Aloe barbadensis Miller mediated green synthesis of mono-disperse copper oxide nanoparticles: optical properties

Effect of Melia azedarach seed mediated nano-ZnO on growth performance, protein utilisation efficiency, haematology and nutritional status in pigs

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of Melia azedarach seed-mediated ZnO nanoparticles on growth performance, protein utilisation efficiency, haematology and nutritional status in pigs. A total of 48 pigs were allocated to the following six treatments replicated 8 times: Negative Control (NC, No antibiotic), Treatment 2: Positive control (PC) given a conventional antibiotic (Oxytetracycline, 40 mg/kg feed); Treatment 3: Nano-ZnO 300 mg/L (N300ZnO), Treatment 4: Group given 150 mg/L Melia azedarach seed mediated nano-ZnO (N150MA), Treatment 5: Group given 300 mg/L Melia azedarach seed mediated nano-ZnO (N300MA), Treatment 6: Group given 450 mg/L Melia azedarach seed mediated nano-ZnO (N450MA). The experiment was conducted over 7 weeks. Melia azedarach seed-mediated ZnO nanoparticles had no significant effect on growth performance apart from average daily feed intake (ADFI) with treatment 3 having the highest value. It significantly affected protein consumption and growth efficiency but not protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate. Melia azedarach seed-mediated ZnO nanoparticles had no significant impact on nutritional parameters, serum minerals apart from phosphorus which can negatively affect renal functioning.

Biogenic Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles from Aloe vera: Antibacterial Activity, Molecular Docking, and Photocatalytic Dye Degradation

Green synthesis methods offer a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to producing nanoparticles (NPs), particularly metal-based oxides. This study explores the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) leaf extract. The characterization revealed a unique sago-shaped morphology revealed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Distinctive metal-oxygen bonds at 521 and 601 cm-1 were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, UV-visible spectroscopy revealed absorbance at 248 nm, suggesting electron transitions across energy bands and varying surface conduction electrons. The band gap value indicated the presence of quantum confinement effects, which were probably caused by the distinctive morphology and surface structure of the biogenic NPs. Additionally, molecular docking studies were carried out against key proteins of Salmonella typhi and Listeria monocytogenes, namely, listeriolysin O (PDB ID: 4CDB), internalin (InlA) (PDB ID: 1O6T), Salmonella effector protein (SopB) (PDB ID: 4DID), and YfdX (PDB ID: 6A07) using AutoDock 4.2. The results revealed binding energies against S. typhi and L. monocytogenes proteins, indicating potential interactions establishing the foundation for further in-depth understanding of the molecular basis underlying the observed antibacterial effects in vitro against S. typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and L. monocytogenes. Antibacterial activity evaluation yielded impressive results, with CuO NPs displaying significant activity against S. typhi and L. monocytogenes, exhibiting zones of inhibition values of 13 ± 0.02 and 15 ± 0.04 mm, respectively. Moreover, the CuO NPs demonstrated remarkable photocatalytic efficacy, resulting in the degradation of 77% of the methylene blue dye when exposed to UV irradiation. This study highlighted the potential of green-synthesized CuO NPs derived from A. vera with their unique morphology, interesting spectroscopic properties, and promising antibacterial and photocatalytic activities.

The potential of copper oxide nanoparticles in nanomedicine: A comprehensive review

Nanotechnology is a modern scientific discipline that uses nanoparticles of metals like copper, silver, gold, platinum, and zinc for various applications. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are effective in biomedical settings, such as killing bacteria, speeding up reactions, stopping cancer cells, and coating surfaces. These inorganic nanostructures have a longer shelf life than their organic counterparts and are chemically inert and thermally stable. However, commercial synthesis of NPs often involves harmful byproducts and hazardous chemicals. Green synthesis for CuONPs offers numerous benefits, including being clean, harmless, economical, and environmentally friendly. Using naturally occurring organisms like bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, and plants can make CuONPs more environmentally friendly. CuONPs are expected to be used in nanomedicine due to their potent antimicrobial properties and disinfecting agents for infectious diseases. This comprehensive review looks to evaluate research articles published in the last ten years that investigate the antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, wound healing, dental application and catalytic properties of copper nanoparticles generated using biological processes. Utilising the scientific approach of large-scale data analytics. However, their toxic effects on vertebrates and invertebrates raise concerns about their use for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Therefore, biocompatibility and non-toxicity are crucial for selecting nanoparticles for clinical research.

The Molluscicidal Activity of Green Synthesized Copper Oxide-Based Annona squamosa Seed Extract Nanoparticles on the Feeding Behavior, Biochemical, Molecular, and Immunohistochemical Alterations of Biomphalaria alexandrina Snails

Because of their low ecological impact, plant molluscicides have garnered much attention. The work aimed to find out if Annona squamosa (AS) seed extract has a molluscicidal impact on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and enhances this extract by adding CuO nanoparticles (NPs). Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and PANalytical X'Pert PRO X-ray diffractometer (XRD), the presence of the green A. squamosa-based CuO NPs (AS-CuO NPs) was confirmed. After 24 h of exposure, the half-lethal concentration (LC50) of AS-CuO NPs was more toxic to mature B. alexandrina than the aqueous extract of AS seeds (LC50: 119.25 mg/L vs. 169.03 mg/L). The results show that snails exposed to sublethal doses of AS-CuO NPs at LC10 or LC25 (95.4 or 106.7 mg/L, respectively) had much higher glucose levels and alkaline phosphatase activity than those not exposed. Nevertheless, there was no discernible change in the protein content in general or glycogen phosphorylase production. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis showed that snails exposed to A. squamosa-derived CuO NPs LC10 had shrinking digestive tubules and degeneration as well as vacuolation of many digestive, secretory, ova, and sperm cells, with PCNA expressing positively in the hermaphrodite gland and digestive tubule cells. The toxic profile of green CuO NPs produced by A. squamosa may damage the biological activity of B. alexandrina snails; thus, this compound could be used as a molluscicidal base. Furthermore, B. alexandrina proved to be a useful biomarker of nanomaterial contamination.

