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Peters CM, Dempsey JA, Hopkins SR, Sheel AW. Is the Lung Built for Exercise? Advances and Unresolved Questions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2143-2159. [PMID: 37443459 PMCID: PMC11186580 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nearly 40 yr ago, Professor Dempsey delivered the 1985 ACSM Joseph B. Wolffe Memorial Lecture titled: "Is the lung built for exercise?" Since then, much experimental work has been directed at enhancing our understanding of the functional capacity of the respiratory system by applying complex methodologies to the study of exercise. This review summarizes a symposium entitled: "Revisiting 'Is the lung built for exercise?'" presented at the 2022 American College of Sports Medicine annual meeting, highlighting the progress made in the last three-plus decades and acknowledging new research questions that have arisen. We have chosen to subdivide our topic into four areas of active study: (i) the adaptability of lung structure to exercise training, (ii) the utilization of airway imaging to better understand how airway anatomy relates to exercising lung mechanics, (iii) measurement techniques of pulmonary gas exchange and their importance, and (iv) the interactions of the respiratory and cardiovascular system during exercise. Each of the four sections highlights gaps in our knowledge of the exercising lung. Addressing these areas that would benefit from further study will help us comprehend the intricacies of the lung that allow it to meet and adapt to the acute and chronic demands of exercise in health, aging, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerome A Dempsey
- Population Health Science, John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Susan R Hopkins
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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2
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Mateus-Silva JR, Oliveira CR, Brandao-Rangel MAR, Silva-Reis A, Olimpio FRDS, Zamarioli LDS, Aimbire F, Vieira RP. A Nutritional Blend Suppresses the Inflammatory Response from Bronchial Epithelial Cells Induced by SARS-CoV-2. J Diet Suppl 2023; 20:156-170. [PMID: 35930300 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Even after virus elimination, numerous sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) persist. Based on accumulating evidence, large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines are released to drive COVID-19 progression, severity, and mortality, and their levels remain elevated after the acute phase of COVID-19, playing a central role in the disease' sequelae. In this manner, bronchial epithelial cells are the first cells hyperactivated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), leading to massive cytokine release, triggering the hyperactivation of leukocytes and other cells, and mediating COVID-19 sequelae. Therefore, proinflammatory cytokine production is initiated by the host. This in vitro study tested the hypothesis that ImmuneRecov™, a nutritional blend, inhibits the SARS-CoV-2-induced hyperactivation of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). BEAS-2B (5x104/mL/well) cells were cocultivated with 1 ml of blood from a SARS-CoV-2-infected patient for 4 h, and the nutritional blend (1 µg/mL) was added in the first minute of coculture. After 4 h, the cells were recovered and used for analyses of cytotoxicity with the (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay and the expression of the IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNAs. The supernatant was collected to measure cytokine levels. SARS-CoV-2 incubation resulted in increased levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in BEAS-2B cells (p < 0.001). Treatment with the nutritional blend resulted in reduced levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 (p < 0.001) and increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.001). Additionally, the nutritional blend reduced the expression of the IL-1β and IL-6 mRNAs in SARS-CoV-2-stimulated cells and increased the expression of the IL-10 and IFN-γ mRNAs. In conclusion, the nutritional blend exerts important anti-inflammatory effects on cells in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto Mateus-Silva
- GAP Biotech, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rocha Oliveira
- GAP Biotech, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Anamei Silva-Reis
- Post-graduate Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Flavio Aimbire
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo P Vieira
- GAP Biotech, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Evangelical University of Goiás (Unievangélica), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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3
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Chronic allergic asthma alters m6A epitranscriptomic tagging of mRNAs and lncRNAs in the lung. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231936. [PMID: 36250525 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the role of m6A methylation of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in chronic allergic asthma. Transcriptome-wide N6-methyladenosine (m6A) changes in BALB/c mice were profiled using immunoprecipitated methylated RNAs with microarrays in lung with chronic allergic asthma. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG analyses were conducted. Target genes were verified by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Specifically, the mRNA levels of m6A writers (METTL3, METTL14, and WTAP), and readers and erasers (FTO and ALKBH5) were estimated by real-time PCR analysis, using the SYBR-green method. IL17RB mRNA was also evaluated by PCR. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed that the airway and lung tissues in mice in the asthma group had extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells around the bronchioles, blood vessels, and alveoli. The lungs of those allergic asthma mice showed altered m6A epitranscriptome, whereby 1369 mRNAs and 176 lncRNAs were hypermethylated, and 197 mRNAs and 30 lncRNAs were hypomethylated (>1.5-fold vs control). Also, compared with the control group, IL17RB mRNA in lung of the asthmatic group was significantly hypermethylated (P<0.01). In the asthma group, the mRNA and the protein level of METTL14 (the key methyltransferase) and ALKBH5 (the major demethyltransferase) were significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.01). Chronic allergic asthma alters the lung m6A epitranscriptome, suggesting functional implications in the pathophysiology of refractory asthma. Data support methylated IL17RB mRNA possibly becoming a new therapeutic target for chronic allergic asthma.
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de Brito AA, Gonçalves Santos T, Herculano KZ, Estefano-Alves C, de Alvarenga Nascimento CR, Rigonato-Oliveira NC, Chavantes MC, Aimbire F, da Palma RK, Ligeiro de Oliveira AP. Photobiomodulation Therapy Restores IL-10 Secretion in a Murine Model of Chronic Asthma: Relevance to the Population of CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Cells in Lung. Front Immunol 2022; 12:789426. [PMID: 35185864 PMCID: PMC8847394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is largely known that photobiomodulation (PBM) has beneficial effects on allergic pulmonary inflammation. Our previous study showed an anti-inflammatory effect of the PBM in an acute experimental model of asthma, and we see that this mechanism is partly dependent on IL-10. However, it remains unclear whether the activation of regulatory T cells is mediated by PBM in a chronic experimental model of asthma. In this sense, the objective of this study was to verify the anti-inflammatory role of the PBM in the pulmonary inflammatory response in a chronic experimental asthma model. The protocol used for asthma induction was the administration of OVA subcutaneously (days 0 and 14) and intranasally (3 times/week, for 5 weeks). On day 50, the animals were sacrificed for the evaluation of the different parameters. The PBM used was the diode, with a wavelength of 660 nm, a power of 100 mW, and 5 J for 50 s/point, in three different application points. Our results showed that PBM decreases macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Moreover, PBM decreased the release of cytokines by the lung, mucus, and collagen in the airways and pulmonary mechanics. When we analyzed the percentage of Treg cells in the group irradiated with laser, we verified an increase in these cells, as well as the release of IL-10 in the BALF. Therefore, we conclude that the use of PBM therapy in chronic airway inflammation attenuated the inflammatory process, as well as the pulmonary functional and structural parameters, probably due to an increase in Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurileia Aparecida de Brito
- Department of Research, Development and Innovation, Innovative Health System Health Management (IHS Medicine and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tawany Gonçalves Santos
- Post-Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karine Zanella Herculano
- Post-Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cintia Estefano-Alves
- Post-Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Flávio Aimbire
- Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo—UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Renata Kelly da Palma
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post-Graduate Program Medical School, Evangelic University of Anápolis—UniEVANGELICA, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ligeiro de Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
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Nascimento ESP, Nunes WMC, Guerra EM, da Roza MR, Silva-Costa S, Machado-Silva W, Avelar GG, de Toledo Nóbrega O, Vieira RP, Amado VM, Melo-Silva CA. Combined exercise training improved exercise capacity and lung inflammation in rats with hepatopulmonary syndrome. Life Sci 2021; 287:120112. [PMID: 34728228 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Physical exercise training attenuates pulmonary inflammation, but its effects on impaired respiratory function caused by hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) have not been evaluated. We determined if the combination of moderate intensity aerobic and resistance training during HPS development modifies exercise capacity, respiratory system mechanics, and lung inflammation responses. MAIN METHODS Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham, HPS, and HPS + combined exercise training groups. Fifteen days after HPS induction, a moderate intensity aerobic plus resistance exercise training protocol was performed five times a week for 5 weeks on alternate days. Exercise capacity, respiratory system mechanics, lung inflammation, pulmonary morphology, and immunohistochemistry were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS Overall, our findings indicated that combined exercise training efficiently increased the maximal running and resistance capacity of HPS animals. The training regimen reduced the expression of P2X7 in parenchymal leukocytes (P < 0.01), partially restored the expression of interleukin-10 in airway epithelium (P < 0.01), and increased the expression of TFPI in the airway epithelium (P < 0.01) as well as reduced its expression in parenchymal leukocytes (P < 0.01). However, exercise training did not attenuate HPS-induced respiratory mechanical derangements or lung tissue remodeling. SIGNIFICANCE Combined exercise training can elicit adaptation with regard to both maximal running capacity and maximum strength and modify the expression of P2X7 and TFPI in parenchymal leukocytes and that of IL-10 in airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Suellen Silva-Costa
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Wilcelly Machado-Silva
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Gleiciane Gontijo Avelar
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Otávio de Toledo Nóbrega
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo P Vieira
- Post-graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Bioengineering, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos SP, Brazil
| | - Veronica Moreira Amado
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - César Augusto Melo-Silva
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Division of Physical Therapy, University Hospital of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Elkhatib SK, Alley J, Jepsen M, Smeins L, Barnes A, Naik S, Ackermann MR, Verhoeven D, Kohut ML. Exercise duration modulates upper and lower respiratory fluid cellularity, antiviral activity, and lung gene expression. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15075. [PMID: 34676696 PMCID: PMC8531599 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has substantial health benefits, but the effects of exercise on immune status and susceptibility to respiratory infections are less clear. Furthermore, there is limited research examining the effects of prolonged exercise on local respiratory immunity and antiviral activity. To assess the upper respiratory tract in response to exercise, we collected nasal lavage fluid (NALF) from human subjects (1) at rest, (2) after 45 min of moderate-intensity exercise, and (3) after 180 min of moderate-intensity exercise. To assess immune responses of the lower respiratory tract, we utilized a murine model to examine the effect of exercise duration on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid immune cell content and lung gene expression. NALF cell counts did not change after 45 min of exercise, whereas 180 min significantly increased total cells and leukocytes in NALF. Importantly, fold change in NALF leukocytes correlated with the post-exercise fatigue rating in the 180-min exercise condition. The acellular portion of NALF contained strong antiviral activity against Influenza A in both resting and exercise paradigms. In mice undergoing moderate-intensity exercise, BAL total cells and neutrophils decreased in response to 45 or 90 min of exercise. In lung lobes, increased expression of heat shock proteins suggested that cellular stress occurred in response to exercise. However, a broad upregulation of inflammatory genes was not observed, even at 180 min of exercise. This work demonstrates that exercise duration differentially alters the cellularity of respiratory tract fluids, antiviral activity, and gene expression. These changes in local mucosal immunity may influence resistance to respiratory viruses, including influenza or possibly other pathogens in which nasal mucosa plays a protective role, such as rhinovirus or SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan K. Elkhatib
