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Helal M, Ahmed M, Ragab M, Ateya A, Sakr S. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Phosphoglycerate Mutase 2 (PGAM2) genes with growth traits in rabbits. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:239. [PMID: 39133441 PMCID: PMC11319371 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Genetic improvement of local rabbit breeds using modern approaches such as marker-assisted selection requires accurate and precise information about marker‒trait associations in animals with different genetic backgrounds. Therefore, this study was designed to estimate the association between two mutations located in the Neuropeptide Y (NPY, g.1778G > C) and Phosphoglycerate Mutase 2 (PGAM2, c.195 C > T) genes in New Zealand White (NZW), Baladi (BR), and V-line rabbits. The first mutation was genotyped using high-resolution melting, and the second mutation was genotyped using the PCR-RFLP method. The results revealed significant associations between the NPY mutation and body weight at 10 (V-line) and 12 weeks of age (NZW, BR, and V-line), body weight gain (BWG) from 10 to 12 weeks of age (BR), BWG from 6 to 12 weeks of age (NZW, BR, and V-line), average daily gain (NZW, BR, and V-line, and BR), growth rate (GR) from 8 to10 weeks (V-line), 10 to 12 weeks (BR), and GR from 6 to 12 weeks of age (BR, and V-line). The PGAM2 mutation was associated with body weight at 10 (V-line) and 12 (NZW, and V-line) weeks of age, with significant positive additive effects at 12 weeks of age in all breeds, and was associated with BWG from 8 to 10 and 10 to 12 in BR, and BWG from 6 to 12 weeks of age (NZW, and BR), and average daily gain (NZW, and BR), and was associated with GR form 8 to 10 weeks (BR), from10 to 12 weeks (BR, and V-line) and from 6 to 12 weeks (BR). The results highlighted the importance of the two mutations in growth development, and the possibility of considering them as candidate genes for late growth in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Helal
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Ahmed
- Department of Animal Production, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ragab
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Ahmed Ateya
- Department of Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Sakr
- Department of Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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2
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Akinci A, Kara A, Özgür A, Turkkahraman D, Aksu S. Genomic analysis to screen potential genes and mutations in children with non-syndromic early onset severe obesity: a multicentre study in Turkey. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1883-1893. [PMID: 34850337 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a complex genetic-based pediatric disorder which triggers life-threatening conditions. Therefore, the understanding the molecular mechanisms of obesity has been a significant approach in medicine. Computational methods allow rapid and comprehensive pathway analysis, which is important for generation of diagnosis and treatment of obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS Aims of our study are to comprehensively investigate genetic characteristics of obesity in children with non-syndromic, early-onset (< 7 years), and severe obesity (BMI-SDS > 3) through computational approaches. First, the mutational analyses of 41 of obesity-related genes in 126 children with non-syndromic early-onset severe obesity and 76 healthy non-obese controls were performed using the next generation sequencing (NGS) technique, and the NGS data analyzed by using bioinformatics methods. Then, the relationship between pathogenic variants and anthropometric/biochemical parameters was further evaluated. Obtained results demonstrated that the 15 genes (ADIPOQ, ADRB2, ADRB3, IRS1, LEPR, NPY, POMC, PPARG, PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B, PTPN1, SLC22A1, SLC2A4, SREBF1 and UCP1) which directly related to obesity found linked together via biological pathways and/or functions. Among these genes, IRS1, PPARGC1A, and SLC2A4 stand out as the most central ones. Furthermore, 12 of non-synonymous pathogenic variants, including six novels, were detected on ADIPOQ (G90S and D242G), ADRB2 (V87M), PPARGC1A (E680G, A477T, and R656H), UCP1 (Q44R), and IRS1 (R302Q, R301H, R301C, H250P, and H250N) genes. CONCLUSION We propose that 12 of non-synonymous pathogenic variations detected on ADIPOQ, ADRB2, PPARGC1A, UCP1, and IRS1 genes might have a cumulative effect on the development and progression of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysehan Akinci
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Department, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Altan Kara
- Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatic Department, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Gebze, Turkey.
| | - Aykut Özgür
- Laboratory and Veterinary Health Program, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Artova Vocational School, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Doga Turkkahraman
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Soner Aksu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Health and Technology University, İstanbul, Turkey
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3
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Petti LM, Koleske BN, DiMaio D. Activation of the PDGF β Receptor by a Persistent Artificial Signal Peptide. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167223. [PMID: 34474086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Most eukaryotic transmembrane and secreted proteins contain N-terminal signal peptides that mediate insertion of the nascent translation products into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. After membrane insertion, signal peptides typically are cleaved from the mature protein and degraded. Here, we tested whether a small hydrophobic protein selected for growth promoting activity in mammalian cells retained transforming activity while also acting as a signal peptide. We replaced the signal peptide of the PDGF β receptor (PDGFβR) with a previously described 29-residue artificial transmembrane protein named 9C3 that can activate the PDGFβR in trans. We showed that a modified version of 9C3 at the N-terminus of the PDGFβR can function as a signal peptide, as assessed by its ability to support high level expression, glycosylation, and cell surface localization of the PDGFβR. The 9C3 signal peptide retains its ability to interact with the transmembrane domain of the PDGFβR and cause receptor activation and cell proliferation. Cleavage of the 9C3 signal peptide from the mature receptor is not required for these activities. However, signal peptide cleavage does occur in some molecules, and the cleaved signal peptide can persist in cells and activate a co-expressed PDGFβR in trans. Our finding that a hydrophobic sequence can display signal peptide and transforming activity suggest that some naturally occurring signal peptides may also display additional biological activities by interacting with the transmembrane domains of target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Petti
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
| | - Benjamin N Koleske
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA; Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208040, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; Yale Cancer Center, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA.
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4
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Conditional Inactivation of Limbic Neuropeptide Y-1 Receptors Increases Vulnerability to Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168745. [PMID: 34445453 PMCID: PMC8395771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
NPY and its Y1 cognate receptor (Y1R) have been shown to be involved in the regulation of stress, anxiety, depression and energy homeostasis. We previously demonstrated that conditional knockout of Npy1r gene in the excitatory neurons of the forebrain of adolescent male mice (Npy1rrfb mice) decreased body weight growth and adipose tissue and increased anxiety. In the present study, we used the same conditional system to examine whether the targeted disruption of the Npy1r gene in limbic areas might affect susceptibility to obesity and associated disorders during adulthood in response to a 3-week high-fat diet (HFD) regimen. We demonstrated that following HFD exposure, Npy1rrfb male mice showed increased body weight, visceral adipose tissue, and blood glucose levels, hyperphagia and a dysregulation of calory intake as compared to control Npy1r2lox mice. These results suggest that low expression of Npy1r in limbic areas impairs habituation to high caloric food and causes high susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in male mice, uncovering a specific contribution of the limbic Npy1r gene in the dysregulation of the eating/satiety balance.