Green synthesis of nanomaterials by using plant extracts as reducing and capping agents

An alternative method to conventional synthesis is examined in this review by the use of plant extracts as reducing and capping agents. The use of plant extracts represents an economically viable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional synthesis. In contrast to previous reviews, this review focuses on the synthesis of nano-compounds utilizing plant extracts, which lack comprehensive reports. In order to synthesize diverse nanostructures, researchers have discovered a sustainable and cost-effective method of harnessing functional groups in plant extracts. Each plant extract is discussed in detail, along with its potential applications, demonstrating the remarkable morphological diversity achieved by using these green synthesis approaches. A reduction and capping agent made from plant extracts is aligned with the principles of green chemistry and offers economic advantages as well as paving the way for industrial applications. In this review, it is discussed the significance of using plant extracts to synthesize nano-compounds, emphasizing their potential to shape the future of nanomaterials in a sustainable and ecologically friendly manner.

Green and cost-effective biofabrication of copper oxide nanoparticles: Exploring antimicrobial and anticancer applications

Nanotechnology has made remarkable advancements in recent years, revolutionizing various scientific fields, industries, and research institutions through the utilization of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. Among these nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have garnered significant attention due to their versatile properties and wide-range applications, particularly, as effective antimicrobial and anticancer agents. CuO NPs can be synthesized using different methods, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. However, conventional chemical and physical approaches are expensive, resource-intensive, and involve the use of hazardous chemicals, which can pose risks to human health and the environment. In contrast, biological synthesis provides a sustainable and cost-effective alternative by eliminating chemical pollutants and allowing for the production of CuO NPs of tailored sizes and shapes. This comprehensive review focused on the green synthesis of CuO NPs using various biological resources, such as plants, microorganisms, and other biological derivatives. Current knowledge and recent trends in green synthesis methods for CuO NPs are discussed, with a specific emphasis on their biomedical applications, particularly in combating cancer and microbial infections. This review highlights the significant potential of CuO NPs in addressing these diseases. By capitalizing on the advantages of biological synthesis, such as environmental safety and the ability to customize nanoparticle characteristics, CuO NPs have emerged as promising therapeutic agents for a wide range of conditions. This review presents compelling findings, demonstrating the remarkable achievements of biologically synthesized CuO NPs as novel therapeutic agents. Their unique properties and mechanisms enable effective combating against cancer cells and various harmful microbial infections. CuO NPs exhibit potent anticancer activity through diverse mechanisms, including induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, and modulation of signaling pathways. Additionally, their antimicrobial activity manifests through various mechanisms, such as disrupting microbial membranes, generating reactive oxygen species, and interfering with microbial enzymes. This review offers valuable insights into the substantial potential of biologically synthesized CuO NPs as an innovative approach for future therapeutic interventions against cancer and microbial infections.

Phytogenic nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and their roles in physiology and biochemistry of plants

Researchers are swarming to nanotechnology because of its potentially game-changing applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. This fast-growing, cutting-edge technology is trying different approaches for synthesizing nanoparticles of specific sizes and shapes. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized using physical and chemical processes; there is an urgent demand to establish environmentally acceptable and sustainable ways for their synthesis. The green approach of nanoparticle synthesis has emerged as a simple, economical, sustainable, and eco-friendly method. In particular, phytoassisted plant extract synthesis is easy, reliable, and expeditious. Diverse phytochemicals present in the extract of various plant organs such as root, leaf, and flower are used as a source of reducing as well as stabilizing agents during production. Green synthesis is based on principles like prevention/minimization of waste, reduction of derivatives/pollution, and the use of safer (or non-toxic) solvent/auxiliaries as well as renewable feedstock. Being free of harsh operating conditions (high temperature and pressure), hazardous chemicals and the addition of external stabilizing or capping agents makes the nanoparticles produced using green synthesis methods particularly desirable. Different metallic nanomaterials are produced using phytoassisted synthesis methods, such as silver, zinc, gold, copper, titanium, magnesium, and silicon. Due to significant differences in physical and chemical properties between nanoparticles and their micro/macro counterparts, their characterization becomes essential. Various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques have been employed for conformational details of nanoparticles, like shape, size, dispersity, homogeneity, surface structure, and inter-particle interactions. UV-visible spectroscopy is used to examine the optical properties of NPs in solution. XRD analysis confirms the purity and phase of NPs and provides information about crystal size and symmetry. AFM, SEM, and TEM are employed for analyzing the morphological structure and particle size of NPs. The nature and kind of functional groups or bioactive compounds that might account for the reduction and stabilization of NPs are detected by FTIR analysis. The elemental composition of synthesized NPs is determined using EDS analysis. Nanoparticles synthesized by green methods have broad applications and serve as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Various metal and metal oxide NPs such as Silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silicon dioxide (SiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), copper oxide (CuO), etc. have been proven to have a positive effect on plant growth and development. They play a potentially important role in the germination of seeds, plant growth, flowering, photosynthesis, and plant yield. The present review highlights the pathways of phytosynthesis of nanoparticles, various techniques used for their characterization, and their possible roles in the physiology of plants.