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Cellular & Integrative PhysiologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Jessica Alley
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Program of ImmunobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Michael Jepsen
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
College of Osteopathic MedicineCampbell UniversityLillingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Laurel Smeins
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Andrew Barnes
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Kirksville College of Osteopathic MedicineA.T. Still UniversityKirksvilleMissouriUSA
| | - Shibani Naik
- Program of ImmunobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Arisan Therapeutics11189 Sorrento Valley Rd, Suite 104, San DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark R. Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Director, Anatomic Veterinary Pathology DiagnosticsZoetisClear LakeIowa50428USA
| | - David Verhoeven
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Marian L. Kohut
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Program of ImmunobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
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7
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Chatterji A, Banerjee D, Billiar TR, Sengupta R. Understanding the role of S-nitrosylation/nitrosative stress in inflammation and the role of cellular denitrosylases in inflammation modulation: Implications in health and diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:604-621. [PMID: 34245859 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a very fundamental post-translational modification of protein and non-protein thiols due the involvement of it in a variety of cellular processes including activation/inhibition of several ion channels such as ryanodine receptor in the cardiovascular system; blood vessel dilation; cGMP signaling and neurotransmission. S-nitrosothiol homeostasis in the cell is tightly regulated and perturbations in homeostasis result in an altered redox state leading to a plethora of disease conditions. However, the exact role of S-nitrosylated proteins and nitrosative stress metabolites in inflammation and in inflammation modulation is not well-reviewed. The cell utilizes its intricate defense mechanisms i.e. cellular denitrosylases such as Thioredoxin (Trx) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) systems to combat nitric oxide (NO) pathology which has also gained current attraction as novel anti-inflammatory molecules. This review attempts to provide state-of-the-art knowledge from past and present research on the mechanistic role of nitrosative stress intermediates (RNS, OONO-, PSNO) in pulmonary and autoimmune diseases and how cellular denitrosylases particularly GSNOR and Trx via imparting opposing effects can modulate and reduce inflammation in several health and disease conditions. This review would also bring into notice the existing gaps in current research where denitrosylases can be utilized for ameliorating inflammation that would leave avenues for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajanta Chatterji
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Debasmita Banerjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Kalyani, Block C, Nadia, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 5213, USA
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India.
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Dragičević-Cvjetković D, Stevandić D. Effect of cardiovascular training on functional capacity in post-acute rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed52-33573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In the overall strategy of developing the optimal treatment of patients after COVID-19 infection, recommended by the World Health Organization, rehabilitation plays one of the key roles in improving the functional capacity of these patients and thus their quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cardiovascular training during post-acute rehabilitation on the functional capacity of patients after moderate COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods: The prospective study included 84 patients of both sexes, mean age 57.92 ± 11.79 years, who were hospitalised at the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation ''Dr Miroslav Zotović'' Banja Luka due to moderate pneumonia caused by the COVID-19 virus and after they finished acute rehabilitation. All patients underwent cardiovascular training three times per week and occupational therapy during 28 days of stationary post-acute rehabilitation. The follow-up parameter was a six-minute walk (6-MWT) test at admission and discharge from post-acute rehabilitation. Student t-test for paired samples was used for statistical analysis, and the value of p < 0.05 was taken as statistical significance. Results: The functional capacity of the cardiovascular and respiratory system was statistically significantly improved at discharge compared to admission (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Targeted cardiovascular training during post-acute rehabilitation leads to improvement of functional capacities of patients after moderate COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Dempsey JA, La Gerche A, Hull JH. Is the healthy respiratory system built just right, overbuilt, or underbuilt to meet the demands imposed by exercise? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1235-1256. [PMID: 32790594 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00444.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the healthy, untrained young adult, a case is made for a respiratory system (airways, pulmonary vasculature, lung parenchyma, respiratory muscles, and neural ventilatory control system) that is near ideally designed to ensure a highly efficient, homeostatic response to exercise of varying intensities and durations. Our aim was then to consider circumstances in which the intra/extrathoracic airways, pulmonary vasculature, respiratory muscles, and/or blood-gas distribution are underbuilt or inadequately regulated relative to the demands imposed by the cardiovascular system. In these instances, the respiratory system presents a significant limitation to O2 transport and contributes to the occurrence of locomotor muscle fatigue, inhibition of central locomotor output, and exercise performance. Most prominent in these examples of an "underbuilt" respiratory system are highly trained endurance athletes, with additional influences of sex, aging, hypoxic environments, and the highly inbred equine. We summarize by evaluating the relative influences of these respiratory system limitations on exercise performance and their impact on pathophysiology and provide recommendations for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome A Dempsey
- John Robert Sutton Professor of Population Health Sciences, John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andre La Gerche
- Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,National Center for Sports Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - James H Hull
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, United Kingdom
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10
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Freeman AT, Staples KJ, Wilkinson TMA. Defining a role for exercise training in the management of asthma. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/156/190106. [PMID: 32620584 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0106-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of asthma remains high worldwide, with increasing awareness of the morbidity and mortality from asthma in low-income countries. In the UK, despite the development of biological treatments, many patients remain suboptimally controlled, and mortality rates have been static for decades. Therefore, new approaches are needed to treat asthma that are scalable at minimal cost. Exercise immunology is an expanding field, and there is growing evidence that exercise can modulate inflammatory and immune processes in asthma. Whilst exercise is encouraged in current treatment guidelines, there are no specific recommendations as to the intensity, frequency or duration of exercise exposure. Despite national and international guidance to increase exercise, patients with asthma are less likely to engage in physical activity. This review explores the disease modifying benefit of exercise in asthma. We also review the domains in which exercise exerts positive clinical effects in asthma, including the effects of exercise on symptom scores, quality of life, psychosocial health, and in the obese asthma phenotype. Finally, we review the barriers to exercise in asthma, given the benefits it confers. A better understanding of the mechanisms through which exercise exerts its positive effects in asthma may provide more accurate prescription of exercise training programmes as part of broader asthma management, with the potential of identification of new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Freeman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK .,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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11
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Mohamed AA, Alawna M. Role of increasing the aerobic capacity on improving the function of immune and respiratory systems in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19): A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:489-496. [PMID: 32388326 PMCID: PMC7186129 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS COVID-19 is a public world crisis, however, it is a self-limited infection. In COVID-19, the strength of immune and respiratory systems is a critical element. Thus, this review was conducted to demonstrate the short and long term effects of increasing the aerobic capacity on increasing the function and strength of immune and respiratory systems, particularly those essential for overcoming COVID-19 infections and associated disorders. METHODS This review was carried out by searching in Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO, Medline databases. The search was conducted over clinical trials and literature and systematic reviews on the effects of increasing the aerobic capacity on the function and strength of specific immune and respiratory elements essential for overcoming COVID-19 infections. RESULTS This review found that increasing the aerobic capacity could produce short-term safe improvements in the function of immune and respiratory systems, particularly those specific for COVID-19 infections. This could be mainly produced through three mechanisms. Firstly, it could improve immunity by increasing the level and function of immune cells and immunoglobulins, regulating CRP levels, and decreasing anxiety and depression. Secondly, it could improve respiratory system functions by acting as an antibiotic, antioxidant, and antimycotic, restoring normal lung tissue elasticity and strength. Lastly, it could act as a protective barrier to decrease COVID-19 risk factors, which helps to decrease the incidence and progression of COVID-19. CONCLUSION This review summarizes that increasing the aerobic capacity is recommended because it has potential of improving immune and respiratory functions which would help counter COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A Mohamed
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Motaz Alawna
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Treadmill exercise restores memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity impairments in ovalbumin-sensitized juvenile rats: Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Neurochem Int 2020; 135:104691. [PMID: 31982414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies demonstrate that asthma, especially during childhood, affects the functions of the brain including learning and memory. Exercise is well known for its neuroprotective functions and for its beneficial effects on asthma. We aimed to assess the effects of exercise on cognitive function, synaptic plasticity, and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized juvenile rats. Rats were sensitized by intraperitoneal administration and inhaled OVA. Animals were subjected to treadmill running exercise during the OVA-challenged period. T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine [interleukin (IL)-4], Th1 cytokine (INF-γ) levels, and INF-γ/IL-4 (Th1/Th2) ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and tracheal response to methacholine and OVA were measured. Further, memory behaviors and BDNF levels were measured in the hippocampus as well as long-term potentiation (LTP) was assessed by recording field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in the hippocampus. The levels of IL-4 and TGF-β were decreased but INF-γ level and INF-γ/IL-4 ratio increased in the BALF due to exercise in the OVA-sensitized animals. In addition, exercise improved OVA-sensitization induced cognitive impairments, increased BDNF levels, and enhanced hippocampal LTP in OVA-sensitized rats. Exercise is not only effective in the alleviation of airway inflammation by restoring Th1/Th2 cytokines balance, but also is a candidate for improvement of memory and synaptic plasticity deficits partially through increasing the levels of hippocampal BDNF in OVA-sensitized rats.
