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Dudzik P, Lustyk K, Pytka K. Beyond dopamine: Novel strategies for schizophrenia treatment. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:2307-2330. [PMID: 38653551 DOI: 10.1002/med.22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite extensive research efforts aimed at discovering novel antipsychotic compounds, a satisfactory pharmacological strategy for schizophrenia treatment remains elusive. All the currently available drugs act by modulating dopaminergic neurotransmission, leading to insufficient management of the negative and cognitive symptoms of the disorder. Due to these challenges, several attempts have been made to design agents with innovative, non-dopaminergic mechanisms of action. Consequently, a number of promising compounds are currently progressing through phases 2 and 3 of clinical trials. This review aims to examine the rationale behind the most promising of these strategies while simultaneously providing a comprehensive survey of study results. We describe the versatility behind the cholinergic neurotransmission modulation through the activation of M1 and M4 receptors, exemplified by the prospective drug candidate KarXT. Our discussion extends to the innovative approach of activating TAAR1 receptors via ulotaront, along with the promising outcomes of iclepertin, a GlyT-1 inhibitor with the potential to become the first treatment option for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Finally, we evaluate the 5-HT2A antagonist paradigm, assessing two recently developed serotonergic agents, pimavanserin and roluperidone. We present the latest advancements in developing novel solutions to the complex challenges posed by schizophrenia, offering an additional perspective on the diverse investigated drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Dudzik
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Lustyk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Shajan B, Marri S, Bastiampillai T, Gregory KJ, Hellyer SD, Nair PC. Trace amine associated receptor 1: predicted effects of single nucleotide variants on structure-function in geographically diverse populations. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:61. [PMID: 38863077 PMCID: PMC11165750 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a novel pharmaceutical target under investigation for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric conditions. TAAR1 single nucleotide variants (SNV) have been found in patients with schizophrenia and metabolic disorders. However, the frequency of variants in geographically diverse populations and the functional effects of such variants are unknown. In this study, we aimed to characterise the distribution of TAAR1 SNVs in five different WHO regions using the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP) and conducted a critical computational analysis using available TAAR1 structural data to identify SNVs affecting ligand binding and/or functional regions. Our analysis shows 19 orthosteric, 9 signalling and 16 micro-switch SNVs hypothesised to critically influence the agonist induced TAAR1 activation. These SNVs may non-proportionally influence populations from discrete regions and differentially influence the activity of TAAR1-targeting therapeutics in genetically and geographically diverse populations. Notably, our dataset presented with orthosteric SNVs D1033.32N (found only in the South-East Asian Region and Western Pacific Region) and T1945.42A (found only in South-East Asian Region), and 2 signalling SNVs (V1253.54A/T2526.36A, found in African Region and commonly, respectively), all of which have previously demonstrated to influence ligand induced functions of TAAR1. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis using SIFT4G, MutationTaster 2, PROVEAN and MutationAssessor predicted all 16 micro-switch SNVs are damaging and may further influence the agonist activation of TAAR1, thereby possibly impacting upon clinical outcomes. Understanding the genetic basis of TAAR1 function and the impact of common mutations within clinical populations is important for the safe and effective utilisation of novel and existing pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britto Shajan
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shashikanth Marri
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI) College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tarun Bastiampillai
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Shane D Hellyer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Pramod C Nair
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI) College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Shemiakova TS, Efimova EV, Gainetdinov RR. TAARs as Novel Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Depression: A Narrative Review of the Interconnection with Monoamines and Adult Neurogenesis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1263. [PMID: 38927470 PMCID: PMC11200894 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common mental illness of great concern. Current therapy for depression is only suitable for 80% of patients and is often associated with unwanted side effects. In this regard, the search for and development of new antidepressant agents remains an urgent task. In this review, we discuss the current available evidence indicating that G protein-coupled trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) might represent new targets for depression treatment. The most frequently studied receptor TAAR1 has already been investigated in the treatment of schizophrenia, demonstrating antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. In fact, the TAAR1 agonist Ulotaront is currently undergoing phase 2/3 clinical trials testing its safety and efficacy in the treatment of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Other members of the TAAR family (TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9) are not only involved in the innate olfaction of volatile amines, but are also expressed in the limbic brain areas. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that TAAR2 and TAAR5 regulate emotional behaviors and thus may hold promise as potential antidepressant targets. Of particular interest is their connection with the dopamine and serotonin systems of the brain and their involvement in the regulation of adult neurogenesis, known to be affected by the antidepressant drugs currently in use. Further non-clinical and clinical studies are necessary to validate TAAR1 (and potentially other TAARs) as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisiia S. Shemiakova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (T.S.S.); (E.V.E.)
| | - Evgeniya V. Efimova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (T.S.S.); (E.V.E.)
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (T.S.S.); (E.V.E.)
- Saint-Petersburg University Hospital, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Siafis S, Chiocchia V, Macleod MR, Austin C, Homiar A, Tinsdeall F, Friedrich C, Ramage FJ, Kennett J, Nomura N, Maksym O, Rutigliano G, Vano LJ, McCutcheon RA, Gilbert D, Ostinelli EG, Stansfield C, Dehdarirad H, Juma DO, Wright S, Simple O, Elugbadebo O, Tonia T, Mantas I, Howes OD, Furukawa TA, Milligan L, Moreno C, Elliott JH, Hastings J, Thomas J, Michie S, Sena ES, Seedat S, Egger M, Potts J, Cipriani A, Salanti G, Leucht S. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonism for psychosis: a living systematic review and meta-analysis of human and non-human data. Wellcome Open Res 2024; 9:182. [PMID: 39036710 PMCID: PMC11258611 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.21302.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonism shows promise for treating psychosis, prompting us to synthesise data from human and non-human studies. Methods We co-produced a living systematic review of controlled studies examining TAAR1 agonists in individuals (with or without psychosis/schizophrenia) and relevant animal models. Two independent reviewers identified studies in multiple electronic databases (until 17.11.2023), extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Primary outcomes were standardised mean differences (SMD) for overall symptoms in human studies and hyperlocomotion in animal models. We also examined adverse events and neurotransmitter signalling. We synthesised data with random-effects meta-analyses. Results Nine randomised trials provided data for two TAAR1 agonists (ulotaront and ralmitaront), and 15 animal studies for 10 TAAR1 agonists. Ulotaront and ralmitaront demonstrated few differences compared to placebo in improving overall symptoms in adults with acute schizophrenia (N=4 studies, n=1291 participants; SMD=0.15, 95%CI: -0.05, 0.34), and ralmitaront was less efficacious than risperidone (N=1, n=156, SMD=-0.53, 95%CI: -0.86, -0.20). Large placebo response was observed in ulotaront phase-III trials. Limited evidence suggested a relatively benign side-effect profile for TAAR1 agonists, although nausea and sedation were common after a single dose of ulotaront. In animal studies, TAAR1 agonists improved hyperlocomotion compared to control (N=13 studies, k=41 experiments, SMD=1.01, 95%CI: 0.74, 1.27), but seemed less efficacious compared to dopamine D 2 receptor antagonists (N=4, k=7, SMD=-0.62, 95%CI: -1.32, 0.08). Limited human and animal data indicated that TAAR1 agonists may regulate presynaptic dopaminergic signalling. Conclusions TAAR1 agonists may be less efficacious than dopamine D 2 receptor antagonists already licensed for schizophrenia. The results are preliminary due to the limited number of drugs examined, lack of longer-term data, publication bias, and assay sensitivity concerns in trials associated with large placebo response. Considering their unique mechanism of action, relatively benign side-effect profile and ongoing drug development, further research is warranted. Registration PROSPERO-ID: CRD42023451628.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Siafis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site München/Augsburg, Germany
| | - Virginia Chiocchia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm R. Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Charlotte Austin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Ava Homiar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Francesca Tinsdeall
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Claire Friedrich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona J. Ramage
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Jaycee Kennett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Nobuyuki Nomura
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site München/Augsburg, Germany
| | - Olena Maksym
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Grazia Rutigliano
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Luke J. Vano
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Robert A. McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David Gilbert
- GALENOS Global Experiential Advisory Board, InHealth Associates, London, UK
| | - Edoardo G. Ostinelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Stansfield
- EPPI Centre, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Hossein Dehdarirad
- EPPI Centre, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Damian Omari Juma
- My Mind Our Humanity, Young Leaders for Global Mental Health, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Simonne Wright