Biosynthesis of green CuO@C nanocomposite using Combretum indicum flower extract for organic dye removal: adsorption performance, modeling, and recyclability studies

Water contamination becomes one of the most high-priority environmental concerns, calling for the efficient treatment techniques. Bionanocomposites can be robust adsorbents, but the synthesis requires toxic chemicals or energy consuming and cause the secondary pollution. Green nanocomposites can be biogenically synthesized using the plant extract to end up with a critically safe strategy. Herein, we used the flower extract of Combretum indicum plant as a bio-based reductant and carbonaceous source for the green CuO@C nanocomposite. This green nanoadsorbent obtained a specific surface area of 17.33 m2/g, good crystallinity, and functional group-containing surface, i.e., -OH and -CONH-. We also conducted the optimization of parameters, i.e., concentration, CuO@C dose, pH, time, and temperature, and reached removal efficiencies towards malachite green (MG, 83.23%), Congo red (CR, 84.60%), brilliant blue (BB, 71.39%), and methylene blue (MB, 23.67%). The maximum adsorption capacities were found as ordered, MG (46.387 mg/g) > MB (23.154 mg/g) > BB (22.8 mg/g) > CR dye (11.063 mg/g). Through the intra-particle diffusion kinetic model, MG and BB adsorption endured a three-step process, while CR and MB adsorption was a two-step process. The recyclability of the green CuO@C nanocomposite was three cycles with 67.54% for the final cycle of BB removal. Moreover, the nanoadsorbent displayed a high stability, checked by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR analysis, EDX spectra, and SEM images. It is recommended that the green CuO@C nanocomposite biosynthesized using the Combretum indicum flower extract can be a good alternative for the dye treatment from wastewater.

Nano-based techniques: A revolutionary approach to prevent covid-19 and enhancing human awareness

In every century of history, there are many new diseases emerged, which are not even cured by many developed countries. Today, despite of scientific development, new deadly pandemic diseases are caused by microorganisms. Hygiene is considered to be one of the best methods of avoiding such communicable diseases, especially viral diseases. Illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 was termed COVID-19 by the WHO, the acronym derived from "coronavirus disease 2019. The globe is living in the worst epidemic era, with the highest infection and mortality rate owing to COVID-19 reaching 6.89% (data up to March 2023). In recent years, nano biotechnology has become a promising and visible field of nanotechnology. Interestingly, nanotechnology is being used to cure many ailments and it has revolutionized many aspects of our lives. Several COVID-19 diagnostic approaches based on nanomaterial have been developed. The various metal NPs, it is highly anticipated that could be viable and economical alternatives for treating drug resistant in many deadly pandemic diseases in near future. This review focuses on an overview of nanotechnology's increasing involvement in the diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of COVID-19, also this review provides readers with an awareness and knowledge of importance of hygiene.

Entomotoxic efficacy of fungus-synthesized nanoparticles against immature stages of stored bean pests

Nanopesticides, particularly biosynthesized ones using organic reductants, hold great promise as a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. However, their efficacy on stored product pests, which can cause damage to dried grains, has not been extensively tested, especially on immature stages. Here, we biosynthesized six types of nanoparticles (NPs) using extracts from the fungus Fusarium solani: silver (AgNPs), selenium (SeNPs), silicon dioxide (SiO₂NPs), copper oxide (CuONPs), titanium dioxide (TiO₂NPs) and zinc oxide (ZnONPs) ranging in size from 8 to 33 nm. To test their efficacy on stored bean pests, they were applied to the eggs and larvae of pest beetles Callosobruchus chinensis and Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), which burrow into seeds as larvae. Susceptibility to the NPs was species-dependent and differed between developmental stages; eggs were more susceptible than larvae inhabiting in seeds. SeNPs and TiO₂NPs reduced the hatchability of C. chinensis eggs by 23% and 18% compared to the control, respectively, leading to an 18% reduction in egg-to-adult survival by SeNPs. In C. maculatus, TiO₂NPs applied to eggs reduced larva-to-adult survivorship by 11%, resulting in a 15% reduction in egg-to-adult survival. The egg mass of C. chinensis was 23% smaller than that of C. maculatus: the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio of the C. chinensis eggs could explain their higher acute mortality caused by the NPs compared to C. maculatus eggs. The biosynthesized SeNPs and TiO₂NPs have potential for controlling major stored bean pests when applied to their eggs. This is the first to show the efficacy of biosynthesized SeNPs and TiO₂NPs on stored product pests and the efficacy of Fusarium-synthesized NPs on insects.

Polyvinyl alcohol/citric acid/β-cyclodextrin/CuONP composite nanofibers as an effective and green absorbent for the simultaneous extraction of three antidepressant drugs in biological fluids prior to GC-FID analysis

Composite nanofibers, namely, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), citric acid (CA), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and copper oxide nanoparticles (PVA/CA/β-cyclodextrin/CuO NPs), were developed as a novel, green, and efficient adsorbent in the pipette tip-micro-solid-phase extraction method (PT-µSPE), for the simultaneous extraction of three antidepressants drugs namely imipramine (IMP), citalopram (CIT), and clozapine (CLZ) in biological fluids before quantification by gas chromatography (GC-FID). Based on the obtained results from field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the successful synthesis of composite nanofibers was approved. Due to the presence of β-cyclodextrins and CuO NPs rich of functional groups on their surface, the nanofibers have high extraction efficiency. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range for imipramine, citalopram, and clozapine was 0.1 to 1000.0 ng mL^-1 with a determination coefficient ≥ 0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range 0.03 to 0.15 ng mL^-1. The relative standard deviation was 4.8 to 8.7% (within-day, n = 4) and 5.1 to 9.2% (between-day, n = 3) for 3 consecutive days. In addition, excellent clean-up was achieved which is a great advantage over other sample preparation methods. Finally, the ability of the developed method to extract the target analytes from the biological samples was evaluated.

