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Gao M, Xin R, Wang Q, Gao D, Wang J, Yu Y. Abnormal eye movement features in patients with depression: Preliminary findings based on eye tracking technology. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2023; 84:25-30. [PMID: 37307718 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccadic eye movement (SEM) has been considered a non-invasive potential biomarker for the diagnosis of depression in recent years, but its application is not yet mature. In this study, we used eye-tracking technology to identify the eye movements of patients with depression to develop a new method for objectively identifying depression. METHODS Thirty-six patients with depression as the depression group, while thirty-six matched healthy individuals as the control group were recruited and completed eye movement tests, including two tasks: the prosaccade task and the antisaccade task. iViewX RED 500 eye-tracking instruments from SMI were used to collect eye movement data for both groups. RESULTS In the prosaccade task, there was no difference between the depression and control groups(t = 0.019, P > 0.05). In general, with increasing angle, both groups showed significantly higher peak velocity (F = 81.72, P < 0.0001), higher mean velocity (F = 32.83, P = 0.000), and greater SEM amplitude (F = 24.23, P < 0.0001). In the antisaccade task, there were significant differences in correct rate (t = 3.219, P = 0.002) and mean velocity (F = 3.253, P < 0.05) between the depression group and the control group. In the anti-effect analysis, there were significant differences in correct rate (F = 67.44, P < 0.0001) and accuracy (F = 79.02, P < 0.0001) between the depression group and the control group. Both groups showed longer latency and worse correct rate and precision in the antisaccade task compared with the prosaccade task. CONCLUSION Patients with depression showed different eye movement features, which could be potential biomarkers for clinical identification. Further studies must validate these results with larger sample sizes and more clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Gao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rongrong Xin
- Qingdao Laoshan District Golden Key kindergarten, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingxiang Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Dongmei Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanhong Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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2
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Coors A, Imtiaz MA, Boenniger MM, Aziz NA, Breteler MMB, Ettinger U. Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia are associated with oculomotor endophenotypes. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1611-1619. [PMID: 34412712 PMCID: PMC10009390 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721003251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder with substantial heritability. The use of endophenotypes may help clarify its aetiology. Measures from the smooth pursuit and antisaccade eye movement tasks have been identified as endophenotypes for schizophrenia in twin and family studies. However, the genetic basis of the overlap between schizophrenia and these oculomotor markers is largely unknown. Here, we tested whether schizophrenia polygenic risk scores (PRS) were associated with oculomotor performance in the general population. METHODS Analyses were based on the data of 2956 participants (aged 30-95) of the Rhineland Study, a community-based cohort study in Bonn, Germany. Genotyping was performed on Omni-2.5 exome arrays. Using summary statistics from a recent meta-analysis based on the two largest schizophrenia genome-wide association studies to date, we quantified genetic risk for schizophrenia by creating PRS at different p value thresholds for genetic markers. We examined associations between PRS and oculomotor performance using multivariable regression models. RESULTS Higher PRS were associated with higher antisaccade error rate and latency, and lower antisaccade amplitude gain. PRS showed inconsistent patterns of association with smooth pursuit velocity gain and were not associated with saccade rate during smooth pursuit or performance on a prosaccade control task. CONCLUSIONS There is an overlap between genetic determinants of schizophrenia and oculomotor endophenotypes. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms that underlie schizophrenia also affect oculomotor function in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabell Coors
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohammed-Aslam Imtiaz
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Meta M. Boenniger
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - N. Ahmad Aziz
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Monique M. B. Breteler
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Barch DM, Boudewyn MA, Carter CC, Erickson M, Frank MJ, Gold JM, Luck SJ, MacDonald AW, Ragland JD, Ranganath C, Silverstein SM, Yonelinas A. Cognitive [Computational] Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Serious Mental Illness (CNTRaCS) Consortium: Progress and Future Directions. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:19-60. [PMID: 36173600 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of treatments for impaired cognition in schizophrenia has been characterized as the most important challenge facing psychiatry at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) project was designed to build on the potential benefits of using tasks and tools from cognitive neuroscience to better understanding and treat cognitive impairments in psychosis. These benefits include: (1) the use of fine-grained tasks that measure discrete cognitive processes; (2) the ability to design tasks that distinguish between specific cognitive domain deficits and poor performance due to generalized deficits resulting from sedation, low motivation, poor test taking skills, etc.; and (3) the ability to link cognitive deficits to specific neural systems, using animal models, neuropsychology, and functional imaging. CNTRICS convened a series of meetings to identify paradigms from cognitive neuroscience that maximize these benefits and identified the steps need for translation into use in clinical populations. The Cognitive Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Schizophrenia (CNTRaCS) Consortium was developed to help carry out these steps. CNTRaCS consists of investigators at five different sites across the country with diverse expertise relevant to a wide range of the cognitive systems identified as critical as part of CNTRICs. This work reports on the progress and current directions in the evaluation and optimization carried out by CNTRaCS of the tasks identified as part of the original CNTRICs process, as well as subsequent extensions into the Positive Valence systems domain of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). We also describe the current focus of CNTRaCS, which involves taking a computational psychiatry approach to measuring cognitive and motivational function across the spectrum of psychosis. Specifically, the current iteration of CNTRaCS is using computational modeling to isolate parameters reflecting potentially more specific cognitive and visual processes that may provide greater interpretability in understanding shared and distinct impairments across psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Draheim C, Pak R, Draheim AA, Engle RW. The role of attention control in complex real-world tasks. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:1143-1197. [PMID: 35167106 PMCID: PMC8853083 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-02052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory capacity is an important psychological construct, and many real-world phenomena are strongly associated with individual differences in working memory functioning. Although working memory and attention are intertwined, several studies have recently shown that individual differences in the general ability to control attention is more strongly predictive of human behavior than working memory capacity. In this review, we argue that researchers would therefore generally be better suited to studying the role of attention control rather than memory-based abilities in explaining real-world behavior and performance in humans. The review begins with a discussion of relevant literature on the nature and measurement of both working memory capacity and attention control, including recent developments in the study of individual differences of attention control. We then selectively review existing literature on the role of both working memory and attention in various applied settings and explain, in each case, why a switch in emphasis to attention control is warranted. Topics covered include psychological testing, cognitive training, education, sports, police decision-making, human factors, and disorders within clinical psychology. The review concludes with general recommendations and best practices for researchers interested in conducting studies of individual differences in attention control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Draheim
- Department of Psychology, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI, USA.
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Richard Pak
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Amanda A Draheim
- Department of Psychology, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI, USA
| | - Randall W Engle
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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5
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Linton SR, Popa AM, Luck SJ, Bolden K, Angkustsiri K, Carter CS, Niendam TA, Simon TJ. Atypical attentional filtering of visual information in youth with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome as indexed by event-related potentials. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102877. [PMID: 34773799 PMCID: PMC8592928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Attentional control measured in 22q youth and typically developing control group. Differences in attentional control indexed by N2pc and PD event-related potentials. 22q youth exhibited sustained focus on distractor cues and reduced suppression. No relationships between attentional control and psychosis-proneness in 22q youth.
