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Mallah N, Urbieta AD, Rivero-Calle I, Gonzalez-Barcala FJ, Bigoni T, Papi A, Martinón-Torres F. New Vaccines for Chronic Respiratory Patients. Arch Bronconeumol 2024:S0300-2896(24)00190-X. [PMID: 38876918 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2024.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) are responsible for more than four million deaths worldwide and have become especially prevalent in developed countries. Although the current therapies help manage daily symptoms and improve patients' quality of life, there is a major need to prevent exacerbations triggered mainly by respiratory infections. Therefore, CRD patients are a prime target for vaccination against infectious agents. In the present manuscript we review the state of the art of available vaccines specifically indicated in patients with CRDs. In addition to pneumococcus, influenza, pertussis, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, recently added immunization options like vaccines and monoclonal antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus, are particularly interesting in CRD patients. As new products reach the market, health authorities must be agile in updating immunization recommendations and in the programming of the vaccination of vulnerable populations such as patients with CRDs. Organizational and educational strategies might prove useful to increase vaccine uptake by CRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmeen Mallah
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain; WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain
| | - Ana Dacosta Urbieta
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain; WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Galicia, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain; WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Galicia, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Gonzalez-Barcala
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Galicia, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (CHUS) , Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela
| | - Tommaso Bigoni
- Respiratory Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Papi
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain; WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Galicia, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Klitgaard A, Ibsen R, Lykkegaard J, Hilberg O, Løkke A. Inhaled corticosteroid treatment and pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - nationwide development from 1998 to 2018. Eur Clin Respir J 2024; 11:2359768. [PMID: 38817947 PMCID: PMC11138226 DOI: 10.1080/20018525.2024.2359768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A decreasing use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in patients with a hospital-registered diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has recently been documented in Denmark. ICS treatment is not recommended in patients with high pneumonia risk, and we aimed to assess the development of ICS treatment in relation to pneumonia occurrence. Methods Annual nationwide register-based cross-sectional studies from 1998 to 2018 including all patients ≥40 years of age with a hospital-registered ICD-10 diagnosis of COPD on the 31st of December each year. We calculated the annual proportion of patients with at least one outpatient pneumonia (redeemed prescription of relevant antibiotics) or pneumonia hospitalization (hospitalization or ER visit), and stratified by ICS dose (No ICS, low dose, medium dose, or high dose). Results The study population increased from 35,656 patients in 1998 to 99,057 patients in 2018. The annual proportion of patients experiencing a pneumonia decreased from 69.4% to 55.2%. The proportion of patients with at least one outpatient pneumonia, but no hospitalization, decreased (59.2% to 46.2%). The overall proportion of patients with at least one pneumonia hospitalization remained unchanged (10.2% to 9.0%), but this proportion increased in patients in high dose ICS (9.9% to 14.6%). The overall proportion of patients in high dose treatment decreased (12.7% to 5.7%), but not in patients with pneumonia hospitalization (16.5% to 15.1). Conclusions Our study demonstrates a nationwide decrease from 1998 to 2018 in the proportion of patients who redeemed a prescription for antibiotics used mainly for respiratory tract infections, which may reflect a decrease in the number of outpatient pneumonias. This decrease was largely caused by an increase in the number of patients without pneumonia. No differences over time were seen regarding hospitalization-requiring pneumonia. High dose ICS treatment was unchanged in patients with hospitalization-requiring pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Klitgaard
- Department of Internal Medicine Vejle, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper Lykkegaard
- Research Unit of General Practice, Syddansk Universitet- Campus Esbjerg, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Ole Hilberg
- Department of Regional Health Research, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Løkke
- Department of Regional Health Research, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark
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Adamson AJ, Kallis C, Douglas I, Quint JK. Accuracy of the recording of pneumonia events in English electronic healthcare record data in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2024; 16:8. [PMID: 38704560 PMCID: PMC11070075 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-024-00130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In primary care, identifying pneumonia events in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be challenging due to similarities in symptoms with COPD exacerbations and lack of diagnostic testing. This study explored the accuracy of pneumonia diagnosis coded in primary care by comparing diagnosis in primary care with diagnosis in hospital. METHODS A study population of people with COPD in England was created using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum database linked with Hospital Episode Statistics inpatient data. Pneumonia codes only, and pneumonia code with associated clinical and/or treatment codes (chest x-ray, symptoms, antibiotics, sputum and blood culture) were used to determine pneumonia events in primary care. Events that were followed by hospitalisation within 7 days were used to estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) of pneumonia coding in primary care, using primary diagnosis of pneumonia in secondary care as the gold standard. The PPV of primary care recording of hospitalised pneumonia was also calculated. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-four thousand one hundred fifty-six COPD patients were eligible for inclusion, of whom 7,560 had an eligible pneumonia event in primary care diagnosed between 2015-2019 which was not 'hospital-acquired' and was diagnosed and entered on the same day. Of the 2,094 events which were followed by hospitalisation within 7 days, 1,208 had a primary diagnosis of pneumonia in hospital, representing a PPV of pneumonia coding in primary care of 57.7% (95% CI 55.6%-59.8%). Another 284 (13.6%) were diagnosed as a COPD exacerbation and 114 (5.4%) were diagnosed as another respiratory disease. Use of additional pneumonia clinical and treatment codes had a modest effect on the PPV but substantially lowered the number of events. Of the 33,603 eligible pneumonia events identified in secondary care, only 11,445 were recorded in primary care within 42 days, representing a sensitivity of 34.1% (95% CI 33.6%-34.6%). CONCLUSIONS Use of primary care pneumonia codes and associated clinical and treatment codes to determine pneumonia is not recommended due to significant levels of misdiagnosis and many hospitalised events failing to be recorded in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Douglas
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Alispahic IA, Eklöf J, Sivapalan P, Jordan AR, Harboe ZB, Biering-Sørensen T, Jensen JUS. Risk of Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treated with Azithromycin, Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin, and Amoxicillin. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1987. [PMID: 38610752 PMCID: PMC11013008 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13071987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Prior research has raised concerns regarding the use of macrolides and their association with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Methods: We conducted a cohort study, where we explored the cardiovascular risks associated with the treatment of COPD patients using macrolide antibiotics-namely azithromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin-with amoxicillin serving as a reference. The study focused on COPD patients in an outpatient setting and included a thorough 3-year follow-up. Patients were categorized into four groups based on their treatment. The primary analysis utilized an adjusted Cox model, supplemented by sensitivity analysis through inverse probability of treatment weighting. Results: No significant differences were found in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE-stroke, acute myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death) between the macrolide groups, and the amoxicillin/hazard ratios (HR) were azithromycin HR = 1.01, clarithromycin HR = 0.99, and roxithromycin HR = 1.02. Similarly, sensitivity analysis showed no disparities in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death among the groups. Conclusions: Overall, the study revealed no evidence of increased risk of MACE, all-cause mortality, or cardiovascular death in COPD patients treated with these macrolides compared to amoxicillin over a 3-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Achir Alispahic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.E.); (P.S.); (J.-U.S.J.)
| | - Josefin Eklöf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.E.); (P.S.); (J.-U.S.J.)
| | - Pradeesh Sivapalan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.E.); (P.S.); (J.-U.S.J.)
| | - Alexander Ryder Jordan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.E.); (P.S.); (J.-U.S.J.)
| | - Zitta Barrella Harboe
- Department of Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 3400 North Zealand, Denmark;
| | | | - Jens-Ulrik Stæhr Jensen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.E.); (P.S.); (J.-U.S.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Aggarwal B, Jones P, Casas A, Gomes M, Juthong S, Litewka D, Ong-Dela Cruz B, Ramirez-Venegas A, Sayiner A, van Hasselt J, Compton C, Tombs L, Weng S, Levy G. Association between Increased Risk of Pneumonia with ICS in COPD: A Continuous Variable Analysis of Patient Factors from the IMPACT Study. Pulm Ther 2024:10.1007/s41030-024-00255-1. [PMID: 38446336 DOI: 10.1007/s41030-024-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the proven benefits of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing triple therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), clinicians limit patient exposure to ICS due to the risk of pneumonia. However, there are multiple factors associated with the risk of pneumonia in patients with COPD. This post hoc analysis of IMPACT trial data aims to set the risks associated with ICS into a context of specific patient-related factors that contribute to the risk of pneumonia. METHODS The 52-week, double-blind IMPACT trial randomized patients with symptomatic COPD and ≥1 exacerbation in the prior year 2:2:1 to once-daily fluticasone furoate (FF)/umeclidinium (UMEC)/vilanterol (VI), FF/VI or UMEC/VI. Annual rate of on-treatment pneumonias in the intent-to-treat population associated with age, body mass index (BMI), percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and blood eosinophil count (BEC) was evaluated. RESULTS This analysis revealed that the annual rate of pneumonia showed the lowest risk at the age of 50 years. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) between ICS-containing and non-ICS containing treatments diverged in ages > 63 years, suggesting a significantly increased ICS-related risk in older patients. In contrast, the annual rate of pneumonia rose in both groups below BMI of 22.5 kg/m2, but above that, there was no relationship to pneumonia rate and no differential effect between the two groups. The relationship between BEC and pneumonia was flat up to > 300/µL cells with ICS-containing treatment and then rose. In contrast, the rate of pneumonia with non-ICS containing treatment appeared to increase at a lower level of BEC (~ 200/µL). CONCLUSIONS There was little evidence of a differential effect of older age, lower BMI, lower FEV1 and BEC on the pneumonia rate between ICS-containing and non-ICS containing treatments. This analysis points to the need for a balanced approach to risk versus benefit in the use of ICS-containing treatments in COPD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION IMPACT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02164513.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Aggarwal
- Emerging Markets, GSK, 23 Rochester Park, Singapore, 139234, Singapore.