Toxicological assessment of Phormidium sp. derived copper oxide nanoparticles for its biomedical and environmental applications

Driven by the need to biosynthesized alternate biomedical agents to prevent and treat infection, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have surfaced as a promising avenue. Cyanobacteria-derived synthesis of CuONPs is of substantive interest as it offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and biocompatible route. In the present study biosynthesized CuONPs were characterized and investigated regarding their toxicity. Morphological analysis using TEM, SEM and AFM showed the spherical particle size of 20.7 nm with 96% copper that confirmed the purity of CuONPs. Biogenic CuONPs with IC₅₀ value of 64.6 µg ml^-1 showed 90% scavenging of free radicals in superoxide radical scavenging assay. CuONPs showed enhanced anti-inflammatory activity by 86% of protein denaturation with IC₅₀ value of 89.9 µg ml^-1. Biogenic CuONPs exhibited significant toxicity against bacterial strains with lowest MIC value of 62.5 µg ml^-1 for B. cereus and fungal strain with a MIC value of 125 µg ml^-1 for C. albicans. In addition CuONPs demonstrated a high degree of synergistic interaction when combined with standard drugs. CuONPs exhibited significant cytotoxicity against non-small cell lung cancer with an IC₅₀ value of 100.8 µg ml^-1 for A549 and 88.3 µg ml^-1 for the H1299 cell line with apoptotic activities. Furthermore, biogenic CuONPs was evaluated for their photocatalytic degradation potential against methylene blue dye and were able to removed 94% dye in 90 min. Free radical scavenging analysis suggested that CuONPs assisted dye degradation was mainly induced by hydroxide radicals. Biogenic CuONPs appears as an eco-friendly and cost effective photocatalyst for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with synthetic dyes that poses threat to aquatic biota and human health. The present study highlighted the blend of biomedical and photocatalytic potential of Phormidium derived CuONPs as an attractive approach for future applications in nanomedicine and bioremediation.

Anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and wound healing capabilities of Aloe vera-incorporated hybrid nanoflowers

The active ingredients of Aloe vera have attracted attention for their potential use in nanotechnology-based medical applications and biomaterial production. It has many therapeutic applications in modern world. This study used Aloe vera extract in different concentrations to synthesize Aloe vera-incorporated hybrid nanoflowers (AV-Nfs). The most uniform morphology in the nanoflowers obtained was at a concentration of 2 mL. The AV-Nfs were well characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The highest peroxidase-mimicking activity of the components was 1.488 EU/mg at 60°C and pH 6. The DPPH assay determined the antioxidant activity of the components and the MTT assay tested on CCD-1072Sk fibroblast cell line determined the effect of AV-Nfs on cell proliferation. Separate treatment of AV-Nfs with Cu₃(PO₄)₂·3H₂O significantly increased cell proliferation according to free Aloe vera and CuSO₄. In vitro wound healing results showed that AV-Nfs could significantly close wounds compared to free Aloe vera. In this study, AV-Nfs showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae at minimum inhibitory concentration of 625 μg/mL, suggesting that AV-Nfs may be used in wound healing applications with enhanced biological properties. AV-Nfs showed no activity against the yeast Candida albicans.

The Effect of Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial of Synthesized CuO NPs from Propolis on HEK-293 Cells and Lactobacillus acidophilus

Background

Drug resistance is currently possible anywhere in the world. Due to the discovery of antimicrobials, medicine, and health have made tremendous advances over the past several decades.

Aim

This research evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on Lactobacillus acidophilus and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK). Method and Materials. Propolis was sampled and extracted. Green synthesis of CuO NPs was synthesized and characterized using SEM, TEM, DLS, BET, and zeta potential methods. L. acidophilus (ATCC 4356) was used, and the antimicrobial tests were carried out at different concentrations (10≥ mg/ml). Moreover, the cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTT assay on human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK).

Results

Synthesized CuO NPs using propolis extracts from Khalkhal (sample 1) and Gillan (sample 2) showed -13.2 and -14.4 mV, respectively. The hydrodynamic sizes of well-dispersed samples 1 and 2 were 3124.9 nm and 1726.7 nm, respectively. According to BET analysis, samples 1 and 2 had 5.37 and 8.45 m²/g surface area, respectively. The surface area was decreased due to the addition of propolis extract, and the pore size was increased. CuO NPs of samples 1 and 2 were visible on SEM images with diameters ranging from 75 to 145 nm and 120 to 155 nm, respectively. Based on TEM analysis, the size of CuO particles was increased in samples 1 and 2. CuO NPs particles had narrow size distributions with evenly dispersed NPs on all sides. The cell viability of the CuO NPs of samples 1 and 2 after 24, 48, and 72 hours was greater than 50%. As a result of the MIC and MBC tests, it was determined that samples 1 and 2 had the same effect against L. acidophilus (0.0024 mg/ml). Biofilm formation and degradation of sample 1 were more efficient against L. acidophilus.