Background Youth with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q) face one of the highest genetic risk factors for the development of schizophrenia. Previous research suggests impairments in attentional control and potential interactions with elevated anxiety and reduced adaptive functioning may increase the risk for developing psychosis in this population. Here, we examined how variations in attentional control relate to the presence or severity of psychosis-proneness symptoms in these individuals. Methods To achieve this, we measured attentional control in youth (12–18 years) with 22q (N = 35) compared to a typically developing group (N = 45), using a flanker task (the Distractor Target task) while measuring neural activity with event-related potentials. Results Similar to previous findings observed in people with schizophrenia, greater attentional capture by, and reduced suppression of, non-target flanker stimuli characterized participants with 22q and was indexed by the N2pc (N2-posterior-contralateral) and PD (distractor positivity) components. Although we observed no relationships between these components and measures of psychosis-proneness in youth with 22q, these individuals endorsed a relatively low incidence of positive symptoms overall. Conclusions Our results provide neural evidence of an attentional control impairment in youth with 22q that suggests these individuals experience sustained attentional focus on irrelevant information and reduced suppression of distracting stimuli in their environment. Impairments in attentional control might be a valid biomarker of the potential to develop attenuated positive symptoms or frank psychosis in high-risk individuals long before the age at which such symptoms typically arise. The evaluation of such a hypothesis, and the preventive potential for the putative biomarker, should be the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Linton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; MIND Institute, UC Davis, 2825 50(th) Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - A M Popa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; MIND Institute, UC Davis, 2825 50(th) Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - S J Luck
- Center for Mind and Brain and Department of Psychology, UC Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - K Bolden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - K Angkustsiri
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis, 2516 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - C S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - T A Niendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - T J Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; MIND Institute, UC Davis, 2825 50(th) Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Hahn B, Robinson BM, Kiat JE, Geng J, Bansal S, Luck SJ, Gold JM. Impaired Filtering and Hyperfocusing: Neural Evidence for Distinct Selective Attention Abnormalities in People with Schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1950-1964. [PMID: 34546344 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although schizophrenia is classically thought to involve impaired attentional filtering, people with schizophrenia (PSZ) exhibit a more intense and more exclusive attentional focus than healthy control subjects (HCS) in many tasks. To resolve this contradiction, this functional magnetic resonance imaging study tested the impact of attentional control demands on the modulation of stimulus-induced activation in the fusiform face area and parahippocampal place area when participants (43 PSZ and 43 HCS) were looking for a target face versus house. Stimuli were presented individually, or as face-house overlays that challenged attentional control. Responses were slower for house than face stimuli and when prioritizing houses over faces in overlays, suggesting a difference in salience. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent activity reflected poorer attentional selectivity in PSZ than HCS when attentional control was challenged most, that is, when stimuli were overlaid and the task required detecting the lower-salience house target. By contrast, attentional selectivity was exaggerated in PSZ when control was challenged least, that is, when stimuli were presented sequentially and the task required detecting the higher-salience face target. These findings are consistent with 2 distinct attentional abnormalities in schizophrenia leading to impaired and exaggerated selection under different conditions: attentional control deficits, and hyperfocusing once attention has been directed toward a stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Hahn
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - Benjamin M Robinson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - John E Kiat
- University of California Davis, Center for Mind and Brain, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Joy Geng
- University of California Davis, Center for Mind and Brain, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Sonia Bansal
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - Steven J Luck
- University of California Davis, Center for Mind and Brain, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - James M Gold
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
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7
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Athanasopoulos F, Saprikis OV, Margeli M, Klein C, Smyrnis N. Towards Clinically Relevant Oculomotor Biomarkers in Early Schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:688683. [PMID: 34177483 PMCID: PMC8222521 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.688683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, psychiatric research has focused on the evaluation and implementation of biomarkers in the clinical praxis. Oculomotor function deviances are among the most consistent and replicable cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and have been suggested as viable candidates for biomarkers. In this narrative review, we focus on oculomotor function in first-episode psychosis, recent onset schizophrenia as well as individuals at high risk for developing psychosis. We critically discuss the evidence for the possible utilization of oculomotor function measures as diagnostic, susceptibility, predictive, monitoring, and prognostic biomarkers for these conditions. Based on the current state of research we conclude that there are not sufficient data to unequivocally support the use of oculomotor function measures as biomarkers in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Athanasopoulos
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - Orionas-Vasilis Saprikis
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - Myrto Margeli
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - Christoph Klein
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
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8
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Wolf A, Ueda K, Hirano Y. Recent updates of eye movement abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia: A scoping review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 75:82-100. [PMID: 33314465 PMCID: PMC7986125 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although eye-tracking technology expands beyond capturing eye data just for the sole purpose of ensuring participants maintain their gaze at the presented fixation cross, gaze technology remains of less importance in clinical research. Recently, impairments in visual information encoding processes indexed by novel gaze metrics have been frequently reported in patients with schizophrenia. This work undertakes a scoping review of research on saccadic dysfunctions and exploratory eye movement deficits among patients with schizophrenia. It gathers promising pieces of evidence of eye movement abnormalities in attention-demanding tasks on the schizophrenia spectrum that have mounted in recent years and their outcomes as potential biological markers. METHODS The protocol was drafted based on PRISMA for scoping review guidelines. Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify articles published between 2010 and 2020 that examined visual processing in patients with schizophrenia and reported eye movement characteristics as potential biomarkers for this mental illness. RESULTS The use of modern eye-tracking instrumentation has been reported by numerous neuroscientific studies to successfully and non-invasively improve the detection of visual information processing impairments among the screened population at risk of and identified with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Eye-tracking technology has the potential to contribute to the process of early intervention and more apparent separation of the diagnostic entities, being put together by the syndrome-based approach to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, context-processing paradigms should be conducted and reported in equally accessible publications to build comprehensive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wolf
- International Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ueda
- Department of Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Bansal S, Gaspar JM, Robinson BM, Leonard CJ, Hahn B, Luck SJ, Gold JM. Antisaccade Deficits in Schizophrenia Can Be Driven by Attentional Relevance of the Stimuli. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:363-372. [PMID: 32766726 PMCID: PMC7965078 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The antisaccade task is considered a test of cognitive control because it creates a conflict between the strong bottom-up signal produced by the cue and the top-down goal of shifting gaze to the opposite side of the display. Antisaccade deficits in schizophrenia are thought to reflect impaired top-down inhibition of the prepotent bottom-up response to the cue. However, the cue is also a highly task-relevant stimulus that must be covertly attended to determine where to shift gaze. We tested the hypothesis that difficulty in overcoming the attentional relevance of the cue, rather than its bottom-up salience, is key in producing impaired performance in people with schizophrenia (PSZ). We implemented 3 versions of the antisaccade task in which we varied the bottom-up salience of the cue while holding its attentional relevance constant. We found that difficulty in performing a given antisaccade task-relative to a prosaccade version using the same stimuli-was largely independent of the cue's bottom-up salience. The magnitude of impairment in PSZ relative to control subjects was also independent of bottom-up salience. The greatest impairment was observed in a version where the cue lacked bottom-up salience advantage over other locations. These results indicate that the antisaccade deficit in PSZ does not reflect an impairment in overcoming bottom-up salience of the cue, but PSZ are instead impaired at overcoming its attentional relevance. This deficit may still indicate an underlying inhibitory control impairment but could also reflect a hyperfocusing of attentional resources on the cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bansal
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA; tel: (410)-402-6881, fax: (410)-401-7198, e-mail:
| | - John M Gaspar
- Department of Psychology, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Benjamin M Robinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD
| | - Carly J Leonard
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Britta Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD
| | - Steven J Luck
- Department of Psychology, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - James M Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD
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10
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Obyedkov I, Skuhareuskaya M, Skugarevsky O, Obyedkov V, Buslauski P, Skuhareuskaya T, Waszkiewicz N. Saccadic eye movements in different dimensions of schizophrenia and in clinical high-risk state for psychosis. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:110. [PMID: 30961571 PMCID: PMC6454611 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oculomotor dysfunction is one of the most replicated findings in schizophrenia. However the association between saccadic abnormalities and particular clinical syndromes remains unclear. The assessment of saccadic movements in schizophrenia patients as well as in clinical high-risk state for psychosis individuals (CHR) as a part of schizophrenia continuum may be useful in validation of saccadic movements as a possible biomarker. METHODS The study included 156 patients who met the ICD-10 criteria for schizophrenia: 42 individuals at clinical high-risk-state for psychosis and 61 healthy controls. The schizophrenia patients had three subgroups based on the sum of the global SAPS and SANS scores: (1) patients with predominantly negative symptoms (NS, n = 62); (2) patients with predominantly positive symptoms (PS, n = 54) (3) patients with predominantly disorganization symptoms (DS, n = 40). CHR subjects were characterized by the presence of one of the groups of criteria: (1) Ultra High Risk criteria, (2) Basic Symptoms criteria or (3) negative symptoms and formal thought disorders. Horizontal eye movements were recorded by using videonystagmograph. We measured peak velocity, latency and accuracy in prosaccade, antisaccade and predictive saccade tasks as well as error rates in the antisaccade task. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients performed worse than controls in predictive, reflexive and antisaccade tasks. Oculomotor parameters of NS were different from the other groups of patients. Latencies of predictive and reflexive saccades were significantly longer than in controls only in the NS group. The accuracy of predictive saccades was also different from controls only in the NS schizophrenia group. More prominent loss of accuracy of reflexive saccades was found in the DS group and it significantly differed from the one in other groups. Participants from DS group made more errors in antisaccade task compared to NS and PS groups. CHR subjects performed worse than controls as measured by the accuracy of reflexive saccades and antisaccades. CONCLUSIONS The study confirms the existence of different relations between the symptom dimensions of schizophrenia and saccades tasks performances. Saccadic abnormalities were revealed in the clinical (schizophrenia) and pre-clinical (clinical high risk) populations that provide further evidence for assessing saccadic abnormalities as a possible neurobiological marker for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Obyedkov
- Republican Research and Practice Center for Mental Health, Dolginovsky Tract, 152, 220053 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Maryna Skuhareuskaya
- Republican Research and Practice Center for Mental Health, Dolginovsky Tract, 152, 220053 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Oleg Skugarevsky
- 0000 0004 0452 5023grid.21354.31Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Belarusian State Medical University, Dolginovsky Tract, 152, 220053 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Victor Obyedkov
- 0000 0004 0452 5023grid.21354.31Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Belarusian State Medical University, Dolginovsky Tract, 152, 220053 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Pavel Buslauski
- Republican Research and Practice Center for Mental Health, Dolginovsky Tract, 152, 220053 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatsiana Skuhareuskaya
- 0000 0004 0452 5023grid.21354.31Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Belarusian State Medical University, Dolginovsky Tract, 152, 220053 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Plac Brodowicza 1, 16-070, Choroszcz, Poland.
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11
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Rodrigue AL, Schaeffer DJ, Pierce JE, Clementz BA, McDowell JE. Evaluating the Specificity of Cognitive Control Deficits in Schizophrenia Using Antisaccades, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Healthy Individuals With Poor Cognitive Control. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:107. [PMID: 29695982 PMCID: PMC5904188 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control impairments in schizophrenia (SZ) can be evaluated using antisaccade tasks and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Studies, however, often compare people with SZ to high performing healthy people, making it unclear if antisaccade-related disruptions are specific to the disease or due to generalized deficits in cognitive control. We included two healthy comparison groups in addition to people with SZ: healthy people with high cognitive control (HCC), who represent a more typical comparison group, and healthy people with low cognitive control (LCC), who perform similarly on antisaccade measures as people with SZ. Using two healthy comparison groups may help determine which antisaccade-related deficits are specific to SZ (distinguish SZ from LCC and HCC groups) and which are due to poor cognitive control (distinguish the LCC and SZ groups from the HCC group). People with SZ and healthy people with HCC or LCC performed an antisaccade task during fMRI acquisition. LCC and SZ groups showed under-activation of saccade circuitry. SZ-specific disruptions were observed in the left superior temporal gyrus and insula during error trials (suppression of activation in the SZ group compared to the LCC and HCC group). Differences related to antisaccade errors may distinguish people with SZ from healthy people with LCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Rodrigue
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jordan E Pierce
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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12
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Clinical correlates of saccadic eye movement in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:154-159. [PMID: 29049907 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some aspects of saccadic performance have been found to be abnormal in chronic schizophrenia. The majority of this research has, however, been performed on patients treated with long-term antipsychotic medication. Very few studies have examined saccadic performance in antipsychotic-naïve/free patients. There are also very few studies describing the relationship between saccadic performance and clinical symptoms, particularly in antipsychotic free patients. In this study, we compared pro and antisaccade performance in a large sample of antipsychotic-naïve/free schizophrenia patients (N = 45) with healthy controls (N = 57). Clinical symptoms were assessed using Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Negative Symptoms (SANS). In the antisaccade task, patients made significantly more errors, and their correct antisaccades had smaller amplitudes in comparison to healthy controls. Higher error rates were associated with increased severity of hallucinations. In the prosaccade task, patients had less accurate final eye positions, and made saccades with slower latency and reduced amplitude compared to the healthy controls. These observations in schizophrenia patients without the potential confounds of antipsychotic treatment suggest intrinsic link between saccadic deficits and schizophrenia pathogenesis. The relationship between antisaccade errors and hallucination severity supports the potential link between hallucinations and deficits in inhibitory control.