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5
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Yan C, Zeng T, Lee K, Nobis M, Loh K, Gou L, Xia Z, Gao Z, Bensellam M, Hughes W, Lau J, Zhang L, Ip CK, Enriquez R, Gao H, Wang QP, Wu Q, Haigh JJ, Laybutt DR, Timpson P, Herzog H, Shi YC. Peripheral-specific Y1 receptor antagonism increases thermogenesis and protects against diet-induced obesity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2622. [PMID: 33976180 PMCID: PMC8113522 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is caused by an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure (EE). Here we identify a conserved pathway that links signalling through peripheral Y1 receptors (Y1R) to the control of EE. Selective antagonism of peripheral Y1R, via the non-brain penetrable antagonist BIBO3304, leads to a significant reduction in body weight gain due to enhanced EE thereby reducing fat mass. Specifically thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) due to elevated UCP1 is enhanced accompanied by extensive browning of white adipose tissue both in mice and humans. Importantly, selective ablation of Y1R from adipocytes protects against diet-induced obesity. Furthermore, peripheral specific Y1R antagonism also improves glucose homeostasis mainly driven by dynamic changes in Akt activity in BAT. Together, these data suggest that selective peripheral only Y1R antagonism via BIBO3304, or a functional analogue, could be developed as a safer and more effective treatment option to mitigate diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Yan
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kailun Lee
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- Invasion and Metastasis Lab, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Loh
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Luoning Gou
- Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zefeng Xia
- Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongmin Gao
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed Bensellam
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Will Hughes
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jackie Lau
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chi Kin Ip
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronaldo Enriquez
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hanyu Gao
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Qiao-Ping Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Invasion and Metastasis Lab, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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6
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Katus U, Villa I, Ringmets I, Veidebaum T, Harro J. Neuropeptide Y gene variants in obesity, dietary intake, blood pressure, lipid and glucose metabolism: A longitudinal birth cohort study. Peptides 2021; 139:170524. [PMID: 33652060 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropeptide Y affects several physiological functions, notably appetite regulation. We analysed the association between four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the NPY gene (rs5574, rs16147, rs16139, rs17149106) and measures of obesity, dietary intake, physical activity, blood pressure, glucose and lipid metabolism from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS The sample included both birth cohorts of the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study at ages 15 (n = 1075 with available complete data), 18 (n = 913) and 25 (n = 926) years. Linear mixed-effects regression models were used for longitudinal association between NPY SNP-s and variables of interest. Associations at ages 15, 18 and 25 were analysed by ANOVA. RESULTS Rs5574 CC-homozygotes had a greater increase per year in waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and a smaller decrease in daily energy intake and carbohydrate intake from age 15-25 years; fasting glucose and cholesterol were higher in rs5574 CC-homozygotes. Rs16147 TT-homozygotes had higher body weight and a greater increase in sum of 5 skinfolds, waist circumference, WHR and waist-to-height ratio; however, they had lower carbohydrate intake throughout the observation period. Rs16147 TT-homozygotes and both rs16139 and rs17149106 heterozygotes had higher triglyceride levels. All NPY SNP-s were associated with blood pressure: rs5574 TT-and rs16147 CC-homozygotes had a smaller increase in diastolic blood pressure, while rs16139 and rs17149106 heterozygous had lower blood pressure throughout the study. CONCLUSION Variants of the NPY gene were associated with measures of obesity, dietary intake, glucose and lipid metabolism and blood pressure from adolescence to young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmeli Katus
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inga Villa
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inge Ringmets
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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7
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Signal peptide of HIV-1 envelope modulates glycosylation impacting exposure of V1V2 and other epitopes. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009185. [PMID: 33370382 PMCID: PMC7793277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. Each trimer is swathed by ~90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. Virus neutralization was also affected, especially by antibodies against V1V2, V3, and gp41. Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations, V3 crown, and gp41 epitopes. These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. HIV-1 Env glycoprotein is produced by a precursor gp160 that has a signal peptide at its N-terminus. The SP is highly diverse among the HIV-1 isolates. This study presents site-specific analyses of N-linked glycosylation on HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from infectious viruses produced with different envelope signal peptides. We show that signal peptide swapping alters the envelope glycan shield, including the conserved N156 and N160 glycans located in the V1V2 region on the trimer apex, to impact Env recognition and virus neutralization by antibodies. The data offer crucial insights into the role of signal peptide in the interplay between HIV-1 and antibodies and its potential utility to control Env glycosylation in the development of Env-based HIV-1 vaccine.
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8
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Can study of the ADRB3 gene help improve weight loss programs in obese individuals? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 68:66-73. [PMID: 32340905 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a chronic disease of multifactorial origin characterized by excess weight and excess fat accumulation, and whose etiology includes intrinsic (genetic, physiological, and metabolic) and extrinsic (social and cultural) factors. Fat accumulation is caused by a prolonged imbalance in the energy balance influenced, among other factors, by adaptive thermogenesis, which is triggered by cold environmental conditions, or by hypercaloric intake. Thermogenesis is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and occurs in the muscle and brown adipose tissue. There are adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue, including the beta-3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3), the main receptor for the regulation of thermogenesis. The presence in heterozygosis of an SNP-type polymorphism in the ADRB3 gene (Trp64Arg; rs4994) is associated with a lower lipolytic activity, a predisposition to obesity, and resistance to weight loss. The objective of this study was to analyze through a systematic review the weight loss program most appropriate for carriers. METHODS A retrospective study of published papers on rs4994 polymorphism in the SNP and PubMed databases was conducted. RESULTS Most published studies suggest the presence of obesity and resistance to weight loss in carriers, and report significant improvements in anthropometric parameters when patients receive fat-rich hypocaloric diets. CONCLUSIONS Based on these conclusions, specific nutritional and physical exercise guidelines are proposed for individuals carrying the Trp64Arg allele.
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9
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Badr EA, El-Aleem Hassan Abd El-Aleem A, EL-Ghlban S, Swelm AAH, Emara M. Relation of neuropeptide Y gene expression and genotyping with hypertension in chronic kidney disease. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 19:100666. [PMID: 31384672 PMCID: PMC6664273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Ericson MD, Haskell-Luevano C. A Review of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Orexigenic Neuropeptides Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1235-1246. [PMID: 29714060 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiological pathways are involved in appetite, food intake, and the maintenance of energy homeostasis. In particular, neuropeptides within the central nervous system have been demonstrated to be critical signaling molecules for modulating appetite. Both anorexigenic (appetite-decreasing) and orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) neuropeptides have been described. The biological effects of these neuropeptides can be observed following central administration in animal models. This review focuses on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six orexigenic neuropeptides: agouti-related protein (AGRP), galanin, melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin A, and orexin B. Following a brief summary of the neuropeptides and their orexigenic activities, reports associating SNPs within the orexigenic neuropeptides to energy homeostasis, food intake, obesity, and BMI in humans are reviewed. Additionally, the NIH tool Variation Viewer was utilized to identify missense SNPs within the mature, biologically active neuropeptide sequences. For SNPs found through Variation Viewer, a concise discussion on relevant pharmacological structure-activity relationship studies for select SNPs is included. This review is meant to update reported orexigenic neuropeptide SNPs and demonstrate the potential utility of genomic sequence databases for finding SNPs that may result in altered receptor signaling for neuropeptide pathways associated with appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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11
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Neuropeptide Y Leu7Pro polymorphism is not associated with risk of developing obesity in Pakistani population. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Ailanen L, Vähätalo LH, Salomäki-Myftari H, Mäkelä S, Orpana W, Ruohonen ST, Savontaus E. Peripherally Administered Y 2-Receptor Antagonist BIIE0246 Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice With Excess Neuropeptide Y, but Enhances Obesity in Control Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:319. [PMID: 29674968 PMCID: PMC5895854 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in the level of central and sympathetic nervous systems (SNSs). Genetic silencing of peripheral Y2-receptors have anti-obesity effects, but it is not known whether pharmacological blocking of peripheral Y2-receptors would similarly benefit energy homeostasis. The effects of a peripherally administered Y2-receptor antagonist were studied in healthy and energy-rich conditions with or without excess NPY. Genetically obese mice overexpressing NPY in brain noradrenergic nerves and SNS (OE-NPYDβH) represented the situation of elevated NPY levels, while wildtype (WT) mice represented the normal NPY levels. Specific Y2-receptor antagonist, BIIE0246, was administered (1.3 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 2 or 4.5 weeks to OE-NPYDβH and WT mice feeding on chow or Western diet. Treatment with Y2-receptor antagonist increased body weight gain in both genotypes on chow diet and caused metabolic disturbances (e.g., hyperinsulinemia and hypercholesterolemia), especially in WT mice. During energy surplus (i.e., on Western diet), blocking of Y2-receptors induced obesity in WT mice, whereas OE-NPYDβH mice showed reduced fat mass gain, hepatic glycogen and serum cholesterol levels relative to body adiposity. Thus, it can be concluded that with normal NPY levels, peripheral Y2-receptor antagonist has no potential for treating obesity, but oppositely may even induce metabolic disorders. However, when energy-rich diet is combined with elevated NPY levels, e.g., stress combined with an unhealthy diet, Y2-receptor antagonism has beneficial effects on metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Ailanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura H Vähätalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henriikka Salomäki-Myftari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Mäkelä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Wendy Orpana