- Stellenbosch University/South African Medical Research Council Genomics of Brain Disorders Extramural Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Ouma Simple
- Stellenbosch University/South African Medical Research Council Genomics of Brain Disorders Extramural Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Olufisayo Elugbadebo
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Thomy Tonia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Mantas
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver D. Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, UK
| | - Toshi A. Furukawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Carmen Moreno
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian H. Elliott
- Cochrane Australia, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Future Evidence Foundation, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janna Hastings
- Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Medicine, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - James Thomas
- EPPI Centre, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Susan Michie
- Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Emily S. Sena
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Stellenbosch University/South African Medical Research Council Genomics of Brain Disorders Extramural Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Matthias Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Potts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Cipriani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Georgia Salanti
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Leucht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site München/Augsburg, Germany
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Grossi G, Scarano N, Musumeci F, Tonelli M, Kanov E, Carbone A, Fossa P, Gainetdinov RR, Cichero E, Schenone S. Discovery of a Novel Chemo-Type for TAAR1 Agonism via Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2024; 29:1739. [PMID: 38675561 PMCID: PMC11052455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for novel effective TAAR1 ligands continues to draw great attention due to the wide range of pharmacological applications related to TAAR1 targeting. Herein, molecular docking studies of known TAAR1 ligands, characterized by an oxazoline core, have been performed in order to identify novel promising chemo-types for the discovery of more active TAAR1 agonists. In particular, the oxazoline-based compound S18616 has been taken as a reference compound for the computational study, leading to the development of quite flat and conformationally locked ligands. The choice of a "Y-shape" conformation was suggested for the design of TAAR1 ligands, interacting with the protein cavity delimited by ASP103 and aromatic residues such as PHE186, PHE195, PHE268, and PHE267. The obtained results allowed us to preliminary in silico screen an in-house series of pyrimidinone-benzimidazoles (1a-10a) as a novel scaffold to target TAAR1. Combined ligand-based (LBCM) and structure based (SBCM) computational methods suggested the biological evaluation of compounds 1a-10a, leading to the identification of derivatives 1a-3a (hTAAR1 EC50 = 526.3-657.4 nM) as promising novel TAAR1 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Grossi
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Naomi Scarano
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Evgeny Kanov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.)
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Carbone
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.)
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
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Imbriglio T, Alborghetti M, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F, Cannella M. Up-regulation of the Trace Amine Receptor, TAAR-1, in the Prefrontal Cortex of Individuals Affected by Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:374-381. [PMID: 37897399 PMCID: PMC10919763 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Type-1 trace amine-associated receptors (TAAR1) modulate dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission and are targeted by novel antipsychotic drugs. We hypothesized that schizophrenia (SCZ) causes adaptive changes in TAAR1 expression in the prefrontal cortex. STUDY DESIGN We measured TAAR1 mRNA and protein levels by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting in post-mortem prefrontal cortical samples obtained from 23 individuals affected by SCZ and 23 non-schizophrenic controls (CTRL). Data were correlated with a number of variables in both groups. STUDY RESULTS TAAR1 mRNA levels were largely increased in the SCZ prefrontal cortex, and did not correlate with age, age at onset and duration of SCZ, or duration of antipsychotic treatment. For the analysis of TAAR1 protein levels, CTRL and SCZ were divided into 2 subgroups, distinguished by the extent of neuropathological burden. CTRL with low neuropathological burden (LNB) had lower TAAR1 protein levels than CTRL with high neuropathological burden (HNB), whereas no changes were found between LNB and HNB in the SCZ group. TAAR1 protein levels were lower in CTRL with LNB with respect to all SCZ samples or to SCZ samples with LNB. In the SCZ group, levels showed an inverse correlation with the duration of antipsychotic treatment and were higher in individuals treated with second-generation antipsychotics as compared with those treated with first-generation antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS The up-regulation of TAAR1 observed in the SCZ prefrontal cortex supports the development of TAAR1 agonists as new promising drugs in the treatment of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Imbriglio
- Department of Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Marika Alborghetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Bruno
- Department of Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Cannella
- Department of Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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Tang F, Yang L, Yang W, Li C, Zhang J, Liu J. The genetic susceptibility analysis of TAAR1 rs8192620 to methamphetamine and heroin abuse and its role in impulsivity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274:453-459. [PMID: 37145176 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal genetic polymorphism of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) rs8192620 site has been confirmed to induce methamphetamine (MA) use and drug craving. However, the genetic susceptibility difference between MA addicts and heroin addicts is unknown. This study evaluated genetic heterogeneity of TAAR1 rs8192620 between MA and heroin addicts and elucidated whether rs8192620 genotypes associated with discrepancy in emotional impulsivity, which would help to instruct individualized treatment in addiction via acting on TAAR1 and evaluate risk of varied drug addiction. Participants consisting of gender-matched 63 MA and 71 heroin abusers were enrolled in the study. Due to mixed drug usage in some MA addicts, MA users were further subdivided into 41 only-MA (only MA taking) and 22 mixed-drug (Magu composed of about 20% MA and 70% caffeine) abusers. Via inter-individual single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and two-sample t tests, respectively, the genotypic and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) scores differences between groups were completed. With following genotypic stratification, the differences in BIS-11 scores between groups were analyzed through two-sample t test. Individual SNP analysis showed significant differences in alleles distribution of rs8192620 between MA and heroin subjects (p = 0.019), even after Bonferroni correction. The TT homozygotes of rs8192620 dominated in MA participants, while C-containing genotypes in heroin (p = 0.026). There was no association of genotypes of TAAR1 rs8192620 with addicts' impulsivity. Our research indicates that the TAAR1 gene polymorphism might mediate the susceptibility discrepancy between MA and heroin abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Longtao Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenhan Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Hunan Judicial Police Academy, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
- Department of Radiology Quality Control Center in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
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8
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Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonism as a new treatment strategy for schizophrenia and related disorders. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:60-74. [PMID: 36369028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia remains a major health burden, highlighting the need for new treatment approaches. We consider the potential for targeting the trace amine (TA) system. We first review genetic, preclinical, and clinical evidence for the role of TAs in the aetiopathology of schizophrenia. We then consider how the localisation and function of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) position it to modulate key brain circuits for the disorder. Studies in rodents using Taar1 knockout (TAAR1-KO) and overexpression models show that TAAR1 agonism inhibits midbrain dopaminergic and serotonergic activity, and enhances prefrontal glutamatergic function. TAAR1 agonists also reduce hyperactivity, attenuate prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits and social withdrawal, and improve cognitive measures in animal models. Finally, we consider findings from clinical trials of TAAR1 agonists and how this approach may address psychotic and negative symptoms, tolerability issues, and other unmet needs in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Aleksandrov AA, Dmitrieva ES, Knyazeva VM, Simon YA, Polyakova NV, Stankevich LN, Aleksandrov AY. Sensory Gating in TAAR1 Knockout Mice. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Trace amines (TA) are a family of endogenous compounds structurally
similar to classical biogenic amines that may be involved in the
pathogenesis of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. One of the
most studied and perspective member of the TA associated receptors (TAARs)
family is the TAAR1. The aim of the present study was to investigate
the sensory gating (SG) in freely moving TAAR1 knockout mice in
a chronic experiment. The study of SG was conducted in the paired-click
paradigm. The SG indices were calculated as an absolute value by subtracting
the second stimulus response amplitude from the first stimulus response
amplitude (S1–S2) and as a relative value calculated by dividing
the S2 amplitude by the response amplitude on S1 (S2/S1). As a result,
a significant decrease in the amplitude of the N40 component was
found in TAAR1 knockout mice compared to wild-type mice. In addition,
the absolute value of sensory gating calculated by the S1–S2 method
was also reduced, but the relative value of sensory gating denoted
as S1/S2 ratio remained unchanged. Thus, the data obtained indicate
the involvement of TAAR1 in the generation of auditory evoked potentials
and the potential involvement of the trace amine system in the dosing
and filtering of sensory information.