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13
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Caldani S, Bucci MP, Lamy JC, Seassau M, Bendjemaa N, Gadel R, Gaillard R, Krebs MO, Amado I. Saccadic eye movements as markers of schizophrenia spectrum: Exploration in at-risk mental states. Schizophr Res 2017; 181:30-37. [PMID: 27639418 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disease with cognitive and motor impairments. Motor dysfunctions, such as eye movements or Neurological Soft Signs (NSS), are proposed as endophenotypic markers. Antisaccade (AS) and memory-guided saccades (MGS), two markers of inhibitory control mechanism, are altered in both patients with schizophrenia and their relatives, although these tools may have different sensitivities. Recently, emphasis has been put on identifying markers predictive of psychosis transition in subjects with ultra-high-risk psychosis in order to develop targeted prevention. This study investigates AS and MGS in 46 patients with schizophrenia, 23 ultra-high-risk subjects, and 39 full siblings compared to 47 healthy volunteers. NSS were assessed as a marker of abnormal neurodevelopment. The results revealed more errors in MGS in patients, ultra-high-risk subjects and siblings, than in controls, and more specifically ultra-high-risk subjects with high NSS scores. By contrast, the error rate in AS was significantly higher only in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. These findings suggest that MGS could be more accurate to detect deficient inhibitory processes as a marker of vulnerability before the onset of schizophrenia. The use of the different paradigms (AS, MGS) revealed distinct profiles depending on the stage of the disease, indicating that some alterations could be pure endophenotypic markers of vulnerability for schizophrenia, while others could be markers of the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Caldani
- UMR 1141 Inserm-Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France; INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141 Inserm-Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Lamy
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Narjes Bendjemaa
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Gadel
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Gaillard
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Amado
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
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14
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Turner TH, Renfroe JB, Duppstadt-Delambo A, Hinson VK. Validation of a Behavioral Approach for Measuring Saccades in Parkinson's Disease. J Mot Behav 2017; 49:657-667. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1250720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis H. Turner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Jenna B. Renfroe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | | | - Vanessa K. Hinson
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
- Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, Charleston, South Carolina
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15
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Myles JB, Rossell SL, Phillipou A, Thomas E, Gurvich C. Insights to the schizophrenia continuum: A systematic review of saccadic eye movements in schizotypy and biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 72:278-300. [PMID: 27916709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Myles, J.B., S. Rossell, A. Phillipou, Thomas, E and C. Gurvich. A systematic review of saccadic eye movements across the schizophrenia continuum: Characterisation, pathophysiology and genetic associations. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 21(1) XXX-XXX, 2015. One of the cognitive hallmarks of schizophrenia is impaired eye movements, particularly for the antisaccade task. Less saccade research has been conducted in relation to the broader schizophrenia continuum, that is, people with high schizotypy or first-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia. This systematic review sought to identify, collate and appraise prosaccade, antisaccade and memory-guided saccade studies involving behavioural, neuroimaging and genetic data published between 1980 and September 2016 in individuals with high schizotypy and first-degree relatives. A systematic literature search was conducted, using Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed and SCOPUS databases. Of 913 references screened, 18 schizotypy, 29 family studies and two schizotypy and relatives articles studies were eligible for inclusion. Antisaccade error rate was the most consistent deficit found for high schizotypy. Relatives had intermediate antisaccade error rates between patients and healthy controls. Results from the limited genetic and neuroimaging studies echoed schizophrenia findings. Confounds were also identified. It was concluded that future research is required to refine the saccade endophenotype and to expand genetic and neuroimaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Myles
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia; Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Phillipou
- Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Mental Health, The Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia.
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Prioritizing schizophrenia endophenotypes for future genetic studies: An example using data from the COGS-1 family study. Schizophr Res 2016; 174:1-9. [PMID: 27132484 PMCID: PMC4912929 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Past studies describe numerous endophenotypes associated with schizophrenia (SZ), but many endophenotypes may overlap in information they provide, and few studies have investigated the utility of a multivariate index to improve discrimination between SZ and healthy community comparison subjects (CCS). We investigated 16 endophenotypes from the first phase of the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia, a large, multi-site family study, to determine whether a subset could distinguish SZ probands and CCS just as well as using all 16. Participants included 345 SZ probands and 517 CCS with a valid measure for at least one endophenotype. We used both logistic regression and random forest models to choose a subset of endophenotypes, adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, site, parent education, and the reading subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test. As a sensitivity analysis, we re-fit models using multiple imputations to determine the effect of missing values. We identified four important endophenotypes: antisaccade, Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs 3-digit version, California Verbal Learning Test, and emotion identification. The logistic regression model that used just these four endophenotypes produced essentially the same results as the model that used all 16 (84% vs. 85% accuracy). While a subset of endophenotypes cannot replace clinical diagnosis nor encompass the complexity of the disease, it can aid in the design of future endophenotypic and genetic studies by reducing study cost and subject burden, simplifying sample enrichment, and improving the statistical power of locating those genetic regions associated with schizophrenia that may be the easiest to identify initially.
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Abstract
Endophenotypes are quantitative, heritable traits that may help to elucidate the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying complex disease syndromes, such as schizophrenia. They can be assessed at numerous levels of analysis; here, we review electrophysiological endophenotypes that have shown promise in helping us understand schizophrenia from a more mechanistic point of view. For each endophenotype, we describe typical experimental procedures, reliability, heritability, and reported gene and neurobiological associations. We discuss recent findings regarding the genetic architecture of specific electrophysiological endophenotypes, as well as converging evidence from EEG studies implicating disrupted balance of glutamatergic signaling and GABAergic inhibition in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We conclude that refining the measurement of electrophysiological endophenotypes, expanding genetic association studies, and integrating data sets are important next steps for understanding the mechanisms that connect identified genetic risk loci for schizophrenia to the disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Owens
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter Bachman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David C Glahn
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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18
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Swerdlow NR, Gur RE, Braff DL. Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) assessment of endophenotypes for schizophrenia: an introduction to this Special Issue of Schizophrenia Research. Schizophr Res 2015; 163:9-16. [PMID: 25454799 PMCID: PMC4382419 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COGS is a multi-site NIMH-sponsored investigation of the genetic basis of 12 primary and multiple secondary quantitative endophenotypes in schizophrenia. METHODS Since 2003, COGS has completed studies using a family-based ascertainment strategy (COGS-1), and a case-control ascertainment strategy (COGS-2) (cumulative "n">4000). RESULTS COGS-1 family study confirmed robust deficits in, and heritability of, these endophenotypes in schizophrenia, and provided evidence for a coherent genetic architecture underlying the risk for neurocognitive and neurophysiological deficits in this disorder. COGS-2 case-control findings, many reported herein, establish a foundation for fine genomic mapping and other analyses of these endophenotypes and risk genes for SZ. Several reports in this Special Issue compare findings of endophenotype deficits generated by fundamentally different COGS-1 vs. COGS-2 ascertainment strategies. Despite the expectation that family-based and case-control designs would establish demographically and potentially biologically distinct patient cohorts, findings generally revealed comparable patterns of endophenotype deficits across studies. The COGS-2 case-control design facilitated the accrual of a larger "n", permitting detailed analyses of factors moderating endophenotype performance. Some COGS-2 endophenotypes not assessed in COGS-1 are also reported, as is a new factor analytic strategy for identifying shared vs. unique factors among the COGS endophenotypes which can be used to develop composite variables with distinct genetic signatures. DISCUSSION The path to date of COGS-1 endophenotype and genetic findings, followed by replication and extension in COGS-2, establishes benchmarks for endophenotype deficits in SZ and their moderation by specific factors, and clear expectations for informative findings from upcoming COGS-2 genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA, Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 619 543 6270; fax: +1 619 543 2493. (N.R. Swerdlow)
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology & Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 10th Floor Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David L. Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
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19
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Radant AD, Millard SP, Braff D, Calkins ME, Dobie DJ, Freedman R, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Gur RE, Gur RC, Lazzeroni L, Light GA, Meichle S, Nuechterlein KH, Olincy A, Seidman LJ, Siever L, Silverman J, Stone WS, Swerdlow NR, Sugar C, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Tsuang DW. Robust differences in antisaccade performance exist between COGS schizophrenia cases and controls regardless of recruitment strategies. Schizophr Res 2015; 163:47-52. [PMID: 25553977 PMCID: PMC4382408 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The impaired ability to make correct antisaccades (i.e., antisaccade performance) is well documented among schizophrenia subjects, and researchers have successfully demonstrated that antisaccade performance is a valid schizophrenia endophenotype that is useful for genetic studies. However, it is unclear how the ascertainment biases that unavoidably result from recruitment differences in schizophrenia subjects identified in family versus case-control studies may influence patient-control differences in antisaccade performance. To assess the impact of ascertainment bias, researchers from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) compared antisaccade performance and antisaccade metrics (latency and gain) in schizophrenia and control subjects from COGS-1, a family-based schizophrenia study, to schizophrenia and control subjects from COGS-2, a corresponding case-control study. COGS-2 schizophrenia subjects were substantially older; had lower education status, worse psychosocial function, and more severe symptoms; and were three times more likely to be a member of a multiplex family than COGS-1 schizophrenia subjects. Despite these variations, which were likely the result of ascertainment differences (as described in the introduction to this special issue), the effect sizes of the control-schizophrenia differences in antisaccade performance were similar in both studies (Cohen's d effect size of 1.06 and 1.01 in COGS-1 and COGS-2, respectively). This suggests that, in addition to the robust, state-independent schizophrenia-related deficits described in endophenotype studies, group differences in antisaccade performance do not vary based on subject ascertainment and recruitment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D. Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington and Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN-20
| | - Steven P. Millard
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA,VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VHA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dorcas J. Dobie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington and Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN-20
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Lazzeroni