| | - Paul Jones
- Global Medical, Regulatory and Quality, GlaxoSmithKline Plc., Brentford, UK
| | - Alejandro Casas
- AIREPOC (Integrated Care and Rehabilitation Program of COPD), Pulmonary Colombian Foundation, and El Rosario University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauro Gomes
- Department of Pneumology at Santa Casa Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Samaritano-Higienopolis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Siwasak Juthong
- Division of Respiratory and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Diego Litewka
- Unidad Neumonologia, Hospital Juan A. Fernandez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bernice Ong-Dela Cruz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Philippine Heart Center, Quezon, Philippines
| | - Alejandra Ramirez-Venegas
- Department of Research in Tobacco and COPD, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abdullah Sayiner
- Department of Chest Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Gur Levy
- Emerging Markets, GSK, Panama City, Panama
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Lu C, Mao X. Risk of adverse reactions associated with inhaled corticosteroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e36609. [PMID: 38241558 PMCID: PMC10798756 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the majority of current therapeutic regimens for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchodilators are coupled with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) to lower the inflammatory response and improve symptoms. This study aims to evaluate the safety of ICS in the treatment of COPD. METHODS Randomized controlled trials related to ICS for COPD that were eligible up to 1 June 2023 were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane. We searched and screened eligible studies for the occurrence of total adverse events, cardiovascular events, upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), pneumonia, oral Candida infections, and musculoskeletal disorders, and finally analyzed them by Review Manager 5.4.1. RESULTS The results showed that ICS increased the incidence of adverse reactions in COPD patients (RR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03-1.10, P = .0004); ICS treatment did not increase the risk of cardiovascular events in COPD patients (RR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.88-1.02, P = .14); ICS increased the incidence of URTI in COPD patients (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.02-1.62, P = .03); ICS increased the incidence of pneumonia in patients with COPD (RR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.63-2.69, P < .00001); ICS treatment significantly increased the incidence of oral Candida in patients with COPD (RR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.99-4.41, P < .00001); ICS increased the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders in patients with COPD (RR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.51-5.45, P = .001). CONCLUSION ICS does not increase the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with COPD, but it does increase the risk of URTI, pneumonia, oral Candida infections, and musculoskeletal disorders in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghe Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cangnan County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinghua Mao
- Department of Acupuncture, Cangnan County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
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Jung AL, Han M, Griss K, Bertrams W, Nell C, Greulich T, Klemmer A, Pott H, Heider D, Vogelmeier CF, Hippenstiel S, Suttorp N, Schmeck B. Novel protein biomarkers for pneumonia and acute exacerbations in COPD: a pilot study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1180746. [PMID: 37342494 PMCID: PMC10277477 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1180746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) result in high morbidity, mortality, and socio-economic burden. The usage of easily accessible biomarkers informing on disease entity, severity, prognosis, and pathophysiological endotypes is limited in clinical practice. Here, we have analyzed selected plasma markers for their value in differential diagnosis and severity grading in a clinical cohort. Methods A pilot cohort of hospitalized patients suffering from CAP (n = 27), AECOPD (n = 10), and healthy subjects (n = 22) were characterized clinically. Clinical scores (PSI, CURB, CRB65, GOLD I-IV, and GOLD ABCD) were obtained, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-2-receptor (IL-2R), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), resistin, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), lactotransferrin (LTF), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), neutrophil-elastase-2 (ELA2), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), soluble Fas (sFas), as well as TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) were measured in plasma. Results In CAP patients and healthy volunteers, we found significantly different levels of ELA2, HGF, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, LBP, resistin, LTF, and TRAIL. The panel of LBP, sFas, and TRAIL could discriminate between uncomplicated and severe CAP. AECOPD patients showed significantly different levels of LTF and TRAIL compared to healthy subjects. Ensemble feature selection revealed that CAP and AECOPD can be discriminated by IL-6, resistin, together with IL-2R. These factors even allow the differentiation between COPD patients suffering from an exacerbation or pneumonia. Discussion Taken together, we identified immune mediators in patient plasma that provide information on differential diagnosis and disease severity and can therefore serve as biomarkers. Further studies are required for validation in bigger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Jung
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry – Bacterial Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria Han
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik m.S. Hämatologie und Onkologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Griss
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nell
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Timm Greulich
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Klemmer
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Pott
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Heider
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (Synmikro), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Claus F. Vogelmeier
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry – Bacterial Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (Synmikro), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Member of the German Center of Infectious Disease Research, Marburg, Germany
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Lineros R, Fernández-Delgado L, Vega-Rioja A, Chacón P, Doukkali B, Monteseirin J, Ribas-Pérez D. Associated Factors of Pneumonia in Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Apart from the Use of Inhaled Corticosteroids. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051243. [PMID: 37238914 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are widely used in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in combination with long-acting β2 agonists (LABAs) to reduce exacerbations and improve patient lung function and quality of life. However, ICSs have been associated with an increased risk of pneumonia in individuals with COPD, although the magnitude of this risk remains unclear. Therefore, it is difficult to make informed clinical decisions that balance the benefits and adverse effects of ICSs in people with COPD. There may be other causes of pneumonia in patients with COPD, and these causes are not always considered in studies on the risks of using ICSs in COPD. We consider it very useful to clarify these aspects in assessing the influence of ICSs on the incidence of pneumonia and their role in the treatment of COPD. This issue has important implications for current practice and the evaluation and management of COPD, since COPD patients may benefit from specific ICS-based treatment strategies. Many of the potential causes of pneumonia in patients with COPD can act synergistically, so they can be included in more than one section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Lineros
- Unidad Salud Mental, Hospital Vázquez Díaz, 21080 Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Vega-Rioja
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Chacón
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bouchra Doukkali
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - David Ribas-Pérez
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain
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Intensive critical care and management of asthmatic and smoker patients in COVID-19 infection. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:29-42. [PMID: 36692461 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This century's most serious catastrophe, COVID-19, has been dubbed "the most life-threatening disaster ever". Asthmatic persons are even more prone to COVID-19's complex interplay with the underlying inflammatory condition. In order to protect themselves against COVID-19, asthmatic patients must be very vigilant in their usage of therapeutic techniques and drugs (e.g., bronchodilators, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors), which may be accessed to deal with mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 indications. People with asthma may have more severe COVID-19 symptoms, which may lead to a worsening of their condition. Several cytokines were found to be elevated in the bronchial tracts of patients with acute instances of COVID-19, suggesting that this ailment may aggravate asthma episodes by increasing inflammation. The intensity of COVID-19 symptoms is lessened in patients with asthma who have superior levels of T-cells. Several antibiotics, antivirals, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory drugs have been suggested to suppress COVID-19 symptoms in asthmatic persons. Furthermore, smokers are more likely to have aggravated repercussions in COVID-19 infection. Being hospitalized to critical care due to COVID-19, needing mechanical breathing, and suffering from serious health repercussions, are all possible outcomes for someone who has previously smoked. Smoking damages airways and alveoli, which significantly raises the risk of COVID-19-related health complications. Patients with a previous record of smoking are predisposed to severe COVID-19 disease symptoms that essentially require a combination of bronchodilators, mucolytics, antivirals, and antimuscarinic drugs, to cope with the situation. The present review discusses the care and management of asthmatic and smoker patients in COVID-19 infection.
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Bacterial Patterns and Empiric Antibiotic Use in COPD Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Arch Bronconeumol 2023; 59:90-100. [PMID: 36376121 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is strongly associated with the development of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Limited data are available on risk factors for difficult to manage bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa in COPD patients with CAP. Our objective was to assess the microbiological patterns associated with risk factors that determine empiric antibiotic therapy in hospitalized COPD patients with CAP. METHODS We performed a secondary data analysis of an international, multicenter, observational, point-prevalence study involving hospitalized COPD patients with CAP from March to June 2015. After identifying the risk factors associated with different microorganisms, we developed a scoring system to guide decision-making about empiric anti-pseudomonal antibiotic therapy in this population. RESULTS We enrolled 689 hospitalized COPD patients with CAP with documented microbiological testing. The most frequent microorganisms isolated were Streptococcus pneumoniae (8%) and Gram-negative bacteria (8%), P. aeruginosa (7%) and Haemophilus influenzae (3%). We developed a scoring system incorporating the variables independently associated with P. aeruginosa that include a previous P. aeruginosa isolation or infection (OR 14.2 [95%CI 5.7-35.2]), hospitalization in the past 12 months (OR 3.7 [1.5-9.2]), and bronchiectasis (OR 3.2 [1.4-7.2]). Empiric anti-pseudomonal antibiotics were overutilized in COPD patients with CAP. The new scoring system has the potential to reduce empiric anti-pseudomonal antibiotic use from 54.1% to 6.2%. CONCLUSIONS COPD patients with CAP present different microbiological profiles associated with unique risk factors. Anti-pseudomonal treatment is a critical decision when selecting empiric antibiotic therapy. We developed a COPD scoring system to guide decision-making about empiric anti-pseudomonal antibiotic therapy.