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Knyazeva VM, Dmitrieva ES, Polyakova NV, Simon YA, Stankevich LN, Aleksandrov AY, Aleksandrov AA. Stimulus Specific Adaptation Is Affected in Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) Knockout Mice. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Yadav N, Kirola L, Geetha TS, Mittal K, Kadandale J, Yogev Y, Birk OS, Gupta N, Balakrishnan P, Jana M, Gupta M, Kabra M, Thelma BK. A novel leaky splice variant in centromere protein J (CENPJ)-associated Seckel syndrome. Ann Hum Genet 2022; 86:245-256. [PMID: 35451063 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary microcephaly and Seckel syndrome are rare genetically and clinically heterogenous brain development disorders. Several exonic/splicing mutations are reported for these disorders to date, but ∼40% of all cases remain unexplained. We aimed to uncover the genetic correlate(s) in a family of multiple siblings with microcephaly. A novel homozygous intronic variant (NC_000013.10:g.25459823T>C) in CENPJ (13q12) segregating with all four affected male siblings was identified by exome sequencing and validated by targeted linkage approach (logarithm of the odds score 1.8 at θ 0.0). RT-PCR of CENPJ in affected siblings using their EBV derived cell lines showed aberrant transcripts suggestive of exon skipping confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Significantly reduced wild type transcript/protein in the affected siblings having the splice variant indicates a leaky gene expression of pathological relevance. Based on known CENPJ function, assessing for mitotic alterations revealed defect in centrosome duplication causing mono/multicentrosome(s) at prophase, delayed metaphase, and unequal chromosomal segregation in patient cells. Clinical features witnessed in this study expand the spectrum of CENPJ-associated primary microcephaly and Seckel syndrome. Furthermore, besides the importance of regulatory variants in classical monogenic disorders these findings provide new insights into splice site biology with possible implications for ASO-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneesh Yadav
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Laxmi Kirola
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Thenral S Geetha
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.,Medgenome, Labs, Bangalore, India
| | - Kirti Mittal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum, Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Yuval Yogev
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ohad S Birk
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Neerja Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prahlad Balakrishnan
- Division of Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Genes2me, Haryana, India
| | - Manisha Jana
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Meena Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Neurology, Paras Hospitals, Haryana, India
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Division of Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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12
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Kohno M, Dennis LE, McCready H, Hoffman WF. Dopamine dysfunction in stimulant use disorders: mechanistic comparisons and implications for treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:220-229. [PMID: 34117366 PMCID: PMC8664889 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine system deficiencies and associated behavioral phenotypes may be a critical barrier to success in treating stimulant use disorders. Similarities in dopamine dysfunction between cocaine and methamphetamine use disorder but also key differences may impact treatment efficacy and outcome. This review will first compare the epidemiology of cocaine and methamphetamine use disorder. A detailed account of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties associated with each drug will then be discussed, with an emphasis on effects on the dopamine system and associated signaling pathways. Lastly, treatment results from pharmacological clinical trials will be summarized along with a more comprehensive review of the involvement of the trace amine-associated receptor on dopamine signaling dysfunction among stimulants and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milky Kohno
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA. .,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Laura E. Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Holly McCready
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William F. Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA,Mental Health Division, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
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13
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Kozlowska U, Nichols C, Wiatr K, Figiel M. From psychiatry to neurology: Psychedelics as prospective therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurochem 2021; 162:89-108. [PMID: 34519052 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The studies of psychedelics, especially psychedelic tryptamines like psilocybin, are rapidly gaining interest in neuroscience research. Much of this interest stems from recent clinical studies demonstrating that they have a unique ability to improve the debilitating symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) long-term after only a single treatment. Indeed, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently designated two Phase III clinical trials studying the ability of psilocybin to treat forms of MDD with "Breakthrough Therapy" status. If successful, the use of psychedelics to treat psychiatric diseases like depression would be revolutionary. As more evidence appears in the scientific literature to support their use in psychiatry to treat MDD on and substance use disorders (SUD), recent studies with rodents revealed that their therapeutic effects might extend beyond treating MDD and SUD. For example, psychedelics may have efficacy in the treatment and prevention of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease. Preclinical work has highlighted psychedelics' ability to induce neuroplasticity and synaptogenesis, and neural progenitor cell proliferation. Psychedelics may also act as immunomodulators by reducing levels of proinflammatory biomarkers, including IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Their exact molecular mechanisms, and induction of cellular interactions, especially between neural and glial cells, leading to therapeutic efficacy, remain to be determined. In this review, we discuss recent findings and information on how psychedelics may act therapeutically on cells within the central nervous system (CNS) during brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kozlowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Charles Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kalina Wiatr
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Figiel
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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14
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Li S, DeLisi LE, McDonough SI. Rare germline variants in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia within multiplex families. Psychiatry Res 2021; 303:114038. [PMID: 34174581 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An extensive catalog of common and rare genetic variants contributes to overall risk for schizophrenia and related disorders. As a complement to population genetics efforts, here we present whole genome sequences of multiple affected probands within individual families to search for possible high penetrance driver variants. From a total of 15 families diagnostically evaluated by a single research psychiatrist, we performed whole genome sequencing of a total of 61 affected individuals, called SNPs, indels, and copy number variants, and compared to reference genomes. In fourteen out of fifteen families, the schizophrenia polygenic risk score for each proband was within the control range defined by the Thousand Genomes cohort. In six families, each affected member carried a very rare or private, predicted-damaging, variant in at least one gene. Among these genes, variants in LRP1 and TENM2 suggest these are candidate disease-related genes when taken into context with existing population genetic studies and biological information. Results add to the number of pedigree sequences reported, suggest pathways for the investigation of biological mechanisms, and are consistent with the overall accumulating evidence that very rare damaging variants contribute to the heritability of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn E DeLisi
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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Kong Q, Zhang H, Wang M, Zhang J, Zhang Y. The TAAR1 inhibitor EPPTB suppresses neuronal excitability and seizure activity in mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 171:142-149. [PMID: 33811954 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are extensively distributed and play an important role in human health by serving as therapeutic targets for various diseases. As one of the GPCRs, trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) has recently aroused increasing interest as a potential therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders. However, the effect of TAAR1 on epileptic seizures remains unclear. We hypothesized that TAAR1 plays an important role in epilepsy and might represent a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we analyzed a mouse epilepsy model and patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and observed substantially increased TAAR1 expression compared with the control group. In recordings of hippocampal slices, the TAAR1-specific inhibitor N-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide (EPPTB) suppressed the excitability of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. EPPTB also reduced seizure-like events (SLEs) and seizure activity. Our results suggest that EPPTB attenuates seizure activity and that TAAR1 might be a potential drug target for individuals with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Kong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China; Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China; Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China
| | - Junchen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Yanke Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China; Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China.