- Department of Biostatistics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Gregory A. Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sean Meichle
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keith H. Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, and Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Larry Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA,Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN-3, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA,Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN-3, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - William S. Stone
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, and Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Catherine Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington and Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN-20
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20
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Light G, Greenwood TA, Swerdlow NR, Calkins ME, Freedman R, Green MF, Gur RE, Gur RC, Lazzeroni LC, Nuechterlein KH, Olincy A, Radant AD, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Sprock J, Stone WS, Sugar CA, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Braff DL. Comparison of the heritability of schizophrenia and endophenotypes in the COGS-1 family study. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1404-11. [PMID: 24903414 PMCID: PMC4193725 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twin and multiplex family studies have established significant heritability for schizophrenia (SZ), often summarized as 81%. The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS-1) family study was designed to deconstruct the genetic architecture of SZ using neurocognitive and neurophysiological endophenotypes, for which heritability estimates ranged from 18% to 50% (mean = 30%). This study assessed the heritability of SZ in these families to determine whether there is a "heritability gap" between the diagnosis and related endophenotypes. METHODS Nuclear families (N = 296) with a SZ proband, an unaffected sibling, and both parents (n = 1366 subjects; mean family size = 4.6) underwent comprehensive endophenotype and clinical characterization. The Family Interview for Genetic Studies was administered to all participants and used to obtain convergent psychiatric symptom information for additional first-degree relatives of interviewed subjects (N = 3304 subjects; mean family size = 11.2). Heritability estimates of psychotic disorders were computed for both nuclear and extended families. RESULTS The heritability of SZ was 31% and 44% for nuclear and extended families. The inclusion of bipolar disorder increased the heritability to 37% for the nuclear families. When major depression was added, heritability estimates dropped to 34% and 20% for nuclear and extended families, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Endophenotypes and psychotic disorders exhibit comparable levels of heritability in the COGS-1 family sample. The ascertainment of families with discordant sibpairs to increase endophenotypic contrast may underestimate diagnostic heritability relative to other studies. However, population-based studies also report significantly lower heritability estimates for SZ. Collectively, these findings support the importance of endophenotype-based strategies and the dimensional view of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, San Diego Healthcare System La Jolla, CA;
| | - Tiffany A. Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA;,These authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA;,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura C. Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Keith H. Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
| | - Allen D. Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry, Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY;,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY;,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Joyce Sprock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - William S. Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry, Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine A. Sugar
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA;,Center for Behavioral Genomics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA;,Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David L. Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Schmeidler J, Lazzeroni LC, Swerdlow NR, Ferreira RP, Braff DL, Calkins ME, Cadenhead KS, Freedman R, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Gur RE, Gur RC, Light GA, Olincy A, Nuechterlein KH, Radant AD, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Stone WS, Sprock J, Sugar CA, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Silverman JM. Paternal age of schizophrenia probands and endophenotypic differences from unaffected siblings. Psychiatry Res 2014; 219:67-71. [PMID: 24913833 PMCID: PMC4110721 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the discrepancy of endophenotypic performance between probands with schizophrenia and unaffected siblings by paternal age at proband birth, a possible marker for de novo mutations. Pairs of schizophrenia probands and unaffected siblings (N=220 pairs) were evaluated on 11 neuropsychological or neurophysiological endophenotypes previously identified as heritable. For each endophenotype, the sibling-minus-proband differences were transformed to standardized scores. Then for each pair, the average discrepancy was calculated from its standardized scores. We tested the hypothesis that the discrepancy is associated with paternal age, controlling for the number of endophenotypes shared between proband and his or her sibling, and proband age, which were both associated with paternal age. The non-significant association between the discrepancy and paternal age was in the opposite direction from the hypothesis. Of the 11 endophenotypes only sensori-motor dexterity was significant, but in the opposite direction. Eight other endophenotypes were also in the opposite direction, but not significant. The results did not support the hypothesized association of increased differences between sibling/proband pairs with greater paternal age. A possible explanation is that the identification of heritable endophenotypes was based on samples for which schizophrenia was attributable to inherited rather than de novo/non-inherited causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Schmeidler
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura C Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rui P Ferreira
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY, USA
| | - David L Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; VISN-22 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; VISN-22 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allen D Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larry J Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY, USA; VISN-3 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William S Stone
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joyce Sprock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Debby W Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; VISN-20 Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bruce I Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY, USA; James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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McCabe KL, Atkinson RJ, Cooper G, Melville JL, Harris J, Schall U, Loughland CM, Thienel R, Campbell LE. Pre-pulse inhibition and antisaccade performance indicate impaired attention modulation of cognitive inhibition in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:38. [PMID: 25279014 PMCID: PMC4182838 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with a number of physical anomalies and neuropsychological deficits including impairments in executive and sensorimotor function. It is estimated that 25% of children with 22q11DS will develop schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders later in life. Evidence of genetic transmission of information processing deficits in schizophrenia suggests performance in 22q11DS individuals will enhance understanding of the neurobiological and genetic substrates associated with information processing. In this report, we examine information processing in 22q11DS using measures of startle eyeblink modification and antisaccade inhibition to explore similarities with schizophrenia and associations with neurocognitive performance. METHODS Startle modification (passive and active tasks; 120- and 480-ms pre-pulse intervals) and antisaccade inhibition were measured in 25 individuals with genetically confirmed 22q11DS and 30 healthy control subjects. RESULTS Individuals with 22q11DS exhibited increased antisaccade error as well as some evidence (trend-level effect) of impaired sensorimotor gating during the active condition, suggesting a dysfunction in controlled attentional processing, rather than a pre-attentive dysfunction using this paradigm. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the present study show similarities with previous studies in clinical populations associated with 22q11DS such as schizophrenia that may indicate shared dysfunction of inhibition pathways in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Louise McCabe
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia
| | - Rebbekah Josephine Atkinson
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Gavin Cooper
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Science Offices, Callaghan, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Jessica Lauren Melville
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Science Offices, Callaghan, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Jill Harris
- Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Carmel Maree Loughland
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia
| | - Renate Thienel
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Linda Elisabet Campbell
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Science Offices, Callaghan, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia
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23
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Leonard CJ, Robinson BM, Kaiser ST, Hahn B, McClenon C, Harvey AN, Luck SJ, Gold JM. Testing sensory and cognitive explanations of the antisaccade deficit in schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 122:1111-20. [PMID: 24364614 DOI: 10.1037/a0034956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that people with schizophrenia (PSZ) have sensory deficits, especially in the magnocellular pathway, and this has led to the proposal that dysfunctional sensory processing may underlie higher-order cognitive deficits. Here we test the hypothesis that the antisaccade deficit in PSZ reflects dysfunctional magnocellular processing rather than impaired cognitive processing, as indexed by working memory capacity. This is a plausible hypothesis because oculomotor regions have direct magnocellular inputs, and the stimuli used in most antisaccade tasks strongly activate the magnocellular visual pathway. In the current study, we examined both prosaccade and antisaccade performance in PSZ (N = 22) and matched healthy control subjects (HCS; N = 22) with Gabor stimuli designed to preferentially activate the magnocellular pathway, the parvocellular pathway, or both pathways. We also measured working memory capacity. PSZ exhibited impaired antisaccade performance relative to HCS across stimulus types, with impairment even for stimuli that minimized magnocellular activation. Although both sensory thresholds and working memory capacity were impaired in PSZ, only working memory capacity was correlated with antisaccade accuracy, consistent with a cognitive rather than sensory origin for the antisaccade deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin M Robinson
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Mary- land School of Medicine
| | - Samuel T Kaiser
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Mary- land School of Medicine
| | - Britta Hahn
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Mary- land School of Medicine
| | | | - Alex N Harvey
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Mary- land School of Medicine
| | | | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Mary- land School of Medicine
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24
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Tsuang D, Esterberg M, Braff D, Calkins M, Cadenhead K, Dobie D, Freedman R, Green MF, Greenwood T, Gur R, Gur R, Horan W, Lazzeroni LC, Light GA, Millard SP, Olincy A, Nuechterlein K, Seidman L, Siever L, Silverman J, Stone W, Sprock J, Sugar C, Swerdlow N, Tsuang M, Turetsky B, Radant A. Is there an association between advanced paternal age and endophenotype deficit levels in schizophrenia? PLoS One 2014; 9:e88379. [PMID: 24523888 PMCID: PMC3921166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The children of older fathers have increased risks of developing schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and among those who develop these disorders, those with older fathers present with more severe clinical symptoms. However, the influence of advanced paternal age on other important domains related to schizophrenia, such as quantitative endophenotype deficit levels, remains unknown. This study investigated the associations between paternal age and level of endophenotypic impairment in a well-characterized family-based sample from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS). All families included at least one affected subject and one unaffected sibling. Subjects met criteria for schizophrenia (probands; n = 293) or were unaffected first-degree siblings of those probands (n = 382). Paternal age at the time of subjects’ birth was documented. Subjects completed a comprehensive clinical assessment and a battery of tests that measured 16 endophenotypes. After controlling for covariates, potential paternal age–endophenotype associations were analyzed using one model that included probands alone and a second model that included both probands and unaffected siblings. Endophenotype deficits in the Identical Pairs version of the 4-digit Continuous Performance Test and in the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery verbal memory test showed significant associations with paternal age. However, after correcting for multiple comparisons, no endophenotype was significantly associated with paternal age. These findings suggest that factors other than advanced paternal age at birth may account for endophenotypic deficit levels in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Tsuang