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Kanemitsu Y, Kurokawa R, Akamatsu T, Fukumitsu K, Fukuda S, Ito Y, Takeda N, Nishiyama H, Ito K, Tajiri T, Mori Y, Uemura T, Ohkubo H, Takemura M, Maeno K, Oguri T, Shirai T, Niimi A. Decreased capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity predicts hospitalisation due to COPD. BMJ Open Respir Res 2023; 10:10/1/e001283. [PMID: 36697033 PMCID: PMC9884861 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are often hospitalised due to severe acute exacerbation (AE) or community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Previous studies revealed the association of cough reflex sensitivity with the pathophysiology of COPD and pneumonia. We hypothesised that cough reflex sensitivity may be associated with severe AE or CAP requiring hospitalisation in patients with COPD. METHODS We prospectively recruited 68 patients with COPD between June 2018 and January 2020. Patient characteristics, lung and cardiac functions, and biomarkers, including capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity and blood eosinophil count, were evaluated at enrolment. All participants were monitored for AE or CAP requiring hospitalisation for 12 months. We determined the risk factors and ORs for hospitalisation in patients with COPD using a multivariate analysis. RESULTS Eight patients experienced AE (n=3) or CAP (n=5) and required hospitalisation during follow-up. Patients in the hospitalisation+ group had higher modified Medical Research Council scores and blood eosinophil counts (≥300 µL) than those in the hospitalisation- group. Capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity tended to decrease in the hospitalisation+ group compared with that in the hospitalisation- group. Multivariate analysis revealed that a decreased capsaicin cough reflex and high eosinophil count (≥300 µL) were predictive risk factors for future hospitalisation due to AE-COPD or CAP. CONCLUSION In addition to eosinophils, decreased capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity was associated with hospitalisation due to AE-COPD or CAP. Capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity in patients with COPD may play a role in the prevention of severe AE or pneumonia requiring hospitalisation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER UMIN000032497.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kanemitsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryota Kurokawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taisuke Akamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Fukumitsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihisa Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirono Nishiyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keima Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tajiri
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuta Mori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takehiro Uemura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ohkubo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaya Takemura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Maeno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Oguri
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Shirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akio Niimi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
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Campling J, Vyse A, Liu HH, Wright H, Slack M, Reinert RR, Drayson M, Richter A, Singh D, Barlow G, Kassianos G, Ellsbury G. A review of evidence for pneumococcal vaccination in adults at increased risk of pneumococcal disease: risk group definitions and optimization of vaccination coverage in the United Kingdom. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:785-800. [PMID: 37694398 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2256394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumococcal disease (PD) significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality, carrying substantial economic and public health burden. This article is a targeted review of evidence for pneumococcal vaccination in the UK, the definitions of groups at particular risk of PD and vaccine effectiveness. AREAS COVERED Relevant evidence focusing on UK data from surveillance systems, randomized controlled trials, observational studies and publicly available government documents is collated and reviewed. Selected global data are included where appropriate. EXPERT OPINION National vaccination programs have reduced the incidence of vaccine-type PD, despite the rising prominence of non-vaccine serotypes in the UK. The introduction of higher-valency conjugate vaccines provides an opportunity to improve protection against PD for adults in risk groups. Several incentives are in place to encourage general practitioners to vaccinate risk groups, but uptake is low-suboptimal particularly among at-risk individuals. Wider awareness and understanding among the public and healthcare professionals may increase vaccination uptake and coverage. National strategies targeting organizational factors are urgently needed to achieve optimal access to vaccines. Finally, identifying new risk factors and approaches to risk assessment for PD are crucial to ensure those at risk of PD can benefit from pneumococcal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Vyse
- Medical Affairs, Pfizer Ltd, Walton Oaks, UK
| | | | | | - Mary Slack
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Mark Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dave Singh
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gavin Barlow
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - George Kassianos
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
- British Global & Travel Health Association, Bath, UK
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13
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Szylińska A, Bott-Olejnik M, Wańkowicz P, Karoń D, Rotter I, Kotfis K. A Novel Index in the Prediction of Pneumonia Following Acute Ischemic Stroke. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192215306. [PMID: 36430028 PMCID: PMC9690571 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to search for predictive factors and to develop a model (index) for the risk of pneumonia following acute ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study is an analysis of prospectively collected data from the neurology department of a district general hospital in Poland, comprising 1001 patients suffering from an acute ischemic stroke. Based on the medical data, the formula for the prediction of pneumonia was calculated. RESULTS Multivariate assessment for pneumonia occurrence was performed using the new PNEUMOINDEX. The study showed a significant increase in pneumonia risk with an increasing PNEUMOINDEX (OR non-adjusted = 2.738, p < 0.001). After accounting for age and comorbidities as confounders, the effect of the Index on pneumonia changed marginally (OR = 2.636, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study presents factors that show a significant association with the occurrence of pneumonia in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The calculated PNEUMOINDEX consists of data obtained at admission, namely NYHA III and IV heart failure, COPD, generalized atherosclerosis, NIHHS score on admission, and CRP/Hgb ratio, and shows high prediction accuracy in predicting hospital-acquired pneumonia in ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szylińska
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Bott-Olejnik
- Department of Neurology, Regional Specialist Hospital in Gryfice, 72-300 Gryfice, Poland
| | - Paweł Wańkowicz
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Karoń
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Regional Specialist Hospital in Gryfice, 72-300 Gryfice, Poland
| | - Iwona Rotter
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-204 Szczecin, Poland
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Kaleem Ullah M, Parthasarathi A, Biligere Siddaiah J, Vishwanath P, Upadhyay S, Ganguly K, Anand Mahesh P. Impact of Acute Exacerbation and Its Phenotypes on the Clinical Outcomes of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Hospitalized Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10110667. [PMID: 36355958 PMCID: PMC9695923 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are clinically significant events having therapeutic and prognostic consequences. However, there is a lot of variation in its clinical manifestations described by phenotypes. The phenotypes of AECOPD were categorized in this study based on pathology and exposure. In our cross-sectional study, conducted between 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020, the patients were categorized into six groups based on pathology: non-bacterial and non-eosinophilic; bacterial; eosinophilic; bacterial infection with eosinophilia; pneumonia; and bronchiectasis. Further, four groups were classified based on exposure to tobacco smoke (TS), biomass smoke (BMS), both, or no exposure. Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses were performed to assess hazard ratios, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to assess survival, which was then compared using the log-rank test. The odds ratio (OR) and independent predictors of ward admission type and length of hospital stay were assessed using binomial logistic regression analyses. Of the 2236 subjects, 2194 were selected. The median age of the cohort was 67.0 (60.0 to 74.0) and 75.2% were males. Mortality rates were higher in females than in males (6.2% vs. 2.3%). AECOPD-B (bacterial infection) subjects [HR 95% CI 6.42 (3.06-13.46)], followed by AECOPD-P (pneumonia) subjects [HR (95% CI: 4.33 (2.01-9.30)], were at higher mortality risk and had a more extended hospital stay (6.0 (4.0 to 9.5) days; 6.0 (4.0 to 10.0). Subjects with TS and BMS-AECOPD [HR 95% CI 7.24 (1.53-34.29)], followed by BMS-AECOPD [HR 95% CI 5.28 (2.46-11.35)], had higher mortality risk. Different phenotypes have different impacts on AECOPD clinical outcomes. A better understanding of AECOPD phenotypes could contribute to developing an algorithm for the precise management of different phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kaleem Ullah
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSSAHER, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Global Infectious Diseases Fellow, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi
- Allergy, Asthma, and Chest Centre, Krishnamurthypuram, Mysore 570004, Karnataka, India
- RUTGERS Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1293, USA
| | | | - Prashant Vishwanath
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSSAHER, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Swapna Upadhyay
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSSAHER, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
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15
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Chowdhury ZM, Bhattacharjee A, Ahammad I, Hossain MU, Jaber AA, Rahman A, Dev PC, Salimullah M, Keya CA. Exploration of Streptococcus core genome to reveal druggable targets and novel therapeutics against S. pneumoniae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272945. [PMID: 35980906 PMCID: PMC9387852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), the major etiological agent of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) contributes significantly to the global burden of infectious diseases which is getting resistant day by day. Nearly 30% of the S. pneumoniae genomes encode hypothetical proteins (HPs), and better understandings of these HPs in virulence and pathogenicity plausibly decipher new treatments. Some of the HPs are present across many Streptococcus species, systematic assessment of these unexplored HPs will disclose prospective drug targets. In this study, through a stringent bioinformatics analysis of the core genome and proteome of S. pneumoniae PCS8235, we identified and analyzed 28 HPs that are common in many Streptococcus species and might have a potential role in the virulence or pathogenesis of the bacteria. Functional annotations of the proteins were conducted based on the physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, virulence prediction, protein-protein interactions, and identification of essential genes, to find potentially druggable proteins among 28 HPs. The majority of the HPs are involved in bacterial transcription and translation. Besides, some of them were homologs of enzymes, binding proteins, transporters, and regulators. Protein-protein interactions revealed HP PCS8235_RS05845 made the highest interactions with other HPs and also has TRP structural motif along with virulent and pathogenic properties indicating it has critical cellular functions and might go under unconventional protein secretions. The second highest interacting protein HP PCS8235_RS02595 interacts with the Regulator of chromosomal segregation (RocS) which participates in chromosome segregation and nucleoid protection in S. pneumoniae. In this interacting network, 54% of protein members have virulent properties and 40% contain pathogenic properties. Among them, most of these proteins circulate in the cytoplasmic area and have hydrophilic properties. Finally, molecular docking and dynamics simulation demonstrated that the antimalarial drug Artenimol can act as a drug repurposing candidate against HP PCS8235_RS 04650 of S. pneumoniae. Hence, the present study could aid in drugs against S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ishtiaque Ahammad
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abdullah All Jaber
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Salimullah
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chaman Ara Keya
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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16
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Jo YS. Long-term outcome of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A review. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2022; 85:289-301. [PMID: 35822318 PMCID: PMC9537656 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2022.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic airway inflammation characterized by fixed airflow limitation and chronic respiratory symptoms, such as cough, sputum, and dyspnea. COPD is a progressive disease characterized by a decline in lung function. During the natural course of the disease, acute deterioration of symptoms leading to hospital visits can occur and influence further disease progression and subsequent exacerbation. Moreover, COPD is not only restricted to pulmonary manifestations but can present with other systemic diseases as comorbidities or systemic manifestations, including lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, sarcopenia, and metabolic abnormalities. These pulmonary and extrapulmonary conditions lead to the aggravation of dyspnea, physical inactivity, decreased exercise capacity, functional decline, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality. In addition, pneumonia, which is attributed to both COPD itself and an adverse effect of treatment (especially the use of inhaled and/or systemic steroids), can occur and lead to further deterioration in the prognosis of COPD. This review summarizes the long-term outcomes of patients with COPD. In addition, recent studies on the prediction of adverse outcomes are summarized in the last part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Suk Jo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Joean O, Welte T. Vaccination and modern management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - a narrative review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:605-614. [PMID: 35713962 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2092099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) carries a tremendous societal and individual burden, posing significant challenges for public health systems worldwide due to its high morbidity and mortality. Due to aging and multimorbidity but also in the wake of important progress in deciphering the heterogeneous disease endotypes, an individualized approach to the prevention and management of COPD is necessary. AREAS COVERED This article tackles relevant immunization strategies that are available or still under development with a focus on the latest evidence but also controversies around different regional immunization approaches. Further, we present the crossover between chronic lung inflammation and lung microbiome disturbance as well as its role in delineating COPD endotypes. Moreover, the article attempts to underline endotype-specific treatment approaches. Lastly, we highlight non-pharmacologic prevention and management programs in view of the challenges and opportunities of the COVID-19 era. EXPERT OPINION Despite the remaining challenges, personalized medicine has the potential to offer tailored approaches to prevention and therapy and promises to improve the care of patients living with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Joean
