation should be acknowledged as central to exercise physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Dialysis Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - V Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A A Theodorou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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10
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Shenkman BS. How Postural Muscle Senses Disuse? Early Signs and Signals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5037. [PMID: 32708817 PMCID: PMC7404025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A mammalian soleus muscle along with other "axial" muscles ensures the stability of the body under the Earth's gravity. In rat experiments with hindlimb suspension, zero-gravity parabolic flights as well as in human dry immersion studies, a dramatic decrease in the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the soleus muscle has been repeatedly shown. Most of the motor units of the soleus muscle convert from a state of activity to a state of rest which is longer than under natural conditions. And the state of rest gradually converts to the state of disuse. This review addresses a number of metabolic events that characterize the earliest stage of the cessation of the soleus muscle contractile activity. One to three days of mechanical unloading are accompanied by energy-dependent dephosphorylation of AMPK, accumulation of the reactive oxygen species, as well as accumulation of resting myoplasmic calcium. In this transition period, a rapid rearrangement of the various signaling pathways occurs, which, primarily, results in a decrease in the rate of protein synthesis (primarily via inhibition of ribosomal biogenesis and activation of endogenous inhibitors of mRNA translation, such as GSK3β) and an increase in proteolysis (via upregulation of muscle-specific E3-ubiquitin ligases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris S Shenkman
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, 123007 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Arc-Chagnaud C, Py G, Fovet T, Roumanille R, Demangel R, Pagano AF, Delobel P, Blanc S, Jasmin BJ, Blottner D, Salanova M, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Viña J, Brioche T, Chopard A. Evaluation of an Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Cocktail Against Human Hypoactivity-Induced Skeletal Muscle Deconditioning. Front Physiol 2020; 11:71. [PMID: 32116779 PMCID: PMC7028694 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular pathways involved in the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function induced by muscle disuse is a crucial issue in the context of spaceflight as well as in the clinical field, and development of efficient countermeasures is needed. Recent studies have reported the importance of redox balance dysregulation as a major mechanism leading to muscle wasting. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of an antioxidant/anti-inflammatory cocktail (741 mg of polyphenols, 138 mg of vitamin E, 80 μg of selenium, and 2.1 g of omega-3) in the prevention of muscle deconditioning induced by long-term inactivity. The study consisted of 60 days of hypoactivity using the head-down bed rest (HDBR) model. Twenty healthy men were recruited; half of them received a daily antioxidant/anti-inflammatory supplementation, whereas the other half received a placebo. Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscles before and after bedrest and 10 days after remobilization. After 2 months of HDBR, all subjects presented muscle deconditioning characterized by a loss of muscle strength and an atrophy of muscle fibers, which was not prevented by cocktail supplementation. Our results regarding muscle oxidative damage, mitochondrial content, and protein balance actors refuted the potential protection of the cocktail during long-term inactivity and showed a disturbance of essential signaling pathways (protein balance and mitochondriogenesis) during the remobilization period. This study demonstrated the ineffectiveness of our cocktail supplementation and underlines the complexity of redox balance mechanisms. It raises interrogations regarding the appropriate nutritional intervention to fight against muscle deconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Arc-Chagnaud
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillaume Py
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Théo Fovet
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Rémi Demangel
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Allan F Pagano
- Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Mitochondries, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Delobel
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- IPHC, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard J Jasmin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dieter Blottner
- Berlin Center for Space Medicine, Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michele Salanova
- Berlin Center for Space Medicine, Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mari-Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Viña
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas Brioche
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Angèle Chopard
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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12