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi T Ruohonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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13
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Aerts E, Geets E, Sorber L, Beckers S, Verrijken A, Massa G, Hoorenbeeck K, Verhulst SL, Gaal LF, Hul W. Evaluation of a Role for
NPY
and
NPY2R
in the Pathogenesis of Obesity by Mutation and Copy Number Variation Analysis in Obese Children and Adolescents. Ann Hum Genet 2017; 82:1-10. [DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evi Aerts
- Department of Medical Genetics University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Ellen Geets
- Department of Medical Genetics University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Laure Sorber
- Department of Medical Genetics University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Sigri Beckers
- Department of Medical Genetics University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - An Verrijken
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases Antwerp University Hospital Antwerp Belgium
| | - Guy Massa
- Department of Pediatrics Jessa Hospital Hasselt Belgium
| | - Kim Hoorenbeeck
- Department of Pediatrics Antwerp University Hospital Antwerp Belgium
| | - Stijn L Verhulst
- Department of Pediatrics Antwerp University Hospital Antwerp Belgium
| | - Luc F Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases Antwerp University Hospital Antwerp Belgium
| | - Wim Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
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FBN30 in wild Anopheles gambiae functions as a pathogen recognition molecule against clinically circulating Plasmodium falciparum in malaria endemic areas in Kenya. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8577. [PMID: 28819256 PMCID: PMC5561218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a worldwide health problem that affects two-thirds of the world population. Plasmodium invasion of anopheline mosquitoes is an obligatory step for malaria transmission. However, mosquito-malaria molecular interactions in nature are not clear. A genetic variation within mosquito fibrinogen related-protein 30 (FBN30) was previously identified to be associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection in natural Anopheles gambiae populations at malaria endemic areas in Kenya, and reducing FBN30 expression by RNAi makes mosquitoes more susceptible to P. berghei. New results show that FBN30 is a secreted octamer that binds to both P. berghei and clinically circulating P. falciparum from malaria endemic areas in Kenya, but not laboratory P. falciparum strain NF54. Moreover, the natural genetic mutation (T to C) within FBN30 signal peptide, which changes the position 10 amino acid from phenylalanine to leucine, reduces protein expression by approximately half. This change is consistent to more susceptible An. gambiae to P. falciparum infection in the field. FBN30 in natural An. gambiae is proposed to work as a pathogen recognition molecule in inhibiting P. falciparum transmission in malaria endemic areas.
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Heindel JJ, Blumberg B, Cave M, Machtinger R, Mantovani A, Mendez MA, Nadal A, Palanza P, Panzica G, Sargis R, Vandenberg LN, Vom Saal F. Metabolism disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 68:3-33. [PMID: 27760374 PMCID: PMC5365353 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent epidemics of metabolic diseases, obesity, type 2 diabetes(T2D), liver lipid disorders and metabolic syndrome have largely been attributed to genetic background and changes in diet, exercise and aging. However, there is now considerable evidence that other environmental factors may contribute to the rapid increase in the incidence of these metabolic diseases. This review will examine changes to the incidence of obesity, T2D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the contribution of genetics to these disorders and describe the role of the endocrine system in these metabolic disorders. It will then specifically focus on the role of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the etiology of obesity, T2D and NAFLD while finally integrating the information on EDCs on multiple metabolic disorders that could lead to metabolic syndrome. We will specifically examine evidence linking EDC exposures during critical periods of development with metabolic diseases that manifest later in life and across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Extramural Research and Training Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- University of California, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Mathew Cave
- University of Louisville, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Louisville KY, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle A Mendez
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Paola Palanza
- University of Parma, Department of Neurosciences, Parma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Panzica
- University of Turin, Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy
| | - Robert Sargis
- University of Chicago, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- University of Massachusetts, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Frederick Vom Saal
- University of Missouri, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, MO, USA
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Singh RK, Kumar P, Mahalingam K. Molecular genetics of human obesity: A comprehensive review. C R Biol 2017; 340:87-108. [PMID: 28089486 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its related health complications is a major problem worldwide. Hypothalamus and their signalling molecules play a critical role in the intervening and coordination with energy balance and homeostasis. Genetic factors play a crucial role in determining an individual's predisposition to the weight gain and being obese. In the past few years, several genetic variants were identified as monogenic forms of human obesity having success over common polygenic forms. In the context of molecular genetics, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) approach and their findings signified a number of genetic variants predisposing to obesity. However, the last couple of years, it has also been noticed that alterations in the environmental and epigenetic factors are one of the key causes of obesity. Hence, this review might be helpful in the current scenario of molecular genetics of human obesity, obesity-related health complications (ORHC), and energy homeostasis. Future work based on the clinical discoveries may play a role in the molecular dissection of genetic approaches to find more obesity-susceptible gene loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kumar Singh
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India
| | - Permendra Kumar
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India
| | - Kulandaivelu Mahalingam
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India.
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Salomäki-Myftari H, Vähätalo LH, Ailanen L, Pietilä S, Laiho A, Hänninen A, Pursiheimo JP, Munukka E, Rintala A, Savontaus E, Pesonen U, Koulu M. Neuropeptide Y Overexpressing Female and Male Mice Show Divergent Metabolic but Not Gut Microbial Responses to Prenatal Metformin Exposure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163805. [PMID: 27681875 PMCID: PMC5040270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal metformin exposure has been shown to improve the metabolic outcome in the offspring of high fat diet fed dams. However, if this is evident also in a genetic model of obesity and whether gut microbiota has a role, is not known. Methods The metabolic effects of prenatal metformin exposure were investigated in a genetic model of obesity, mice overexpressing neuropeptide Y in the sympathetic nervous system and in brain noradrenergic neurons (OE-NPYDβH). Metformin was given for 18 days to the mated female mice. Body weight, body composition, glucose tolerance and serum parameters of the offspring were investigated on regular diet from weaning and sequentially on western diet (at the age of 5–7 months). Gut microbiota composition was analysed by 16S rRNA sequencing at 10–11 weeks. Results In the male offspring, metformin exposure inhibited weight gain. Moreover, weight of white fat depots and serum insulin and lipids tended to be lower at 7 months. In contrast, in the female offspring, metformin exposure impaired glucose tolerance at 3 months, and subsequently increased body weight gain, fat mass and serum cholesterol. In the gut microbiota, a decline in Erysipelotrichaceae and Odoribacter was detected in the metformin exposed offspring. Furthermore, the abundance of Sutterella tended to be decreased and Parabacteroides increased. Gut microbiota composition of the metformin exposed male offspring correlated to their metabolic phenotype. Conclusion Prenatal metformin exposure caused divergent metabolic phenotypes in the female and male offspring. Nevertheless, gut microbiota of metformin exposed offspring was similarly modified in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriikka Salomäki-Myftari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura H. Vähätalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Ailanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Pietilä
- Bioinformatics Unit, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Bioinformatics Unit, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Pursiheimo
- Turku Clinical Sequencing Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eveliina Munukka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anniina Rintala