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
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Vestbo J, Waterer G, Leather D, Crim C, Bakerly ND, Frith L, Jacques L, Harvey C, Satia I, Woodcock A. Mortality after admission with pneumonia is higher than after admission with an exacerbation of COPD. Eur Respir J 2022; 59:13993003.02899-2021. [PMID: 35273031 PMCID: PMC9117732 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02899-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with COPD often experience exacerbations and pneumonia that are occasionally severe and lead to hospital admission [1–3]. The risk of pneumonia is further increased by treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) [4–6]. Although potentially difficult to distinguish [7], there could be differences in the risk of death associated with these events that need to be taken into account when planning management and clinical follow-up. The Salford Lung Study was set up to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the once-daily inhaled combination of fluticasone furoate and vilanterol (FF/VI; in ELLIPTA dry powder inhaler) compared with existing maintenance therapy (usual care) in a large, real-world population of patients with COPD in conditions of normal care [8]. Strengths of the study include the relatively unselected patient population, the completeness of follow-up using a joint electronic record system and the fact that all patients were provided usual standard of care for their exacerbations and during admissions. We used this study database to examine mortality after an admission with a severe exacerbation or pneumonia, and the impact of classification of these events. Mortality after an admission for pneumonia is considerably higher than for an admission for an exacerbation in COPD patients recruited from usual clinical practice. A proper diagnosis in acute worsenings of symptoms in COPD is therefore important.https://bit.ly/3LyhnnC
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Vestbo
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Grant Waterer
- University of Western Australia and Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - David Leather
- Global Respiratory Franchise, GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd, Brentford, UK
| | - Courtney Crim
- Clinical Sciences, GSK, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Lucy Frith
- Respiratory Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd, Brentford, UK
| | - Loretta Jacques
- Respiratory Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd, Brentford, UK
| | - Catherine Harvey
- Global Clinical Safety & Pharmacovigilance, Safety Evaluation and Risk Management, GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Imran Satia
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.,McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley Woodcock
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
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Mao Y, Qian Y, Sun X, Li N, Huang H. Eosinopenia Predicting Long-term Mortality in Hospitalized Acute Exacerbation of COPD Patients with Community-acquired Pneumonia-A Retrospective Analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2022; 16:3551-3559. [PMID: 35002227 PMCID: PMC8722564 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s347948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) could be triggered by community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Peripheral blood eosinopenia are strongly associated with increased mortality. In hospitalized AECOPD patients with CAP, eosinopenia may be used to identify patients with high risk of death on admission. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study in 82 hospitalized AECOPD patients with CAP. Patients who had received systemic corticosteroids preadmission were excluded. The patients were identified by individual case file review. According to blood eosinophil count, patients were grouped as eosinopenia (<50/μL) and non-eosinopenia (≥50/μL). Association of eosinopenia with infection and 18-month survival were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Results Baseline demographic, comorbidity, CURB65 and Pneumonia Severity Index scores were similar between two groups. The eosinopenia group had significantly higher pro-brain natriuretic peptide, D-dimer, neutrophil percentage, and lower lymphocyte count and lymphocyte percentage. The eosinopenia group had significantly higher C-reactive protein (median 77.30 vs 16.55, p=0.008) and procalcitonin (median 0.32 vs 0.12, p=0.001). Survival at 18 months after hospital discharge was significantly lower in the eosinopenia group vs non-eosinopenia group (log rank, p=0.002). Conclusion Eosinopenia (<50/μL) was a strong predictor of 18-month mortality and associated with more severe infection in hospitalized AECOPD patients with CAP. Eosinophil count at admission can be used as a prognosis marker of mortality in those population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Haining People's Hospital, Haining Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqiong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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20
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Wallick C, To TM, Korom S, Masters H, Hanania NA, Moawad D. Impact of influenza infection on the short- and long-term health of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Med Econ 2022; 25:930-939. [PMID: 35837794 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2022.2098630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a common cause of acute respiratory infection that leads to exacerbation of underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To elucidate the short- and long-term effects of influenza in patients with COPD, we examined health care resource utilization (HRU) and costs up to 13 months following influenza infection. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using U.S. insurance claims data from MarketScan. Patients with an influenza diagnosis during the 2012-2014 influenza seasons and continuous enrollment in a health plan from 12 months before to 13 months after the index influenza diagnosis were identified and propensity score-matched 1:5 to controls without evidence of influenza. COPD- and pneumonia-related outcomes were assessed over 13 months following influenza diagnosis. RESULTS COPD-associated outcomes after diagnosis were significantly worse in patients with influenza (n = 7,087) vs. controls (n = 35,435) during the first month (exacerbation: 16.1 vs. 3.4%; outpatient visits: 57.1 vs. 35.2%; emergency department (ED) visits: 10.5 vs. 1.8%; and inpatient visits: 5.6 vs. 0.7%) and months 2-13 (exacerbation: 25.1 vs. 21.1%; outpatient visits: 86.1 vs. 85.8%; ED visits: 20.0 vs. 15.7%; and inpatient visits: 6.5 vs. 5.3%). COPD- and pneumonia-associated costs for months 1 and 2-13 were higher in patients with influenza. LIMITATIONS The study was subject to a residual imbalance between cohorts despite propensity score matching. The use of diagnostic codes to select patients and identify complications could introduce inaccuracies in estimating events. CONCLUSIONS HRU and costs were higher in COPD patients with influenza during the first month and over the entire year following infection. This suggests influenza has an impact on respiratory health in patients with COPD that lasts beyond the acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tu My To
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Nicola A Hanania
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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21
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Wise RA, Bafadhel M, Crim C, Criner GJ, Day NC, Halpin DMG, Han MK, Lange P, Lipson DA, Martinez FJ, Maselli DJ, Midwinter D, Singh D, Zysman M, Dransfield MT, Russell REK. Discordant diagnostic criteria for pneumonia in COPD trials: a review. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/162/210124. [PMID: 34789465 PMCID: PMC9488621 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0124-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have a class effect of increasing pneumonia risk in patients with COPD. However, pneumonia incidence varies widely across clinical trials of ICS use in COPD. This review clarifies methodological differences in defining and recording pneumonia events in these trials and discusses factors that could contribute to the varying pneumonia incidence. Literature searches and screening yielded 40 relevant references for inclusion. Methods used to capture pneumonia events in these studies included investigator-reported pneumonia adverse events, standardised list of signs or symptoms, radiographic confirmation of suspected cases and/or confirmation by an independent clinical end-point committee. In general, more stringent pneumonia diagnosis criteria led to lower reported pneumonia incidence rates. In addition, studies varied in design and population characteristics, including exacerbation history and lung function, factors that probably contribute to the varying pneumonia incidence. As such, cross-trial comparisons are problematic. A minimal set of standardised criteria for diagnosis and reporting of pneumonia should be used in COPD studies, as well as reporting of patients’ pneumonia history at baseline, to allow comparison of pneumonia rates between trials. Currently, within-trial comparison of ICS-containing versus non-ICS-containing treatments is the appropriate method to assess the influence of ICS on pneumonia incidence. Trials of ICS in COPD use varying methods of reporting pneumonia incidence, which influence the interpretation of results. A minimal set of standardised criteria for pneumonia diagnosis would allow comparison of pneumonia incidence between trials.https://bit.ly/3nbkdoL
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Wise
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mona Bafadhel
- Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Courtney Crim
- Clinical Sciences - Respiratory, GSK, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,Affiliation at the time of writing
| | - Gerard J Criner
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - David M G Halpin
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - MeiLan K Han
- University of Michigan, Pulmonary & Critical Care, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Lange
- Section of Epidemiology, Dept of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Medical Dept, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - David A Lipson
- Clinical Sciences, GSK, Collegeville, PA, USA.,Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Dept of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fernando J Martinez
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diego J Maselli
- Dept of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Dave Singh
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Hospital Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Maeva Zysman
- Service des Maladies Respiratoires, CHU Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Pessac, France
| | - Mark T Dransfield
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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22
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Kim HJ, Park MS, Shin JI, Park J, Kim DH, Jeon J, Kim J, Song TJ. Associations of heart failure with susceptibility and severe complications of COVID-19: A nationwide cohort study. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1138-1145. [PMID: 34738248 PMCID: PMC8661586 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection is associated with occurrence and worsening of heart failure (HF). However, studies on the association of susceptibility and severe complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with HF history are limited. From the Korean nationwide COVID-19 data set, 212,678 participants with at least one severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test were included between January 1 and June 4, 2020. To investigate the association of HF with susceptibility and severe complications of COVID-19, 1:4 ratio propensity score matching (PSM) and logistic regression analysis were performed. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and death. After PSM, COVID-19 PCR positivity did not show a significant difference according to HF history in multivariable analysis (odds ratio [OR]: 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.79-1.04), p = 0.146). Of 7630 individuals with confirmed COVID-19 infection, 310 (4.1%) had HF history. The overall primary outcome occurred in 426 (5.6%) individuals, including 159 (2.1%) cases of mechanical ventilation, 254 (3.3%) cases of ICU admission, and 215 (2.8%) cases of death. In multivariate logistic analysis, presence of HF history was associated independently with primary outcome (OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.42-2.79, p < 0.001), particularly mortality (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.36-3.00, p < 0.001). Our study demonstrated that HF history is associated poor prognosis, particularly mortality, in COVID-19. Patients with HF can have severe complication if infected with COVID-19; therefore, careful management are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Suk Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyeok Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkwon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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de Miguel-Diez J, Lopez-Herranz M, Hernandez-Barrera V, de Miguel-Yanes JM, Perez-Farinos N, Wärnberg J, Carabantes-Alarcon D, Jimenez-Garcia R, Lopez-de-Andres A. Community-Acquired Pneumonia among Patients with COPD in Spain from 2016 to 2019. Cohort Study Assessing Sex Differences in the Incidence and Outcomes Using Hospital Discharge Data. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214889. [PMID: 34768409 PMCID: PMC8584564 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To describe and analyze the incidence and hospital outcomes of patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) according to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) status and sex in Spanish hospitals from 2016 to 2019. Methods: We conducted a cohort study using national hospital discharge data of all patients ≥40 years with CAP. Results: A total of 500,833 patients (59.0% men) was identified. Incidence of CAP increased over time. Age-adjusted incidence was 4.42-times higher in COPD patients. In-hospital mortality (IHM) was lower in men and women with COPD than in those without COPD (14.41% vs. 10.70% in men; 11.12% vs. 8.58%. in women; p < 0.001). The risk of dying in hospital increased with age, presence of several comorbidities (excluding T2DM that was a protective factor), and need for mechanical ventilation (non-invasive and invasive) during admission, irrespective of sex. Over time, the IHM decreased significantly in men and women with COPD. Men with COPD were significantly more likely to die in hospital than were COPD women (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.07–1.21). Conclusions: Incidence of CAP was higher among subjects with COPD, although the effect of COPD was higher in men than in women. By contrast, IHM was lower in COPD patients, but men with COPD were significantly more likely to die in hospital than were COPD women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier de Miguel-Diez
- Respiratory Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta Lopez-Herranz
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-1521
| | - Valentin Hernandez-Barrera
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Teaching and Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jose M. de Miguel-Yanes
- Internal Medicine Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Napoleon Perez-Farinos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), School of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Julia Wärnberg
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), School of Health Sciences, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - David Carabantes-Alarcon
- Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.-A.); (R.J.-G.); (A.L.-d.-A.)
| | - Rodrigo Jimenez-Garcia
- Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.-A.); (R.J.-G.); (A.L.-d.-A.)
| | - Ana Lopez-de-Andres
- Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.-A.); (R.J.-G.); (A.L.-d.-A.)