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Impairment on Cardiopulmonary Function after Marathon: Role of Exhaled Nitric Oxide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5134360. [PMID: 30911346 PMCID: PMC6398013 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5134360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The endurance exercise is capable of inducing skeletal muscle, heart, and respiratory fatigue, evidenced by morphofunctional cardiac changes, release of myocardial injury biomarkers, and reduction of maximal voluntary ventilation and oxygen consumption (VO2) at peak exercise. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate whether marathoners present cardiac fatigue after marathon and whether it correlates with pulmonary levels of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and pulmonary inflammation. Methods 31 male marathoners, age 39 ± 9 years, were evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise test three weeks before and between three and 15 days after a marathon; eNO analysis and spirometry were evaluated before, immediately after, and 24 and 72 hours after the marathon, and sputum cellularity and cytokine level were assessed before and after the marathon. Results Marathon induced an increase in the percentage of macrophages, neutrophils (from 0.65% to 4.28% and 6.79% to 14.11%, respectively), and epithelial cells and a decrease in cytokines in induced sputum, followed by an increase in eNO concentration (20 ± 11 to 35 ± 19 ppb), which presented a significant reduction 24 and 72 hours after marathon (9 ± 12 e 12 ± 9 ppb, p < 0.05). We observed a decrease in the spirometry parameters in all time points assessed after the marathon (p < 0.05) as well as in cardiopulmonary capacity, evidenced by a reduction in VO2 and ventilation peaks (57 ± 6 to 55 ± 6 mL·min-1·Kg-1 and 134 ± 19 to 132 ± 18 Lpm, respectively, p < 0.05). Finally, we observed a negative correlation between the decrease in forced expiratory volume and decrease in eNO 24 and 72 hours after marathon (r = -0.4, p = 0.05). Conclusion Reduction in eNO bioavailability after marathon prevents the reduction in cardiopulmonary capacity induced by acute inflammatory pattern after marathon.
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Stravinskas Durigon T, MacKenzie B, Carneiro Oliveira-Junior M, Santos-Dias A, De Angelis K, Malfitano C, Kelly da Palma R, Moreno Guerra J, Damaceno-Rodrigues NR, Garcia Caldini E, de Almeida FM, Aquino-Santos HC, Rigonato-Oliveira NC, Leal de Oliveira DB, Aimbire F, Ligeiro de Oliveira AP, Franco de Oliveira LV, Durigon EL, Hiemstra PS, Vieira RP. Aerobic Exercise Protects from Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Pneumonia in Elderly Mice. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:279-290. [PMID: 29843140 DOI: 10.1159/000488953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PS) infection results in severe morbidity and mortality, especially in immune-deficient populations. Aerobic exercise (AE) modulates the immune system, but its effects on the outcomes of pulmonary PS infection in elderly mice are unknown. METHODS BALB/c mice (24 weeks old) were randomized to sedentary, exercise (EX), PS, and PS + EX groups for the acute experimental setting, and PS and PS + EX groups for the chronic setting. Low-intensity AE was performed for 5 weeks, 60 min/day; 24 h after the final AE session, mice were inoculated with 5 × 104 colony-forming units (CFU) of PS, and 24 h and 14 days after PS inoculation, mice were studied. RESULTS AE inhibited PS colonization (p < 0.001) and lung inflammation (total cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes [p < 0.01] in bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL]), with significant differences in BAL levels of IL-1β (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.01), CXCL1 (p < 0.001), and TNF-α (p < 0.001), as well as parenchymal neutrophils (p < 0.001). AE increased BAL levels of IL-10 and parenchymal (p < 0.001) and epithelial (p < 0.001) IL-10 expression, while epithelial (p < 0.001) and parenchymal (p < 0.001) NF-κB expression was decreased. AE diminished pulmonary lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) and increased glutathione peroxidase (p < 0.01). Pre-incubation of BEAS-2B with IL-10 inhibited PS-induced epithelial cell expression of TNF-α (p < 0.05), CD40 (p < 0.01), and dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AE inhibits PS-induced lung inflammation and bacterial colonization in elderly mice, involving IL-10/NF-κB, and redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stravinskas Durigon
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - BreAnne MacKenzie
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Alana Santos-Dias
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiano Malfitano
- Science Department of Health, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
| | - Renata Kelly da Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Moreno Guerra
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Elia Garcia Caldini
- Department of Pathology (LIM 59), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francine Maria de Almeida
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Danielle Bruna Leal de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavio Aimbire
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rodolfo P Vieira
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil.,Postgraduation Program in Bioengineering, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
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Aquino-Junior JCJ, MacKenzie B, Almeida-Oliveira AR, Martins AC, Oliveira-Junior MC, Britto AA, Arantes-Costa FM, Damaceno-Rodrigues NR, Caldini EG, de Oliveira APL, Guadagnini D, Leiria LO, Ricardo DR, Abdalla Saad MJ, Vieira RP. Aerobic exercise inhibits obesity-induced respiratory phenotype. Cytokine 2018; 104:46-52. [PMID: 29454302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity results in decreased lung function and increased inflammation. Moderate aerobic exercise (AE) reduced lung inflammation and remodeling in a variety of respiratory disease models. Therefore, this study investigated whether AE can attenuate a diet-induced obesity respiratory phenotype; including airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), remodeling and inflammation. METHODS Sixty C57Bl/6 male mice were distributed into four groups: control lean (CL), exercise lean (EL), obese (O) and obese exercise (OE) groups (2 sets of 7 and 8 mice per group; n = 15). A classical model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) over 12 weeks was used. AE was performed 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung inflammation and remodeling, adipokines and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was determined. RESULTS A high fat diet over 18 weeks significantly increased body weight (p < .0001). Five weeks of AE significantly reduced both AHR and pulmonary inflammation. AHR in obese mice that exercised was reduced at the basal level (p < .05), vehicle (PBS) (p < .05), 6.25 MCh mg/mL (p < .05), 12.5 MCh mg/mL (p < .01), 25 MCh mg/mL (p < .01) and 50 MCh mg/mL (p < .05). Collagen (p < .001) and elastic (p < .001) fiber deposition in airway wall and also smooth muscle thickness (p < .001) were reduced. The number of neutrophils (p < .001), macrophages (p < .001) and lymphocytes (p < .01) were reduced in the peribronchial space as well as in the BAL: lymphocytes (p < .01), macrophages (p < .01), neutrophils (p < .001). AE reduced obesity markers leptin (p < .001), IGF-1 (p < .01) and VEGF (p < .001), while increased adiponectin (p < .01) in BAL. AE also reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in the BAL: IL-1β (p < .001), IL-12p40 (p < .001), IL-13 (p < .01), IL-17 (p < .001, IL-23 (p < .05) and TNF-alpha (p < .05), and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise reduces high fat diet-induced obese lung phenotype (AHR, pulmonary remodeling and inflammation), involving anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - BreAnne MacKenzie
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Rua Pedro Ernesto 240, Sao José dos Campos, SP 12245-520, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Martins
- Universidade Brasil, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 584 - Itaquera, São Paulo, SP 08230-030, Brazil
| | - Manoel Carneiro Oliveira-Junior
- Nove de Julho University, Rua Vergueiro 235/249, São Paulo, SP 01504-001, Brazil; Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Rua Pedro Ernesto 240, Sao José dos Campos, SP 12245-520, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Magalhaes Arantes-Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM 20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 455, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Nilsa Regina Damaceno-Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology (LIM 59), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 455, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Elia Garcia Caldini
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology (LIM 59), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 455, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ligeiro de Oliveira
- Nove de Julho University, Rua Vergueiro 235/249, São Paulo, SP 01504-001, Brazil; Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Rua Pedro Ernesto 240, Sao José dos Campos, SP 12245-520, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Luiz Osorio Leiria
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Djalma Rabelo Ricardo
- School of Medical Sciences of Sao Jose dos Campos Humanitas, Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima 811, Sao José dos Campos, SP 12227-000, Brazil
| | - Mario Jose Abdalla Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Paula Vieira
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Rua Pedro Ernesto 240, Sao José dos Campos, SP 12245-520, Brazil; School of Medical Sciences of Sao Jose dos Campos Humanitas, Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima 811, Sao José dos Campos, SP 12227-000, Brazil; Universidade Brasil, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 584 - Itaquera, São Paulo, SP 08230-030, Brazil.