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ullamari Pesonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Koulu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Lietz CB, Chen Z, Yun Son C, Pang X, Cui Q, Li L. Multiple gas-phase conformations of proline-containing peptides: is it always cis/trans isomerization? Analyst 2016; 141:4863-9. [PMID: 27434776 PMCID: PMC4972606 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00835b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) is often employed to look at the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of naked peptides and proteins in the gas-phase. Recently, it has offered a unique glimpse into proline-containing peptides and their cis/trans Xxx-Pro isomers. An experimental "signature" has been identified wherein a proline-containing peptide has its Pro residues substituted with another amino acid and the presence or absence of conformations in the IM-MS spectra is observed. Despite the high probability that one could attribute these conformations to cis/trans isomers, it is also possible that cis/trans isomers are not the cause of the additional conformations in proline-containing peptides. However, the experimental evidence of such a system has not been demonstrated or reported. Herein, we present the IM-MS analysis of Neuropeptide Y's wild-type (WT) signal sequence and Leu7Pro (L7P) mutant. Although comparison of arrival times and collision cross-sections of [M + 4H](4+) ions yields the cis/trans "signature", molecular dynamics indicates that a cis-Pro7 is not very stable and that trans-Pro7 conformations of the same cross-section arise with equal frequency. We believe that this work further underscores the importance of theoretical calculations in IM-MS structural assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Lietz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Chang Yun Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Xueqin Pang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA. and School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Kim HJ, Min KB, Min JY. Neuropeptide Y gene-by-psychosocial stress interaction effect is associated with obesity in a Korean population. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 69:10-5. [PMID: 27010740 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic psychosocial stress is a crucial risk factor in the development of many diseases including obesity. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), distributed throughout the peripheral and central nervous system, is believed to pay a role in the pathophysiologic relationship between stress and obesity. Although several animal studies have investigated the impact on obesity of interactions between NPY single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and stress, the same remains to be analyzed in humans. METHODS To identify NPY gene-by-stress interaction effects on human obesity, we analyzed the interaction between four NPY SNPs and stress with obesity-related traits, including visceral adipose tissue (VAT). A total of 1468 adult subjects were included for this analysis. RESULTS In a SNP-only model without interaction with stress, no significant SNPs were found (pSNP>0.05). However, NPY SNPs-by-stress interaction effects were significantly linked to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and VAT (pint<0.05), even though a significant interaction effect for rs16135 on BMI was not identified. These significant interaction effects were also detected in interaction results for the binary traits of obesity. Among the obesity traits, mean changes of VAT by increased stress levels in homozygous risk allele carriers were the greatest (range of mean increases for four SNPs (min-max)=12.57cm(2)-29.86cm(2)). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that common polymorphisms for NPY were associated with human obesity by interacting with psychosocial stress, emphasizing the need for stress management in obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Kim
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Bok Min
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Min
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Vähätalo LH, Ruohonen ST, Ailanen L, Savontaus E. Neuropeptide Y in noradrenergic neurons induces obesity in transgenic mouse models. Neuropeptides 2016; 55:31-7. [PMID: 26681068 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in noradrenergic neurons plays an important role in modulating the release and effects of catecholamines in a prolonged stress response. Among other functions, it controls energy metabolism. Transgenic expression of Npy in noradrenergic neurons in mice allowed showing that it is critical for diet- and stress-induced gain in fat mass. When overexpressed, NPY in noradrenergic neurons increases adiposity in gene-dose-dependent fashion, and leads to metabolic disorders such as impaired glucose tolerance. However, the mechanisms of obesity seem to be different in mice heterozygous and homozygous for the Npy transgene. While in heterozygous mice the adipogenic effect of NPY is important, in homozygous mice inhibition of sympathetic tone leading to decreased lipolytic activity and impaired brown fat function, as well as increased endocannabinoid levels contribute to obesity. The mouse model provides novel insight to the mechanisms of human diseases with increased NPY due to chronic stress or gain-of-function gene variants, and a tool for development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Vähätalo
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi T Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Ailanen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Comprehensive evaluation of the neuropeptide-Y gene variants in the risk of obesity. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2015; 25:501-10. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lin X, Qi Q, Zheng Y, Huang T, Lathrop M, Zelenika D, Bray GA, Sacks FM, Liang L, Qi L. Neuropeptide Y genotype, central obesity, and abdominal fat distribution: the POUNDS LOST trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:514-9. [PMID: 26156739 PMCID: PMC4515864 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide Y is a key peptide affecting adiposity and has been related to obesity risk. However, little is known about the role of NPY variations in diet-induced change in adiposity. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the effects of NPY variant rs16147 on central obesity and abdominal fat distribution in response to dietary interventions. DESIGN We genotyped a functional NPY variant rs16147 among 723 participants in the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial. Changes in waist circumference (WC), total abdominal adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from baseline to 6 and 24 mo were evaluated with respect to the rs16147 genotypes. Genotype-dietary fat interaction was also examined. RESULTS The rs16147 C allele was associated with a greater reduction in WC at 6 mo (P < 0.001). In addition, the genotypes showed a statistically significant interaction with dietary fat in relation to WC and SAT (P-interaction = 0.01 and 0.04): the association was stronger in individuals with high-fat intake than in those with low-fat intake. At 24 mo, the association remained statistically significant for WC in the high-fat diet group (P = 0.02), although the gene-dietary fat interaction became nonsignificant (P = 0.30). In addition, we found statistically significant genotype-dietary fat interaction on the change in total abdominal adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, and SAT at 24 mo (P = 0.01, 0.05, and 0.04): the rs16147 T allele appeared to associate with more adverse change in the abdominal fat deposition in the high-fat diet group than in the low-fat diet group. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the NPY rs16147 genotypes affect the change in abdominal adiposity in response to dietary interventions, and the effects of the rs16147 single-nucleotide polymorphism on central obesity and abdominal fat distribution were modified by dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Lin
- Departments of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Qibin Qi
- Nutrition, and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | - Mark Lathrop
- Departments of Human and Medical Genetics, McGill University and Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, Paris, France
| | - Diana Zelenika
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - Liming Liang
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA;
| | - Lu Qi
- Nutrition, and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Vähätalo LH, Ruohonen ST, Mäkelä S, Kovalainen M, Huotari A, Mäkelä KA, Määttä JA, Miinalainen I, Gilsbach R, Hein L, Ailanen L, Mattila M, Eerola K, Röyttä M, Ruohonen S, Herzig KH, Savontaus E. Neuropeptide Y in the noradrenergic neurones induces obesity and inhibits sympathetic tone in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:902-19. [PMID: 25482272 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neuropeptide Y (NPY) co-localized with noradrenaline in central and sympathetic nervous systems seems to play a role in the control of energy metabolism. In this study, the aim was to elucidate the effects and pathophysiological mechanisms of increased NPY in catecholaminergic neurones on accumulation of body adiposity. METHODS Transgenic mice overexpressing NPY under the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase promoter (OE-NPY(DβH) ) and wild-type control mice were followed for body weight gain and body fat content. Food intake, energy expenditure, physical activity, body temperature, serum lipid content and markers of glucose homoeostasis were monitored. Thermogenic and lipolytic responses in adipose tissues, and urine catecholamine and tissue catecholamine synthesizing enzyme levels were analysed as indices of sympathetic tone. RESULTS Homozygous OE-NPY(DβH) mice showed significant obesity accompanied with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Increased adiposity was explained by neither increased food intake or fat absorption nor by decreased total energy expenditure or physical activity. Adipocyte hypertrophy and decreased circulating lipid levels suggested decreased lipolysis and increased lipid uptake. Brown adipose tissue thermogenic capacity was decreased and brown adipocytes filled with lipids. Enhanced response to adrenergic stimuli, downregulation of catecholamine synthesizing enzyme expressions in the brainstem and lower adrenaline excretion supported the notion of low basal catecholaminergic activity. CONCLUSION Increased NPY in catecholaminergic neurones induces obesity that seems to be a result of preferential fat storage. These results support the role of NPY as a direct effector in peripheral tissues and an inhibitor of sympathetic activity in the pathogenesis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. H. Vähätalo
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Program; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - S. T. Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - S. Mäkelä
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - M. Kovalainen
- Faculty of Health Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - A. Huotari
- Faculty of Health Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - K. A. Mäkelä
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - J. A. Määttä
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - I. Miinalainen
- Biocenter Oulu Electron Microscopy Core Facility; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - R. Gilsbach
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - L. Hein
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - L. Ailanen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Program; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - M. Mattila
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Program; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - K. Eerola
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - M. Röyttä
- Department of Pathology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - S. Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - K. -H. Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - E. Savontaus
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
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Liu WC, Chen SY, Jia XB, Wang J, Lai SJ. Effects of variants in proopiomelanocortin and neuropeptide y genes on growth, carcass, and meat quality traits in rabbits. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:609-15. [PMID: 25049995 PMCID: PMC4093193 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Appetite-related neuropeptides proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and Neuropeptide Y (NPY) are essential for regulating feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of variants in POMC and NPY genes on growth, carcass and meat quality traits in rabbits. A total of six SNPs were identified for POMC (n = 2) and NPY (n = 4) genes by direct sequencing. Three SNPs were subsequently genotyped by using MassArray system (Sequenom iPLEXassay) in 235 individuals, which belong to three meat rabbit breeds, including 93 Ira rabbits; 81 Champagne rabbits and 61 Tianfu black rabbits. The SNP c.112-12G>T was in intron-exon boundaries (intron 1) of POMC gene, and the association analysis showed that individuals with TT genotype had a greater 84 d body weight (BW84), eviscerated weight and semi-eviscerated weight than those with GT genotype (p<0.05); the TT individuals were also higher than those GG in the ripe meat ratio (RMR) (p<0.05). The g.1778G>C SNP, which was in complete linkage with other three SNPs (g.1491G>A, g.1525G>T and g.1530C>T) in intron 1 of NPY gene, was significantly correlated with eviscerated slaughter percentage and semi-eviscerated slaughter percentage in rabbits, and the individuals with CC genotype had a better performance than CG genotype (p<0.05). These findings would provide primary clues for the biological roles of POMC and NPY underlying the rabbit growth-related traits.