Conclusion

There was no evidence of cytotoxicity in the samples. In addition, results showed that the green synthesized CuO NPs from Khalkhal propolis were effective against L. acidophilus. Thus, the green synthesized CuO NPs from Khalkhal propolis were the best candidates for clinical application.

Phytoconstituents Assisted Biofabrication of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Antiplasmodial, and Antilarval Efficacy: A Novel Approach for the Control of Parasites

The present work aimed to biofabricate copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract. The biofabricated CuO NPs were treated against the malarial parasite of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (INDO) and the antilarval efficacy was evaluated against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi and dengue vector Aedes aegypti. The prominence at 285 nm in the UV-visible spectrum helped to identify the produced CuO NPs. Based on the XRD patterns, the concentric rings correspond to reflections at 38.26° (111), 44.11° (200), 64.58° (220), and 77.34° (311). These separations are indicative of CuO's face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. The synthesized CuO NPs have FTIR spectra with band intensities of 3427, 2925, 1629, 1387, 1096, and 600 cm^-1. The absorbance band at 3427 cm^-1 is known to be associated with the stretching O-H due to the alcoholic group. FTIR proved that the presence of the -OH group is responsible for reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized CuO NPs were found to be polymorphic (oval, elongated, and roughly spherical) in form with a size range of 11-47 nm and an average size of 16 nm when the morphology was examined using FESEM and HRTEM. The highest antiplasmodial efficacy against the chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum (INDO) was found in the synthesized CuO NPs, with LC₅₀ values of 19.82 µg/mL, whilst HEK293 cells are the least toxic, with a CC₅₀ value of 265.85 µg/mL, leading to a selectivity index of 13.41. However, the antiplasmodial activity of T. cordifolia leaf extract (TCLE) and copper sulfate (CS) solution showed moderate activity, with LC₅₀ values of 52.24 and 63.88 µg/mL, respectively. The green synthesized NPs demonstrated extremely high antilarval efficacy against the larvae of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti, with LC₅₀ values of 4.06 and 3.69 mg/L, respectively.

Hydrotalcite-Modified Clinoptilolite as the Catalyst for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with Ammonia (NH3-SCR)

A series of clinoptilolite-supported catalysts, modified with hydrotalcite-like phase (HT) by co-precipitation, were prepared and tested in NH₃-SCR reactions. It was found that deposition of HT on clinoptilolite increased conversion of NO within 250-450 °C, and that the positive impact on the catalytic activity was independent of HT loading. The promoting effect of clinoptilolite was attributed to Brönsted acid sites present in the zeolite, which facilitated adsorption and accumulation of ammonia during the catalytic process. Concentration of N₂O in the post-reaction gas mixture reached its maximum at 300 °C and the by-product was most likely formed as a consequence of NH₄NO₃ decomposition or side reaction of NH₃ oxidation in the high-temperature region. The gradual elimination of nitrous oxide, noticed as the material with the highest concentration of hydrotalcite phase, was attributed to the abundance of oligomeric iron species and the superior textural parameters of the material. UV-Vis experiments performed on the calcined samples indicated that Fe sites of higher nuclearity were generated by thermal decomposition of the hydrotalcite phase during the catalytic reaction. Therefore, calcination of the materials prior to the catalytic tests was not required to obtain satisfactory overall catalytic performance in NO reductions.

Biosynthesis and extrinsic toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles against cattle parasites: An eco-friendly approach

Plant extracts' ability to collect metals and decrease metal ions makes them a superior candidate for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles; hence, they are referred to as bio-nano factories since both living and dead dried biomass are employed to produce metallic nanoparticles. The antiparasitic activity of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) was examined against cow tick larvae (Rhipicephalus microplus, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, and Hippobosca maculata). These parasitic larvae were treated with various concentrations of methanolic leaf extract of A. marmelos (MLE-AM) and biosynthesized CuO NPs for 24 h. CuO NPs were synthesized quickly using A. marmelos leaf extract, and nanoparticle synthesis was identified within 15 min. The results from characteristic XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and TEM analyses confirmed the biosynthesis of CuO NPs. The presence of 26-Hydroxycholesterol was discovered as the predominant chemical present in the GC-MS analysis of MLE-AM. The maximum efficacy was observed in biosynthesized CuO NPs against R. microplus larvae, H. bispinosa adults, and Hip. maculata larvae (LC₅₀ = 4.30, 9.50, and 11.13 mg/L; and LC₉₀ = 8.30, 19.57, and 21.65 mg/L; and 6.219, 6.547, and 2.587). Overall, the bio-fabrication of CuO NPs has the potential to develop better and safer antiparasitic control techniques.

Bioengineering of CuO porous (nano)particles: role of surface amination in biological, antibacterial, and photocatalytic activity

Nanotechnology is one of the most impressive sciences in the twenty-first century. Not surprisingly, nanoparticles/nanomaterials have been widely deployed given their multifunctional attributes and ease of preparation via environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and simple methods. Although there are assorted optimized preparative methods for synthesizing the nanoparticles, the main challenge is to find a comprehensive method that has multifaceted properties. The goal of this study has been to synthesize aminated (nano)particles via the Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract-mediated copper oxide; this modification leads to the preparation of (nano)particles with promising biological and photocatalytic applications. The synthesized NPs have been fully characterized, and biological activity was evaluated in antibacterial assessment against Bacillus cereus as a model Gram-positive and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model Gram-negative bacterium. The bio-synthesized copper oxide (nano)particles were screened by MTT assay by applying the HEK-293 cell line. The aminated (nano)particles have shown lower cytotoxicity (~ 21%), higher (~ 50%) antibacterial activity, and a considerable increase in zeta potential value (~ + 13.4 mV). The prepared (nano)particles also revealed considerable photocatalytic activity compared to other studies wherein the dye degradation process attained 97.4% promising efficiency in only 80 min and just 7% degradation after 80 min under dark conditions. The biosynthesized copper oxide (CuO) (nano)particle's biomedical investigation underscores an eco-friendly synthesis of (nano)particles, their noticeable stability in the green reaction media, and impressive biological activity.