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16
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Kumar S, Abbas MM, Govindappa ST, Muthane UB, Behari M, Pandey S, Juyal RC, Thelma BK. Compound heterozygous variants in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome like (WASL) gene segregating in a family with early onset Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 84:61-67. [PMID: 33571872 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of genetic determinants in Parkinson's disease is still limited. Familial forms of the disease continue to provide a rich resource to capture the genetic spectrum in disease pathogenesis, and this approach is exploited in this study. METHODS Informative members from a three-generation family of Indian ethnicity manifesting a likely autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of Parkinson's disease were used for whole exome sequencing. Variant data analysis and in vitro functional characterisation of variant(s) segregating with the phenotype were carried out in HEK-293 and SH-SY5Y cells using gene constructs of interest. RESULTS Two compound heterozygous variants, a rare missense (c.1139C > T:p.P380L) and a novel splice variant (c.1456 + 2 delTAGA, intron10) in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome like gene (WASL, 7q31), both predicted to be deleterious were shared among the proband and two affected siblings. WASL, a gene not previously linked to a human Mendelian disorder is known to regulate actin polymerisation via Arp2/3 complex. Based on exon trapping assay using pSPL3 vector in HEK-293 cells, the splice variant showed skipping of exon10. Characterisation of the missense variant in SH-SY5Y cells demonstrated: i) significant alterations in neurite length and number; ii) decreased reactive oxygen species tolerance in mutation carrying cells on Tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide induction and iii) increase in alpha-synuclein protein. Screening for WASL variants in two independent PD cohorts identified four individuals with heterozygous but none with biallelic variants. CONCLUSION WASL, with demonstrated functional relevance in neurons may be yet another strong candidate gene for autosomal recessive PD encouraging assessment of its contribution across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Masoom M Abbas
- Parkinson's and Aging Research Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Uday B Muthane
- Parkinson's and Aging Research Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Madhuri Behari
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Pandey
- Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Pant Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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17
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Kumar S, Yadav N, Pandey S, Muthane UB, Govindappa ST, Abbas MM, Behari M, Thelma BK. Novel and reported variants in Parkinson's disease genes confer high disease burden among Indians. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 78:46-52. [PMID: 32707456 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic heterogeneity in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been unambiguously reported across different populations. Assuming a higher genetic load, we tested variant burden in PD genes to an early onset PD cohort from India. METHODS Whole exome sequencing was performed in 250 PD patients recruited following MDS-UPDRS criteria. The number of rare variants in the 20 known PD genes per exome were used to calculate average rare variant burden with the 616 non-PD exomes available in-house as a comparison group. SKAT-O test was used for gene level analysis. RESULTS 80 patients harboured rare variants in 20 PD genes, of which six had known pathogenic variants accounting for 2.4% of the cohort. Of 80 patients, 12 had homozygous and nine had likely compound heterozygous variants in recessive PD genes and 59 had heterozygous variants in only dominant PD genes. Of the 16 novel variants of as yet unknown significance identified, four homozygous across ATP13A2, PRKN, SYNJ1 and PARK7; and 12 heterozygous among LRRK2, VPS35, EIF4G1 and CHCHD2 were observed. SKAT-O test suggested a higher burden in GBA (punadjusted = 0.002). Aggregate rare variant analysis including 75 more individuals with only heterozygous variants in recessive PD genes (excluding GBA), with an average of 0.85 protein-altering rare variants per PD patient exome versus 0.51 in the non-PD group, revealed a significant enrichment (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION This first study in an early onset PD cohort among Indians identified 16 novel variants in known genes and also provides evidence for a high genetic burden in this ethnically distinct population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Navneesh Yadav
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Sanjay Pandey
- Govind Ballabh Pant Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Uday B Muthane
- Parkinson's and Aging Research Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Masoom M Abbas
- Parkinson's and Aging Research Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Madhuri Behari
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Involvement of Organic Cation Transporter 2 and a Na +-dependent active transporter in p-tyramine transport across Caco-2 intestinal cells. Life Sci 2020; 253:117696. [PMID: 32334013 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We have previously demonstrated that p-tyramine (TYR), an endogenous trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist, passage across neuronal membranes involves a transporter exhibiting the pharmacological profile of Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCT2). Since TYR is also a constituent of foodstuffs and produced by the intestinal microbiota, here we have investigated whether similar processes are involved in the passage of 100 nM TYR across apical and basolateral membranes of the Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS [3H]TYR transport across apical and basolateral membranes of Caco-2 cell monolayers was measured in the presence of inhibitors of TYR metabolizing enzymes. Cellular, apical, and basolateral compartments were collected at various timepoints, TYR concentrations calculated, and transport properties pharmacologically characterized. KEY FINDINGS Apical transport resulted in equimolar accumulation of TYR within cells. Pentamidine (OCT1/OCT2 inhibitor) decreased apical transport (P = 0.001) while atropine (OCT1 inhibitor) had no effect, suggesting apical transport involved OCT2. In contrast, basolateral transport resulted in 500-1000 nM cellular concentrations (P < 0.0001) indicating the presence of an active transporter. Replacement of Na+ on an equimolar basis with choline resulted in loss of TYR transport (P = 0.017). Unexpectedly, this active transport was also atropine-sensitive (P = 0.020). Kinetic analysis of the active transporter revealed Vmax = 43.0 nM/s with a Kt = 33.1 nM. SIGNIFICANCE We have demonstrated for the first time that TYR is transported across Caco-2 apical membranes via facilitated diffusion by OCT2, whereas transport across basolateral membranes is by a Na+-dependent, atropine-sensitive, active transporter.
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Multiple rare inherited variants in a four generation schizophrenia family offer leads for complex mode of disease inheritance. Schizophr Res 2020; 216:288-294. [PMID: 31813803 PMCID: PMC8958857 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorder, with a polygenic basis but identification of the specific determinants is a continuing challenge. In this study, we analyzed a multigenerational family, with all healthy individuals in the first two generations, and four progeny affected with schizophrenia in the subsequent two generations, using whole exome sequencing. We identified five rare protein sequence altering heterozygous variants, in five different genes namely SMARCA5, PDE1B, TNIK, SMARCA2 and FLRT shared among all affected members and predicted to be damaging. Variants in SMARCA5 and PDE1B were inherited from the unaffected father whereas variants in TNIK, SMARCA2 and FLRT1 were inherited from the unaffected mother in all the three affected individuals in the third generation; and notably all these five variants were transmitted by an affected mother to her affected son. Microsatellite based analysis lent a modest linkage support (LOD score of 1.2; θ=0.0 at each variant). Of note, analysis of exome data of an ancestry matched unrelated schizophrenia cohort (n = 350), revealed a total of 16 rare variants (MAF < 0.01) in these five genes. Interestingly, these five genes involved in neurodevelopmental and/or neurotransmitter signaling processes are implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia previously. This study provides good evidence for a likely cumulative contribution of multiple rare variants from disease relevant genes with a threshold effect in disease development and seems to explain the unusual disease transmission pattern generally witnessed in such conditions, but warrants extensive replication efforts in families with similar complex disease inheritance profiles.