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Parizadeh SA, Jamialahmadi K, Rooki H, Zaim-Kohan H, Mirhafez SR, Hosseini N, Mohiti-Ardakani J, Moohebati M, Masoudi-Kazemabad A, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Association of neuropeptide Y gene rs16147 polymorphism with metabolic syndrome in patients with documented coronary artery disease. Ann Hum Biol 2014; 42:178-83. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2014.916750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Genetic variability in energy balance and pancreatic cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in Minnesota. Pancreas 2014; 43:281-6. [PMID: 24201779 PMCID: PMC3945710 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3182a7c829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence suggests that energy imbalance plays a role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes regulating energy homeostasis influence pancreatic cancer risk. We investigated this question in a case-control study conducted from 1994 to 1998. METHODS Patients (n = 173) were ascertained from hospitals in the Twin Cities and Mayo Clinic, Minnesota. Control subjects (n = 476) were identified from the general population and frequency matched to patients by age and sex. Seven SNPs were evaluated in relation to pancreatic cancer using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, the leucine/proline or proline/proline genotype of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene rs16139 was associated with a lower risk than the leucine/leucine genotype (odds ratio, 0.40 [95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.91]). Conversely, an increased risk was observed for the glycine/arginine or arginine/arginine genotype of the adrenoceptor β2, surface (ADRB2) gene rs1042713 as compared with the glycine/glycine genotype (odds ratio, 1.52 [95% confidence interval, 1.01-2.31]). CONCLUSIONS This study first reveals that SNPs in genes modulating energy intake (NPY) and energy expenditure (ADRB2) altered pancreatic cancer risk. If confirmed by other studies, our findings may shed new light on the etiology and prevention of pancreatic cancer.
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Sobrino Crespo C, Perianes Cachero A, Puebla Jiménez L, Barrios V, Arilla Ferreiro E. Peptides and food intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:58. [PMID: 24795698 PMCID: PMC4005944 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms for controlling food intake involve mainly an interplay between gut, brain, and adipose tissue (AT), among the major organs. Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and other systems are required for communication between the brain satiety center, gut, and AT. These neuronal circuits include a variety of peptides and hormones, being ghrelin the only orexigenic molecule known, whereas the plethora of other factors are inhibitors of appetite, suggesting its physiological relevance in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Nutrients generated by food digestion have been proposed to activate G-protein-coupled receptors on the luminal side of enteroendocrine cells, e.g., the L-cells. This stimulates the release of gut hormones into the circulation such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, pancreatic polypeptides, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and cholecystokinin, which inhibit appetite. Ghrelin is a peptide secreted from the stomach and, in contrast to other gut hormones, plasma levels decrease after a meal and potently stimulate food intake. Other circulating factors such as insulin and leptin relay information regarding long-term energy stores. Both hormones circulate at proportional levels to body fat content, enter the CNS proportionally to their plasma levels, and reduce food intake. Circulating hormones can influence the activity of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurons of the hypothalamus, after passing across the median eminence. Circulating factors such as gut hormones may also influence the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) through the adjacent circumventricular organ. On the other hand, gastrointestinal vagal afferents converge in the NTS of the brainstem. Neural projections from the NTS, in turn, carry signals to the hypothalamus. The ARC acts as an integrative center, with two major subpopulations of neurons influencing appetite, one of them coexpressing neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein (AgRP) that increases food intake, whereas the other subpopulation coexpresses pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript that inhibits food intake. AgRP antagonizes the effects of the POMC product, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Both populations project to areas important in the regulation of food intake, including the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which also receives important inputs from other hypothalamic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sobrino Crespo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Perianes Cachero
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Lilian Puebla Jiménez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Arilla Ferreiro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Arilla Ferreiro, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28871, Spain e-mail:
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Metabolic disruption in male mice due to fetal exposure to low but not high doses of bisphenol A (BPA): evidence for effects on body weight, food intake, adipocytes, leptin, adiponectin, insulin and glucose regulation. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 42:256-68. [PMID: 23892310 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is implicated in many aspects of metabolic disease in humans and experimental animals. We fed pregnant CD-1 mice BPA at doses ranging from 5 to 50,000μg/kg/day, spanning 10-fold below the reference dose to 10-fold above the currently predicted no adverse effect level (NOAEL). At BPA doses below the NOAEL that resulted in average unconjugated BPA between 2 and 200pg/ml in fetal serum (AUC0-24h), we observed significant effects in adult male offspring: an age-related change in food intake, an increase in body weight and liver weight, abdominal adipocyte mass, number and volume, and in serum leptin and insulin, but a decrease in serum adiponectin and in glucose tolerance. For most of these outcomes non-monotonic dose-response relationships were observed; the highest BPA dose did not produce a significant effect for any outcome. A 0.1-μg/kg/day dose of DES resulted in some but not all low-dose BPA outcomes.