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Comassi M, Santini E, Rossi C, Vitolo E, Seghieri M, Tocchini L, Franzoni F, Solini A. The level of physical training modulates cytokine levels through P2X7 receptor in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48. [PMID: 29272042 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The P2X7 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome complex (P2X7R-Infl) regulates inflammatory and immune responses. Physical exercise modulates heat-shock proteins (Hsps), influencing cytokine levels and oxidative stress; Hsp72 triggers P2X7R-Infl-dependent responses. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied the effect of a single bout of maximal exercise on lymphomonocyte expression of P2X7R, NLRP3, caspase-1, NF-kB and Hsp72 and circulating levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and MCP-1, all modulated by P2X7R-Infl, in healthy sedentary (SED), trained (ATH), endurance (END) male individuals. RESULTS Baseline P2X7R, NLRP3 and Caspase-1 expression progressively increased from SED to ATH and END; NF-kβ showed the same trend. Hsp72 did not differ among groups. Acute exercise strongly reduced P2X7R in all participants, irrespective of their degree of physical training. Inflammasome responses differed across groups: in SED, NLRP3 and Caspase-1 increased; in ATH, NLRP3 reduced and caspase-1 did not vary; in END, NLRP3 and Caspase-1 declined. Baseline IL-1β, higher in END, was unmodified after exercise; IL-18 decreased; MCP-1 doubled in SED, did not vary in ATH, declined in END. In the whole study population, significant direct relationships emerged between P2X7R expression and IL-1β, IL-18, MCP-1 levels, all P < .001; also Caspase-1 related with these markers. A multivariate analysis showed age, BMI and P2X7R as determinants of postexercise IL-1β levels. CONCLUSION Endurance show higher P2X7R-Infl expression and function vs SED and ATH; however, maximal exercise determines prevailing pro-inflammatory vs anti-inflammatory responses in untrained and trained participants, respectively, highlighting a likely cause-effect relationship between degree of physical activity and P2X7R-Infl-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Comassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vitolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Seghieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Tocchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Franzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Solini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Ochoa-Amaya JE, Queiroz-Hazarbassanov N, Namazu LB, Calefi AS, Tobaruela CN, Margatho R, Palermo-Neto J, Ligeiro de Oliveira AP, Felicio LF. Short-Term Hyperprolactinemia Reduces the Expression of Purinergic P2X7 Receptors during Allergic Inflammatory Response of the Lungs. Neuroimmunomodulation 2018; 25:34-41. [PMID: 29874677 DOI: 10.1159/000489312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously shown that domperidone-induced short-term hyperprolactinemia reduces the lung's allergic inflammatory response in an ovalbumin antigenic challenge model. Since purinergic receptor P2X7R activity leads to proinflammatory cytokine release and is possibly related to the pathogenesis of allergic respiratory conditions, the present study was designed to investigate a possible involvement of purinergic and prolactin receptors in this phenomenon. METHODS To induce hyperprolactinemia, domperidone was injected intraperitoneally in rats at a dose of 5.1 mg × kg-1 per day for 5 days. P2X7 expression was evaluated by lung immunohistochemistry while prolactin receptor expression in bronchoalveolar lavage leukocytes was analyzed through flow cytometry. RESULTS Previous reports demonstrated that rats subjected to short-term hyperprolactinemia exhibited a decrease in leukocyte counts in bronchoalveolar lavage, especially granulocytes. Here, it is revealed that hyperprolactinemia promotes an increased expression of prolactin receptors in granulocytes. Also, increased expression of purinergic P2X7R observed in allergic animals was significantly reduced by hyperprolactinemia. CONCLUSIONS Both purinergic and prolactin receptor expression changes occur during the anti-asthmatic effect of hyperprolactinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta E Ochoa-Amaya
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | | | - Lilian B Namazu
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Atilio S Calefi
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla N Tobaruela
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Margatho
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Palermo-Neto
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P Ligeiro de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano F Felicio
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rodrigues Brandao-Rangel MA, Bachi ALL, Oliveira-Junior MC, Abbasi A, Silva-Renno A, Aparecida de Brito A, Ligeiro de Oliveira AP, Choqueta Toledo-Arruda A, Belvisi MG, Paula Vieira R. Exercise Inhibits the Effects of Smoke-Induced COPD Involving Modulation of STAT3. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6572714. [PMID: 29326759 PMCID: PMC5664289 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6572714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the participation of STAT3 in the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) in a model of smoke-induced COPD. METHODS C57Bl/6 male mice were divided into control, Exe, COPD, and COPD+Exe groups. Smoke were administered during 90 days. Treadmill aerobic training begun on day 61 until day 90. Pulmonary inflammation, systemic inflammation, the level of lung emphysema, and the airway remodeling were evaluated. Analysis of integral and phosphorylated expression of STAT3 by airway epithelial cells, peribronchial leukocytes, and parenchymal leukocytes was performed. RESULTS AE inhibited smoke-induced accumulation of total cells (p < 0.001), lymphocytes (p < 0.001), and neutrophils (p < 0.001) in BAL, as well as BAL levels of IL-1β (p < 0.001), CXCL1 (p < 0.001), IL-17 (p < 0.001), and TNF-α (p < 0.05), while increased the levels of IL-10 (p < 0.001). AE also inhibited smoke-induced increases in total leukocytes (p < 0.001), neutrophils (p < 0.05), lymphocytes (p < 0.001), and monocytes (p < 0.01) in blood, as well as serum levels of IL-1β (p < 0.01), CXCL1 (p < 0.01), IL-17 (p < 0.05), and TNF-α (p < 0.01), while increased the levels of IL-10 (p < 0.001). AE reduced smoke-induced emphysema (p < 0.001) and collagen fiber accumulation in the airways (p < 0.001). AE reduced smoke-induced STAT3 and phospho-STAT3 expression in airway epithelial cells (p < 0.001), peribronchial leukocytes (p < 0.001), and parenchymal leukocytes (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AE reduces smoke-induced COPD phenotype involving STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Alves Rodrigues Brandao-Rangel
- Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), School of Medical Sciences of São José dos Campos Humanitas and Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre Luis Lacerda Bachi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel Carneiro Oliveira-Junior
- Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), School of Medical Sciences of São José dos Campos Humanitas and Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Asghar Abbasi
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND Institute), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adriano Silva-Renno
- Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), School of Medical Sciences of São José dos Campos Humanitas and Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alessandra Choqueta Toledo-Arruda
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM 20), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Belvisi
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rodolfo Paula Vieira
- Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), School of Medical Sciences of São José dos Campos Humanitas and Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Mackenzie B, Andrade-Sousa AS, Oliveira-Junior MC, Assumpção-Neto E, Brandão-Rangel MAR, Silva-Renno A, Santos-Dias A, Cicko S, Grimm M, Müller T, Oliveira APL, Martins MA, Idzko M, Vieira RP. Dendritic Cells Are Involved in the Effects of Exercise in a Model of Asthma. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1459-67. [PMID: 27015383 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) on both the maturation of dendritic cells (DC) and the activation of lymphocytes in a mouse model of chronic allergic airway inflammation. METHODS C57BL/6 mice distributed into control, exercise, ovalbumin (OVA), and OVA + exercise groups were submitted to OVA sensitization and challenge. Treadmill training was performed for 4 wk, and mice were assessed for classical features of chronic allergic airway inflammation as well as dendritic cell activation and T-lymphocyte response. RESULTS AE reduced OVA-induced eosinophilic inflammation as observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P < 0.001), airway walls (P < 0001), and also reduced collagen deposition (P < 0.001). AE also reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, P < 0.001; IL-5, P < 0.01; IL-6, P < 0.001; IL-13, P < 0.01; and tumor necrosis factor α, P < 0.01). Cells derived from mediastinal lymphnodes of AE animals that were restimulated with OVA produced less IL-4 (P < 0.01), IL-5 (P < 0.01), and IL-13 (P < 0.001). In addition, AE reduced both DC activation, as demonstrated by reduced release of IL-6 (P < 0.001), CXCL1/KC (P < 0.01), IL-12p70 (P < 0.01), and tumor necrosis factor α (P < 0.05) and DC maturation, as demonstrated by lower MCH-II expression (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION AE attenuated dendritic cell and lymphocyte activation and maturation, which contributed to reduced airway inflammation and remodeling in the OVA model of chronic allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Mackenzie
- 1Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, BRAZIL; 2COPD and Asthma Research Group, University Hospital Freigurg, Freiburg, GERMANY; and 3Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM 20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, BRAZIL
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20
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Pereira PR, Oliveira-Junior MC, Mackenzie B, Chiovatto JED, Matos Y, Greiffo FR, Rigonato-Oliveira NC, Brugemman TR, Delle H, Idzko M, Albertini R, Ligeiro Oliveira AP, Damaceno-Rodrigues NR, Caldini EG, Fernandez IE, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Dolhnikoff M, Eickelberg O, Vieira RP. Exercise Reduces Lung Fibrosis Involving Serotonin/Akt Signaling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1276-84. [PMID: 26895395 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia, which involves aberrant serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and Akt signaling. As protective effects of chronic aerobic training (AT) have been demonstrated in the context of lung injury, this study investigated whether AT attenuates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis partly via a reduction of 5-HT and AKT signaling. METHODS Seventy-two C57BL/6 male mice were distributed in Control (Co), Exercise (Ex), Fibrosis (Fi), and Fibrosis + Exercise (Fi + Ex) groups. Bleomycin (1.5 UI·kg) was administered on day 1 and treadmill AT began on day 15 and continued for 60 min·d, 5 d·wk for 4 wk. We evaluated total and differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, CXCL1/KC, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α, and transforming growth factor β levels in BAL, collagen content in lung parenchyma, 5-HT levels in BAL fluid and in serum, the expression of 5-HT2B receptor, and Akt phosphorylation in lung tissue. RESULTS AT reduced bleomycin-increased number of total cells (P < 0.001), neutrophils (P < 0.01), macrophages (P < 0.01), and lymphocytes (P < 0.05) in BAL. It also reduced the levels of IL-1β (P < 0.01), IL-6 (P < 0.05), CXCL1/KC (P < 0.001), tumor necrosis factor α (P < 0.001), and transforming growth factor β (P < 0.001). It increased expression of ant-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (P < 0.001). It reduced bleomycin-increased 5-HT levels in BAL (P < 0.001) and in serum (P < 0.05). Reductions in collagen fiber deposition (P < 0.01), 5-HT2B receptor expression (P < 0.01), and Akt phosphorylation in lung tissue were observed. CONCLUSIONS AT accelerates the resolution of lung inflammation and fibrosis in a model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis partly via attenuation of 5-HT/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Rogerio Pereira