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Biebermann H, Kleinau G. 3-Iodothyronamine Induces Diverse Signaling Effects at Different Aminergic and Non-Aminergic G-Protein Coupled Receptors. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 128:395-400. [PMID: 31698479 DOI: 10.1055/a-1022-1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone metabolite 3-iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) exerts diverse physiological reactions such as a decrease of body temperature, and negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. This observed pleomorphic effect in physiology can be barely explained by interaction with only one target protein such as the trace-amine receptor 1 (TAAR1), a class A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Moreover, Taar1 knock-out mice still react to 3-T1AM through physiological responses with a rapid decrease in body temperature. These facts propelled our group and others to search for further targets for this molecule.The group of TAARs evolved early in evolution and, according to sequence similarities, they are closely related to adrenoceptors and other aminergic receptors. Therefore, several of these receptors were characterized by their potential to interplay with 3-T1AM. Indeed, 3-T1AM acts as a positive allosteric modulator on the beta2-adrenoceptor (ADRB2) and as a biased agonist on the serotonin receptor 1B (5HT1b) and the alpha2-adrenoceptor (ADRA2A). In addition, 3-T1AM was reported to be a weak antagonist at a non-aminergic muscarinic receptor (M3).These findings impressively reflect that such trace amines can unselectively and simultaneously function at different receptors expressed by one cell or at different tissues. In conclusion, the role of 3-T1AM is hypothesized to concert the fine-tuning of specific cell reactions by the accentuation of certain pathways dependent on distinct receptors. 3-T1AM acts as a regulator of signals by blocking, modulating, or inducing simultaneously distinct intracellular signaling cascades via different GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Molecular Variants in Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptors and Their Implications in Mental and Metabolic Disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:239-255. [PMID: 31643000 PMCID: PMC7028809 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence on the pathophysiological implications of genetic variants in the human trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) superfamily. Genes coding for trace amine-associated receptors (taars) represent a multigene family of G-protein-coupled receptors, clustered to a small genomic region of 108 kb located in chromosome 6q23, which has been consistently identified by linkage analyses as a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and affective disorders. Most TAARs are expressed in brain areas involved in emotions, reward and cognition. TAARs are activated by endogenous trace amines and thyronamines, and evidence for a modulatory action on other monaminergic systems has been reported. Therefore, linkage analyses were followed by fine mapping association studies in schizophrenia and affective disorders. However, none of these reports has received sufficient universal replication, so their status remains uncertain. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in taars have emerged as susceptibility loci from genome-wide association studies investigating migraine and brain development, but none of the detected variants reached the threshold for genome-wide significance. In the last decade, technological advances enabled single-gene or whole-exome sequencing, thus allowing the detection of rare genetic variants, which may have a greater impact on the risk of complex disorders. Using these approaches, several taars (especially taar1) variants have been detected in patients with mental and metabolic disorders, and in some cases, defective receptor function has been demonstrated in vitro. Finally, with the use of transcriptomic and peptidomic techniques, dysregulations of TAARs (especially TAAR6) have been identified in brain disorders characterized by cognitive impairment.
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Effect of trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist RO5263397 on sensory gating in mice. Neuroreport 2019; 30:1004-1007. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Loftis JM, Lasarev M, Shi X, Lapidus J, Janowsky A, Hoffman WF, Huckans M. Trace amine-associated receptor gene polymorphism increases drug craving in individuals with methamphetamine dependence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220270. [PMID: 31600226 PMCID: PMC6786581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent agonist at the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This study evaluated a common variant (CV) in the human TAAR1 gene, synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) V288V, to determine the involvement of TAAR1 in MA dependence. METHODS Participants (n = 106) with active MA dependence (MA-ACT), in remission from MA dependence (MA-REM), with active polysubstance dependence, in remission from polysubstance dependence, and with no history of substance dependence completed neuropsychiatric symptom questionnaires and provided blood samples. In vitro expression and function of CV and wild type TAAR1 receptors were also measured. RESULTS The V288V polymorphism demonstrated a 40% increase in TAAR1 protein expression in cell culture, but message sequence and protein function were unchanged, suggesting an increase in translation efficiency. Principal components analysis resolved neuropsychiatric symptoms into four components, PC1 (depression, anxiety, memory, and fatigue), PC2 (pain), PC3 (drug and alcohol craving), and PC4 (sleep disturbances). Analyses of study group and TAAR1 genotype revealed a significant interaction for PC3 (craving response) (p = 0.003). The control group showed no difference in PC3 associated with TAAR1, while adjusted mean craving for the MA-ACT and MA-REM groups, among those with at least one copy of V288V, was estimated to be, respectively, 1.55 (p = 0.036) and 1.77 (p = 0.071) times the adjusted mean craving for those without the TAAR1 SNP. CONCLUSIONS Neuroadaptation to chronic MA use may be altered by TAAR1 genotype and result in increased dopamine signaling and craving in individuals with the V288V genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Loftis
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Michael Lasarev
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Xiao Shi
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Jodi Lapidus
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - William F. Hoffman
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Marilyn Huckans
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
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Rutigliano G, Bräunig J, Del Grande C, Carnicelli V, Masci I, Merlino S, Kleinau G, Tessieri L, Pardossi S, Paisdzior S, Dell'Osso L, Biebermann H, Zucchi R. Non-Functional Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Variants in Patients With Mental Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1027. [PMID: 31572197 PMCID: PMC6753877 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is expressed across brain areas involved in emotions, reward and cognition, and modulates monoaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions. TAAR1 is stimulated with nanomolar affinity by 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), an endogenous messenger considered a novel branch of thyroid hormone signaling. The human gene for TAAR1 maps to locus 6q23, within a region associated with major mental disorders. Materials and Methods: We screened a cohort of patients with major mental disorders (n = 104) and a group of healthy controls (n = 130) for TAAR1 variants. HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with: i) wild-type TAAR1 and ii) mutated TAAR1, either in homozygous or heterozygous state. Cell surface expression and Gs/adenylyl cyclase activation upon administration of β-phenylethylamine (PEA), T1AM, and RO5166017, were assessed. Results: We detected 13 missense variants in TAAR1 coding region, with a significant enrichment in patients as compared to healthy controls (11 vs. 1, 1 variant in both groups, p < 0.01). In silico analysis identified four dysfunctional variants, all in patients. Three of these—R23C, Y131C, and C263R—were functionally characterized. In cells co-transfected with wild-type and mutated TAAR1, we observed a significant reduction of cell surface expression. In heterozygosity, the three TAAR1 variants substantially dampened Gs signaling in response to PEA, and, more robustly, to T1AM. Co-stimulation with PEA and RO5166017 did not yield any improvement in Gs signaling. R23C, Y131C, and C263R are rare in the general population and map in functionally important highly conserved positions across TAAR1 orthologous and paralogous genes. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that disruptions of TAAR1 activity may be relevant to the pathophysiology of mental disorders, thereby providing a promising target for novel psychopharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rutigliano
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Pisa, Italy
| | - Julia Bräunig
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Del Grande
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Isabella Masci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sergio Merlino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Sarah Paisdzior
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinology, Berlin, Germany
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Rodrigues AVSL, Almeida FJ, Vieira-Coelho MA. Dimethyltryptamine: Endogenous Role and Therapeutic Potential. J Psychoactive Drugs 2019; 51:299-310. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2019.1602291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra VSL Rodrigues