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24
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Steuder R, Pott H, Maxheim M, Schmeck B. Pneumonie und COVID-19 bei COPD-Patienten. PNEUMO NEWS 2021; 13:30-35. [PMID: 34691274 PMCID: PMC8526095 DOI: 10.1007/s15033-021-2749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Steuder
- Klinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Pott
- Klinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Maxheim
- Klinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Klinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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25
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Chen XR, Wang DX. Serum MCP-1 and NGAL Play an Important Role in the Acute Inflammatory Event of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD 2021; 18:425-431. [PMID: 34325599 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2021.1954151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
NGAL is mainly secreted by neutrophils which play the core role in AECOPD. MCP-1 is secreted specifically by monocytes and macrophages. Both biomarkers are involved in the core process of acute inflammatory reaction in COPD. So We analyzed serum NGAL and MCP-1levels to explore their potential clinical values in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) .This study enrolled 97 COPD patients and 50 healthy controls. All participants received blood collection and lung function test and arterial blood gas measurements. The expression levels of serum NGAL and MCP-1 were measured by ELISA. The serum NGAL and MCP-1 levels of COPD with community-acquired pneumonia (COPD-CAP) patients were significantly higher than those of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) patients and healthy adults. The NGAL levels of the GOLD III and IV groups were significantly higher than those of the GOLD II group. Spearman correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between NGAL and FEV1%pred, FVC% pred. ROC curves indicated that NGAL has a high diagnostic value for both AECOPD and COPD-CAP. NGAL has the value of distinguishing GOLD I and II from GOLD III and IV. MCP-1 have moderate diagnostic value for COPD-CAP and can differentiate COPD-CAP from AECOPD. This study shows NGAL has certain diagnostic value for AECOPD and COPD-CAP, but can not distinguish the two. NGAL is closely related to airway remodeling and can be used as a potential indicator to distinguish the higher GOLD degree. MCP-1 can be used as potential indicator for the diagnosis of COPD-CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Ru Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dao-Xin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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26
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Niu Y, Xing Y, Li J, Shui W, Gu Y, Zhang C, Du H. Effect of Community-Acquired Pneumonia on Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD 2021; 18:417-424. [PMID: 34309464 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2021.1950664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major contributor to hospitalization for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). The clinical manifestations of AECOPD with and without CAP are confusing. The difference in the survival or readmission rate of AECOPD with or without CAP remains controversial. A prospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of patients who were consecutively hospitalized due to AECOPD from May 2015 to December 2019. Grouping was based on chest computed tomography findings. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the predictors for early identification between CAP exacerbations and non-CAP exacerbations. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the cumulative survival rate and readmission rate for a 12-month follow-up between the two groups. A total of 378 patients with AECOPD were enrolled, including 200 patients with CAP and 178 patients without CAP. The presence of pleuritic pain, usage of ICS, and elevated levels of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin on admission were the predictors for the early discrimination between AECOPD with and without CAP. During a 1-year follow-up, the cumulative survival rate was lower in patients with AECOPD with CAP than in those with AECOPD without CAP (13.0% vs. 3.37%; HR: 4.099; 95% CI, 2.049-8.199; p < 0.001), but the readmission rate was similar in both groups. Patients with first-time exacerbation due to CAP were more likely to experience subsequent pneumonic exacerbation. CAP is frequent among patients hospitalized for AECOPD and associated with increased mortality and successive pneumonic exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Niu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanli Xing
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Shui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuting Gu
- Department of Medical Record and Statistics, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Changran Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongchun Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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27
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Chang KY, Wu PC, Lee CH, Lee YC, Chen HC, Huang WC, Wu MF. Clinical Features and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii Complex Isolates in Intensive Care Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Taiwan. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:1801-1811. [PMID: 34168441 PMCID: PMC8216665 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s311714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Little is known about the features and implications of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Acinetobacter baumannii complex (ABC) isolates discovered in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation and admission to an intensive care unit. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibilities of PA and ABC isolates cultured from endotracheal aspirates (EAs) in such population. Patients and Methods In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, clinical data from medical records were reviewed and collected for analysis. Results Of the 262 participants, 17.2% (45/262), 11.5% (30/262), and 27.1% (71/262) had PA, ABC, and any of the two isolates discovered from EA cultures, respectively. Patients with PA isolates were associated with poorer lung function (the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) III+IV versus GOLD I+II, odds ratio (OR)=2.39, p= 0.022) and a lower body mass index (per increase of 1 kg/m2, OR= 0.93, p= 0.106) while the former was an independent predictor. Moreover, both subjects with ABC isolates and those with any of these two microorganisms were independently associated with a lower serum albumin level (per increase of 1 g/dL, OR= 0.44, p=0.009 and OR= 0.59, p=0.023, respectively). Participants with PA isolates were more likely to have failed weaning (62.2% versus 44.7%, p= 0.048) and death (28.9% versus 12.4%, p= 0.010) than those without PA isolates. The majority of the PA and ABC isolates were susceptible and resistant to all the tested antimicrobials, respectively, except that tigecycline had a reliable activity against ABC. Conclusion Our findings provide important information to help intensivists make better treatment decisions in critically ill patients with COPD and CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Yun Chang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Chu Wu
- Nursing Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiao Lee
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Che Lee
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo-Catholic Health, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Chen
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chang Huang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,Master Program for Health Administration, Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Wu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
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28
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Dransfield MT, Crim C, Criner GJ, Day NC, Halpin DMG, Han MK, Jones CE, Kilbride S, LaFon D, Lipson DA, Lomas DA, Martin N, Martinez FJ, Singh D, Wise RA, Lange P. Risk of Exacerbation and Pneumonia with Single-Inhaler Triple versus Dual Therapy in IMPACT. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 18:788-798. [PMID: 33108212 PMCID: PMC8086537 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202002-096oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: In the IMPACT (Informing the Pathway of COPD Treatment) trial, single-inhaler fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) triple therapy reduced exacerbation risk versus FF/VI and UMEC/VI and mortality risk versus UMEC/VI. However, pneumonia incidence was higher in the inhaled corticosteroid (FF)-containing arms, raising questions about the relative benefit of exacerbation reduction compared with the increased risk of pneumonia.Objectives: Determine benefit-risk of the three treatments by evaluating time-to-first and rates of composite exacerbation or pneumonia outcomes.Methods: We evaluated time-to-first (prespecified) and rates (post hoc) of investigator-reported pneumonia, serious pneumonia leading to hospitalization or death, and the composite endpoints of 1) moderate (required antibiotics/corticosteroids)/severe (hospitalized) exacerbation or pneumonia and 2) severe exacerbation or serious (hospitalized) pneumonia. Analyses were repeated for radiographically confirmed pneumonia (post hoc).Results: Moderate/severe exacerbations occurred in 47%, 49%, and 50% of patients randomized to FF/UMEC/VI, FF/VI and UMEC/VI, and pneumonias in 8%, 7%, and 5%, respectively. FF/UMEC/VI reduced the risk of combined moderate/severe exacerbation or pneumonia (time-to-first) versus FF/VI (hazard ratio, 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.82-0.92]) and UMEC/VI (0.87 [0.81-0.94]), as well as the risk of combined severe exacerbation or serious pneumonia versus UMEC/VI (0.83 [0.72-0.96]). FF/UMEC/VI reduced the rate of combined moderate/severe exacerbation or pneumonia (rate ratio, 0.78 [0.72-0.84]) and combined severe exacerbation or serious pneumonia (rate ratio, 0.76 [0.65-0.89]) versus UMEC/VI. Results were similar for radiographically confirmed pneumonia endpoints.Conclusions: Despite higher incidence of pneumonia in FF-containing arms, these composite exacerbation/pneumonia outcomes support a favorable benefit-risk profile of FF/UMEC/VI versus FF/VI and UMEC/VI in patients with symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a history of exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T. Dransfield
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Courtney Crim
- Clinical Sciences–Respiratory, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Gerard J. Criner
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicola C. Day
- GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - David M. G. Halpin
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - MeiLan K. Han
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - C. Elaine Jones
- Clinical Sciences–Respiratory, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - David LaFon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David A. Lipson
- Clinical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Lomas
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Martin
- Global Medical Affairs, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dave Singh
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Wise
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter Lange
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
- Medical Department, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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29
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Effectiveness and Safety of COPD Maintenance Therapy with Tiotropium/Olodaterol versus LABA/ICS in a US Claims Database. Adv Ther 2021; 38:2249-2270. [PMID: 33721209 PMCID: PMC8107175 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), treatment with long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)/long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) combination therapy significantly improves lung function versus LABA/inhaled corticosteroid (ICS). To investigate whether LAMA/LABA could provide better clinical outcomes than LABA/ICS, this non-interventional database study assessed the risk of COPD exacerbations, pneumonia, and escalation to triple therapy in patients with COPD initiating maintenance therapy with tiotropium/olodaterol versus any LABA/ICS combination. Methods Administrative healthcare claims and laboratory results data from the US HealthCore Integrated Research Databasesm were evaluated for patients with COPD initiating tiotropium/olodaterol versus LABA/ICS treatment (January 2013–March 2019). Patients were aged at least 40 years with a diagnosis of COPD (but not asthma) at cohort entry. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used (as-treated analysis) to assess risk of COPD exacerbation, community-acquired pneumonia, and escalation to triple therapy, both individually and as a combined risk of any one of these events. Potential imbalance of confounding factors between cohorts was handled using fine stratification, reweighting, and trimming by exposure propensity score (high-dimensional); subgroup analyses were conducted on the basis of blood eosinophil levels and exacerbation history. Results The total population consisted of 61,985 patients (tiotropium/olodaterol n = 2684; LABA/ICS n = 59,301); after reweighting, the total was 42,953 patients (tiotropium/olodaterol n = 2600; LABA/ICS n = 40,353; mean age 65 years; female 54.5%). Patients treated with tiotropium/olodaterol versus LABA/ICS experienced a reduction in the risk of COPD exacerbations (adjusted hazard ratio 0.76 [95% confidence interval 0.68, 0.85]), pneumonia (0.74 [0.57, 0.97]), escalation to triple therapy (0.22 [0.19, 0.26]), and any one of these events (0.45 [0.41, 0.49]); the combined risk was similar irrespective of baseline eosinophils and exacerbation history. Conclusions In patients with COPD, tiotropium/olodaterol was associated with a lower risk of COPD exacerbations, pneumonia, and escalation to triple therapy versus LABA/ICS, both individually and in combination; the combined risk was reduced irrespective of baseline eosinophils or exacerbation history. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT04138758 (registered 23 October 2019). Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12325-021-01646-5.