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Pagnotti GM, Styner M, Uzer G, Patel VS, Wright LE, Ness KK, Guise TA, Rubin J, Rubin CT. Combating osteoporosis and obesity with exercise: leveraging cell mechanosensitivity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:339-355. [PMID: 30814687 PMCID: PMC6520125 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a condition of skeletal decline that undermines quality of life, is treated with pharmacological interventions that are associated with poor adherence and adverse effects. Complicating efforts to improve clinical outcomes, the incidence of obesity is increasing, predisposing the population to a range of musculoskeletal complications and metabolic disorders. Pharmacological management of obesity has yet to deliver notable reductions in weight and debilitating complications are rarely avoided. By contrast, exercise shows promise as a non-invasive and non-pharmacological method of regulating both osteoporosis and obesity. The principal components of exercise - mechanical signals - promote bone and muscle anabolism while limiting formation and expansion of fat mass. Mechanical regulation of bone and marrow fat might be achieved by regulating functions of differentiated cells in the skeletal tissue while biasing lineage selection of their common progenitors - mesenchymal stem cells. An inverse relationship between adipocyte versus osteoblast fate selection from stem cells is implicated in clinical conditions such as childhood obesity and increased marrow adiposity in type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as contributing to skeletal frailty. Understanding how exercise-induced mechanical signals can be used to improve bone quality while decreasing fat mass and metabolic dysfunction should lead to new strategies to treat chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Pagnotti
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gunes Uzer
- College of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Vihitaben S Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Laura E Wright
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kirsten K Ness
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theresa A Guise
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clinton T Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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13
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Xu H, Ren X, Lamb GD, Murphy RM. Physiological and biochemical characteristics of skeletal muscles in sedentary and active rats. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2018; 39:1-16. [PMID: 29948664 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-018-9493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory rats are sedentary if housed in conditions where activity is limited. Changes in muscle characteristics with chronic inactivity were investigated by comparing sedentary rats with rats undertaking voluntary wheel running for either 6 or 12 weeks. EDL (type II fibers) and soleus (SOL) muscles (predominantly type I fibers) were examined. When measured within 1-2 h post-running, calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus was increased, but only in type II fibers. This increase disappeared when fibers were treated with DTT, indicative of oxidative regulation of the contractile apparatus, and was absent in fibers from rats that had ceased running 24 h prior to experiments. Specific force production was ~ 10 to 25% lower in muscle fibers of sedentary compared to active rats, and excitability of skinned fibers was decreased. Muscle glycogen content was ~ 30% lower and glycogen synthase content ~ 50% higher in SOL of sedentary rats, and in EDL glycogenin was 30% lower. Na+, K+-ATPase α1 subunit density was ~ 20% lower in both EDL and SOL in sedentary rats, and GAPDH content in SOL ~ 35% higher. There were no changes in content of the calcium handling proteins calsequestrin and SERCA, but the content of CSQ-like protein was increased in active rats (by ~ 20% in EDL and 60% in SOL). These findings show that voluntary exercise elicits an acute oxidation-induced increase in Ca2+ sensitivity in type II fibers, and also that there are substantial changes in skeletal muscle characteristics and biochemical processes in sedentary rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Graham D Lamb
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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14
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Uchida T, Sakashita Y, Kitahata K, Yamashita Y, Tomida C, Kimori Y, Komatsu A, Hirasaka K, Ohno A, Nakao R, Higashitani A, Higashibata A, Ishioka N, Shimazu T, Kobayashi T, Okumura Y, Choi I, Oarada M, Mills EM, Teshima-Kondo S, Takeda S, Tanaka E, Tanaka K, Sokabe M, Nikawa T. Reactive oxygen species upregulate expression of muscle atrophy-associated ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00184.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unloading-mediated muscle atrophy is associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We previously demonstrated that elevated ubiquitin ligase casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) resulted in the loss of muscle volume (Nakao R, Hirasaka K, Goto J, Ishidoh K, Yamada C, Ohno A, Okumura Y, Nonaka I, Yasutomo K, Baldwin KM, Kominami E, Higashibata A, Nagano K, Tanaka K, Yasui N, Mills EM, Takeda S, Nikawa T. Mol Cell Biol 29: 4798–4811, 2009). However, the pathological role of ROS production associated with unloading-mediated muscle atrophy still remains unknown. Here, we showed that the ROS-mediated signal transduction caused by microgravity or its simulation contributes to Cbl-b expression. In L6 myotubes, the assessment of redox status revealed that oxidized glutathione was increased under microgravity conditions, and simulated microgravity caused a burst of ROS, implicating ROS as a critical upstream mediator linking to downstream atrophic signaling. ROS generation activated the ERK1/2 early-growth response protein (Egr)1/2-Cbl-b signaling pathway, an established contributing pathway to muscle volume loss. Interestingly, antioxidant treatments such as N-acetylcysteine and TEMPOL, but not catalase, blocked the clinorotation-mediated activation of ERK1/2. The increased ROS induced transcriptional activity of Egr1 and/or Egr2 to stimulate Cbl-b expression through the ERK1/2 pathway in L6 myoblasts, since treatment with Egr1/2 siRNA and an ERK1/2 inhibitor significantly suppressed clinorotation-induced Cbl-b and Egr expression, respectively. Promoter and gel mobility shift assays revealed that Cbl-b was upregulated via an Egr consensus oxidative responsive element at −110 to −60 bp of the Cbl-b promoter. Together, this indicates that under microgravity conditions, elevated ROS may be a crucial mechanotransducer in skeletal muscle cells, regulating muscle mass through Cbl-b expression activated by the ERK-Egr signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Uchida