- 1Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 2Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 3COPD and Asthma Research Group, Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, GERMANY; 4Laboratory of Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 5Comprehensive Pneumology Centre, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, GERMANY; 6Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL; and 7Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
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Toledo-Arruda AC, Vieira RP, Guarnier FA, Suehiro CL, Caleman-Neto A, Olivo CR, Arantes PMM, Almeida FM, Lopes FDTQS, Ramos EMC, Cecchini R, Lin CJ, Martins MA. Time-course effects of aerobic physical training in the prevention of cigarette smoke-induced COPD. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:674-683. [PMID: 28729393 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00819.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study by our group showed that regular exercise training (ET) attenuated pulmonary injury in an experimental model of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) in mice, but the time-course effects of the mechanisms involved in this protection remain poorly understood. We evaluated the temporal effects of regular ET in an experimental model of chronic CS exposure. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: Control (sedentary + air), Exercise (aerobic training + air), Smoke (sedentary + smoke), and Smoke + Exercise (aerobic training + smoke). Mice were exposed to CS and ET for 4, 8, or 12 wk. Exercise protected mice exposed to CS from emphysema and reductions in tissue damping and tissue elastance after 12 wk (P < 0.01). The total number of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage increased in the Smoke group, mainly due to the recruitment of macrophages after 4 wk, neutrophils and lymphocytes after 8 wk, and lymphocytes and macrophages after 12 wk (P < 0.01). Exercise attenuated this increase in mice exposed to CS. The protection conferred by exercise was mainly observed after exercise adaptation. Exercise increased IL-6 and IL-10 in the quadriceps and lungs (P < 0.05) after 12 wk. Total antioxidant capacity and SOD was increased and TNF-α and oxidants decreased in lungs of mice exposed to CS after 12 wk (P < 0.05). The protective effects of exercise against lung injury induced by cigarette smoke exposure suggests that anti-inflammatory mediators and antioxidant enzymes play important roles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development mainly after the exercise adaptation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY These experiments investigated for the first time the temporal effects of regular moderate exercise training in cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We demonstrate that aerobic conditioning had a protective effect in emphysema development induced by cigarette smoke exposure. This effect was most likely secondary to an effect of exercise on oxidant-antioxidant balance and anti-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodolfo P Vieira
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology, School of Medical Sciences Humanitas, Universidade Brasil and Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia A Guarnier
- Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Camila L Suehiro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agostinho Caleman-Neto
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice R Olivo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Petra M M Arantes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francine M Almeida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda D T Q S Lopes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ercy M C Ramos
- Department of Physiotherapy, State University of Sao Paulo, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Rubens Cecchini
- Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Chin Jia Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Arruda Martins
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Adewumi AA, Adedoyin RA, Awotidebe TO, Erhabor GE, Awopeju OF, Ativie RN, Oke KI. Association between exercise-induced asthma and parental socio-economic status among school-aged adolescents in a semiurban community in Nigeria. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:292-299. [PMID: 28702440 PMCID: PMC5498085 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1734908.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and association between exercise-induced asthma (EIA) and parental socio-economic status (PSES) among school-aged adolescents in a semiurban community in Nigeria. Three hundred and eighty-five adolescents (185 male and 200 female adolescents) whose ages ranged between 10 and 19 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were recruited from four government approved secondary schools in Ido-Ekiti using a multistage sampling technique. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was assessed at baseline and after 6-min run test (6-MRT) on a level playing ground using a standard peak flow meter. PEFR measurements were repeated at 5th, 10th, 15th, and 20th min post 6-MRT. Participants who had >15.0% PEFR fall were considered to have EIA. PSES was assessed using a validated socio-economic status questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data. Alpha level was set at P<0.05. The mean ages of males and females were 13.9±2.0 and 13.8±1.6 years, respectively. More than half of the participants, 58.2% had EIA (>15.0% PEFR scores) while 53.5% belonged to middle PSES class. There was no significant difference between PEFR scores of male and female participants at baseline and 5th min post 6-MRT. However, male participants had significant higher PEFR than the female counterparts at 10th (t=2.090, P=0.037), 15th (t=2.162, P=0.031), and 20th min (t=2.978, P=0.003). There was significant association between EIA and PSES (χ2=152.4; P=0.001). The prevalence of EIA is very high among school-aged adolescents in Nigeria and was significantly associated with PSES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekola A Adewumi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.,Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Rufus A Adedoyin
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Taofeek O Awotidebe
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Gregory E Erhabor
- Chest Unit, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.,Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Olayemi F Awopeju
- Chest Unit, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.,Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Rita N Ativie
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Kayode I Oke
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
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Del Giacco S. Exercise, Asthma and the Olympics: A 2000-year-old tale. Porto Biomed J 2016; 1:127-128. [PMID: 32258562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two separated phenotypes of Exercise-Induced-Asthma existOlympic Athletes have won more medals than their non-asthmatic peersCompetitive swimmers show an increased asthma prevalenceAsthmatics have no limitations in sports practice if they receive adequate medical treatmentAerobic exercise programs are beneficial for asthmatics and should be included in asthma action plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy
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Morici G, Gruttad'Auria CI, Baiamonte P, Mazzuca E, Castrogiovanni A, Bonsignore MR. Endurance training: is it bad for you? Breathe (Sheff) 2016; 12:140-7. [PMID: 27408632 PMCID: PMC4933620 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.007016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Educational aims Endurance exercise training exerts many positive effects on health, including improved metabolism, reduction of cardiovascular risk, and reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Intense endurance exercise causes mild epithelial injury and inflammation in the airways, but does not appear to exert detrimental effects on respiratory health or bronchial reactivity in recreational/non-elite athletes. Conversely, elite athletes of both summer and winter sports show increased susceptibility to development of asthma, possibly related to environmental exposures to allergens or poor conditioning of inspired air, so that a distinct phenotype of “sports asthma” has been proposed to characterise such athletes, who more often practise aquatic and winter sports. Overall, endurance training is good for health but may become deleterious when performed at high intensity or volume. Endurance training is good for health but may become deleterious when performed at high intensity or volumehttp://ow.ly/4n9jR4
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Morici
- BioNeC Dept, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), CNR, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria R Bonsignore
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), CNR, Palermo, Italy; DiBiMIS, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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26
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Alberca-Custódio RW, Greiffo FR, MacKenzie B, Oliveira-Junior MC, Andrade-Sousa AS, Graudenz GS, Santos ABG, Damaceno-Rodrigues NR, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Arantes-Costa FM, Martins MDA, Abbasi A, Lin CJ, Idzko M, Ligeiro Oliveira AP, Northoff H, Vieira RP. Aerobic Exercise Reduces Asthma Phenotype by Modulation of the Leukotriene Pathway. Front Immunol 2016; 7:237. [PMID: 27379098 PMCID: PMC4905963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leukotrienes (LTs) play a central role in asthma. Low- to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (AE) reduces asthmatic inflammation in clinical studies and in experimental models. This study investigated whether AE attenuates LT pathway activation in an ovalbumin (OVA) model of asthma. Methods Sixty-four male, BALB/c mice were distributed into Control, Exercise (Exe), OVA, and OVA + Exe groups. Treadmill training was performed at moderate intensity, 5×/week, 1 h/session for 4 weeks. Quantification of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cellularity, leukocytes, airway remodeling, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in BAL was performed. In addition, quantitative analyses on peribronchial leukocytes and airway epithelium for LT pathway agents: 5-lypoxygenase (5-LO), LTA4 hydrolase (LTA4H), CysLT1 receptor, CysLT2 receptor, LTC4 synthase, and LTB4 receptor 2 (BLT2) were performed. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine (MCh) was assessed via whole body plethysmography. Results AE decreased eosinophils (p < 0.001), neutrophils (p > 0.001), lymphocytes (p < 0.001), and macrophages (p < 0.01) in BAL, as well as eosinophils (p < 0.01), lymphocytes (p < 0.001), and macrophages (p > 0.001) in airway walls. Collagen (p < 0.01), elastic fibers (p < 0.01), mucus production (p < 0.01), and smooth muscle thickness (p < 0.01), as well as IL-5 (p < 0.01), IL-13 (p < 0.01), CysLT (p < 0.01), and LTB4 (p < 0.01) in BAL were reduced. 5-LO (p < 0.05), LTA4H (p < 0.05), CysLT1 receptor (p < 0.001), CysLT2 receptor (p < 0.001), LTC4 synthase (p < 0.001), and BLT2 (p < 0.01) expression by peribronchial leukocytes and airway epithelium were reduced. Lastly, AHR to MCh 25 mg/mL (p < 0.05) and 50 mg/mL (p < 0.01) was reduced. Conclusion Moderate-intensity AE attenuated asthma phenotype and LT production in both pulmonary leukocytes and airway epithelium of OVA-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Wesley Alberca-Custódio