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Chen YC, Chen YY, Yeh HW, Yeh TY, Huang JY, Liao PL, Yeh LT, Yang SF, Chou MC, Yeh CB. Association Between Aspirin Use and Decreased Risk of Pneumonia in Patients With Cardio-Cerebra-Vascular Ischemic Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Front Public Health 2021; 9:625834. [PMID: 33816418 PMCID: PMC8013718 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.625834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the association between long-term low-dose aspirin use and decreased risk of pneumonia in patients with cardio-cerebra-vascular ischemic diseases (CCVDs). This retrospective cohort study used records from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database of claims made between 1997 and 2013. After propensity score matching (PSM), patients who took a low dose of aspirin for more than 90 days within 1 year of diagnosis with CCVDs were identified as the exposure group (n = 15,784). A matched total of 15,784 individuals without aspirin use were selected for the non-aspirin group. The main outcome was the development of pneumonia after the index date. Multivariable Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and cumulative probability of pneumonia. The result after PSM indicated a lower hazard ratio for pneumonia in aspirin users (aHR = 0.890, 95% confidence interval = 0.837-0.945). Therefore, patients with CCVDs who took aspirin had a lower risk of developing pneumonia than those who did not. In conclusion, this population-based cohort study demonstrated that long-term low-dose aspirin use is associated with a slightly decreased risk of pneumonia in patients with CCVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Yang Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han Wei Yeh
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Yeh
- Graduate School of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Tsai Yeh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Chou
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Bin Yeh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Yu Y, Liu W, Jiang HL, Mao B. Pneumonia Is Associated with Increased Mortality in Hospitalized COPD Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Respiration 2021; 100:64-76. [PMID: 33454702 DOI: 10.1159/000510615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at a heightened risk of pneumonia. Whether coexisting community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can predict increased mortality in hospitalized COPD patients is still controversial. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the association between CAP and mortality and morbidity in COPD patients hospitalized for acute worsening of respiratory symptoms. METHODS In this review, cohort studies and case-control studies investigating the impact of CAP in hospitalized COPD patients were retrieved from 4 electronic databases from inception until December 2019. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The primary outcome was mortality. The secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay, need for mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of ICU stay, and readmission rate. The Mantel-Haenszel method and inverse variance method were used to calculate pooled relative risk (RR) and mean difference (MD), respectively. RESULTS A total of 18 studies were included. The presence of CAP was associated with higher mortality (RR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.50-2.30; p < 0.00001), longer length of hospital stay (MD = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.19-2.59; p < 0.00001), more need for mechanical ventilation (RR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.32-1.67; p < 0.00001), and more ICU admissions (RR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.24-2.03; p = 0.0002) in hospitalized COPD patients. CAP was not associated with longer ICU stay (MD = 5.2; 95% CI: -2.35 to 12.74; p = 0.18) or higher readmission rate (RR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.96-1.09; p = 0.47). CONCLUSION Coexisting CAP may be associated with increased mortality and morbidity in hospitalized COPD patients, so radiological confirmation of CAP should be required and more attention should be paid to these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Li Jiang
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
| | - Bing Mao
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Shastri MD, Shukla SD, Chong WC, KC R, Dua K, Patel RP, Peterson GM, O'Toole RF. Smoking and COVID-19: What we know so far. Respir Med 2021; 176:106237. [PMID: 33246296 PMCID: PMC7674982 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has placed a spotlight on infectious diseases and their associations with host factors and underlying conditions. New data on the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus are entering the public domain at a rapid rate such that their distillation often lags behind. To minimise weak associations becoming perceived as established paradigms, it is imperative that methodologies and outputs from different studies are appropriately critiqued and compared. In this review, we examine recent data on a potential relationship between smoking and COVID-19. While the causal role of smoking has been firmly demonstrated in regard to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, such associations have the benefit of decades' worth of multi-centre epidemiological and mechanistic data. From our analysis of the available studies to date, it appears that a relationship is emerging in regard to patients with a smoking history having a higher likelihood of developing more severe symptoms of COVID-19 disease than non-smokers. Data on whether COVID-19 has a greater incidence in smokers than non-smokers is thus far, contradictory and inconclusive. There is therefore a need for some caution to be exercised until further research has been conducted in a wider range of geographical settings with sufficient numbers of patients that have been carefully phenotyped in respect of smoking status and adequate statistical control for confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur D. Shastri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia,Corresponding author
| | - Shakti D. Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Wai Chin Chong
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Rajendra KC
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW, Australia
| | - Rahul P. Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Peterson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Ronan F. O'Toole
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, School of Molecular Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, La Trobe, Australia,Corresponding author
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Irusen EM, Malange T. Pharmacotherapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Therapeutic considerations with a focus on inhaled corticosteroids. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2020; 62:e1-e6. [PMID: 33314947 PMCID: PMC8378153 DOI: 10.4102/safp.v62i1.5198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
International and national guidelines on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) emphasise bronchodilators as first-line therapy. However, in considering them the 'foundation' of treatment, attention has shifted from the fact that COPD is fundamentally an inflammatory disease. The mainstay ought to be anti-inflammatory medication, and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the best agents we have presently. There was initial scepticism about their role, but ICS were subsequently shown to have numerous anti-inflammatory effects. They are synergistic with bronchodilators at a molecular and clinical level and unequivocally improve dyspnoea, quality of life, exacerbation frequency and, more recently, mortality. These benefits are most apparent in the COPD eosinophilic phenotype. These beneficial effects have been met with some reservations because of the predisposition to pneumonia of ICS. This must be seen in context: over 90% of COPD patients in all clinical trials do not get pneumonia. The fact that patients with COPD are predisposed to pneumonia because of the disease itself is disregarded; this is a crucial omission as this constitutes the baseline incidence of about 3%. When one allows for this, then in the clinical reports, the excess risk of pneumonia ranges from zero to a maximum of 3%. Equally, some of the systemic effects attributed to ICS fail to appreciate that the disease, smoking and older age are risk factors in themselves, and ICS do not aggravate these. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has considerable impact on respiratory reserve and is associated with increasing morbidity; optimal outcomes are best achieved with long-acting bronchodilators and ICS co-prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis M Irusen
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; and, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town.
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Triple Versus Dual Combination Therapy in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Asian Countries: Analysis of the IMPACT Trial. Pulm Ther 2020; 7:101-118. [PMID: 33201438 PMCID: PMC8137798 DOI: 10.1007/s41030-020-00136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the IMPACT trial, single-inhaler triple therapy fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) reduced moderate/severe exacerbation rates versus FF/VI or UMEC/VI dual therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, pneumonia incidence was higher in FF-containing arms. As COPD is a growing problem in Asia, we compared the efficacy and safety of FF/UMEC/VI in Asia versus non-Asia regions. Methods IMPACT was a double-blind, 52-week trial in symptomatic COPD patients with ≥ 1 moderate/severe exacerbation in the prior year. This pre-specified analysis evaluated the annual rate of moderate/severe exacerbations, change from baseline in trough forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire total score, mortality, and safety (including pneumonia) in Asia versus non-Asia regions. Results The intent-to-treat population comprised 10,355 patients (Asia n = 1644 [16%]). Rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) for moderate/severe exacerbations with FF/UMEC/VI were 0.89 (0.76–1.05) versus FF/VI and 0.86 (0.71–1.04) versus UMEC/VI in Asia, and 0.84 (0.79–0.90) and 0.74 (0.68–0.80) in non-Asia. Efficacy of FF/UMEC/VI on other endpoints was similar in both regions. There was an increased incidence of investigator-reported pneumonia in patients in Asia (FF/UMEC/VI: 13%; FF/VI: 14%; UMEC/VI: 6%) compared with non-Asia (FF/UMEC/VI: 6%; FF/VI: 5%; UMEC/VI: 4%). The increased risk of pneumonia in patients in Asia was most marked in patients with lower body mass index, lower lung function, and taking inhaled corticosteroids. In post hoc analysis of adjudicated on-treatment all-cause mortality, probabilities of death were numerically lower in both regions with FF/UMEC/VI (Asia: 1.16%; non-Asia: 1.35%) and FF/VI (Asia: 1.77%; non-Asia: 1.21%) versus UMEC/VI (Asia: 1.91%; non-Asia: 2.23%). Conclusions FF/UMEC/VI provides similar benefits in COPD patients in Asia and non-Asia regions. Clinical benefits of treatment, including reduction in mortality risk, should be weighed against risk of pneumonia, taking account of all known risk factors. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identification, NCT02164513. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s41030-020-00136-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Fekete M, Pako J, Nemeth AN, Tarantini S, Varga JT. Prevalence of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in association with the occurrence of acute exacerbations. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:4233-4242. [PMID: 32944335 PMCID: PMC7475525 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Based on current evidence, vaccination is recommended against the influenza virus and pneumococcus to avoid serious acute exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the rate of their vaccination coverage is still suboptimal. To determine the prevalence and effectiveness of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in COPD patients, and to prove its hypothetical association with the decreasing number of acute exacerbations. Methods We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination history were collected from 250 patients selected by simple random sampling from all COPD patients in Budapest at the Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation of the National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology between 01 January 2019 and 01 June 2019. Inclusion criteria were the following: age 40 years and diagnosis of COPD. Odds ratios (ORs) were evaluated based on the occurrence of acute exacerbations during the preceding year. Results The average age was 66.62 (±8.34) years, 67.30 (±8.54) for males, and 66.09 (±8.16) for females. Man:woman ratio: 43.6%:56.4% in total. Overall prevalence of influenza vaccination was 23.6%, and the pneumococcal vaccination rate was 10.8% among COPD patients. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination showed a significant protective effect and reduced the occurrence of exacerbations in the following year, influenza vaccination OR: 2.11 (95% CI: 0.88-5.02), pneumococcal vaccination OR: 1.06 (95% CI: 0.84-1.34), when taking both vaccination: OR: 2.37 (95% CI: 1.39-4.08). Conclusions We found association between influenza and pneumococcal vaccination and the reduced risk of hospitalization due to exacerbations in the ensuing year. The prevalence of vaccination is significantly below the optimal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Fekete
- Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Pako
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna N Nemeth
- Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Abstract
More than one-third of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continue to smoke cigarettes despite knowing they have the disease. This behavior has a negative impact on prognosis and progression, as repeated injury enhances the pathobiological mechanisms responsible for the disease. A combination of counseling plus pharmacotherapy is the most effective cessation treatment of smokers with COPD, and varenicline seems to be the most effective pharmacologic intervention. Preventing exacerbations in patients with COPD is a major goal of treatment, and vaccination against influenza and pneumococcus is an effective preventive strategy to achieve this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Montes de Oca
- Servicio de Neumonología, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Centro Médico de Caracas, Av. Los Erasos, Edf. Anexo B, Piso 4, Consultorio 4B, San Bernardino, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Wilhelms SB, Walther SM, Sjöberg F, De Geer L. Causes of late mortality among ICU-treated patients with sepsis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2020; 64:961-966. [PMID: 32319686 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with sepsis may have an increased risk of late mortality, but the causes of late death are unclear. This retrospective matched cohort study aimed to determine the causes of late death (≥1 year) among patients with sepsis compared to patients without sepsis. METHODS 8760 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock (2001 consensus criteria) registered in the Swedish Intensive Care Registry (2008-2013) were compared with a 1:1 matched (gender, age, SAPS3 probability for death, ICU length of stay) control group consisting of non-septic ICU patients. Causes of death (International Classification of Diseases codes) were obtained from the Swedish Cause of Death Register (2008-2014). RESULTS During 2008-2014, 903 patients with sepsis died at ≥365 days after their initial septic event, compared to 884 patients in the control group. Median time of follow-up was 313 days (sepsis group, interquartile range 11-838 days) vs 288 days (control group, 9-836 days). The most common causes of death were heart diseases (sepsis: 50.2%, non-septic: 48.6%) and cancer (sepsis: 33.7%, non-septic: 31.7%). Infectious diseases were significantly more common cause of death in the sepsis group (24.3% vs 19.6%, respectively; P < .05). Pneumonia was a common infectious cause of death in both groups, whereas sepsis was more common in the sepsis group. CONCLUSIONS The most common causes of late death after ICU admission among patients with and without sepsis were heart diseases and cancer. However, patients with sepsis more frequently had infectious diseases as a cause of late death, compared to non-septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B. Wilhelms
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Sten M. Walther
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Department of Medical and Health Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Folke Sjöberg
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Lina De Geer