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakashita
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kanako Kitahata
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yui Yamashita
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chisato Tomida
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimori
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akio Komatsu
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hirasaka
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ayako Ohno
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Reiko Nakao
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Akira Higashibata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ishioka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University, School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuushi Okumura
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Faculty of Nutritional Science, Sagami Women’s University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Inho Choi
- Institute of Space Biology, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Motoko Oarada
- Faculty of Nutritional Science, Sagami Women’s University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Edward M. Mills
- Division of Pharmacology/Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Shigetada Teshima-Kondo
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin’ichi Takeda
- Translational Research Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontic Dentistry, Institute of Medical Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University, School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nikawa
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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15
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Mosole S, Zampieri S, Furlan S, Carraro U, Löefler S, Kern H, Volpe P, Nori A. Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Skeletal Muscle of Old Sedentary People. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2018; 4:2333721418768998. [PMID: 29662923 PMCID: PMC5896842 DOI: 10.1177/2333721418768998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity plays an important role in preventing muscle atrophy and chronic diseases in adults and in the elderly. Calcium (Ca2+) cycling and activation of specific molecular pathways are essential in contraction-induced muscle adaptation. This study attains human muscle sections and total homogenates prepared from biopsies obtained before (control) and after 9 weeks of training by electrical stimulation (ES) on a group of volunteers. The aim of the study was to investigate about the molecular mechanisms that support functional muscle improvement by ES. Evidences of kinase/phosphatase pathways activation after ES were obtained. Moreover, expression of Sarcalumenin, Calsequestrin and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (Serca) isoforms was regulated by training. In conclusion, this work shows that neuromuscular ES applied to vastus lateralis muscle of sedentary seniors combines fiber remodeling with activation of Ca2+-Calmodulin molecular pathways and modulation of key Ca2+-handling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mosole
- University of Padova, Italy.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Zampieri
- University of Padova, Italy.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Furlan
- Institute of Neuroscience Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Padova, Italy
| | - Ugo Carraro
- IRRCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | - Stefan Löefler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Kern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Pölten, Austria
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16
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Nrf2-Keap1 signaling in oxidative and reductive stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:721-733. [PMID: 29499228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1011] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 and its endogenous inhibitor, Keap1, function as a ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved intracellular defense mechanism to counteract oxidative stress. Sequestered by cytoplasmic Keap1 and targeted to proteasomal degradation in basal conditions, in case of oxidative stress Nrf2 detaches from Keap1 and translocates to the nucleus, where it heterodimerizes with one of the small Maf proteins. The heterodimers recognize the AREs, that are enhancer sequences present in the regulatory regions of Nrf2 target genes, essential for the recruitment of key factors for transcription. In the present review we briefly introduce the Nrf2-Keap1 system and describe Nrf2 functions, illustrate the Nrf2-NF-κB cross-talk, and highlight the effects of the Nrf2-Keap1 system in the physiology and pathophysiology of striated muscle tissue taking into account its role(s) in oxidative stress and reductive stress.