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Flávia Regina Greiffo
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - BreAnne MacKenzie
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Manoel Carneiro Oliveira-Junior
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Adilson Santos Andrade-Sousa
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gustavo Silveira Graudenz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Angela Batista Gomes Santos
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Caire Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz (IOF), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | | - Milton De Arruda Martins
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM 20), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Asghar Abbasi
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND Institute), University of California Irvine , Irvine, CA , USA
| | - Chin Jia Lin
- Department of Pathology (LIM 05), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marco Idzko
- COPD and Asthma Research Group, Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ana Paula Ligeiro Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Hinnak Northoff
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Rodolfo Paula Vieira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) , São Paulo , Brazil
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Almeida FM, Oliveira-Junior MC, Souza RA, Petroni RC, Soto SF, Soriano FG, de Carvalho PTC, Albertini R, Damaceno-Rodrigues NR, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Martins MA, Dolhnikoff M, Pazetti R, Vieira RP. Creatine supplementation attenuates pulmonary and systemic effects of lung ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016. [PMID: 26215332 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Del Giacco SR, Firinu D, Bjermer L, Carlsen KH. Exercise and asthma: an overview. Eur Clin Respir J 2015. [PMID: 26672959 DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v2.27984.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The terms 'exercise-induced asthma' (EIA) and 'exercise-induced bronchoconstriction' (EIB) are often used interchangeably to describe symptoms of asthma such as cough, wheeze, or dyspnoea provoked by vigorous physical activity. In this review, we refer to EIB as the bronchoconstrictive response and to EIA when bronchoconstriction is associated with asthma symptoms. EIB is a common occurrence for most of the asthmatic patients, but it also affects more than 10% of otherwise healthy individuals as shown by epidemiological studies. EIA and EIB have a high prevalence also in elite athletes, especially within endurance type of sports, and an athlete's asthma phenotype has been described. However, the occurrence in elite athletes shows that EIA/EIB, if correctly managed, may not impair physical activity and top sports performance. The pathogenic mechanisms of EIA/EIB classically involve both osmolar and vascular changes in the airways in addition to cooling of the airways with parasympathetic stimulation. Airways inflammation plays a fundamental role in EIA/EIB. Diagnosis and pharmacological management must be carefully performed, with particular consideration of current anti-doping regulations, when caring for athletes. Based on the demonstration that the inhaled asthma drugs do not improve performance in healthy athletes, the doping regulations are presently much less strict than previously. Some sports are at a higher asthma risk than others, probably due to a high environmental exposure while performing the sport, with swimming and chlorine exposure during swimming as one example. It is considered very important for the asthmatic child and adolescent to master EIA/EIB to be able to participate in physical activity on an equal level with their peers, and a precise early diagnosis with optimal treatment follow-up is vital in this aspect. In addition, surprising recent preliminary evidences offer new perspectives for moderate exercise as a potential therapeutic tool for asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano R Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Del Giacco SR, Firinu D, Bjermer L, Carlsen KH. Exercise and asthma: an overview. Eur Clin Respir J 2015; 2:27984. [PMID: 26672959 PMCID: PMC4653278 DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v2.27984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The terms 'exercise-induced asthma' (EIA) and 'exercise-induced bronchoconstriction' (EIB) are often used interchangeably to describe symptoms of asthma such as cough, wheeze, or dyspnoea provoked by vigorous physical activity. In this review, we refer to EIB as the bronchoconstrictive response and to EIA when bronchoconstriction is associated with asthma symptoms. EIB is a common occurrence for most of the asthmatic patients, but it also affects more than 10% of otherwise healthy individuals as shown by epidemiological studies. EIA and EIB have a high prevalence also in elite athletes, especially within endurance type of sports, and an athlete's asthma phenotype has been described. However, the occurrence in elite athletes shows that EIA/EIB, if correctly managed, may not impair physical activity and top sports performance. The pathogenic mechanisms of EIA/EIB classically involve both osmolar and vascular changes in the airways in addition to cooling of the airways with parasympathetic stimulation. Airways inflammation plays a fundamental role in EIA/EIB. Diagnosis and pharmacological management must be carefully performed, with particular consideration of current anti-doping regulations, when caring for athletes. Based on the demonstration that the inhaled asthma drugs do not improve performance in healthy athletes, the doping regulations are presently much less strict than previously. Some sports are at a higher asthma risk than others, probably due to a high environmental exposure while performing the sport, with swimming and chlorine exposure during swimming as one example. It is considered very important for the asthmatic child and adolescent to master EIA/EIB to be able to participate in physical activity on an equal level with their peers, and a precise early diagnosis with optimal treatment follow-up is vital in this aspect. In addition, surprising recent preliminary evidences offer new perspectives for moderate exercise as a potential therapeutic tool for asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano R Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Effects of High-Intensity Swimming on Lung Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in a Murine Model of DEP-Induced Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137273. [PMID: 26332044 PMCID: PMC4557939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported that exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) induces lung inflammation and increases oxidative stress, and both effects are susceptible to changes via regular aerobic exercise in rehabilitation programs. However, the effects of exercise on lungs exposed to DEP after the cessation of exercise are not clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high-intensity swimming on lung inflammation and oxidative stress in mice exposed to DEP concomitantly and after exercise cessation. Male Swiss mice were divided into 4 groups: Control (n = 12), Swimming (30 min/day) (n = 8), DEP (3 mg/mL—10 μL/mouse) (n = 9) and DEP+Swimming (n = 8). The high-intensity swimming was characterized by an increase in blood lactate levels greater than 1 mmoL/L between 10th and 30th minutes of exercise. Twenty-four hours after the final exposure to DEP, the anesthetized mice were euthanized, and we counted the number of total and differential inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), measured the lung homogenate levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, INF-ϫ, IL-10, and IL-1ra using ELISA, and measured the levels of glutathione, non-protein thiols (GSH-t and NPSH) and the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the lung. Swimming sessions decreased the number of total cells (p<0.001), neutrophils and lymphocytes (p<0.001; p<0.05) in the BALF, as well as lung levels of IL-1β (p = 0.002), TNF-α (p = 0.003), IL-6 (p = 0.0001) and IFN-ϫ (p = 0.0001). However, the levels of IL-10 (p = 0.01) and IL-1ra (p = 0.0002) increased in the swimming groups compared with the control groups, as did the CAT lung levels (p = 0.0001). Simultaneously, swimming resulted in an increase in the GSH-t and NPSH lung levels in the DEP group (p = 0.0001 and p<0.002). We concluded that in this experimental model, the high-intensity swimming sessions decreased the lung inflammation and oxidative stress status during DEP-induced lung inflammation in mice.
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Fashi M, Agha Alinejad H, Asilian Mahabadi H. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise in Ambient Particulate Matter on Lung Tissue Inflammation and Lung Cancer. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2015; 8:e2333. [PMID: 26413253 PMCID: PMC4581364 DOI: 10.17795/ijcp2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Exposure to Air pollution PM10 results in lung inflammation increased risk of lung cancer. Regular aerobic exercise improves the inflammatory status in different lung diseases. However, the effects of long-term aerobic exercise on the pulmonary response to PM10 have not been investigated. Objectives: The present study evaluated the effect of aerobic exercise on the lung inflammatory and risk of lung cancer of rat exposed to PM10 carbon black. Materials and Methods: Twenty four adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: A: control (without exposure PM10 and aerobic exercise; n = 6), B: aerobic exercise (five times per week for 4 weeks; n = 6), C: exposure to PM10 carbon black (5 mg/m3; per rat; n = 6), D: and aerobic exercise concomitantly with exposure to PM10 carbon black (n = 6). The gene expression of TLR4, NF-κB and TNF-α were analyzed in lung tissue by Real time-PCR. In order to determine the significant differences between groups, one way ANOVA and LSD post hoc and Kruskal-Vallis test were used. Results: Aerobic exercise inhibited the PM10 -induced increase in the gene expression of TLR4, NF-κB and TNF-α. But there was significant different only between B and C groups for TNF-α and NF-κB (P = 0.047, 0.014, respectively). Conclusions: We conclude that four week aerobic exercise presents protective effects in a rat model of PM10 carbon black-induced lung inflammation and risk of lung cancer. Our results indicate a need for human studies that evaluate the lung Responses to aerobic exercise chronically performed in polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Fashi
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Agha Alinejad
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hasan Asilian Mahabadi
- Deptartment of Occupational Health Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