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Department of Medical and Health Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
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Crisafulli E, Manco A, Ferrer M, Huerta A, Micheletto C, Girelli D, Clini E, Torres A. Pneumonic versus Nonpneumonic Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 41:817-829. [PMID: 32726837 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1702196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often suffer acute exacerbations (AECOPD) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), named nonpneumonic and pneumonic exacerbations of COPD, respectively. Abnormal host defense mechanisms may play a role in the specificity of the systemic inflammatory response. Given the association of this aspect to some biomarkers at admission (e.g., C-reactive protein), it can be used to help to discriminate AECOPD and CAP, especially in cases with doubtful infiltrates and advanced lung impairment. Fever, sputum purulence, chills, and pleuritic pain are typical clinical features of CAP in a patient with COPD, whereas isolated dyspnea at admission has been reported to predict AECOPD. Although CAP may have a worse outcome in terms of mortality (in hospital and short term), length of hospitalization, and early readmission rates, this has only been confirmed in a few prospective studies. There is a lack of methodologically sound research confirming the impact of severe AECOPD and COPD + CAP. Here, we review studies reporting head-to-head comparisons between AECOPD and CAP + COPD in hospitalized patients. We focus on the epidemiology, risk factors, systemic inflammatory response, clinical and microbiological characteristics, outcomes, and treatment approaches. Finally, we briefly discuss some proposals on how we should orient research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Crisafulli
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Unit, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Manco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Miquel Ferrer
- Department of Pneumology, Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERES (CB06/06/0028), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arturo Huerta
- Department of Pneumology, Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERES (CB06/06/0028), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Micheletto
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic, Pneumology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Domenico Girelli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Clini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and University Hospital of Modena Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Antoni Torres
- Department of Pneumology, Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERES (CB06/06/0028), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Dynamics of the lung microbiome in intensive care patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and community-acquired pneumonia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11046. [PMID: 32632240 PMCID: PMC7338533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the composition and clinical implications of lung microbiome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and community-acquired pneumonia requiring invasive mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit admission. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the longitudinal changes in microbial airway composition and its variations between COPD patients with different weaning outcomes. Fifty-one endotracheal aspirate samples from 21 participants and 5 saline samples were collected as the patient and control group, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed significant increases and upward trends in the relative abundance of the Acinetobacter genus and Acinetobacter baumannii complex species in paired comparisons of sampling points and over time, respectively, in patients with failed weaning (p for trend = 0.012 and 0.012, respectively) but not in those with successful weaning (p for trend = 0.335 and 0.426, respectively). Furthermore, significant changes in the composition of the bacterial community were observed in paired comparisons of sampling points in patients with failed weaning compared with those with successful weaning. The alpha diversity did not differ between the patients with different weaning outcomes. These results further the understanding of longitudinal airway microbiome structure analysis and its clinical implications when managing critically ill patients with and without COPD.
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Hasan SS, Capstick T, Zaidi STR, Kow CS, Merchant HA. Use of corticosteroids in asthma and COPD patients with or without COVID-19. Respir Med 2020; 170:106045. [PMID: 32843175 PMCID: PMC7255263 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential detrimental effects of steroids on the immune system to fight viral infections had always been a concern for patients on long term steroids in chronic conditions. A recent warning from WHO on systemic corticosteroid use amid COVID-19 raised suspicion among public and healthcare professionals regarding the safety of steroid use during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The corticosteroids (inhaled and oral) are commonly prescribed in the management of asthma and COPD patients and any unsolicited changes in medications use may lead to potentially severe exacerbations and may risk patient lives. This article provides a critical review of clinical evidence and offers a detailed discussion on the safety and efficacy of corticosteroids in asthma and COPD patients, both with and without COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby Capstick
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Chia Siang Kow
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamid A Merchant
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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Hurst JR, Skolnik N, Hansen GJ, Anzueto A, Donaldson GC, Dransfield MT, Varghese P. Understanding the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations on patient health and quality of life. Eur J Intern Med 2020; 73:1-6. [PMID: 31954592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represent a significant clinical problem, and are associated with decreased lung function, worsening quality of life and decreased physical activity levels, with even a single exacerbation having detrimental effects. The occurrence of COPD exacerbations can also have a considerable impact on healthcare costs and mortality rates, with over one-fifth of patients hospitalized for a COPD exacerbation for the first time dying within one year of discharge. This highlights the need for COPD exacerbations to be a major focus in clinical practice. Furthermore, the substantial effect that COPD exacerbations can have on patient mental health should not be underestimated. Despite their clinical importance, COPD exacerbations are poorly recognized and reported by patients, and improving patient understanding and reporting of exacerbations to ensure prompt treatment may minimize their deleterious effects. Renewed focus on improving current clinical practice with support from evidence-based guidelines is required. This also raises a challenge to payors, healthcare systems and government policies to do more to tackle the considerable outstanding burden of COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Hurst
- 114 UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
| | - Neil Skolnik
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Abington Jefferson Health, Abington, PA, USA; Abington Hospital - Jefferson Health, Abington, PA, USA
| | | | - Antonio Anzueto
- University of Texas Health Science Center and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gavin C Donaldson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark T Dransfield
- Lung Health Center and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Risk factors for exacerbations and pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pooled analysis. Respir Res 2020; 21:5. [PMID: 31907054 PMCID: PMC6945447 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at risk of exacerbations and pneumonia; how the risk factors interact is unclear. Methods This post-hoc, pooled analysis included studies of COPD patients treated with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/long-acting β2 agonist (LABA) combinations and comparator arms of ICS, LABA, and/or placebo. Backward elimination via Cox’s proportional hazards regression modelling evaluated which combination of risk factors best predicts time to first (a) pneumonia, and (b) moderate/severe COPD exacerbation. Results Five studies contributed: NCT01009463, NCT01017952, NCT00144911, NCT00115492, and NCT00268216. Low body mass index (BMI), exacerbation history, worsening lung function (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] stage), and ICS treatment were identified as factors increasing pneumonia risk. BMI was the only pneumonia risk factor influenced by ICS treatment, with ICS further increasing risk for those with BMI <25 kg/m2. The modelled probability of pneumonia varied between 3 and 12% during the first year. Higher exacerbation risk was associated with a history of exacerbations, poorer lung function (GOLD stage), female sex and absence of ICS treatment. The influence of the other exacerbation risk factors was not modified by ICS treatment. Modelled probabilities of an exacerbation varied between 31 and 82% during the first year. Conclusions The probability of an exacerbation was considerably higher than for pneumonia. ICS reduced exacerbations but did not influence the effect of risks associated with prior exacerbation history, GOLD stage, or female sex. The only identified risk factor for ICS-induced pneumonia was BMI <25 kg/m2. Analyses of this type may help the development of COPD risk equations.
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Ichinose M, Fukushima Y, Inoue Y, Hataji O, Ferguson GT, Rabe KF, Hayashi N, Okada H, Takikawa M, Bourne E, Ballal S, DeAngelis K, Aurivillius M, Reisner C, Dorinsky P. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Budesonide/Glycopyrrolate/Formoterol Fumarate Metered Dose Inhaler Formulated Using Co-Suspension Delivery Technology in Japanese Patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:2993-3002. [PMID: 31920296 PMCID: PMC6934178 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s220861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler (BGF MDI) is a triple fixed-dose combination for COPD. The long-term safety of triple therapy for COPD has not been investigated in Japanese patients. In this 28-week extension study (NCT03262012), we investigated the long-term safety and tolerability of BGF MDI in Japanese patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD who completed the 24-week Phase III randomized, double-blind, multicenter KRONOS study (NCT02497001). Materials and methods Patients randomized to BGF MDI 320/18/9.6 μg, glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate (GFF) MDI 18/9.6 μg, budesonide/formoterol fumarate (BFF) MDI 320/9.6 μg, or budesonide/formoterol fumarate dry powder inhaler (BUD/FORM DPI) 400/12 μg twice-daily in KRONOS continued treatment for up to 28 additional weeks. Safety was evaluated over 52 weeks via adverse event (AE) monitoring, electrocardiograms, clinical laboratory testing, and vital sign measurements. Results The safety population included 416 patients who received BGF MDI (n=139), GFF MDI (n=138), BFF MDI (n=70), or BUD/FORM DPI (n=69). Treatment-emergent AE (TEAE) rates were similar across treatment groups (range: 82.6-82.9%). The most frequent TEAEs overall were nasopharyngitis (32.2%) and bronchitis (9.9%). The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events was low across groups (range: 0.0-2.9%). Over 52 weeks, the incidence of confirmed pneumonia was 9.4% (BGF MDI), 3.6% (GFF MDI), 5.7% (BFF MDI), and 2.9% (BUD/FORM DPI); in the 28-week extension period, rates were comparable across groups (range: 2.9-5.7%). Six deaths were reported (0.7-2.2% per group); none were considered treatment-related. No clinically meaningful trends were observed in electrocardiograms, laboratory parameters, or vital signs over time in any of the treatment groups. Conclusion All treatments were well tolerated over 52 weeks, and the safety profile of BGF MDI was generally comparable to dual long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)/long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/LABA therapies. These findings support the long-term tolerability of BGF MDI in Japanese patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Ichinose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Yoshikazu Inoue
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Hataji
- Respiratory Center, Matsusaka Municipal Hospital, Matsusaka, Japan
| | - Gary T Ferguson
- Pulmonary Research Institute of Southeast Michigan, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | - Klaus F Rabe
- LungenClinic Grosshansdorf and Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Großhansdorf, Germany
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Ichinose M, Fukushima Y, Inoue Y, Hataji O, Ferguson GT, Rabe KF, Hayashi N, Okada H, Takikawa M, Bourne E, Ballal S, DeAngelis K, Aurivillius M, Dorinsky P, Reisner C. Efficacy and Safety of Budesonide/Glycopyrrolate/Formoterol Fumarate Metered Dose Inhaler Formulated Using Co-Suspension Delivery Technology in Japanese Patients with COPD: A Subgroup Analysis of the KRONOS Study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:2979-2991. [PMID: 31920295 PMCID: PMC6939402 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s220850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KRONOS, a Phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study (NCT02497001) conducted in Canada, China, Japan, and the USA, assessed the efficacy and safety of budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler (BGF MDI), a triple fixed-dose combination therapy, relative to dual therapies in patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD. Here we present findings from the Japanese subgroup of KRONOS. Methods Patients received BGF MDI 320/18/9.6μg, glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate (GFF) MDI 18/9.6μg, budesonide/formoterol fumarate (BFF) MDI 320/9.6μg, or budesonide/formoterol fumarate dry powder inhaler (BUD/FORM DPI) 400/12μg twice-daily for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in morning pre-dose trough forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) over Weeks 12-24. Symptoms, quality of life, exacerbations, and safety were also assessed. Results In total, 416 Japanese patients (21.9% of the global KRONOS population) were randomized and treated with BGF MDI (n=139), GFF MDI (n=138), BFF MDI (n=70), or BUD/FORM DPI (n=69). Nominally significant improvements in the change from baseline in morning pre-dose trough FEV1 over Weeks 12-24 were observed for BGF MDI vs GFF MDI (least squares mean [LSM] difference 37 mL, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3, 72; P=0.0337) and BFF MDI (67 mL; 95% CI 25, 109; P=0.0020). Treatment with BGF MDI led to a nominally significant reduction in the rate of moderate/severe exacerbations vs GFF MDI (rate ratio 0.40, 95% CI 0.19, 0.83; P=0.0142). Compared with dual therapies, numerical improvements were observed with BGF MDI for Transition Dyspnea Index focal score and the change from baseline in Evaluating Respiratory Symptoms in COPD total score (P≤0.3899). All treatments were generally well tolerated. Conclusion BGF MDI nominally significantly improved lung function and numerically improved symptoms vs GFF MDI and BFF MDI. BGF MDI nominally significantly reduced exacerbations vs GFF MDI in Japanese patients with COPD. Efficacy and safety findings were generally comparable to those in the global KRONOS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Ichinose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Yoshikazu Inoue
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Hataji
- Respiratory Center, Matsusaka Municipal Hospital, Matsusaka, Japan
| | - Gary T Ferguson
- Pulmonary Research Institute of Southeast Michigan, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | - Klaus F Rabe
- LungenClinic Grosshansdorf and Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
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Jung AL, Møller Jørgensen M, Bæk R, Griss K, Han M, Auf Dem Brinke K, Timmesfeld N, Bertrams W, Greulich T, Koczulla R, Hippenstiel S, Suttorp N, Schmeck B. Surface Proteome of Plasma Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Pneumonia and Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Infect Dis 2019; 221:325-335. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) represent a major burden of disease and death and their differential diagnosis is critical. A potential source of relevant accessible biomarkers are blood-borne small extracellular vesicles (sEVs).