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17
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McDonagh B. Detection of ROS Induced Proteomic Signatures by Mass Spectrometry. Front Physiol 2017; 8:470. [PMID: 28736529 PMCID: PMC5500628 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible and irreversible post-translational modifications (PTMs) induced by endogenously generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in regulatory enzymes and proteins plays an essential role in cellular signaling. Almost all cellular processes including metabolism, transcription, translation and degradation have been identified as containing redox regulated proteins. Specific redox modifications of key amino acids generated by ROS offers a dynamic and versatile means to rapidly alter the activity or functional structure of proteins in response to biochemical, environmental, genetic and pathological perturbations. How the proteome responds to these stimuli is of critical importance in oxidant physiology, as it can regulate the cell stress response by reversible and irreversible PTMs, affecting protein activity and protein-protein interactions. Due to the highly labile nature of many ROS species, applying redox proteomics can provide a signature footprint of the ROS species generated. Ideally redox proteomic approaches would allow; (1) the identification of the specific PTM, (2) identification of the amino acid residue that is modified and (3) the percentage of the protein containing the PTM. New developments in MS offer the opportunity of a more sensitive targeted proteomic approach and retrospective data analysis. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis can provide an insight into the biochemical and physiological pathways or cell signaling cascades that are affected by ROS generation. This mini-review will detail current redox proteomic approaches to identify and quantify ROS induced PTMs and the subsequent effects on cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian McDonagh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Done AJ, Traustadóttir T. Nrf2 mediates redox adaptations to exercise. Redox Biol 2016; 10:191-199. [PMID: 27770706 PMCID: PMC5078682 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this review is to summarize the current literature on the effects of acute exercise and regular exercise on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity and downstream targets of Nrf2 signaling. Nrf2 (encoded in humans by the NFE2L2 gene) is the master regulator of antioxidant defenses, a transcription factor that regulates expression of more than 200 cytoprotective genes. Increasing evidence indicates that Nrf2 signaling plays a key role in how oxidative stress mediates the beneficial effects of exercise. Episodic increases in oxidative stress induced through bouts of acute exercise stimulate Nrf2 activation and when applied repeatedly, as with regular exercise, leads to upregulation of endogenous antioxidant defenses and overall greater ability to counteract the damaging effects of oxidative stress. The evidence of Nrf2 activation in response to exercise across variety of tissues may be an important mechanism of how exercise exerts its well-known systemic effects that are not limited to skeletal muscle and myocardium. Additionally there are emerging data that results from animal studies translate to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Done
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Tinna Traustadóttir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
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19
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Mason SA, Morrison D, McConell GK, Wadley GD. Muscle redox signalling pathways in exercise. Role of antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:29-45. [PMID: 26912034 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent research highlights the importance of redox signalling pathway activation by contraction-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in normal exercise-related cellular and molecular adaptations in skeletal muscle. In this review, we discuss some potentially important redox signalling pathways in skeletal muscle that are involved in acute and chronic responses to contraction and exercise. Specifically, we discuss redox signalling implicated in skeletal muscle contraction force, mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzyme induction, glucose uptake and muscle hypertrophy. Furthermore, we review evidence investigating the impact of major exogenous antioxidants on these acute and chronic responses to exercise. Redox signalling pathways involved in adaptive responses in skeletal muscle to exercise are not clearly elucidated at present, and further research is required to better define important signalling pathways involved. Evidence of beneficial or detrimental effects of specific antioxidant compounds on exercise adaptations in muscle is similarly limited, particularly in human subjects. Future research is required to not only investigate effects of specific antioxidant compounds on skeletal muscle exercise adaptations, but also to better establish mechanisms of action of specific antioxidants in vivo. Although we feel it remains somewhat premature to make clear recommendations in relation to application of specific antioxidant compounds in different exercise settings, a bulk of evidence suggests that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is ergogenic through its effects on maintenance of muscle force production during sustained fatiguing events. Nevertheless, a current lack of evidence from studies using performance tests representative of athletic competition and a potential for adverse effects with high doses (>70mg/kg body mass) warrants caution in its use for performance enhancement. In addition, evidence implicates high dose vitamin C (1g/day) and E (≥260 IU/day) supplementation in impairments to some skeletal muscle cellular adaptations to chronic exercise training. Thus, determining the utility of antioxidant supplementation in athletes likely requires a consideration of training and competition periodization cycles of athletes in addition to type, dose and duration of antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Mason
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (C-PAN) Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dale Morrison
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (C-PAN) Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn K McConell