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Scott HA, Latham JR, Callister R, Pretto JJ, Baines K, Saltos N, Upham JW, Wood LG. Acute exercise is associated with reduced exhaled nitric oxide in physically inactive adults with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114:470-9. [PMID: 25935433 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although exercise has multiple health benefits, relatively little attention has been paid to its potential therapeutic effects in those with asthma. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of acute exercise on inflammation in physically inactive and active adults with asthma. METHODS Fourteen adults with asthma (n = 6 physically inactive, n = 8 physically active) completed (1) 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise on a treadmill and (2) 30 minutes of rest in random order, with 4 weeks between sessions. Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) was measured before and after the intervention (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours). Blood inflammatory mediators were measured before and after the intervention (0, 2, and 24 hours). RESULTS Physically inactive participants had a significant decrease in eNO 4 hours after exercise (-4.8 ppb, -6.4 to -0.5 ppb, P = .028), which was not observed in physically active participants (P = .362). Interluekin-1 receptor antagonist increased in the physically inactive group 2 hours after exercise, with this increase strongly correlated with the decrease in eNO at 4 hours (R = -0.685, P = .007) and 24 hours (R = -0.659, P = .014) after exercise. Interleukin-6 was increased significantly 2 hours after exercise in physically inactive participants. Blood neutrophils and nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 gene expression were increased 2 hours after exercise in the overall cohort. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that acute moderate-intensity exercise is associated with decreased eNO in physically inactive adults with asthma and suggests that interluekin-1 receptor antagonist could have a role in mediating this effect. The attenuated response in physically active participants might be due to the sustained anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training. Future studies should investigate the impact of exercise intensity and exercise training on airway inflammation in those with asthma. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.anzctr.org.au), registration number ACTRN12613001014741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A Scott
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Lung and Allergy Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jennifer R Latham
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robin Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Pretto
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Baines
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nick Saltos
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John W Upham
- Lung and Allergy Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa G Wood
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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da Silva RA, Almeida FM, Olivo CR, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Perini A, Martins MA, Carvalho CRF. Comparison of the Effects of Aerobic Conditioning Before and After Pulmonary Allergic Inflammation. Inflammation 2014; 38:1229-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Olivo CR, Miyaji EN, Oliveira MLS, Almeida FM, Lourenço JD, Abreu RM, Arantes PMM, Lopes FD, Martins MA. Aerobic exercise attenuates pulmonary inflammation induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:998-1007. [PMID: 25190745 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00290.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise has been recognized as a stimulator of the immune system, but its effect on bacterial infection has not been extensively evaluated. We studied whether moderate aerobic exercise training prior to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection influences pulmonary inflammatory responses. BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: Sedentary Untreated (sedentary without infection); Sedentary Infected (sedentary with infection); Trained Untreated (aerobic training without infection); and Trained Infected (aerobic training with infection). Animals underwent aerobic training for 4 wk, and 72 h after last exercise training, animals received a challenge with S. pneumoniae and were evaluated either 12 h or 10 days after instillation. In acute phase, Sedentary Infected group had an increase in respiratory system resistance and elastance; number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL); polymorphonuclear cells in lung parenchyma; and levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β (IL-1β) in lung homogenates. Exercise training significantly attenuated the increase in all of these parameters and induced an increase in expression of antioxidant enzymes (CuZnSOD and MnSOD) in lungs. Trained Infected mice had a significant decrease in the number of colony-forming units of pneumococci in the lungs compared with Sedentary Infected animals. Ten days after infection, Trained Infected group exhibited lower numbers of macrophages in BAL, polymorphonuclear cells in lung parenchyma and IL-6 in lung homogenates compared with Sedentary Infected group. Our results suggest a protective effect of moderate exercise training against respiratory infection with S. pneumoniae. This effect is most likely secondary to an effect of exercise on oxidant-antioxidant balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice R Olivo
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Eliane N Miyaji
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Francine M Almeida
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Juliana D Lourenço
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Rodrigo M Abreu
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Petra M M Arantes
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Fernanda Dtqs Lopes
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Milton A Martins
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
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Silva RA, Almeida FM, Olivo CR, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Martins MA, Carvalho CRF. Airway remodeling is reversed by aerobic training in a murine model of chronic asthma. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e258-66. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Silva
- Department of Physical Therapy; School of Medicine; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM-20); School of Medicine; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - F. M. Almeida
- Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM-20); School of Medicine; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. R. Olivo
- Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM-20); School of Medicine; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - B. M. Saraiva-Romanholo
- Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM-20); School of Medicine; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
- University City of São Paulo (UNICID); São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. A. Martins
- Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM-20); School of Medicine; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. R. F. Carvalho
- Department of Physical Therapy; School of Medicine; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM-20); School of Medicine; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Exercise training, lymphocyte subsets and their cytokines production: experience of an Italian professional football team and their impact on allergy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014. [PMID: 25050349 DOI: 10.1155/2014/429248.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, numerous articles have attempted to shed light on our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of exercise-induced immunologic changes and their impact on allergy and asthma. It is known that lymphocyte subclasses, cytokines, and chemokines show modifications after exercise, but outcomes can be affected by the type of exercise as well as by its intensity and duration. Interesting data have been presented in many recent studies on mouse models, but few studies on humans have been performed to check the long-term effects of exercise over a whole championship season. METHODS This study evaluated lymphocyte subsets and their intracellular IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ production in professional football (soccer) players, at three stages of the season, to evaluate if alterations occur, particularly in relation to their allergic status. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Despite significant mid-season alterations, no significant lymphocyte subclasses count modifications, except for NKs that were significantly higher, were observed at the end. IL-2 and IL-4 producing cells showed a significant decrease (P = 0.018 and P = 0.001, but in a steady fashion for IL-4), confirming the murine data about the potential beneficial effects of aerobic exercise for allergic asthma.
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37
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Exercise training, lymphocyte subsets and their cytokines production: experience of an Italian professional football team and their impact on allergy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:429248. [PMID: 25050349 PMCID: PMC4094862 DOI: 10.1155/2014/429248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, numerous articles have attempted to shed light on our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of exercise-induced immunologic changes and their impact on allergy and asthma. It is known that lymphocyte subclasses, cytokines, and chemokines show modifications after exercise, but outcomes can be affected by the type of exercise as well as by its intensity and duration. Interesting data have been presented in many recent studies on mouse models, but few studies on humans have been performed to check the long-term effects of exercise over a whole championship season. METHODS This study evaluated lymphocyte subsets and their intracellular IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ production in professional football (soccer) players, at three stages of the season, to evaluate if alterations occur, particularly in relation to their allergic status. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Despite significant mid-season alterations, no significant lymphocyte subclasses count modifications, except for NKs that were significantly higher, were observed at the end. IL-2 and IL-4 producing cells showed a significant decrease (P = 0.018 and P = 0.001, but in a steady fashion for IL-4), confirming the murine data about the potential beneficial effects of aerobic exercise for allergic asthma.
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El-Akkary IM, Abdel-Fatah ZEK, El-Seweify MES, El-Batouti GA, Aziz EA, Adam AI. Role of leukotrienes in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction before and after a pilot rehabilitation training program. Int J Gen Med 2013; 6:631-6. [PMID: 23930076 PMCID: PMC3733880 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s46953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whatever the initial stimulus for the exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) observed in asthmatic patients after exercise, the final effect is release of bronchoactive mediators, especially cysteinyl leukotrienes. Exercise rehabilitation training programs have been reported to protect against EIB. The exact mechanism(s) involved are not well understood. However, this protective effect may be related to adaptation and better coordination during exercise, depletion of cysteinyl leukotrienes, and/or a sluggish cysteinyl leukotriene response to exercise. The aim of the present work was to test the hypothesis that improvement in the incidence and severity of post-exercise bronchoconstriction after a rehabilitation training program is related to a change in leukotriene levels in response to exercise. METHODS Twenty asthmatic children aged 6-12 years and known to develop EIB were enrolled in an exercise training program for 12 weeks. The severity and incidence of EIB before and after training was assessed. Baseline and post-exercise sputum cysteinyl leukotriene levels were assessed before and after the training program. RESULTS The training program offered significant protection against EIB with a concomitant decrease in sputum cysteinyl leukotriene levels in response to exercise. CONCLUSION A training program can result in depletion and/or a sluggish cysteinyl leukotriene response to exercise and may be responsible for the protective effect of training programs on EIB. It is recommended to use an exercise rehabilitation training program as a complementary tool in the management of bronchial asthma, especially EIB.