- VISN-20 Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michelle Esterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Braff
- VISN-22 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America ; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristin Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Dorcas Dobie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America ; VISN-20 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America ; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Raquel Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ruben Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William Horan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America ; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Laura C Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory A Light
- VISN-22 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America ; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Steven P Millard
- VISN-20 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Keith Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Larry Seidman
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Larry Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; VISN-3 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; VISN-3 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - William Stone
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joyce Sprock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America ; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Neal Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ming Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allen Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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25
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Landgraf S, Osterheider M. "To see or not to see: that is the question." The "Protection-Against-Schizophrenia" (PaSZ) model: evidence from congenital blindness and visuo-cognitive aberrations. Front Psychol 2013; 4:352. [PMID: 23847557 PMCID: PMC3696841 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of schizophrenia are still unknown. For the last 100 years, though, both “absent” and “perfect” vision have been associated with a lower risk for schizophrenia. Hence, vision itself and aberrations in visual functioning may be fundamental to the development and etiological explanations of the disorder. In this paper, we present the “Protection-Against-Schizophrenia” (PaSZ) model, which grades the risk for developing schizophrenia as a function of an individual's visual capacity. We review two vision perspectives: (1) “Absent” vision or how congenital blindness contributes to PaSZ and (2) “perfect” vision or how aberrations in visual functioning are associated with psychosis. First, we illustrate that, although congenitally blind and sighted individuals acquire similar world representations, blind individuals compensate for behavioral shortcomings through neurofunctional and multisensory reorganization. These reorganizations may indicate etiological explanations for their PaSZ. Second, we demonstrate that visuo-cognitive impairments are fundamental for the development of schizophrenia. Deteriorated visual information acquisition and processing contribute to higher-order cognitive dysfunctions and subsequently to schizophrenic symptoms. Finally, we provide different specific therapeutic recommendations for individuals who suffer from visual impairments (who never developed “normal” vision) and individuals who suffer from visual deterioration (who previously had “normal” visual skills). Rather than categorizing individuals as “normal” and “mentally disordered,” the PaSZ model uses a continuous scale to represent psychiatrically relevant human behavior. This not only provides a scientific basis for more fine-grained diagnostic assessments, earlier detection, and more appropriate therapeutic assignments, but it also outlines a trajectory for unraveling the causes of abnormal psychotic human self- and world-perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Landgraf
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, District Hospital, University Regensburg Regensburg, Germany ; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany
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26
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Bender J, Reuter B, Möllers D, Kaufmann C, Gallinat J, Kathmann N. Neural correlates of impaired volitional action control in schizophrenia patients. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:872-84. [PMID: 23790023 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Slowed initiation of volitional but not visually guided saccades indicates impaired volitional action control in schizophrenia patients (SZ). The present study aimed at identifying neural correlates of this specific deficit. Fourteen SZ and 13 healthy control participants (HC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing volitional and visually guided saccades. SZ showed increased latencies in volitional but not in visually guided saccades. Brain activation during volitional saccades compared to visually guided saccades was increased in SZ compared to HC in several areas: the supplementary eye fields, suggesting inefficient production of volitional saccades; the prefrontal cortex, pointing to altered top down control on complex eye movements; and the left middle temporal area, suggesting changes in early sensory and attention processing during the volitional control of saccades in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bender
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Greenwood TA, Swerdlow NR, Gur RE, Cadenhead KS, Calkins ME, Dobie DJ, Freedman R, Green MF, Gur RC, Lazzeroni LC, Nuechterlein KH, Olincy A, Radant AD, Ray A, Schork NJ, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Stone WS, Sugar CA, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Light GA, Braff DL. Genome-wide linkage analyses of 12 endophenotypes for schizophrenia from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170:521-32. [PMID: 23511790 PMCID: PMC3878873 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia has undertaken a large multisite study to characterize 12 neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotypic measures as a step toward understanding the complex genetic basis of schizophrenia. The authors previously demonstrated the heritability of these endophenotypes; in the present study, genetic linkage was evaluated. METHOD Each family consisted of a proband with schizophrenia, at least one unaffected sibling, and both parents. A total of 1,286 participants from 296 families were genotyped in two phases, and 1,004 individuals were also assessed for the endophenotypes. Linkage analyses of the 6,055 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that were successfully assayed, 5,760 of which were common to both phases, were conducted using both variance components and pedigree-wide regression methods. RESULTS Linkage analyses of the 12 endophenotypes collectively identified one region meeting genome-wide significance criteria, with a LOD (log of odds) score of 4.0 on chromosome 3p14 for the antisaccade task, and another region on 1p36 nearly meeting genome-wide significance, with a LOD score of 3.5 for emotion recognition. Chromosomal regions meeting genome-wide suggestive criteria with LOD scores >2.2 were identified for spatial processing (2p25 and 16q23), sensorimotor dexterity (2q24 and 2q32), prepulse inhibition (5p15), the California Verbal Learning Test (8q24), the degraded-stimulus Continuous Performance Test (10q26), face memory (10q26 and 12p12), and the Letter-Number Span (14q23). CONCLUSIONS Twelve regions meeting genome-wide significant and suggestive criteria for previously identified heritable, schizophrenia-related endophenotypes were observed, and several genes of potential neurobiological interest were identified. Replication and further genomic studies are needed to assess the biological significance of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego,La Jolla, Calif, USA
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28
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Malsert J, Guyader N, Chauvin A, Polosan M, Poulet E, Szekely D, Bougerol T, Marendaz C. Antisaccades as a follow-up tool in major depressive disorder therapies: a pilot study. Psychiatry Res 2012; 200:1051-3. [PMID: 22648007 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eight patients with major depression, included in a double-blind study, performed an antisaccade task. Results suggested a link between antisaccade performances and clinical scale scores in patients who respond to therapy. Moreover, error rates may well predict response from day of inclusion, thus serving as a state-marker for mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Malsert
- Psychology and NeuroCognition Laboratory (LPNC, CNRS, UMR 5105), Grenoble, France.
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29
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Weafer J, Fillmore MT. Comparison of alcohol impairment of behavioral and attentional inhibition. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 126:176-82. [PMID: 22673197 PMCID: PMC3440541 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the wealth of studies demonstrating the impairing effects of alcohol on behavioral inhibition, less is known regarding effects of the drug on attentional inhibition (i.e., the ability to ignore distracting stimuli in the environment in order to focus attention on relevant information). The current study examined alcohol impairment of both behavioral and attentional inhibition, as well as potential associations between the two mechanisms of inhibitory control. METHODS Men (n=27) and women (n=21) performed a measure of behavioral inhibition (cued go/no-go task) and a measure of attentional inhibition (delayed ocular return task) following three doses of alcohol: 0.65 g/kg, 0.45 g/kg, and 0.0 g/kg (placebo). RESULTS Alcohol impaired both behavioral and attentional inhibition relative to placebo; however, correlational analyses revealed no associations between measures of behavioral and attentional inhibition following any dose. Additionally, men committed more inhibitory failures on the behavioral inhibition task, whereas women committed more inhibitory failures on the attentional inhibition task. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that behavioral and attentional inhibition are equally sensitive to the impairing effects of alcohol, yet represent distinct components of inhibitory control. Additionally, the observed gender differences in control of behavior and attention could have important implications regarding negative consequences associated with alcohol-induced disinhibition in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark T. Fillmore
- Corresponding author: Mark T. Fillmore, Professor, , Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, Phone (859) 257-4728, Fax (859) 323-1979
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30
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Light GA, Swerdlow NR, Rissling AJ, Radant A, Sugar CA, Sprock J, Pela M, Geyer MA, Braff DL. Characterization of neurophysiologic and neurocognitive biomarkers for use in genomic and clinical outcome studies of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39434. [PMID: 22802938 PMCID: PMC3389010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endophenotypes are quantitative, laboratory-based measures representing intermediate links in the pathways between genetic variation and the clinical expression of a disorder. Ideal endophenotypes exhibit deficits in patients, are stable over time and across shifts in psychopathology, and are suitable for repeat testing. Unfortunately, many leading candidate endophenotypes in schizophrenia have not been fully characterized simultaneously in large cohorts of patients and controls across these properties. The objectives of this study were to characterize the extent to which widely-used neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotypes are: 1) associated with schizophrenia, 2) stable over time, independent of state-related changes, and 3) free of potential practice/maturation or differential attrition effects in schizophrenia patients (SZ) and nonpsychiatric comparison subjects (NCS). Stability of clinical and functional measures was also assessed. Methods Participants (SZ n = 341; NCS n = 205) completed a battery of neurophysiological (MMN, P3a, P50 and N100 indices, PPI, startle habituation, antisaccade), neurocognitive (WRAT-3 Reading, LNS-forward, LNS-reorder, WCST-64, CVLT-II). In addition, patients were rated on clinical symptom severity as well as functional capacity and status measures (GAF, UPSA, SOF). 223 subjects (SZ n = 163; NCS n = 58) returned for retesting after 1 year. Results Most neurophysiological and neurocognitive measures exhibited medium-to-large deficits in schizophrenia, moderate-to-substantial stability across the retest interval, and were independent of fluctuations in clinical status. Clinical symptoms and functional measures also exhibited substantial stability. A Longitudinal Endophenotype Ranking System (LERS) was created to rank neurophysiological and neurocognitive biomarkers according to their effect sizes across endophenotype criteria. Conclusions The majority of neurophysiological and neurocognitive measures exhibited deficits in patients, stability over a 1-year interval and did not demonstrate practice or time effects supporting their use as endophenotypes in neural substrate and genomic studies. These measures hold promise for informing the “gene-to-phene gap” in schizophrenia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Light
- VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego VA Health Care System, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