Methods
We performed an extracellular vesicle array to find proteins on plasma sEVs that are differentially expressed and possibly allow the differential diagnosis between CAP and AECOPD. Plasma samples were analyzed from 21 healthy controls, 24 patients with CAP, and 10 with AECOPD . The array contained 40 antibodies to capture sEVs, which were then visualized with a cocktail of biotin-conjugated CD9, CD63, and CD81 antibodies.
Results
We detected significant differences in the protein decoration of sEVs between healthy controls and patients with CAP or AECOPD. We found CD45 and CD28 to be the best discrimination markers between CAP and AECOPD in receiver operating characteristic analyses, with an area under the curve >0.92. Additional ensemble feature selection revealed the possibility to distinguish between CAP and AECOPD even if the patient with CAP had COPD, with a panel of CD45, CD28, CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), tumor necrosis factor–R-II, and CD16.
Conclusion
The discrimination of sEV-associated proteins is a minimally invasive method with potential to discriminate between CAP and AECOPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Jung
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Rikke Bæk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kathrin Griss
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik m.S. Infektiologie und Pneumologie, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Han
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik m.S. Hämatologie und Onkologie, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Auf Dem Brinke
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nina Timmesfeld
- Abteilung für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany
| | - Timm Greulich
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rembert Koczulla
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Medizinische Klinik m.S. Infektiologie und Pneumologie, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Medizinische Klinik m.S. Infektiologie und Pneumologie, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Varon F, Torres-Caro C, Herrera-Diaz C, Ali A, Hernández-Parra A, Aguirre-Franco C, Uribe-Hernández AM. Microbiological characterization of severe exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in patients admitted to the ICU with or without associated pneumonia: A retrospective cross-sectional study. INFECTIO 2019. [DOI: 10.22354/in.v23i4.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Pascoe SJ, Papi A, Midwinter D, Lettis S, Barnes N. Circulating neutrophils levels are a predictor of pneumonia risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2019; 20:195. [PMID: 31443653 PMCID: PMC6708190 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have excess risk of developing pneumonia; however, no definitive biomarkers of risk have been established. We hypothesized that blood neutrophils would help predict pneumonia risk in COPD. Methods A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind clinical trials of COPD patients meeting the following criteria were selected from the GlaxoSmithKline trial registry: ≥1 inhaled corticosteroid-containing (ICS) arm (fluticasone propionate/salmeterol or fluticasone furoate/vilanterol), a control arm (non-ICS), pre-randomization blood neutrophil counts, ≥24-week duration. The number of patients with pneumonia events and time to first event (Kaplan–Meier analysis) were evaluated (post-hoc), stratified by baseline blood neutrophil count and ICS use. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR), split by median baseline blood neutrophils. Results Ten studies (1998 to 2011) with 11,131 patients were identified. The ICS (n = 6735) and non-ICS (n = 4396) cohorts were well matched in neutrophil distributions and demographics. Increasing neutrophil count was associated with an increased proportion of patients with pneumonia events; patients below the median neutrophil count were at less risk of a pneumonia event (HR, 0.75 [95% confidence interval 0.61–0.92]), and had longer time to a first event, compared with those at/above the median. The increase in pneumonia risk by neutrophil count was similar between the two cohorts. Conclusions Increased blood neutrophils in COPD were associated with increased pneumonia risk, independent of ICS use. These data suggest blood neutrophils may be a useful marker in defining treatment pathways in COPD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-019-1157-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Pascoe
- Global Respiratory Clinical Development, GlaxoSmithKline plc., King of Prussia, USA.
| | - Alberto Papi
- Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital St. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Sally Lettis
- Clinical Statistics, GlaxoSmithKline plc., Uxbridge, UK
| | - Neil Barnes
- Global Respiratory Franchise, GlaxoSmithKline plc., Brentford, UK.,William Harvey Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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Bordon J, Slomka M, Gupta R, Furmanek S, Cavallazzi R, Sethi S, Niederman M, Ramirez JA. Hospitalization due to community-acquired pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: incidence, epidemiology and outcomes. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:220-226. [PMID: 31254714 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important complication in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed to define incidence, and outcomes of COPD patients hospitalized with pneumonia in the city of Louisville, and to estimate the burden of disease in the US population. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of a prospective population-based cohort study of residents in Louisville, Kentucky, 40 years old and older, from 1 June 2014 to 31 May 2016. All adults hospitalized with CAP were enrolled. The annual incidence of pneumonia in COPD patients in Louisville was calculated and the total number of adults with COPD hospitalized in the United States was estimated. Clinical outcomes included time to clinical stability (TCS), length of hospital stay (LOS) and mortality. RESULTS From a Louisville population of 18 246 patients with COPD, 3419 pneumonia hospitalizations were documented during the 2-year study. The annual incidence was 9369 patients with pneumonia per 100 000 COPD population, corresponding to an estimated 506 953 adults with COPD hospitalized due to pneumonia in the United States. The incidence of CAP in patients without COPD was 509 (95% CI 485-533) per 100 000. COPD patients had a median (interquartile range) TCS and LOS of 2 (1-4) and 5 (3-9) days respectively. The mortality of COPD patients during hospitalization, at 30 days, 6 months and 1 year was 193 of 3419 (5.6%), 400 of 3374 (11.9%), 816 of 3363 (24.3%) and 1104 of 3349 (33.0%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was an annual incidence of 9369 cases of hospitalized CAP per 100 000 COPD patients in the city of Louisville. This was an approximately 18-fold greater incidence of CAP in COPD patients than in those without COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bordon
- Providence Health Center, Section of Infectious Diseases, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - M Slomka
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Gupta
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Furmanek
- University of Louisville, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - R Cavallazzi
- University of Louisville, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Disorders, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - S Sethi
- University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M Niederman
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Ramirez
- University of Louisville, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY, USA
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Trethewey SP, Patel N, Turner AM. Interventions to Increase the Rate of Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Scoping Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55060277. [PMID: 31208087 PMCID: PMC6631363 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Current evidence suggests that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should receive influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations. Despite international guidelines recommending vaccination in patients with COPD, many patients remain unvaccinated. Reasons for vaccine non-acceptance are multifaceted and are likely to be influenced by multiple psychosocial factors and pre-existing health beliefs. The aim of this review was to identify interventions which have been shown to effectively increase vaccination rates in patients with COPD. Materials and Methods: A structured search of PubMed returned 491 titles. Following title and abstract screening, seven full-text articles reporting on 6 unique interventional studies were extracted for narrative synthesis. A variety of interventions were investigated which, for the purposes of this review, were grouped into patient-focussed, clinician-focussed and mixed interventions. Results: Three papers reported findings from clinical trials (2 unique studies) and 4 papers reported findings from before-after studies. Two studies were conducted in the primary care setting, the remaining studies were conducted in secondary and tertiary care. Most studies reported both influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates. These studies suggest that multimodal interventions, which target multiple aspects of evidence-based care and use both patient-focussed and clinician-focussed techniques, may have the greatest impact on vaccination rates in patients with COPD. Conclusions: Further, adequately powered, high quality studies are needed. It is crucial for individual institutions to monitor their own vaccination rates to determine if there is scope for performance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Trethewey
- Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B95SS, UK.
| | - Neil Patel
- Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B95SS, UK.
| | - Alice M Turner
- Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B95SS, UK.
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK.
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Abstract
The use of next-generation sequencing and multiomic analysis reveals new insights on the identity of microbes in the lower airways blurring the lines between commensals and pathogens. Microbes are not found in isolation; rather they form complex metacommunities where microbe-host and microbe-microbe interactions play important roles on the host susceptibility to pathogens. In addition, the lower airway microbiota exert significant effects on host immune tone. Thus, this review highlights the roles that microbes in the respiratory tract play in the development of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Wu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU Human Microbiome Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Leopoldo N Segal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU Human Microbiome Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10028, USA.
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