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Craig TJ, Dispenza MC. Benefits of exercise in asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 110:133-140.e2. [PMID: 23548519 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Craig
- Section of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Penn State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Luks V, Burkett A, Turner L, Pakhale S. Effect of physical training on airway inflammation in animal models of asthma: a systematic review. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:24. [PMID: 23617952 PMCID: PMC3691924 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little data on the effect of exercise on markers of airway inflammation in human asthmatics. The main objective of this review is to determine the effects of physical training on markers of airway inflammation in animal models of asthma. METHODS A peer reviewed search was applied to Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and DARE databases. Data extraction was performed in a blinded fashion. RESULTS From the initial 2336 studies, a total of 10 studies were selected for the final analysis. All were randomized controlled trials with low to moderate intensity training on ovalbumin-sensitized mice. In the exercised group of mice, there was a reduction in BAL eosinophils and Th-2 cytokines, no change in Th-1 cytokines, an increase in IL-10, and a reversal of airway remodeling. The data was not pooled owing to significant heterogeneity between studies, and a funnel plot test for publication bias was not performed because there were few studies reporting on any one outcome measure. The asthma models differed between studies in age and gender of mice, as well as in timing of physical training after sensitization. The risk of bias was unclear for some studies though this may not influence outcome measures. The accuracy of data extracted from graphics is unknown. CONCLUSIONS Physical training improves airway inflammation in animal asthma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Luks
- Division of Respirology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrew Burkett
- Division of Respirology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lucy Turner
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Smita Pakhale
- Divison of Respirology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
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Wanrooij VHM, Willeboordse M, Dompeling E, van de Kant KDG. Exercise training in children with asthma: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2013; 48:1024-31. [PMID: 23525551 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise can provoke asthma symptoms, such as dyspnoea, in children with asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is prevalent in 40-90% of children with asthma. Conversely, exercise can improve physical fitness. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the literature regarding the effects of exercise training in children with asthma, particularly in relation to: EIB, asthma control, pulmonary function, cardiorespiratory parameters and parameters of underlying pathophysiology. A systematic search in several databases was performed. Controlled trials that undertook a physical training programme in children with asthma (aged 6-18 years) were selected. Twenty-nine studies were included. Training had positive effects on several cardiorespiratory fitness parameters. A few studies demonstrated that training could improve EIB, especially in cases where there was sufficient room for improvement. Peak expiratory flow was the only lung function parameter that could be improved substantially by training. The effects of training on asthma control, airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness were barely studied. Owing to the overall beneficial effects of training and the lack of negative effects, it can be concluded that physical exercise is safe and can be recommended in children with asthma. A training programme should have a minimum duration of 3 months, with at least two 60 min training sessions per week, and a training intensity set at the (personalised) ventilatory threshold. Further research is recommended regarding the effects of exercise on underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and asthma control in children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera H M Wanrooij
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Willeboordse
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Dompeling
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim D G van de Kant
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Warren K, Thompson N, Wannemuehler M, Kohut M. Antibody and CD8+ T cell memory response to influenza A/PR/8/34 infection is reduced in treadmill-exercised mice, yet still protective. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1413-20. [PMID: 23493360 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01355.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate exercise may decrease the severity of influenza infection and reduce lung viral load. The possibility that an exercise-associated reduction in lung viral load early in infection could contribute to decreased serum antibody and reduced memory response were investigated. BALB/c mice exercised for 8 wk and were then infected with influenza A/PR/8/34 (intranasal route). Influenza-specific serum antibody was assessed for 6 mo post primary infection, at which time mice were infected again with influenza A/PR/8/34. After primary infection, exercise reduced morbidity/mortality, attenuated lung cytokines, and decreased serum anti-influenza IgG and IgG2a from day 14 to day 180 post primary infection. After secondary infectious challenge, exercised mice did not show any signs of illness, but had reduced serum anti-influenza IgG and IgG2a, increased IgG1, and reduced influenza-specific recruited and resident CD8+ granzyme B+ T cells within the lungs. When influenza virus was administered by an intraperitoneal route during primary infection, exercise did not alter serum anti-influenza IgG, IgG1, or IgG2a, suggesting the exercise effect was specific to the lung environment. Exercise-induced enhancement of respiratory host defense to primary influenza infection results in decreased serum antibody and lung CD8+ T cell memory response, but does not compromise resistance to secondary infectious challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Warren
- Program of Immunobiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Jiang D, Nelson ML, Gally F, Smith S, Wu Q, Minor M, Case S, Thaikoottathil J, Chu HW. Airway epithelial NF-κB activation promotes Mycoplasma pneumoniae clearance in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52969. [PMID: 23285237 PMCID: PMC3532414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Respiratory infections including atypical bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) contribute to the pathobiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Mp infection mainly targets airway epithelium and activates various signaling pathways such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). We have shown that short palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone 1 (SPLUNC1) serves as a novel host defense protein and is up-regulated upon Mp infection through NF-κB activation in cultured human and mouse primary airway epithelial cells. However, the in vivo role of airway epithelial NF-κB activation in host defense against Mp infection has not been investigated. In the current study, we investigated the effects of in vivo airway epithelial NF-κB activation on lung Mp clearance and its association with airway epithelial SPLUNC1 expression. METHODOLOGY/MAIN RESULTS Non-antimicrobial tetracycline analog 9-t-butyl doxycycline (9-TB) was initially optimized in mouse primary tracheal epithelial cell culture, and then utilized to induce in vivo airway epithelial specific NF-κB activation in conditional NF-κB transgenic mice (CC10-(CA)IKKβ) with or without Mp infection. Lung Mp load and inflammation were evaluated, and airway epithelial SPLUNC1 protein was examined by immunohistochemistry. We found that 9-TB treatment in NF-κB transgene positive (Tg+), but not transgene negative (Tg-) mice significantly reduced lung Mp load. Moreover, 9-TB increased airway epithelial SPLUNC1 protein expression in NF-κB Tg+ mice. CONCLUSION By using the non-antimicrobial 9-TB, our study demonstrates that in vivo airway epithelial NF-κB activation promotes lung bacterial clearance, which is accompanied by increased epithelial SPLUNC1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jiang
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Nelson
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Fabienne Gally
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sean Smith
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Maisha Minor
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Case
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jyoti Thaikoottathil
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Business and Science Development, Echelon Biosciences Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Burnstock G, Brouns I, Adriaensen D, Timmermans JP. Purinergic signaling in the airways. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:834-68. [PMID: 22885703 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for a significant role and impact of purinergic signaling in normal and diseased airways is now beyond dispute. The present review intends to provide the current state of knowledge of the involvement of purinergic pathways in the upper and lower airways and lungs, thereby differentiating the involvement of different tissues, such as the epithelial lining, immune cells, airway smooth muscle, vasculature, peripheral and central innervation, and neuroendocrine system. In addition to the vast number of well illustrated functions for purinergic signaling in the healthy respiratory tract, increasing data pointing to enhanced levels of ATP and/or adenosine in airway secretions of patients with airway damage and respiratory diseases corroborates the emerging view that purines act as clinically important mediators resulting in either proinflammatory or protective responses. Purinergic signaling has been implicated in lung injury and in the pathogenesis of a wide range of respiratory disorders and diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammation, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension. These ostensibly enigmatic actions are based on widely different mechanisms, which are influenced by the cellular microenvironment, but especially the subtypes of purine receptors involved and the activity of distinct members of the ectonucleotidase family, the latter being potential protein targets for therapeutic implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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Yu YB, Liao YW, Su KH, Chang TM, Shyue SK, Kou YR, Lee TS. Prior exercise training alleviates the lung inflammation induced by subsequent exposure to environmental cigarette smoke. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:532-40. [PMID: 22448892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Environmental cigarette smoke (CS) contains many compounds that are harmful to the respiratory system and lead to chronic lung inflammation and other lung diseases. Exercise training is known to confer protection against diseases with chronic inflammation by reducing inflammatory response in human or experimental animals. In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of exercise training against lung inflammation induced by environmental CS. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, two groups of mice received air exposure with (the exercise group) or without (the control group) exercise training for 8 weeks and another two groups received air exposure for the first 4 weeks and CS exposure for the following 4 weeks with (the exercise+CS group) or without (the CS group) exercise training for 8 weeks. As compared with lung tissues of control and exercise groups, those of the CS group showed significantly increased bronchoalveolar-capillary permeability, inflammatory cell infiltration, epithelial thickening, expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, mucin 2, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and activation of NF-κB. These CS-induced pathophysiologic consequences were largely prevented in the exercise + CS group. CONCLUSION Collectively, prior exercise training may protect against lung inflammation induced by environmental CS in mice by attenuating the activation of NF-κB and the production of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y.-W. Liao
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - K.-H. Su
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - T.-M. Chang
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - S.-K. Shyue
- Cardiovascular Division; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Y. R. Kou
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei; Taiwan
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Olivo CR, Vieira RP, Arantes-Costa FM, Perini A, Martins MA, Carvalho CRF. Effects of aerobic exercise on chronic allergic airway inflammation and remodeling in guinea pigs. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 182:81-7. [PMID: 22633937 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Scichilone N, Morici G, Zangla D, Arrigo R, Cardillo I, Bellia V, Bonsignore MR. Effects of exercise training on airway closure in asthmatics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:714-8. [PMID: 22744971 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00529.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that responsiveness to methacholine (Mch) in the absence of deep inspiration (DI) decreased in healthy subjects after a short course of exercise training. We assessed whether a similar beneficial effect of exercise on airway responsiveness could occur in asthmatics. Nine patients (male/female: 3/6; mean age ± SD: 24 ± 2 yr) with mild untreated asthma [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)): 100 ± 7.4% pred; FEV(1)/vital capacity (VC): 90 ± 6.5%] underwent a series of single-dose Mch bronchoprovocations in the absence of DI in the course of a 10-wk training rowing program (6 h/wk of submaximal and maximal exercise), at baseline (week 0), and at week 5 and 10. The single-dose Mch was established as the dose able to induce ≥ 15% reduction in inspiratory vital capacity (IVC) and was administered to each subject at every challenge occasion. Five asthmatics (male/female: 1/4; mean age ± SD: 26 ± 3 yr) with similar baseline lung function (FEV(1): 102 ± 7.0% predicted; FEV(1)/VC: 83 ± 6.0%; P = 0.57 and P = 0.06, respectively) not participating in the exercise training program served as controls. In the trained group, the Mch-induced reduction in IVC from baseline was 22 ± 10% at week 0, 13 ± 11% at week 5 (P = 0.03), and 11 ± 8% at week 10 (P = 0.028). The Mch-induced reduction in FEV(1) did not change with exercise (P = 0.69). The reduction in responsiveness induced by exercise was of the same magnitude of that previously obtained in healthy subjects (50% with respect to pretraining). Conversely, Mch-induced reduction in IVC in controls remained unchanged after 10 wk (%reduction IVC at baseline: 21 ± 20%; after 10 wk: 29 ± 14%; P = 0.28). This study indicates that a short course of physical training is capable of reducing airway responsiveness in mild asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Scichilone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonology, DIBIMIS University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
Physical activity is beneficial for children with positive outcomes for mental and physical well-being. Allergic conditions unique to the sporting arena may serve as an impediment to participation in physical activity for allergic children. A common example is exercise-induced asthma; less common activity-related allergic conditions include food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, exercise-induced anaphylaxis, and exercise-induced urticaria. Allergic children may also be at risk of allergic reactions when exposed to allergens that are more commonly found in the sports environment, e.g., latex, sports drinks, and medications such as NSAIDs. Recent advances in our understanding of the patho-physiological and immunologic mechanisms that may account for these conditions have facilitated more effective and safer management strategies. There are also important immunologic lessons to be learnt with respect to specific physical factors that may result in diminished allergen tolerance; indeed, these lessons may facilitate safer allergen desensitisation regimens. The role of the immune system in exercise-induced immunoallergic syndromes, clinical aspects, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano R Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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