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Hellmuth J, Mirsky J, Heuer HW, Matlin A, Jafari A, Garbutt S, Widmeyer M, Berhel A, Sinha L, Miller BL, Kramer JH, Boxer AL. Multicenter validation of a bedside antisaccade task as a measure of executive function. Neurology 2012; 78:1824-31. [PMID: 22573640 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318258f785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To create and validate a simple, standardized version of the antisaccade (AS) task that requires no specialized equipment for use as a measure of executive function in multicenter clinical studies. METHODS The bedside AS (BAS) task consisted of 40 pseudorandomized AS trials presented on a laptop computer. BAS performance was compared with AS performance measured using an infrared eye tracker in normal elders (NE) and individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia (n = 33). The neuropsychological domain specificity of the BAS was then determined in a cohort of NE, MCI, and dementia (n = 103) at UCSF, and the BAS was validated as a measure of executive function in a 6-center cohort (n = 397) of normal adults and patients with a variety of brain diseases. RESULTS Performance on the BAS and laboratory AS task was strongly correlated and BAS performance was most strongly associated with neuropsychological measures of executive function. Even after controlling for disease severity and processing speed, BAS performance was associated with multiple assessments of executive function, most strongly the informant-based Frontal Systems Behavior Scale. CONCLUSIONS The BAS is a simple, valid measure of executive function in aging and neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hellmuth
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Greenwood TA, Light GA, Swerdlow NR, Radant AD, Braff DL. Association analysis of 94 candidate genes and schizophrenia-related endophenotypes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29630. [PMID: 22253750 PMCID: PMC3258248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is clear that schizophrenia is highly heritable, the genetic basis of this heritability is complex. Human genetic, brain imaging, and model organism studies have met with only modest gains. A complementary research tactic is to evaluate the genetic substrates of quantitative endophenotypes with demonstrated deficits in schizophrenia patients. We used an Illumina custom 1,536-SNP array to interrogate 94 functionally relevant candidate genes for schizophrenia and evaluate association with both the qualitative diagnosis of schizophrenia and quantitative endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Subjects included 219 schizophrenia patients and normal comparison subjects of European ancestry and 76 schizophrenia patients and normal comparison subjects of African ancestry, all ascertained by the UCSD Schizophrenia Research Program. Six neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotype test paradigms were assessed: prepulse inhibition (PPI), P50 suppression, the antisaccade oculomotor task, the Letter-Number Span Test, the California Verbal Learning Test-II, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 Card Version. These endophenotype test paradigms yielded six primary endophenotypes with prior evidence of heritability and demonstrated schizophrenia-related impairments, as well as eight secondary measures investigated as candidate endophenotypes. Schizophrenia patients showed significant deficits on ten of the endophenotypic measures, replicating prior studies and facilitating genetic analyses of these phenotypes. A total of 38 genes were found to be associated with at least one endophenotypic measure or schizophrenia with an empirical p-value<0.01. Many of these genes have been shown to interact on a molecular level, and eleven genes displayed evidence for pleiotropy, revealing associations with three or more endophenotypic measures. Among these genes were ERBB4 and NRG1, providing further support for a role of these genes in schizophrenia susceptibility. The observation of extensive pleiotropy for some genes and singular associations for others in our data may suggest both converging and independent genetic (and neural) pathways mediating schizophrenia risk and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A. Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- VISN 22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Allen D. Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Puget Sound Veterans Administration Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David L. Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- VISN 22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Malsert J, Guyader N, Chauvin A, Polosan M, Szekely D, Bougerol T, Marendaz C. Saccadic performance and cortical excitability as trait-markers and state-markers in rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a two-case follow-up study. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:112. [PMID: 23293609 PMCID: PMC3537079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The understanding of physiopathology and cognitive impairments in mood disorders requires finding objective markers. Mood disorders have often been linked to hypometabolism in the prefrontal dorsolateral cortex, and to GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission dysfunction. The present study aimed to discover whether saccadic tasks (involving DPLFC activity), and cortical excitability (involving GABA/Glutamate neurotransmission) could provide neuropsychophysical markers for mood disorders, and/or of its phases, in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorders (rcBD). METHODS Two rcBD patients were followed for a cycle, and were compared to nine healthy controls. A saccade task, mixing prosaccades, antisaccades, and nosaccades, and an evaluation of cortical excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation were performed. RESULTS We observed a deficit in antisaccade in patients independently of thymic phase, and in nosaccade in the manic phase only. Cortical excitability data revealed global intracortical deficits in all phases, switching according to cerebral hemisphere and thymic phase. CONCLUSION Specific patterns of performance in saccade tasks and cortical excitability could characterize mood disorders (trait-markers) and its phases (state-markers). Moreover, a functional relationship between oculometric performance and cortical excitability is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Malsert
- CNRS, UMR 5105, Psychology and NeuroCognition Laboratory Grenoble, France
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Revisiting the suitability of antisaccade performance as an endophenotype in schizophrenia. Brain Cogn 2011; 77:223-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dyckman KA, Lee AKC, Agam Y, Vangel M, Goff DC, Barton JJ, Manoach DS. Abnormally persistent fMRI activation during antisaccades in schizophrenia: a neural correlate of perseveration? Schizophr Res 2011; 132:62-8. [PMID: 21831602 PMCID: PMC3172368 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired antisaccade performance is a consistent cognitive finding in schizophrenia. Antisaccades require both response inhibition and volitional motor programming, functions that are essential to flexible responding. We investigated whether abnormal timing of hemodynamic responses (HDRs) to antisaccades might contribute to perseveration of ocular motor responses in schizophrenia. We focused on the frontal eye field (FEF), which has been implicated in the persistent effects of antisaccades on subsequent responses in healthy individuals. METHOD Eighteen chronic, medicated schizophrenia outpatients and 15 healthy controls performed antisaccades and prosaccades during functional MRI. Finite impulse response models provided unbiased estimates of event-related HDRs. We compared groups on the peak amplitude, time-to-peak, and full-width half-max of the HDRs. RESULTS In patients, HDRs in bilateral FEF were delayed and prolonged but ultimately of similar amplitude to that of controls. These abnormalities were present for antisaccades, but not prosaccades, and were not seen in a control region. More prolonged HDRs predicted slower responses in trials that followed an antisaccade. This suggests that persistent FEF activity following an antisaccade contributes to inter-trial effects on latency. CONCLUSIONS Delayed and prolonged HDRs for antisaccades in schizophrenia suggest that the functions necessary for successful antisaccade performance take longer to implement and are more persistent. If abnormally persistent neural responses on cognitively demanding tasks are a more general feature of schizophrenia, they may contribute to response perseveration, a classic behavioral abnormality. These findings also underscore the importance of evaluating the temporal dynamics of neural activity to understand cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A. Dyckman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Adrian K. C. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yigal Agam
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark Vangel
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Donald C. Goff
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason J.S. Barton
- Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dara S. Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Greenwood TA, Lazzeroni LC, Murray SS, Cadenhead KS, Calkins ME, Dobie DJ, Green MF, Gur RE, Gur RC, Hardiman G, Kelsoe JR, Leonard S, Light GA, Nuechterlein KH, Olincy A, Radant AD, Schork NJ, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Stone WS, Swerdlow NR, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Freedman R, Braff DL. Analysis of 94 candidate genes and 12 endophenotypes for schizophrenia from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168:930-46. [PMID: 21498463 PMCID: PMC3751972 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors used a custom array of 1,536 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to interrogate 94 functionally relevant candidate genes for schizophrenia and identify associations with 12 heritable neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotypes in data collected by the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. METHOD Variance-component association analyses of 534 genotyped subjects from 130 families were conducted by using Merlin software. A novel bootstrap total significance test was also developed to overcome the limitations of existing genomic multiple testing methods and robustly demonstrate significant associations in the context of complex family data and possible population stratification effects. RESULTS Associations with endophenotypes were observed for 46 genes of potential functional significance, with three SNPs at p<10(-4), 27 SNPs at p<10(-3), and 147 SNPs at p<0.01. The bootstrap analyses confirmed that the 47 SNP-endophenotype combinations with the strongest evidence of association significantly exceeded that expected by chance alone, with 93% of these findings expected to be true. Many of the genes interact on a molecular level, and eight genes (e.g., NRG1 and ERBB4) displayed evidence for pleiotropy, revealing associations with four or more endophenotypes. The results collectively support a strong role for genes related to glutamate signaling in mediating schizophrenia susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS This study supports use of relevant endophenotypes and the bootstrap total significance test for identifying genetic variation underlying the etiology of schizophrenia. In addition, the observation of extensive pleiotropy for some genes and singular associations for others suggests alternative, independent pathways mediating pathogenesis in the "group of schizophrenias."
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
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Babin SL, Hood AJ, Wassef AA, Williams NG, Patel SS, Sereno AB. Effects of haloperidol on cognition in schizophrenia patients depend on baseline performance: a saccadic eye movement study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1753-64. [PMID: 21689713 PMCID: PMC3169101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenic patients are heterogeneous with respect to voluntary eye movement performance, with some showing impairment (e.g., high antisaccade error rates) and others having intact performance. To investigate how this heterogeneity may correlate with different cognitive outcomes after treatment, we used a prosaccade and antisaccade task to investigate the effects of haloperidol in schizophrenic subjects at three time points: baseline (before medication), 3-5 days post-medication, and 12-14 days post-medication. We also investigated changes on the Stroop Task and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in these same subjects. Results were compared to matched controls. When considered as a single patient group, haloperidol had no effects across sessions on reflexive and voluntary saccadic eye movements of schizophrenic patients. In contrast, the performance of the Control group improved slightly but significantly across sessions on the voluntary eye movement task. When each subject was considered separately, interestingly, for schizophrenic patients change in voluntary eye movement performance across sessions depended on the baseline performance in a non-monotonic manner. That is, there was maximal worsening of voluntary eye movement performance at an intermediate level of baseline performance and the worsening decreased on either side of this intermediate baseline level. When patients were divided into categorical subgroups (nonimpaired and impaired), consistent with the non-monotonic relationship, haloperidol worsened voluntary eye movement performance in the nonimpaired patients and improved performance in the impaired patients. These results were only partially reflected in the Stroop Test. Both patient subgroups showed clinically significant improvement over time as measured by the PANSS. These findings suggest that haloperidol has different effects on cognitive performance in impaired and nonimpaired schizophrenic patients that are not evident in clinical ratings based on the PANSS. Given that good cognitive function is important for long-term prognosis and that there is heterogeneity in schizophrenia, these findings are critical for optimal evaluation and treatment of schizophrenic patients.