Physico-chemical characteristics and cytotoxicity evaluation of CuO and TiO2 nanoparticles biosynthesized using extracts of Mucuna pruriens utilis seeds

The green synthesis approach to nanoparticles has been widely received as an alternative to the conventional methods, specifically for applications in areas such as biology, agriculture and medicine, where toxicity is of great concern. In this study, copper oxide (CuO) and titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Mucuna pruriens utilis seed. The morphology and structural characterization of the NPs were achieved by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, while the elemental composition was studied using electron diffraction X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). A monoclinic phase of CuO and anatase phases of TiO₂ with high crystallinity were confirmed from the diffraction patterns of the XRD. Both TEM and SEM micrographs of the CuO confirmed short rod-shaped nanostructure, while spherical morphologies were obtained for the TiO₂ NPs. The EDS study indicated that the composition of the samples conformed with the identified products in the XRD and attest to the purity of the NPs. The nanoparticles exhibited a dose-dependent profile in MTT cytotoxicity assay with some cell specificity. However, the anticancer potential of these NPs was still lower than that of the standard anticancer drug, 5-fluorouracil.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Abutilon indicum leaves extract and their evaluation of antibacterial, anticancer in human A549 lung and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells

In currently, biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are most widely used numerous in biological applications such as biosensor, energy, medicine, agriculture, environmental and industrial wastewater treatment. The hierarchical CuO NPs was synthesized via green chemistry method by using of Abutilon indicum (A. indicum) leaf extract, its nontoxic, facile and low-cost approaches. Biogenic synthesized CuO NPs was characterized by using a UV-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field mission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The synthesized CuO NPs was performed antibacterial activity against human pathogenic organisms of both Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) and Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria by using agar well diffusion method. Biological synthesized CuO NPs was showed potential bactericidal activity against Gram positive bacteria of B. subtilis than compared to Gram negative bacteria of E. coli. The cytotoxic effect of A. indicum mediated synthesized CuO NPs was evaluated against to human lung A549 and breast MDA-MB-231cancer cell lines by determined using of MTT assay. In furthermore, photocatalytic dye degradation was performed that synthesized CuO NPs have effectively removed 78% of malachite green dye molecule. Our investigation results suggested that the green synthesized CuO NPs potential biological activity of antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacterial, anticancer activity was effectively against MDA-MB-231cancer cell line and good dye degradation was exhibited in malachite green. The A. indicum aqueous leaf extract mediated synthesized CuO NPs has strongly suggested promising nano-biomaterials for fabrication of biomedical applications.

Biogenic Synthesis of CuO, ZnO, and CuO-ZnO Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extracts of Dovyalis caffra and Their Biological Properties

Biogenic metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a useful tool in biology due to their biocompatibility properties with most biological systems. In this study, we report the synthesis of copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), and their nanocomposite (CuO–ZnO) prepared using the phytochemical extracts from the leaves of Dovyalis caffra (kei apple). The physicochemical properties of these nanomaterials were established using some characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The XRD result confirmed the presence of a monoclinic CuO (Tenorite), and a hexagonal ZnO (Zincite) nanoparticles phase, which were both confirmed in the CuO–ZnO composite. The electron microscopy of the CuO–ZnO, CuO, and ZnO NPs showed a mixture of nano-scale sizes and spherical/short-rod morphologies, with some agglomeration. In the constituent’s analysis (EDX), no unwanted peak was found, which showed the absence of impurities. Antioxidant properties of the nanoparticles was studied, which confirmed that CuO–ZnO nanocomposite exhibited better scavenging potential than the individual metal oxide nanoparticles (CuO, and ZnO), and ascorbic acid with respect to their minimum inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values. Similarly, the in vitro anticancer studies using MCF7 breast cancer cell lines indicated a concentration-dependent profile with the CuO–ZnO nanocomposite having the best activity over the respective metal oxides, but slightly lower than the standard 5-Fluorouracil drug.

New frontiers in the plant extract mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles and their potential applications: A review

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials nowadays. CuO NPs have numerous applications in biological processes, medicine, energy devices, environmental remediation, and industrial fields from nanotechnology. With the increasing concern about the energy crisis and the challenges of chemical and physical approaches for preparing metal NPs, attempts to develop modern alternative chemistry have gotten much attention. Biological approaches that do not produce toxic waste and therefore do not require purification processes have been the subject of numerous studies. Plants may be extremely useful in the study of biogenic metal NP synthesis. This review aims to shed more light on the interactions between plant extracts and CuO NP synthesis. The use of living plants for CuO NPs biosynthesis is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly process. To date, the findings have revealed many aspects of plant physiology and their relationships to the synthesis of NPs. The current state of the art and potential challenges in the green synthesis of CuO NPs are described in this paper. This study found a recent increase in the green synthesis of CuO NPs using various plant extracts. As a result, a thorough explanation of green synthesis and stabilizing agents for CuO NPs made from these green sources is given. Additionally, the multifunctional applications of CuO NPs synthesized with various plant extracts in environmental remediation, sensing, catalytic reduction, photocatalysis, diverse biological activities, energy storage, and several organic transformations such as reduction, coupling, and multicomponent reactions were carefully reviewed. We expect that this review could serve as a useful guide for readers with a general interest in the plant extract mediated biosynthesis of CuO NPs and their potential applications.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their anti-bacterial activities: use of Aloe barbadensis miller and Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extracts