- Department of Biomedicine-Pharmacology and Therapeutics unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Jcg Almeida
- Department of Biomedicine-Pharmacology and Therapeutics unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria A Vieira-Coelho
- Department of Biomedicine-Pharmacology and Therapeutics unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Clinic, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
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John J, Kukshal P, Sharma A, Bhatia T, Nimgaonkar VL, Deshpande SN, Thelma BK. Rare variants in Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type A (PTPRA) in schizophrenia: Evidence from a family based study. Schizophr Res 2019; 206:75-81. [PMID: 30594456 PMCID: PMC7321970 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of both common and rare risk variants to the genetic architecture of schizophrenia (SZ) has been documented in genome-wide association studies, whole exome and whole genome sequencing approaches. As SZ is highly heritable and segregates in families, highly penetrant rare variants are more likely to be identified through analyses of multiply affected families. Further, much of the gene mapping studies in SZ have utilized individuals of Caucasian ancestry. Analysis of other ethnic groups may be informative. In this study, we aimed at identification of rare, penetrant risk variants utilizing whole exome sequencing (WES) in a three-generation Indian family with multiple members affected. Filtered data from WES, combined with in silico analyses revealed a novel heterozygous missense variant (NM_080841:c.1730C>G:p.T577R; exon18) in Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type A (PTPRA 20p13). The variant was located in an evolutionarily conserved position and predicted to be damaging. Screening for variants in this gene in the WES data of an independent SZ cohort (n = 350) of matched ethnicity, identified five additional rare missense variants with MAF < 0.003, which were also predicted to be damaging. In conclusion, the rare missense variants in PTPRA identified in this study could confer risk for SZ. This has also derived support from concordant data from prior linkage and association, as well as animal studies which indicated a role for PTPRA in glutamate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin John
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Triptish Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - V L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - S N Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India.
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Rediscovering the value of families for psychiatric genetics research. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:523-535. [PMID: 29955165 PMCID: PMC7028329 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As it is likely that both common and rare genetic variation are important for complex disease risk, studies that examine the full range of the allelic frequency distribution should be utilized to dissect the genetic influences on mental illness. The rate limiting factor for inferring an association between a variant and a phenotype is inevitably the total number of copies of the minor allele captured in the studied sample. For rare variation, with minor allele frequencies of 0.5% or less, very large samples of unrelated individuals are necessary to unambiguously associate a locus with an illness. Unfortunately, such large samples are often cost prohibitive. However, by using alternative analytic strategies and studying related individuals, particularly those from large multiplex families, it is possible to reduce the required sample size while maintaining statistical power. We contend that using whole genome sequence (WGS) in extended pedigrees provides a cost-effective strategy for psychiatric gene mapping that complements common variant approaches and WGS in unrelated individuals. This was our impetus for forming the "Pedigree-Based Whole Genome Sequencing of Affective and Psychotic Disorders" consortium. In this review, we provide a rationale for the use of WGS with pedigrees in modern psychiatric genetics research. We begin with a focused review of the current literature, followed by a short history of family-based research in psychiatry. Next, we describe several advantages of pedigrees for WGS research, including power estimates, methods for studying the environment, and endophenotypes. We conclude with a brief description of our consortium and its goals.
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Köhrle J, Biebermann H. 3-Iodothyronamine-A Thyroid Hormone Metabolite With Distinct Target Profiles and Mode of Action. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:602-630. [PMID: 30649231 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rediscovery of the group of thyronamines (TAMs), especially the first detailed description of their most prominent congener 3-iodothyronamine (3T1AM) 14 years ago, boosted research on this thyroid hormone metabolite tremendously. TAMs exert actions partly opposite to and distinct from known functions of thyroid hormones. These fascinating metabolic, anapyrexic, cytoprotective, and brain effects quickly evoked the hope to use hormone-derived TAMs as a therapeutic option. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) TAAR1, a member of the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) family, was identified as the first target and effector of TAM action. The initial enthusiasm on pharmacological actions of exogenous TAMs elicited many questions, such as sites of biosynthesis, analytics, modes of action, inactivation, and role of TAMs in (patho)physiology. Meanwhile, it became clear that TAMs not only interact with TAAR1 or other TAAR family members but also with several aminergic receptors and non-GPCR targets such as transient receptor potential channels, mitochondrial proteins, and the serum TAM-binding protein apolipoprotein B100, thus classifying 3T1AM as a multitarget ligand. The physiological mode of action of TAMs is still controversial because regulation of endogenous TAM production and the sites of its biosynthesis are not fully elucidated. Methods for 3T1AM analytics need further validation, as they revealed different blood and tissue concentrations depending on detection principles used such as monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay vs liquid chromatography- matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In this review, we comprehensively summarize and critically evaluate current basic, translational, and clinical knowledge on 3T1AM and its main metabolite 3-iodothyroacetic acid, focusing on endocrine-relevant aspects and open but highly challenging issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Rhoades R, Jackson F, Teng S. Discovery of rare variants implicated in schizophrenia using next-generation sequencing. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL GENETICS AND GENOMICS 2019; 3:1-20. [PMID: 33981965 PMCID: PMC8112455 DOI: 10.20517/jtgg.2018.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder that affects 1% of the population. Genome-wide association studies have identified common variants in candidate genes associated with schizophrenia, but the genetics mechanisms of this disorder have not yet been elucidated. The discovery of rare genetic variants that contribute to schizophrenia symptoms promises to help explain the missing heritability of the disease. Next generation sequencing techniques are revolutionizing the field of psychiatric genetics. Various statistical approaches have been developed for rare variant association testing in case-control and family studies. Targeted resequencing, whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing combined with these computational tools are used for the discovery of rare genetic variations in schizophrenia. The findings provide useful information for characterizing the rare mutations and elucidating the genetic mechanisms by which the variants cause schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina Rhoades
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Fatimah Jackson
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Shaolei Teng
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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John J, Sharma A, Kukshal P, Bhatia T, Nimgaonkar VL, Deshpande SN, Thelma BK. Rare Variants in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 2 as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia: Evidence From Familial and Cohort Analysis. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:256-263. [PMID: 29385606 PMCID: PMC6293225 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Candidate gene and genome-wide association study based common risk variant identification is being complemented by whole exome sequencing (WES)/whole genome sequencing based rare variant discovery in elucidation of genetic landscape of schizophrenia (SZ), a common neuropsychiatric disorder. WES findings of de novo mutations in case-parent trios have further implied genetic etiology, but do not explain the high genetic risk in general populations. Conversely, WES in multiplex families may be an insightful strategy for the identification of highly penetrant rare variants in SZ and possibly enhance our understanding of disease biology. In this study, we analyzed a 5-generation Indian family with multiple members affected with SZ by WES. We identified a rare heterozygous missense variant (NM_003255: c.506C>T; p.Pro169Leu; MAF = 0.0001) in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2, 17q25.3) segregating with all 6 affected individuals but not with unaffected members. Linkage analysis indicated a maximum logarithm of the odds score of 1.8, θ = 0 at this locus. The variant was predicted to be damaging by various in silico tools and also disrupt the structural integrity by molecular dynamics simulations. WES based screening of an independent SZ cohort (n = 370) identified 4 additional rare missense variants (p.Leu20Met, p.Ala26Ser, p.Lys48Arg and p. Ile217Leu) and a splice variant rs540397728 (NM_003255:c.232-5T>C), also predicted to be damaging, increasing the likelihood of contribution of this gene to SZ risk. Extensive biochemical and knockout mouse studies suggesting involvement of TIMP2 in neurodevelopmental and behavioral deficits, together with genetic evidence for TIMP2 conferring SZ risk from this study may have possible implications for new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin John