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Stone WS, Giuliano AJ, Tsuang MT, Braff DL, Cadenhead KS, Calkins ME, Dobie DJ, Faraone SV, Freedman R, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Gur RE, Gur RC, Light GA, Mintz J, Nuechterlein KH, Olincy A, Radant AD, Roe AH, Schork NJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Swerdlow NR, Thomas AR, Tsuang DW, Turetsky BI, Seidman LJ. Group and site differences on the California Verbal Learning Test in persons with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives: findings from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS). Schizophr Res 2011; 128:102-10. [PMID: 21288694 PMCID: PMC6819951 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies of schizophrenia focus increasingly on putative endophenotypes because their genetic etiology may be simpler than clinical diagnosis. The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS), a multisite family study, aims to identify the genetic basis of several endophenotypes including verbal declarative memory (VDM), a neurocognitive function that shows robust impairment in schizophrenia. We present data on one type of measure of VDM, the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition (CVLT-II), in schizophrenia probands (n=305), their full biological siblings (n=449) and parents (n=232), and in community comparison subjects (CCS; n=509) across seven sites. Probands performed more poorly on each of five CVLT-II measures compared to related sibling and parent groups and CCS. Siblings and parents performed significantly worse than CCS on one measure (Discriminability), but with smaller effect sizes and less impairment than observed previously. The results raise questions about the homogeneity of VDM as an endophenotype, about methodological issues related to sampling, and about psychometric issues that impact the utility of the CVLT for detecting VDM deficits in nonpsychotic relatives of persons with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. Stone
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts,Corresponding Author. . Current postal address: Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry/BIDMC, 2nd Floor East, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215. Tel.: 617-998-5035; fax: 617-998-5007
| | - Anthony J. Giuliano
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - David L. Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kristin S. Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dorcas J. Dobie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,the Department of Veteran Affairs VISN-20 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Medical Genetics Research Program and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tiffany A. Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory A. Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jim Mintz
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Keith H. Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Allen D. Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,the Department of Veteran Affairs VISN-20 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrea H. Roe
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York,James J. Peters VA & VISN3 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alison R. Thomas
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,the Department of Veteran Affairs VISN-20 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Seattle, Washington
| | - Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts
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Hahn B, Robinson BM, Kaiser ST, Harvey AN, Beck VM, Leonard CJ, Kappenman ES, Luck SJ, Gold JM. Failure of schizophrenia patients to overcome salient distractors during working memory encoding. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:603-9. [PMID: 20570242 PMCID: PMC2942999 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior demonstrations of impaired attentional control in schizophrenia focused on conditions in which top-down control is needed to overcome prepotent response tendencies. Attentional control over stimulus processing has received little investigation. Here, we test whether attentional control is impaired during working memory encoding when salient distractors compete with less salient task-relevant stimuli. METHODS Patients with schizophrenia (n = 28) and healthy control subjects (n = 25) performed a visuospatial working memory paradigm in which half of the to-be-encoded stimuli flickered to increase their salience. After a 2-second delay, stimuli reappeared and participants had to decide whether or not a probed item had shifted location. RESULTS In the unbiased condition where flickering and nonflickering stimuli were equally likely to be probed, both groups displayed a trend toward better memory for the flickering items. In the flicker-bias condition in which the flickering stimuli were likely to be probed, both groups displayed a robust selection advantage for the flickering items. However, in the nonflicker-bias condition in which the nonflickering stimuli were likely to be probed, only healthy control subjects showed selection of the nonflickering items. Patients displayed a trend toward preferential memory for the flickering items, as in the unbiased condition. CONCLUSIONS Both groups were able to select salient over nonsalient stimuli, but patients with schizophrenia were unable to select nonsalient over salient stimuli, consistent with impairment in the effortful control of attention. These findings demonstrate the generality of top-down control failure in schizophrenia in the face of bottom-up competition from salient stimuli as with prepotent response tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Hahn
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, P.O. box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228,Corresponding author: , Tel: 410-402-6112, Fax: 410-402-7198
| | - Benjamin M. Robinson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, P.O. box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Samuel T. Kaiser
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, P.O. box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Alexander N. Harvey
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, P.O. box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Valerie M. Beck
- University of California, Davis, Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, Davis, CA 95618
| | - Carly J. Leonard
- University of California, Davis, Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, Davis, CA 95618
| | - Emily S. Kappenman
- University of California, Davis, Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, Davis, CA 95618
| | - Steven J. Luck
- University of California, Davis, Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, Davis, CA 95618
| | - James M. Gold
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, P.O. box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228
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Radant AD, Dobie DJ, Calkins ME, Olincy A, Braff DL, Cadenhead KS, Freedman R, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Gur RE, Gur RC, Light GA, Meichle SP, Millard SP, Mintz J, Nuechterlein KH, Schork NJ, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Stone WS, Swerdlow NR, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Tsuang DW. Antisaccade performance in schizophrenia patients, their first-degree biological relatives, and community comparison subjects: data from the COGS study. Psychophysiology 2010; 47:846-56. [PMID: 20374545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The antisaccade task is a widely used technique to measure failure of inhibition, an important cause of cognitive and clinical abnormalities found in schizophrenia. Although antisaccade performance, which reflects the ability to inhibit prepotent responses, is a putative schizophrenia endophenotype, researchers have not consistently reported the expected differences between first-degree relatives and comparison groups. Schizophrenia participants (n=219) from the large Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) sample (n=1078) demonstrated significant deficits on an overlap version of the antisaccade task compared to their first-degree relatives (n=443) and community comparison subjects (CCS; n=416). Although mean antisaccade performance of first-degree relatives was intermediate between schizophrenia participants and CCS, a linear mixed-effects model adjusting for group, site, age, and gender found no significant performance differences between the first-degree relatives and CCS. However, admixture analyses showed that two components best explained the distributions in all three groups, suggesting two distinct doses of an etiological factor. Given the significant heritability of antisaccade performance, the effects of a genetic polymorphism is one possible explanation of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington and Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN-20, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA.
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Tu P, Buckner RL, Zollei L, Dyckman KA, Goff DC, Manoach DS. Reduced functional connectivity in a right-hemisphere network for volitional ocular motor control in schizophrenia. Brain 2010; 133:625-37. [PMID: 20159769 PMCID: PMC2858012 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia consistently show deficient performance on tasks requiring volitional saccades. We previously reported reduced fractional anisotropy in the white matter underlying right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia, which, along with lower fractional anisotropy in the right frontal eye field and posterior parietal cortex, predicted longer latencies of volitional saccades. This suggests that reduced microstructural integrity of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex white matter disrupts connectivity in the right hemisphere-dominant network for spatial attention and volitional ocular motor control. To test this hypothesis, we examined functional connectivity of the cingulate eye field component of this network, which is located in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, during a task comprising volitional prosaccades and antisaccades. In patients with schizophrenia, we expected to find reduced functional connectivity, specifically in the right hemisphere, which predicted prolonged saccadic latency. Twenty-seven medicated schizophrenia outpatients and 21 demographically matched healthy controls performed volitional saccades during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Based on task-related activation, seed regions in the right and left cingulate eye field were defined. In both groups, the right and left cingulate eye field showed positive correlations with the ocular motor network and negative correlations with the default network. Patients showed reduced positive functional connectivity of the cingulate eye field, specifically in the right hemisphere. Negative functional connectivity of the right cingulate eye field predicted faster saccades, but these relations differed by group, and were only present in controls. This pattern of relations suggests that the coordination of activity between ocular motor and default networks is important for efficient task performance and is disrupted in schizophrenia. Along with prior observations of reduced white matter microstructural integrity (fractional anisotropy) in schizophrenia, the present finding of reduced functional connectivity suggests that functional and structural abnormalities of the right cingulate eye field disrupt connectivity in the network for spatial attention and volitional ocular motor control. These abnormalities may contribute to deficits in overcoming prepotency in the service of directing eye gaze and attention to the parts of the environment that are the most behaviourally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peichi Tu
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- 3 Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- 4 Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- 5 Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
- 6 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Lilla Zollei
- 4 Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kara A. Dyckman
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Donald C. Goff
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Dara S. Manoach
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- 5 Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Levy DL, Sereno AB, Gooding DC, O'Driscoll GA. Eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia: characterization and pathophysiology. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2010; 4:311-47. [PMID: 21312405 PMCID: PMC3212396 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Eye tracking dysfunction (ETD) is one of the most widely replicated behavioral deficits in schizophrenia and is over-represented in clinically unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients. Here, we provide an overview of research relevant to the characterization and pathophysiology of this impairment. Deficits are most robust in the maintenance phase of pursuit, particularly during the tracking of predictable target movement. Impairments are also found in pursuit initiation and correlate with performance on tests of motion processing, implicating early sensory processing of motion signals. Taken together, the evidence suggests that ETD involves higher-order structures, including the frontal eye fields, which adjust the gain of the pursuit response to visual and anticipated target movement, as well as early parts of the pursuit pathway, including motion areas (the middle temporal area and the adjacent medial superior temporal area). Broader application of localizing behavioral paradigms in patient and family studies would be advantageous for refining the eye tracking phenotype for genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Levy
- Psychology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Harris MS, Reilly JL, Thase ME, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA. Response suppression deficits in treatment-naïve first-episode patients with schizophrenia, psychotic bipolar disorder and psychotic major depression. Psychiatry Res 2009; 170:150-6. [PMID: 19906441 PMCID: PMC2792232 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates common genetic, neurobiological, and psychopharmacological aspects of schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders. Some similarities in neurocognitive deficits associated with these disorders have also been reported. We investigated performance on antisaccade and visually-guided saccade tasks in treatment-naïve first-episode psychosis patients (schizophrenia n=59, major depression n=15, bipolar disorder n=9), matched non-psychotic major depression patients (n=40), and matched healthy individuals (n=106). All psychosis groups displayed elevated antisaccade error rates relative to healthy individuals. Antisaccade latencies were elevated in schizophrenia, but no significant error rate or latency differences were observed among psychosis groups. For schizophrenia only, shorter visually guided saccade latencies were associated with higher antisaccade error rates. Schizophrenia was also the only group without a significant relationship between visually guided and antisaccade latencies. Reflexive saccades were unimpaired except in psychotic unipolar depression, where saccades were hypometric. As in schizophrenia, antisaccade abnormalities are present in affective psychoses, even early in the course of illness and prior to treatment. Disturbances in frontostriatal systems are believed to occur in both affective psychoses and schizophrenia, potentially causing some similar cognitive abnormalities across psychotic disorders. However, the distinct pattern of dysfunction in schizophrenia across oculomotor paradigms suggests possible unique causes of their observed oculomotor performance deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret S.H. Harris
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James L. Reilly
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael E. Thase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Center for Cognitive Medicine, 912 South Wood Street, MC 913, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Phone: 312-413-9205, Fax: 312-413-8837,
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Kodituwakku PW. Neurocognitive profile in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 15:218-24. [PMID: 19731385 DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The question of whether children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) exhibit a unique neurocognitive profile has received considerable attention over the past three decades. The identification of a syndrome-specific neurocognitive profile would aid in diagnosing prenatally exposed children with cognitive deficits who do not exhibit clinically discernable physical anomalies. The current review of the literature, therefore, focuses on the studies of higher-order cognitive skills in children with FASDs with a view towards delineating a pattern of cognitive functioning. Researchers have documented that children with FASDs show diminished intellectual functioning, with average IQ scores falling within the borderline to low average ranges. Slow information processing and disturbances of attention have been observed from infancy through adulthood in individuals with FASDs. Clinical and experimental reports on individuals with FASD have documented marked deficits in executive functioning, particularly in tasks that involve holding and manipulating information in working memory. Studies examining specific domains of cognitive functioning such as language, visual perception, memory and learning, social functioning, and number processing in individuals with FASDs have revealed performance decrements associated with increased task complexity. The above findings converge on the conclusion that children with FASDs have a generalized deficit in the processing and integration of information. We recommend the study of developmental trajectories of both elementary and higher-order functions in future research on FASD to elucidate the development of this cognitive profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyadasa W Kodituwakku
- Center for Development and Disability, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107, USA.