The presence of various phytochemicals makes the leaf extract-based green synthesis advantageous to other conventional methods, as it facilitates the production of non-toxic by-product. In the present study, leaf extracts from two different plants: Aloe barbadensis miller and Ocimum tenuiflorum, were used to synthesise Ag nanoparticles. The absorbance at 419-432 nm from UV-visible spectroscopy indicates the formation of Ag in the synthesised samples. The effect of precursors’ concentration on the stability, size and shape of the synthesised samples has also been investigated at constant heating temperature, stirring time, and the pH of the solution. The TEM results showed that all the synthesised samples of nanoparticles demonstrated stability with a size range of 7-70 and 9-48 nm with Aloe barbadensis miller and Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extracts, respectively. The formation of smaller Ag nanoparticles due to utilisation of different precursor concentration and leaf extracts was also explained. The synthesised samples’ anti-bacterial activity was examined against the pathogens, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. In general, the green synthesis approach established a prospective for developing highly stable Ag nanoparticles with rigid particle shape/size distribution from different leaf extracts for the development of better anti-bacterial agents.

Recent Approaches towards Control of Fungal Diseases in Plants: An Updated Review

Recent research demonstrates that the number of virulent phytopathogenic fungi continually grows, which leads to significant economic losses worldwide. Various procedures are currently available for the rapid detection and control of phytopathogenic fungi. Since 1940, chemical and synthetic fungicides were typically used to control phytopathogenic fungi. However, the substantial increase in development of fungal resistance to these fungicides in addition to negative effects caused by synthetic fungicides on the health of animals, human beings, and the environment results in the exploration of various new approaches and green strategies of fungal control by scientists from all over the world. In this review, the development of new approaches for controlling fungal diseases in plants is discussed. We argue that an effort should be made to bring these recent technologies to the farmer level.

Green biosynthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic effect of magnetic iron nanoparticles using Brassica Oleracea var capitata sub var rubra (red cabbage) aqueous peel extract

The green method of nanoparticle synthesis, which is an environment and living-friendly method, is an updated subject that has appeared as an alternative to conventional methods such as physical and chemical synthesis. In this presented study, the green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) from iron (III) chloride by using Brassica oleracea var. capitata sub.var. rubra aqueous peel extract has been reported. The prepared IONPs were characterized with fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The cytotoxic effects of IONPs on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line were studied by MTT assay, and migrative effect of its were carried out by the wound healing assay. It was found that the mean particle size of IONPs was 675 ± 25 nm, and the polydispersity index was 0.265 PDI. It was also determined that these nanoparticles had an anti-proliferative impact on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line depending on the dosage. Characterization results support the successful synthesis of nanoparticles, and the dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles on MCF-7 cells also make it a potential chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment.

Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aerva javanica Leaf Extract and Their Characterization and Investigation of In Vitro Antimicrobial Potential and Cytotoxic Activities

The development of green technology is creating great interest for researchers towards low-cost and environmentally friendly methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) attracted many researchers due to their electric, catalytic, optical, textile, photonic, monofluid, and pharmacological activities that depend on the shape and size of the nanoparticles. This investigation aims copper oxide nanoparticles synthesis using Aerva javanica plant leaf extract. Characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized by green route was performed by three different techniques: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the crystalline morphology of CuO-NPs and the average crystal size obtained is 15 nm. SEM images showed the spherical nature of the particles and size is lying in the 15-23 nm range. FTIR analysis confirms the functional groups of active components present in the extract which are responsible for reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of CuO-NPs. The synthesized CuO-NPs were studied for their antimicrobial potential against different bacterial as well as fungal pathogens. The results indicated that CuO-NPs show maximum antimicrobial activities against all the selected bacterial and fungal pathogens. Antimicrobial activities of copper oxide nanoparticles were compared with standard drugs Norfloxacin and amphotericin B antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of copper oxide nanoparticles were 128 μg/mL against all selected bacterial pathogens. MIC of fungus and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of CuO-NPs were 160 μg/mL. Thus, CuO-NPs can be utilized as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized CuO-NPs suggested that toxicity was negligible at concentrations below 60 μg/mL.

Copper mining bacteria: Converting toxic copper ions into a stable single-atom copper

The chemical synthesis of monoatomic metallic copper is unfavorable and requires inert or reductive conditions and the use of toxic reagents. Here, we report the environmental extraction and conversion of CuSO₄ ions into single-atom zero-valent copper (Cu⁰) by a copper-resistant bacterium isolated from a copper mine in Brazil. Furthermore, the biosynthetic mechanism of Cu⁰ production is proposed via proteomics analysis. This microbial conversion is carried out naturally under aerobic conditions eliminating toxic solvents. One of the most advanced commercially available transmission electron microscopy systems on the market (NeoArm) was used to demonstrate the abundant intracellular synthesis of single-atom zero-valent copper by this bacterium. This finding shows that microbes in acid mine drainages can naturally extract metal ions, such as copper, and transform them into a valuable commodity.