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Olza J, Gil-Campos M, Leis R, Rupérez AI, Tojo R, Cañete R, Gil A, Aguilera CM. Influence of variants in the NPY gene on obesity and metabolic syndrome features in Spanish children. Peptides 2013; 45:22-7. [PMID: 23624317 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene have been associated with obesity and its traits. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NPY gene with obesity, metabolic syndrome features, and inflammatory and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk biomarkers in Spanish children. We recruited 292 obese children and 242 normal-body mass index (BMI) children. Height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, clinical and metabolic markers, adipokines, and inflammatory (PCR, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) and CVD risk biomarkers (MPO, MMP-9, sE-selectin, sVCAM, sICAM, and PAI-1) were analyzed. Seven SNPs in the NPY gene were genotyped. The results of our study indicate that anthropometric measurements, clinical and metabolic markers, adipokines (leptin and resistin), and inflammatory and CVD risk biomarkers were generally elevated in the obese group. The exceptions to this finding included cholesterol, HDL-c, and adiponectin, which were lower in the obese group, and glucose, LDL-c, and MMP-9, which did not differ between the groups. Both rs16147 and rs16131 were associated with the risk of obesity, and the latter was also associated with insulin resistance, triacylglycerols, leptin, and HDL-c. Thus, we confirm the association of rs16147 with obesity, and we demonstrate for the first time the association of rs16131 with obesity and its possible impact on the early onset of metabolic syndrome features, mainly triacylglycerols, in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josune Olza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Center of Biomedical Research, Laboratory 123, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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Ohlander A, Zilio C, Hammerle T, Zelenin S, Klink G, Chiari M, Bock K, Russom A. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms by melting curve analysis using thin film semi-transparent heaters integrated in a lab-on-foil system. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2075-2082. [PMID: 23592049 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50171j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The recent technological advances in micro/nanotechnology present new opportunities to combine microfluidics with microarray technology for the development of small, sensitive, single-use, point-of-care molecular diagnostic devices. As such, the integration of microarray and plastic microfluidic systems is an attractive low-cost alternative to glass based microarray systems. This paper presents the integration of a DNA microarray and an all-polymer microfluidic foil system with integrated thin film heaters, which demonstrate DNA analysis based on melting curve analysis (MCA). A novel micro-heater concept using semi-transparent copper heaters manufactured by roll-to-roll and lift-off on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) foil has been developed. Using a mesh structure, heater surfaces have been realized in only one single metallization step, providing more efficient and homogenous heating characteristics than conventional meander heaters. A robust DNA microarray spotting protocol was adapted on Parylene C coated heater-foils, using co-polymer poly(DMA-NAS-MAPS) to enable covalent immobilization of DNA. The heaters were integrated in a microfluidic channel using lamination foils and MCA of the spotted DNA duplexes showed single based discrimination of mismatched over matched target DNA-probes. Finally, as a proof of principle, we perform MCA on PCR products to detect the Leu7Pro polymorphism of the neutropeptide Y related to increased risk of Type II diabetes, BMI and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohlander
- Fraunhofer EMFT, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
In this article, we will cover the folding of proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), including the role of three types of covalent modifications: signal peptide removal, N-linked glycosylation, and disulfide bond formation, as well as the function and importance of resident ER folding factors. These folding factors consist of classical chaperones and their cochaperones, the carbohydrate-binding chaperones, and the folding catalysts of the PDI and proline cis-trans isomerase families. We will conclude with the perspective of the folding protein: a comparison of characteristics and folding and exit rates for proteins that travel through the ER as clients of the ER machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke Braakman
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Lin WJ, Salton SR. The regulated secretory pathway and human disease: insights from gene variants and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:96. [PMID: 23964269 PMCID: PMC3734370 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulated secretory pathway provides critical control of peptide, growth factor, and hormone release from neuroendocrine and endocrine cells, and neurons, maintaining physiological homeostasis. Propeptides and prohormones are packaged into dense core granules (DCGs), where they frequently undergo tissue-specific processing as the DCG matures. Proteins of the granin family are DCG components, and although their function is not fully understood, data suggest they are involved in DCG formation and regulated protein/peptide secretion, in addition to their role as precursors of bioactive peptides. Association of gene variation, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with neuropsychiatric, endocrine, and metabolic diseases, has implicated specific secreted proteins and peptides in disease pathogenesis. For example, a SNP at position 196 (G/A) of the human brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene dysregulates protein processing and secretion and leads to cognitive impairment. This suggests more generally that variants identified in genes encoding secreted growth factors, peptides, hormones, and proteins involved in DCG biogenesis, protein processing, and the secretory apparatus, could provide insight into the process of regulated secretion as well as disorders that result when it is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jye Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen R. Salton
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Stephen R. Salton, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1065, New York, NY 10029, USA e-mail:
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Bhaskar LVKS, Thangaraj K, Kumar KP, Pardhasaradhi G, Singh L, Rao VR. Association between neuropeptide Y gene polymorphisms and alcohol dependence: a case-control study in two independent populations. Eur Addict Res 2013; 19:307-13. [PMID: 23652361 DOI: 10.1159/000346679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence is a chronic, progressive neurobiological brain disorder. Previous research reported an inverse association between ethanol drinking and cerebral neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels. There are conflicting results of studies on NPY gene polymorphisms in association with alcohol dependence in humans. METHODS To assess the role of the NPY gene in alcohol dependence, we genotyped three polymorphisms--in a sample of 195 subjects from the Kota population (80 alcohol dependence and 115 controls) and 141 subjects from the Badaga population (80 alcohol dependence and 61 controls). Phenotype was defined based on the DSM-IV criteria. Genotyping was performed using sequencing. Association of the NPY gene with alcohol dependence was tested by using logistic regression and haplotype analyses and linkage disequilibrium. RESULTS All three polymorphisms were found to be in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both populations. The results of our study reveal a significant association between G1258A and alcohol dependence in both the Kota and Badaga populations. The linkage disequilibrium between the markers is not strong or significant. Haplotype analysis also did not show significant association between the NPY gene and alcohol dependence. CONCLUSION These data support the hypothesis that alcohol dependence is influenced by the NPY G1258A polymorphism in Indian populations.
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Ruohonen ST, Pesonen U, Savontaus E. Neuropeptide Y in the noradrenergic neurons induces the development of cardiometabolic diseases in a transgenic mouse model. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16:S569-S576. [PMID: 23565492 PMCID: PMC3602986 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.105574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide widely expressed in the brain and a peptide transmitter of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) co-released with noradrenaline (NA) in prolonged stress. Association of a gain-of-function polymorphism in the human NPY gene with dyslipideamia, diabetes and vascular diseases suggests that increased NPY plays a role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome in humans. In the hypothalamus, NPY plays an established role in the regulation of body energy homeostasis. However, the effects of NPY elsewhere in the brain and in the SNS are less explored. In order to understand the role of NPY co-expressed with NA in the sympathetic nerves and brain noradrenergic neurons, a novel mouse model overexpressing NPY in noradrenergic neurons was generated. The mouse displays metabolic defects such as increased adiposity, hepatosteatosis, and impaired glucose tolerance as well as stress-related hypertension and increased susceptibility to vascular wall hypertrophy. The mouse phenotype closely reflects the findings of the several association studies with human NPY gene polymorphisms, and fits with the previous work on the effects of stress-induced NPY release on metabolism and vasculature. Thus, in addition of promoting feeding and obesity in the hypothalamus, NPY expressed in the noradrenergic neurons in the brain and in the SNS induces the development of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T. Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ullamari Pesonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Finland
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Koefoed P, Woldbye DPD, Hansen TVO, Eplov LF, Christiansen SH, Mors O, Kessing LV, Werge T, Kaipio K, Pesonen U, Fahmy T, Mellerup E, Jakobsen KD, Hansen ES, Knudsen GM, Bukh JD, Bock C, Lindberg C, Kristensen AS, Dam H, Nordentoft M, Als TD, Wang AG, Gether U, Rehfeld JF, Bolwig TG. Association of the leucine-7 to proline-7 variation in the signal sequence of neuropeptide Y with major depression. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2012; 24:81-90. [PMID: 26952950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is clear evidence of a genetic component in major depression, and several studies indicate that neuropeptide Y (NPY) could play an important role in the pathophysiology of the disease. A well-known polymorphism encoding the substitution of leucine to proline in the signal peptide sequence of NPY (Leu7Pro variation) was previously found to protect against depression. Our study aimed at replicating this association in a large Danish population with major depression. METHOD Leu7Pro was studied in a sample of depressed patients and ethnically matched controls, as well as psychiatric disease controls with schizophrenia. Possible functional consequences of Leu7Pro were explored in vitro. RESULTS In contrast to previous studies, Pro7 appeared to be a risk allele for depression, being significantly more frequent in the depression sample (5.5%, n = 593; p = 0.009; odds ratio, OR: 1.46) as compared to ethnically matched controls (3.8%, n = 2912), while schizophrenia patients (4.1%, n = 503) did not differ. In vitro, the Pro7 substitution appeared to be associated with reduced levels of NPY without affecting its mRNA level. CONCLUSION The Leu7Pro variation may increase the risk of major depression, possibly by affecting the biosynthesis of NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Koefoed