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Gold JM, Hahn B, Strauss GP, Waltz JA. Turning it upside down: areas of preserved cognitive function in schizophrenia. Neuropsychol Rev 2009; 19:294-311. [PMID: 19452280 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-009-9098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate marked impairments on most clinical neuropsychological tests. These findings suggest that patients suffer from a generalized form of cognitive impairment, with little evidence of spared performance documented in several large meta-analytic reviews of the clinical literature. In contrast, we review evidence for relative sparing of aspects of attention, procedural memory, and emotional processing observed in studies that have employed experimental approaches adapted from the cognitive and affective neuroscience literature. These islands of preserved performance suggest that the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are not as general as they appear to be when assayed with clinical neuropsychological methods. The apparent contradiction in findings across methods may offer important clues about the nature of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. The documentation of preserved cognitive function in schizophrenia may serve to sharpen hypotheses about the biological mechanisms that are implicated in the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
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Camchong J, Dyckman KA, Austin BP, Clementz BA, McDowell JE. Common neural circuitry supporting volitional saccades and its disruption in schizophrenia patients and relatives. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:1042-50. [PMID: 18692173 PMCID: PMC3339629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with schizophrenia and their biological relatives have deficits in executive control processes such as inhibition and working memory as evidenced by performance abnormalities on antisaccade (AS) and ocular motor delayed response (ODR) tasks. METHODS The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was conducted to investigate brain activity associated with these putative indices of schizophrenia risk by: 1) directly comparing neural functioning in 15 schizophrenia patients, 13 of their first-degree biological relatives (primarily siblings), and 14 healthy participants; and 2) assessing executive function associated with volitional saccades by using a combination of AS and ODR tasks. RESULTS Behavioral data showed that patients and relatives both made more volitional saccade errors. Imaging data demonstrated that within the context of preserved activity in some neural regions in patients and relatives, there were two distinct patterns of disruptions in other regions. First, there were deficits observed only in the schizophrenia group (decreased activity in lateral frontal eye field and supplementary eye field), suggesting a change associated with disease manifestation. Second, there were deficits observed in both patients and relatives (decreased activity in middle occipital gyrus, insula, cuneus, anterior cingulate, and Brodmann area 10 in prefrontal cortex), indicating a potential association with disease risk. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that decreased brain activation in regions involved in managing and evaluating early sensory and attention processing might be associated with poor volitional saccade control and risk for developing schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Camchong
- University of Minnesota, Depts. of Psychology and Psychiatry
| | | | - Benjamin P. Austin
- University of Georgia, Department of Psychology, BioImaging Research Center
| | - Brett A. Clementz
- University of Georgia, Depts. of Psychology and Neuroscience, BioImaging Research Center
| | - Jennifer E. McDowell
- University of Georgia, Depts. of Psychology and Neuroscience, BioImaging Research Center, UGA Psychology Building, Athens, GA 30602, phone: (706) 542-3075, fax: (706) 542-3275,
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Smyrnis N. Metric issues in the study of eye movements in psychiatry. Brain Cogn 2008; 68:341-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gooding DC, Basso MA. The tell-tale tasks: a review of saccadic research in psychiatric patient populations. Brain Cogn 2008; 68:371-90. [PMID: 18950927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on saccade research with adult psychiatric patients. It begins with an introduction of the various types of saccades and the tasks used to evoke them. The functional significance of the different types of eye movements is briefly discussed. Research findings regarding the saccadic performance of different adult psychiatric patient populations are discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on findings regarding error rates, response latencies, and any specific task parameters that might affect those variables. Findings regarding the symptom, neurocognitive, and neural correlates of saccadic performance and the functional significance of patients' saccadic deficits are also discussed. We also discuss the saccadic deficits displayed by various patient groups in terms of circuitry (e.g. cortical/basal ganglia circuits) that may be implicated in the underlying pathophysiology of several of these disorders. Future directions for research in this growing area are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Gooding
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, College of Letters and Sciences, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Swerdlow NR, Weber M, Qu Y, Light GA, Braff DL. Realistic expectations of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 199:331-88. [PMID: 18568339 PMCID: PMC2771731 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Under specific conditions, a weak lead stimulus, or "prepulse", can inhibit the startling effects of a subsequent intense abrupt stimulus. This startle-inhibiting effect of the prepulse, termed "prepulse inhibition" (PPI), is widely used in translational models to understand the biology of brainbased inhibitory mechanisms and their deficiency in neuropsychiatric disorders. In 1981, four published reports with "prepulse inhibition" as an index term were listed on Medline; over the past 5 years, new published Medline reports with "prepulse inhibition" as an index term have appeared at a rate exceeding once every 2.7 days (n=678). Most of these reports focus on the use of PPI in translational models of impaired sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia. This rapid expansion and broad application of PPI as a tool for understanding schizophrenia has, at times, outpaced critical thinking and falsifiable hypotheses about the relative strengths vs. limitations of this measure. OBJECTIVES This review enumerates the realistic expectations for PPI in translational models for schizophrenia research, and provides cautionary notes for the future applications of this important research tool. CONCLUSION In humans, PPI is not "diagnostic"; levels of PPI do not predict clinical course, specific symptoms, or individual medication responses. In preclinical studies, PPI is valuable for evaluating models or model organisms relevant to schizophrenia, "mapping" neural substrates of deficient PPI in schizophrenia, and advancing the discovery and development of novel therapeutics. Across species, PPI is a reliable, robust quantitative phenotype that is useful for probing the neurobiology and genetics of gating deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA,
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Thakkar KN, Polli FE, Joseph RM, Tuch DS, Hadjikhani N, Barton JJS, Manoach DS. Response monitoring, repetitive behaviour and anterior cingulate abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 131:2464-78. [PMID: 18550622 PMCID: PMC2525446 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by inflexible and repetitive behaviour. Response monitoring involves evaluating the consequences of behaviour and making adjustments to optimize outcomes. Deficiencies in this function, and abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) on which it relies, have been reported as contributing factors to autistic disorders. We investigated whether ACC structure and function during response monitoring were associated with repetitive behaviour in ASD. We compared ACC activation to correct and erroneous antisaccades using rapid presentation event-related functional MRI in 14 control and ten ASD participants. Because response monitoring is the product of coordinated activity in ACC networks, we also examined the microstructural integrity of the white matter (WM) underlying this brain region using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) in 12 control and 12 adult ASD participants. ACC activation and FA were examined in relation to Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised ratings of restricted and repetitive behaviour. Relative to controls, ASD participants: (i) made more antisaccade errors and responded more quickly on correct trials; (ii) showed reduced discrimination between error and correct responses in rostral ACC (rACC), which was primarily due to (iii) abnormally increased activation on correct trials and (iv) showed reduced FA in WM underlying ACC. Finally, in ASD (v) increased activation on correct trials and reduced FA in rACC WM were related to higher ratings of repetitive behaviour. These findings demonstrate functional and structural abnormalities of the ACC in ASD that may contribute to repetitive behaviour. rACC activity following errors is thought to reflect affective appraisal of the error. Thus, the hyperactive rACC response to correct trials can be interpreted as a misleading affective signal that something is awry, which may trigger repetitive attempts at correction. Another possible consequence of reduced affective discrimination between error and correct responses is that it might interfere with the reinforcement of responses that optimize outcomes. Furthermore, dysconnection of the ACC, as suggested by reduced FA, to regions involved in behavioural control might impair on-line modulations of response speed to optimize performance (i.e. speed-accuracy trade-off) and increase error likelihood. These findings suggest that in ASD, structural and functional abnormalities of the ACC compromise response monitoring and thereby contribute to behaviour that is rigid and repetitive rather than flexible and responsive to contingencies. Illuminating the mechanisms and clinical significance of abnormal response monitoring in ASD represents a fruitful avenue for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine N Thakkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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