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute for Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (C-PAN) Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Lamboley CR, Wyckelsma VL, Perry BD, McKenna MJ, Lamb GD. Effect of 23-day muscle disuse on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ properties and contractility in human type I and type II skeletal muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:483-92. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00337.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivity negatively impacts on skeletal muscle function mainly through muscle atrophy. However, recent evidence suggests that the quality of individual muscle fibers is also altered. This study examined the effects of 23 days of unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS) on specific force and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content in individual skinned muscle fibers. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis were taken from six young healthy adults prior to and following ULLS. After disuse, the endogenous SR Ca2+ content was ∼8% lower in type I fibers and maximal SR Ca2+ capacity was lower in both type I and type II fibers (−11 and −5%, respectively). The specific force, measured in single skinned fibers from three subjects, decreased significantly after ULLS in type II fibers (−23%) but not in type I fibers (−9%). Western blot analyses showed no significant change in the amounts of myosin heavy chain (MHC) I and MHC IIa following the disuse, whereas the amounts of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 1 (SERCA1) and calsequestrin increased by ∼120 and ∼20%, respectively, and the amount of troponin I decreased by ∼21%. These findings suggest that the decline in force and power occurring with muscle disuse is likely to be exacerbated in part by reductions in maximum specific force in type II fibers, and in the amount of releasable SR Ca2+ in both fiber types, the latter not being attributable to a reduced calsequestrin level. Furthermore, the ∼3-wk disuse in human elicits change in SR properties, in particular a more than twofold upregulation in SERCA1 density, before any fiber-type shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Lamboley
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - V. L. Wyckelsma
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - B. D. Perry
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M. J. McKenna
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - G. D. Lamb
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Vibration mechanosignals superimposed to resistive exercise result in baseline skeletal muscle transcriptome profiles following chronic disuse in bed rest. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17027. [PMID: 26596638 PMCID: PMC4657004 DOI: 10.1038/srep17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Disuse-induced muscle atrophy is a major concern in aging, in neuromuscular diseases, post-traumatic injury and in microgravity life sciences affecting health and fitness also of crew members in spaceflight. By using a laboratory analogue to body unloading we perform for the first time global gene expression profiling joined to specific proteomic analysis to map molecular adaptations in disused (60 days of bed rest) human soleus muscle (CTR) and in response to a resistive exercise (RE) countermeasure protocol without and with superimposed vibration mechanosignals (RVE). Adopting Affymetrix GeneChip technology we identified 235 differently transcribed genes in the CTR group (end- vs. pre-bed rest). RE comprised 206 differentially expressed genes, whereas only 51 changed gene transcripts were found in RVE. Most gene transcription and proteomic changes were linked to various key metabolic pathways (glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, lipid metabolism) and to functional contractile structures. Gene expression profiling in bed rest identified a novel set of genes explicitly responsive to vibration mechanosignals in human soleus. This new finding highlights the efficacy of RVE protocol in reducing key signs of disuse maladaptation and atrophy, and to maintain a close-to-normal skeletal muscle quality outcome following chronic disuse in bed rest.
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Voluntary Exercise Can Ameliorate Insulin Resistance by Reducing iNOS-Mediated S-Nitrosylation of Akt in the Liver in Obese Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132029. [PMID: 26172834 PMCID: PMC4501761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Voluntary exercise can ameliorate insulin resistance. The underlying mechanism, however, remains to be elucidated. We previously demonstrated that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the liver plays an important role in hepatic insulin resistance in the setting of obesity. In this study, we tried to verify our hypothesis that voluntary exercise improves insulin resistance by reducing the expression of iNOS and subsequent S-nitrosylation of key molecules of glucose metabolism in the liver. Twenty-one Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 18 non-diabetic control Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were randomly assigned to a sedentary group or exercise group subjected to voluntary wheel running for 20 weeks. The voluntary exercise significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose and HOMA-IR in the OLETF rats. In addition, the exercise decreased the amount of iNOS mRNA in the liver in the OLETF rats. Moreover, exercise reduced the levels of S-nitrosylated Akt in the liver, which were increased in the OLETF rats, to those observed in the LETO rats. These findings support our hypothesis that voluntary exercise improves insulin resistance, at least partly, by suppressing the iNOS expression and subsequent S-nitrosylation of Akt, a key molecule of the signal transduction pathways in glucose metabolism in the liver.
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle represents a physiologically relevant model for the application of redox proteomic techniques to dissect its response to exercise and aging. Contracting skeletal muscles generate ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) necessary for the regulation of many proteins involved in excitation–contraction coupling. The magnitude and species of ROS/RNS generated by contracting muscles will have downstream effects on specific protein targets and cellular redox signalling. Redox modifications on specific proteins are essential for the adaptive response to exercise and skeletal muscle can develop a dysregulated redox response during aging. In the present article, we discuss how redox proteomics can be applied to identify and quantify the reversible modifications on susceptible cysteine residues within those redox-sensitive proteins, and the integration of oxidative and non-oxidative protein modifications in relation to the functional proteome.
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