Efficacy Assessment of Biosynthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) on Stored Grain Insects and Their Impacts on Morphological and Physiological Traits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plant

Herein, CuO-NPs were fabricated by harnessing metabolites of Aspergillus niger strain (G3-1) and characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, SEM-EDX, FT-IR, and XPS. Spherical, crystallographic CuO-NPs were synthesized in sizes ranging from 14.0 to 47.4 nm, as indicated by TEM and XRD. EDX and XPS confirmed the presence of Cu and O with weight percentages of 62.96% and 22.93%, respectively, at varied bending energies. FT-IR spectra identified functional groups of metabolites that could act as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents to the CuO-NPs. The insecticidal activity of CuO-NPs against wheat grain insects Sitophilus granarius and Rhyzopertha dominica was dose- and time-dependent. The mortality percentages due to NP treatment were 55-94.4% (S. granarius) and 70-90% (R. dominica). A botanical experiment was done in a randomized block design. Low CuO-NP concentration (50 ppm) caused significant increases in growth characteristics (shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, and leaves number), photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophylls and carotenoids), and antioxidant enzymes of wheat plants. There was no significant change in carbohydrate or protein content. The use of CuO-NPs is a promising tool to control grain insects and enhance wheat growth performance.

Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Prospective Biotechnological Applications: an Overview

The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living cells is a promising and novelty tool in bionanotechnology. Chemical and physical methods are used to synthesize NPs; however, biological methods are preferred due to its eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost-effective, easy, and effective sources for high productivity and purity. High pressure or temperature is not required for the green synthesis of NPs, and the use of toxic and hazardous substances and the addition of external reducing, stabilizing, or capping agents are avoided. Intra- or extracellular biosynthesis of NPs can be achieved by numerous biological entities including bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, actinomycetes, and plant extracts. Recently, numerous methods are used to increase the productivity of nanoparticles with variable size, shape, and stability. The different mechanical, optical, magnetic, and chemical properties of NPs have been related to their shape, size, surface charge, and surface area. Detection and characterization of biosynthesized NPs are conducted using different techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, AFM, DLS, XRD, zeta potential analyses, etc. NPs synthesized by the green approach can be incorporated into different biotechnological fields as antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant agents; as a control for phytopathogens; and as bioremediative factors, and they are also used in the food and textile industries, in smart agriculture, and in wastewater treatment. This review will address biological entities that can be used for the green synthesis of NPs and their prospects for biotechnological applications.

Enhanced Biosynthesis Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) for their Antifungal Activity Toxicity against Major Phyto-Pathogens of Apple Orchards

PURPOSE

The present study made an attempt to develop copper nanoparticles (Cu-NP) with antifungal property using green synthesis method. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) botanically synthesized using Neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) were characterized by using different techniques like; UV-visible spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM.

METHODS

Materials were chosen the disease free and fresh Azadirachta indica A. Juss were collected and identified at Center of Biodiversity and Taxonomy. The plant samples were vigorously washed with distilled water then shade dried followed by sterilization with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 20 s and again it was washed with distilled water. 15 g powder form of plant material was added to 200 ml double distilled, CO₂ free and deionized water and kept in shaker at 80°C and 1500 rpm for six hours. After agitation, the extract was separated by regular centrifugation at 10,000 rpm followed by filtration by using whatmann filter paper. The final volume of 100 ml of supernatant was collected as pure extract and stored in cool place for further use.

RESULTS

The final results confirm a significant inhibition of CuO-NPs for the test fungi. Additionally, CuO-NPs demonstrated an enhanced effect when combined with Neem leaf extract. A total of 20-30% improvement in activity was noticed after combination, which correlates with commonly used synthetic fungicides. The toxicity results reveal that A. indica extract and their combined fractions with CuO-NP were less toxic to the test seeds of experimental plant while as bulk Cu followed by biosynthesized CuO-NPs influenced the germination rate as compared to control pots.

CONCLUSIONS

The study drops a concern of research and offers a promising route of developing Copper based green fungicides that can help to combat with modern issues of synthetic fungicides. An average size of 80 ± 15 nm monoclinic cupric oxide (CuO) and cubic cuprous oxides (Cu₂O) nanocrystals that existed in mixed form were successfully developed.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for biomedical application and environmental remediation

Recent development in nanoscience and nanotechnology has contributed to the wide applications of metal and metal oxides nanoparticles in several field of sciences, research institutes and industries. Among all metal oxides, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) has gained more attention due to its distinctive properties and applications. The high cost of reagents, equipment and environmental hazards associated with the physical and chemical methods of synthesizing CuONPs has been a major setback. In order to puffer solution to the aforementioned challenges by reducing environmental pollution and production of cheaper nanoparticles with good properties and efficiency, this review focus on collection of comprehensive information from recent developments in the synthesis, characterization and applications from previous scientific findings on biological method of synthesizing CuONPs due to the acclaimed advantages of been cheap, environmentally friendly, convenient and possibility of been scale up in into large scale production reported by numerous researchers. Our finding also support the synthesis of CuONPs from plant sources due to relative abundance of plants for the production of reducing and stabilizing agents required for CuONPs synthesis, potential efficiency of plant biomolecules in enhancing the toxicity effect of CuONPs against microbes, prevention of environmental pollution due of nontoxic chemicals and degradation effectiveness of CuONPs synthesized from plant sources. Furthermore, this study provide useful information on the rapid synthesis of CuONPs with desired properties from plant extracts.