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Triptish Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | | | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India; tel: +91-11-24118201, fax: +91-11-24112761, e-mail:
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Igeta H, Watanabe Y, Morikawa R, Ikeda M, Otsuka I, Hoya S, Koizumi M, Egawa J, Hishimoto A, Iwata N, Someya T. Rare compound heterozygous missense SPATA7 variations and risk of schizophrenia; whole-exome sequencing in a consanguineous family with affected siblings, follow-up sequencing and a case-control study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2353-2363. [PMID: 31695380 PMCID: PMC6707433 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s218773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of multiplex families is a promising strategy for identifying causative variations for common diseases. To identify rare recessive risk variations for schizophrenia, we performed a WES study in a consanguineous family with affected siblings. We then performed follow-up sequencing of SPATA7 in schizophrenia-affected families. In addition, we performed a case-control study to investigate association between SPATA7 variations and schizophrenia. PATIENTS AND METHODS WES was performed on two affected siblings and their unaffected parents, who were second cousins, of a multiplex schizophrenia family. Subsequently, we sequenced the coding region of SPATA7, a potential risk gene identified by the WES analysis, in 142 affected offspring from 137 families for whom parental DNA samples were available. We further tested rare recessive SPATA7 variations, identified by WES and sequencing, for associations with schizophrenia in 2,756 patients and 2,646 controls. RESULTS Our WES analysis identified rare compound heterozygous missense SPATA7 variations, p.Asp134Gly and p.Ile332Thr, in both affected siblings. Sequencing SPATA7 coding regions from 137 families identified no rare recessive variations in affected offspring. In the case-control study, we did not detect the rare compound heterozygous SPATA7 missense variations in patients or controls. CONCLUSION Our data does not support the role of the rare compound heterozygous SPATA7 missense variations p.Asp134Gly and p.Ile332Thr in conferring a substantial risk of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Igeta
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryo Morikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hoya
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masataka Koizumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Egawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Tahir RA, Wu H, Javed N, Khalique A, Khan SAF, Mir A, Ahmed MS, Barreto GE, Qing H, Ashraf GM, Sehgal SA. Pharmacoinformatics and molecular docking reveal potential drug candidates against Schizophrenia to target TAAR6. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:13263-13276. [PMID: 30569503 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex disabling disorder that leads to the mental disability and afflicts 1% of the world's total population and placed in top ten medical disorders. In current work, bioinformatics analyses were carried out on Trace amine (TA)-associated receptor 6 (TAAR6) to recognize the potential drugs and compounds against SZ. Comparative modeling and threading-based approaches were utilized for the structure prediction of TAAR6. Fifty-nine predicted structures were evaluated by various model assessment techniques and final model having only eight amino acids in the outlier region and 98.5% overall quality factor was chosen for further pharmacoinformatics and molecular docking analyses. From an extensive literature review, 11 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs were analyzed by computational techniques and Aripiprazole was found as the most effective drug against SZ by targeting TAAR6. Here, we report five novel molecules which exhibited the highest binding affinity, effective drug properties, and interestingly, observed better results than the approved selected drugs against SZ by targeting TAAR6. The docking analyses revealed that Arg-92, Trp-98, Gln-191, Thr-192, Ala-290, Cys-291, Tyr-293, and Glu-294 residues were observed as critical interacting residues in receptor-ligand interactions. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties, Lipinski rule of five, highest binding affinity coupled with virtual screening (VS), and pharmacophore modeling approach illustrated that aripiprazole (-8.6 kcal/mol) and TAAR6_0094 (-9.3 kcal/mol) are potential inhibitors for targeting TAAR6. It is suggested that schizophrenic patients have to use Aripiprazole for the medication of SZ by targeting TAAR6 and develop effective therapies by utilizing scrutinized novel compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Adnan Tahir
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.,Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Naima Javed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anila Khalique
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Asif Mir
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saad Ahmed
- Department of Biological Engineering/Institute of Biotransformation and Synthetic Biosystem, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Arslan Sehgal
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Trace amines are endogenous compounds classically regarded as comprising β-phenylethyalmine, p-tyramine, tryptamine, p-octopamine, and some of their metabolites. They are also abundant in common foodstuffs and can be produced and degraded by the constitutive microbiota. The ability to use trace amines has arisen at least twice during evolution, with distinct receptor families present in invertebrates and vertebrates. The term "trace amine" was coined to reflect the low tissue levels in mammals; however, invertebrates have relatively high levels where they function like mammalian adrenergic systems, involved in "fight-or-flight" responses. Vertebrates express a family of receptors termed trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Humans possess six functional isoforms (TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9), whereas some fish species express over 100. With the exception of TAAR1, TAARs are expressed in olfactory epithelium neurons, where they detect diverse ethological signals including predators, spoiled food, migratory cues, and pheromones. Outside the olfactory system, TAAR1 is the most thoroughly studied and has both central and peripheral roles. In the brain, TAAR1 acts as a rheostat of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission and has been identified as a novel therapeutic target for schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. In the periphery, TAAR1 regulates nutrient-induced hormone secretion, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity. TAAR1 may also regulate immune responses by regulating leukocyte differentiation and activation. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge of the evolution, physiologic functions, pharmacology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of trace amines and their receptors in vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Mark D Berry
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
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Zsilla G, Hegyi DE, Baranyi M, Vizi ES. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, mephedrone, and β-phenylethylamine release dopamine from the cytoplasm by means of transporters and keep the concentration high and constant by blocking reuptake. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 837:72-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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35
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Rutigliano G, Accorroni A, Zucchi R. The Case for TAAR1 as a Modulator of Central Nervous System Function. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:987. [PMID: 29375386 PMCID: PMC5767590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TAAR1 is widely expressed across the mammalian brain, particularly in limbic and monoaminergic areas, allegedly involved in mood, attention, memory, fear, and addiction. However, the subcellular distribution of TAAR1 is still unclear, since TAAR1 signal is largely intracellular. In vitro, TAAR1 is activated with nanomolar to micromolar affinity by some endogenous amines, particularly p-tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine, and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), the latter representing a novel branch of thyroid hormone signaling. In addition, TAAR1 responds to a number of psychoactive drugs, i.e., amphetamines, ergoline derivatives, bromocriptine and lisuride. Trace amines have been identified as neurotransmitters in invertebrates, and they are considered as potential neuromodulators. In particular, beta-phenylethylamine and p-tyramine have been reported to modify the release and/or the response to dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine and GABA, while evidence of cross-talk between TAAR1 and other aminergic receptors has been provided. Systemic or intracerebroventricular injection of exogenous T1AM produced prolearning and antiamnestic effects, reduced pain threshold, decreased non-REM sleep, and modulated the firing rate of adrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus. However each of these substances may have additional molecular targets, and it is unclear whether their endogenous levels are sufficient to produce significant TAAR1 activation in vivo. TAAR1 knock out mice show a worse performance in anxiety and working memory tests, and they are more prone to develop ethanol addiction. They also show increased locomotor response to amphetamine, and decreased stereotypical responses induced by apomorphine. Notably, human genes for TAARs cluster on chromosome 6 at q23, within a region whose mutations have been reported to confer susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. For human TAAR1, around 200 non-synonymous and 400 synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified, but their functional consequences have not been extensively investigated yet. In conclusion, the bulk of evidence points to a significant physiological role of TAAR1 in the modulation of central nervous system function and a potential pharmacological role of TAAR1 agonists in neurology and/or psychiatry. However, the specific effects of TAAR1 stimulation are still controversial, and many crucial issues require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rutigliano
- Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Accorroni
- Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
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36
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Berry MD, Gainetdinov RR, Hoener MC, Shahid M. Pharmacology of human trace amine-associated receptors: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 180:161-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Mühlhaus J, Dinter J, Jyrch S, Teumer A, Jacobi SF, Homuth G, Kühnen P, Wiegand S, Grüters A, Völzke H, Raile K, Kleinau G, Krude H, Biebermann H. Investigation of Naturally Occurring Single-Nucleotide Variants in Human TAAR1. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:807. [PMID: 29225575 PMCID: PMC5705543 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) in endocrine pancreas is involved in weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. The purpose of this study was the identification and characterization of potential TAAR1 variants in patients with overweight/obesity and disturbed glucose homeostasis. Screening for TAAR1 variants was performed in 314 obese or overweight patients with impaired insulin secretion. The detected variants were functionally characterized concerning TAAR1 cell surface expression and signaling properties and their allele frequencies were determined in the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Three heterozygous carriers of the single nucleotide missense variants p.Arg23Cys (R23C, rs8192618), p.Ser49Leu (S49L, rs140960896), and p.Ille171Leu (I171L, rs200795344) were detected in the patient cohort. While p.Ser49Leu and p.Ille171Leu were found in obese/overweight patients with slightly impaired glucose homeostasis, p.Arg23Cys was identified in a patient with a complete loss of insulin production. Functional in vitro characterization revealed a like wild-type function for I171L, partial loss of function for S49L and a complete loss of function for R23C. The frequency of the R23C variant in 2018 non-diabetic control individuals aged 60 years and older in the general population-based SHIP cohort was lower than in the analyzed patient sample. Both variants are rare in the general population indicating a recent origin in the general gene pool and/or the consequence of pronounced purifying selection, in line with the obvious detrimental effect of the mutations. In conclusion, our study provides hints for the existence of naturally occurring TAAR1 variants with potential relevance for weight regulation and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mühlhaus
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Dinter
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Jyrch
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon F Jacobi
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanna Wiegand
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Grüters
- Department for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klemens Raile
- Department for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (HZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Krude
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Hoya S, Watanabe Y, Hishimoto A, Nunokawa A, Kaneko N, Muratake T, Shinmyo N, Otsuka I, Okuda S, Inoue E, Igeta H, Shibuya M, Egawa J, Orime N, Sora I, Someya T. Rare PDCD11 variations are not associated with risk of schizophrenia in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:780-788. [PMID: 28657695 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Rare gene variations are thought to confer substantial risk for schizophrenia. We performed a three-stage study to identify rare variations that have a strong impact on the risk of developing schizophrenia. METHODS In the first stage, we prioritized rare missense variations using whole-exome sequencing (WES) data from three families, consisting of a proband, an affected sibling, and parents. In the second stage, we performed targeted resequencing of the PDCD11 coding region in 96 patients. In the third stage, we conducted an association study of rare PDCD11 variations with schizophrenia in a total of 1357 patients and 1394 controls. RESULTS Via WES, we identified two rare missense PDCD11 variations, p.(Asp961Asn) and p.(Val1240Leu), shared by two affected siblings within families. Targeted resequencing of the PDCD11 coding region identified three rare non-synonymous variations: p.(Asp961Asn), p.(Phe1835del), and p.(Arg1837His). The case-control study demonstrated no significant associations between schizophrenia and four rare PDCD11 variations: p.(Asp961Asn), p.(Val1240Leu), p.(Phe1835del), and p.(Arg1837His). CONCLUSION Our data do not support the role of rare PDCD11 variations in conferring substantial risk for schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hoya
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ayako Nunokawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Oojima Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoshi Kaneko
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Oojima Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Muratake
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Furumachi Mental Clinic, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naofumi Shinmyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Division of Bioinformatics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Emiko Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Igeta
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masako Shibuya
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Egawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoki Orime
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sora
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Attempts to replicate genetic associations with schizophrenia in a cohort from north India. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:28. [PMID: 28855605 PMCID: PMC5577284 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, heritable disorder. Genome-wide association studies, conducted predominantly among Caucasians, have indicated > 100 risk alleles, with most significant SNPs on chromosome 6. There is growing interest as to whether these risk alleles are relevant in other ethnic groups as well. Neither an Indian genome-wide association studies nor a systematic replication of GWAS findings from other populations are reported. Thus, we analyzed 32 SNPs, including those associated in the Caucasian ancestry GWAS and other candidate gene studies, in a north Indian schizophrenia cohort (n = 1009 patients; n = 1029 controls) using a Sequenom mass array. Cognitive functioning was also assessed using the Hindi version of the Penn Computerized Neuropsychological Battery in a subset of the sample. MICB (rs6916394) a previously noted Caucasian candidate, was associated with schizophrenia at the p = 0.02 level. One SNP, rs2064430, AHI1 (6q23.3, SZ Gene database SNP) was associated at the p = 0.04 level. Other candidates had even less significance with rs6932590, intergenic (p = 0.07); rs3130615, MICB (p = 0.08); rs6916921, NFKBIL1 (p = 0.08) and rs9273012, HLA-DQA1 (p = 0.06) and haplotypic associations (p = 0.01-0.05) of 6p SNPs were detected. Of note, nominally significant associations with cognitive variables were identified, after covarying for age and diagnostic status. SNPs with p < 0.01 were: rs3130375, with working memory (p = 0.007); rs377763, with sensorimotor (p = 0.004); rs6916921, NFKBIL1 with emotion (p = 0.01). This relative lack of significant positive associations is likely influenced by the sample size and/or differences in the genetic architecture of schizophrenia across populations, encouraging population specific studies to identify shared and unique genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. POPULATION GENETICS CAUCASIANS AND INDIANS EXHIBIT GENETIC DISJUNCTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: A tenuous link between schizophrenia's genetic basis in Caucasians and Indians calls for more comprehensive research on the latter. Large-scale analyses of the human genome have identified over a hundred genetic variations associated with schizophrenia; however, these have focused largely on European and North American populations. Researchers led by the University of Delhi's BK Thelma, and Smita Deshpande of the Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, India, selected 32 gene variations from past studies to look for similar associations in Indians. Many assays met limited success, though the team found significant correlations between certain variations and specific cognitive hallmarks of schizophrenia. Aside from differences in genetic architecture, the lack of adequate and comparable genetic data on schizophrenia in Indians may contribute to this apparent difference to schizophrenia in Caucasian patients. This shows a clear need for more schizophrenia genetic studies in India.
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