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P D Woldbye
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas V O Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene F Eplov
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark and Research Unit for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Søren H Christiansen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Lars V Kessing
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre St. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Katja Kaipio
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ullamari Pesonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Fahmy
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erling Mellerup
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus D Jakobsen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre St. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Elsebeth S Hansen
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens D Bukh
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Bock
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Lindberg
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann S Kristensen
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Henrik Dam
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Als
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | | | - Ulrik Gether
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Group and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tom G Bolwig
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Masoudi-Kazemabad A, Jamialahmadi K, Moohebati M, Mojarrad M, Manshadi RD, Akhlaghi S, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Neuropeptide Y Leu7Pro polymorphism associated with the metabolic syndrome and its features in patients with coronary artery disease. Angiology 2012; 64:40-5. [PMID: 22308535 DOI: 10.1177/0003319711435149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by constellation of clinical and biochemical features that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter and enhances the development of obesity and other aspects of MetS. We determined the association between NPY Leu7Pro polymorphism and features of MetS in Iranian patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). A total of 550 patients with CAD including individuals with (n = 184) and without MetS (n = 366) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. A significantly higher frequency of the Leu7Pro polymorphism was found in patients with MetS compared with the non-MetS patients (P = .001). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in Pro7 frequency between diabetics versus nondiabetics (P = .005), dyslipidemic versus nondyslipidemic (P = .04), and obese versus nonobese (P = .001) in this population. Leu7Pro polymorphism is associated with the MetS in patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Masoudi-Kazemabad
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Yeung EH, Zhang C, Chen J, Bowers K, Hu FB, Kang G, Qi L. Polymorphisms in the neuropeptide Y gene and the risk of obesity: findings from two prospective cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E2055-62. [PMID: 21937627 PMCID: PMC3232624 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neuropeptide Y (NPY) increases appetite and food intake in animals. Conflicting evidence has been found for the association between polymorphisms of the NPY gene and obesity in humans. OBJECTIVE The objective of the investigation was to study four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NPY gene [rs17149106 (G>T), rs16147 (C>T), rs16139 (T>C), rs5574 (C>T)] with body adiposity. DESIGN The study design included a candidate gene association study from two cohorts. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand seventy-one women from the Nurses' Health Study and 1268 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up study participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Weight and height were self-reported at baseline and updated every 2 yr to calculate body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Two SNPs (rs17149106 (G>T) and rs16139 (T>C)), with minor allele frequencies of 4%, were associated with elevated risks of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) in both cohorts. The pooled adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence interval (CI)] were 1.72 (95% CI 1.20-2.47) and 1.79 (95% CI 1.24-2.60), respectively. Haplotype analyses reflected the associations with the individual SNP. TTCC carriers, with the minor allele of both SNPs, had an increased risk of obesity (odds ratio 1.89; 95% CI 1.29-2.75) compared with those carrying the common haplotype GCTT. Carriers of the rs16139 C allele had greater BMI than noncarriers with a pooled mean difference of +0.58 kg/m(2) (95% CI 0.01-1.15) among women and men. Both rs17149106 and rs16139 were associated with weight gain since adolescence/early adulthood but were not associated with abdominal adiposity as measured by waist circumference and waist to hip ratio. CONCLUSIONS NPY gene variants were significantly associated with weight changes from young adulthood to middle age and with risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina H Yeung
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6100 Executive Boulevard, 7B03, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Ko MM, Kang BK, Lim JH, Lee MS, Cha MH. Genetic Association of NPY Gene Polymorphisms with Dampness-Phlegm Pattern in Korean Stroke Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2011; 2012:109796. [PMID: 22110543 PMCID: PMC3205675 DOI: 10.1155/2012/109796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is widely expressed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, has an important role in a variety of biological fields. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of NPY polymorphisms in dampness-phlegm pattern and non-dampness-phlegm pattern in elderly Korean subjects with cerebral infarction (CI). A total of 1.097 subjects (498 normal subjects and 599 CI patients, including 198 with dampness-phlegm pattern and 401 with non-dampness-phlegm pattern) participated in this study. Genotyping for five SNPs (G-1484A, C-1471T, C-399T, A1201G, and C5325T) was conducted by primer extension. The results were statistically analyzed for genetic association of NPY-polymorphisms with normal versus dampness-phlegm pattern or non-dampness-phlegm pattern subjects. Among the five SNPs tested, the T allele of C-399T has a negative association with the dampness-phlegm pattern and is marked by a decrease in serum cholesterol levels. Furthermore, serum cholesterol levels were significantly higher in dampness-phlegm pattern patients than in non-dampness-phlegm pattern patients.In this study, for the first time, the association of NPY polymorphisms with pattern identification (PI) of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) was analyzed in a large CI patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Min Ho Cha
- Brain Disease Research Center, and Division of Standard Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Analysis of the human genome reveals that approximately a third of all open reading frames code for proteins that enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), demonstrating the importance of this organelle for global protein maturation. The path taken by a polypeptide through the secretory pathway starts with its translocation across or into the ER membrane. It then must fold and be modified correctly in the ER before being transported via the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface or another destination. Being physically segregated from the cytosol means that the ER lumen has a distinct folding environment. It contains much of the machinery for fulfilling the task of protein production, including complex pathways for folding, assembly, modification, quality control, and recycling. Importantly, the compartmentalization means that several modifications that do not occur in the cytosol, such as glycosylation and extensive disulfide bond formation, can occur to secreted proteins to enhance their stability before their exposure to the extracellular milieu. How these various machineries interact during the normal pathway of folding and protein secretion is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke Braakman
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Chung ER, Shin SC, Heo JP. Association Analysis between SNP Marker in Neuopeptide Y (NPY) Gene and Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in Korean Cattle. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.4.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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The neuropeptide Y system: Pathophysiological and therapeutic implications in obesity and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:91-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhang AL, Zhang LZ, Zhang Q, Zhang CL, Lan XY, Chen H. Association analysis between variants in bovine NPY gene and growth traits in Nanyang cattle (Bos tarus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 170:189-92. [PMID: 20951702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most potent orexigenic factors that is implicated in the control of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. Four Chinese indigenous cattle breeds (n=338) were used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding regions with their intron-exon boundaries and the proximal flanking regions of NPY gene by PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing. Five novel SNPs (38017 C>G, 34240 C>A, 34168 G>A, 32463 A>C and 32302 C>G) were identified. Polymorphisms of P3 lous in NPY gene, containing SNP4 and SNP5, were associated with body length and chest girth in Nanyang cattle aged 6, 12 and 18 months (P<0.05), but they had no significant effect on the two growth traits in Nanyang cattle aged 24 months (P>0.05). The results open a new field of study and extend the spectrum of genetic variation of the bovine NPY gene, which might contribute to cattle genetic resources and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
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Rasmusson AM, Schnurr PP, Zukowska Z, Scioli E, Forman DE. Adaptation to extreme stress: post-traumatic stress disorder, neuropeptide Y and metabolic syndrome. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:1150-62. [PMID: 20881319 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.009334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome are on the rise in the United States. Epidemiological surveys suggest that the rates of these medical conditions are especially high among persons with psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A variety of factors are thought to contribute to the risk for metabolic syndrome, including excessive caloric intake, decreased activity and energy expenditure, use of certain medications, stress and genetic influences. Recent research demonstrates that stress, acting through the neuropeptide Y (NPY) and glucocorticoid systems, potentiates the development of obesity and other aspects of metabolic syndrome in mice fed a high caloric, fat and sugar diet. Alterations in the NPY and glucocorticoid systems also impact behavioral adaptation to stress, as indicated by studies in animals and persons exposed to severe, life-threatening or traumatic stress. The following review examines the biology of the NPY and neuroactive steroid systems as physiological links between metabolic syndrome and PTSD, a paradigmatic neuropsychiatric stress disorder. Hopefully, understanding the function of these systems from both a translational and systems biology point of view in relation to stress will enable development of more effective methods for preventing and treating the negative physical and mental health consequences of stress.
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Friedlander Y, Li G, Fornage M, Williams OD, Lewis CE, Schreiner P, Pletcher MJ, Enquobahrie D, Williams M, Siscovick DS. Candidate molecular pathway genes related to appetite regulatory neural network, adipocyte homeostasis and obesity: results from the CARDIA Study. Ann Hum Genet 2010; 74:387-98. [PMID: 20642810 PMCID: PMC2945878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Appetite regulatory neural network and adipocyte homeostasis molecular pathways are critical to long-term weight maintenance. Associations between obesity-related phenotypes and four genes in these pathways - leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR), neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R) and peptide YY (PYY) were examined in CARDIA Study participants (aged 18-30 at recruitment in 1985-6). Weight, BMI and waist circumference were measured at baseline and at years 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20. Genotyping was conducted using tag SNPs characterising common genetic variations in these genes. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models estimated associations between SNPs and repeated anthropometric measurements, controlling for sex and age. False discovery rate was used to adjust for multiple testing. In African-Americans, SNPs across the LEP gene demonstrated significant overall associations with all obesity-related phenotypes. The associations between LEP rs17151919 with weight tended to strengthen with time - the difference in weight associated with each additional minor allele increased from 2.6 kg at baseline to 4.8 kg at year 20 (SNP*time interaction p = 0.0193). NPY2R gene SNPs were associated with waist circumference among African-American men (p = 0.0462). In Caucasians, LEP SNPs also tended to be associated with weight (p = 0.0471), and PYY rs11684664 was associated with obesity-related phenotypes in women only (p = 0.010-0.026). Several LEP, and NPY2R and PYY SNPs were associated with obesity-related phenotypes in young adults, particularly among African-Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechiel Friedlander
- Unit of Epidemiology, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Neuropeptide Y gene polymorphisms are not associated with obesity in a South Indian population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64:868-72. [PMID: 20531438 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene has been shown to have a critical role in the regulation of satiety, reproduction, central endocrine and cardiovascular systems. Among the primary functions associated with NPY are its acute effects on feeding behavior and energy expenditure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between obesity and NPY gene polymorphisms in a South Indian Population. SUBJECTS/METHODS Three polymorphisms in NPY gene (Leu7Pro, Ser50Ser and A7735G) were analyzed in 263 individuals of an endogamous Kota population. On the basis of body mass index (BMI), they were divided into two groups. Associations were tested using logistic regression and haplotype analyses and linkage disequilibrium (LD). RESULTS There was no evidence of deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Logistic regression analysis did not reveal significant association with obesity and NPY single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the present study. All three SNPs were in weak LD with low r (2) values. Haplotype analysis also did not yield significant association between NPY gene and obesity (global P=0.756). CONCLUSIONS Our study did not validate the association between previously implicated SNPs in NPY gene and obesity in an Indian population. Population-specific validation of putative associations has far reaching implications for the future personal genomics medicine applications.
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Resveratrol, purified from the stem of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat, inhibits food intake in C57BL/6J Mice. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:775-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kaipio K, Kallio J, Pesonen U. The effect of endogenous preproneuropeptide Y leucine 7 to proline 7 polymorphism on growth and apoptosis in primary cultured HUVECs. Biol Chem 2009; 390:899-905. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a universally expressed neuropeptide involved in the regulation of several physiological functions. The rather common leucine7 to proline7 (L7P) polymorphism in the signal peptide of preproNPY is a functional substitution, which changes the processing and release of NPY in cells. The mutation is associated with altered lipid levels and accelerated atherosclerosis in humans. Based on previous studies, we investigated the effect of the Pro7 allele in endothelial cells, which are known to play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were studied in primary cultured, genotyped human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our results indicate that cells with the [p.L7]+[p.P7] genotype seem to have a tendency to be more sensitive to the growth stimulating effect of NPY and less sensitive to the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor compared to cells with the [p.L7]+[p.L7] genotype. Additionally, cells with the [p.L7]+[p.P7] genotype seem to be more sensitive to apoptosis than [p.L7]+[p.L7] cells. We speculate that the L7P substitution in preproNPY might cause a state of cellular pre-senescence, leading to endothelial dysfunction. This might be one reason for the associations of the L7P polymorphism with atherosclerosis and type II diabetes found in clinical studies.
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A common single nucleotide polymorphism alters the synthesis and secretion of neuropeptide Y. J Neurosci 2009; 28:14428-34. [PMID: 19118176 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0343-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the neuropeptide Y gene has been associated with elevated serum lipid levels and cardiovascular disease. The polymorphism (T1128C) changes the seventh amino acid in the prohormone from leucine to proline. It has been speculated this alters neuropeptide Y (NPY) synthesis, trafficking, or secretion. We tested this hypothesis by expressing the mutant and wild-type prohormones in CNS neurons and endocrine cells. Synthesis and trafficking were followed using immunocytochemistry and fluorescent protein-tagged fusion constructs. Mutant prohormone was synthesized and entered the regulated secretory pathway. When expressed in endocrine cells, wild-type and mutant proteins were found in the same large dense core granules. However, the T1128C polymorphism altered the degree of copackaging, and, on average, individual granules contained more mutant prohormone. This was not attributable to codon bias but to the change in prohormone sequence. Global prohormone targeting was normal, because in hippocampal neurons, the polarized distribution of the mutant prohormone was indistinguishable from the wild-type. When secretion was measured from chromaffin cells, brief depolarizations triggered peptide secretion, confirming the entry of the mutant prohormone into the regulated secretory pathway. However, cells that expressed the mutant protein had increased levels of peptide secretion. We conclude that the T1128C polymorphism alters the packaging and secretion of NPY. In contrast to SNPs in other prohormones, we could not find a phenotype until the prohormone was tracked at the single granule level. These results are consistent with studies showing the T1128C polymorphism has pleiotropic effects.
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Kaipio K, Vahlberg T, Suominen M, Pesonen U. The role of non-synonymous NPY gene polymorphism in the nitric oxide production in HUVECs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:587-91. [PMID: 19245788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A Leu7Pro change in the signal peptide of preproNPY is a functional substitution, which changes the processing of NPY in cells and associates with several cardiovascular and metabolic conditions in humans. The current study investigates the effect of the P7 allele in endothelial cells, where decreased nitric oxide (NO) production is a promoting factor to endothelial dysfunction. The function of NO system was assessed in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with [p.L7]+[p.L7] or [p.L7]+[p.P7] genotype. NPY seems to have a significant influence on NO system in HUVECs, and the responses are time and genotype dependent. HUVECs with [p.L7]+[p.P7] genotype seem to have higher basal production of NO, but after a long term treatment with NPY these cells express less eNOS mRNA and overall eNOS protein levels are lower. These significant differences in the NO bioavailability may explain the association of the L7P polymorphism with several cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kaipio
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Finland
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Kaipio K, Pesonen U. The intracellular mobility of NPY and a putative mitochondrial form of NPY in neuronal cells. Neurosci Lett 2008; 450:181-5. [PMID: 19022345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Preproneuropeptide Y is a precursor peptide to mature neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is a universally expressed peptide in the central and peripheral nervous system. NPY is normally routed to endoplasmic reticulum and secretory vesicles in cells, which secrete NPY. In our previous studies, we found a functional Leucine7 to Proline7 (L7P) polymorphism in the signal peptide sequence of preproNPY. This polymorphism affects the secretion of NPY and causes multiple physiological effects in humans. The sequence of NPY mRNA contains two in frame kozak sequences that allow translation initiation to shift, and translation of two proteins. In addition to mature NPY(1-36) also a putative truncated NPY(17-36) with mitochondrial targeting signal is produced. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protein mobility of the putative mitochondrial fragment and the effect of the L7P polymorphism on the cellular level using GFP tagged constructs. The mobility was studied with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique in a neuronal cell line. We found that the mobility of the secretory vesicles with NPY(1-36) in cells with L7P genotype was increased in comparison to vesicle mobility in cells with the more abundant L7L genotype. The mobility in the cells with the putative mitochondrial construct was found to be very low. According to the results of the present study, the mitochondrial truncated peptide stays in the mitochondrion. It can be hypothesized that this could be one of the factors affecting energy balance of the membranes of the mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kaipio
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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