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Zhang Y, He Q, Tong X, Yin P, Liu Y, Meng X, Gao Y, Shi S, Li X, Kan H, Zhou M, Li Y, Chen R. Differential associations of fine and coarse particulate air pollution with cause-specific pneumonia mortality: A nationwide, individual-level, case-crossover study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119054. [PMID: 38704007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The connections between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5-10) and daily mortality of viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia were unclear. OBJECTIVES To distinguish the connections between PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 and daily mortality due to viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia. METHODS Using a comprehensive national death registry encompassing all areas of mainland China, we conducted a case-crossover investigation from 2013 to 2019 at an individual level. Residential daily particle concentrations were evaluated using satellite-based models with a spatial resolution of 1 km. To analyze the data, we employed the conditional logistic regression model in conjunction with polynomial distributed lag models. RESULTS We included 221,507 pneumonia deaths in China. Every interquartile range (IQR) elevation in concentrations of PM2.5 (lag 0-2 d, 37.6 μg/m3) was associated with higher magnitude of mortality for viral pneumonia (3.03%) than bacterial pneumonia (2.14%), whereas the difference was not significant (p-value for difference = 0.38). An IQR increase in concentrations of PM2.5-10 (lag 0-2 d, 28.4 μg/m3) was also linked to higher magnitude of mortality from viral pneumonia (3.06%) compared to bacterial pneumonia (2.31%), whereas the difference was not significant (p-value for difference = 0.52). After controlling for gaseous pollutants, their effects were all stable; however, with mutual adjustment, the associations of PM2.5 remained, and those of PM2.5-10 were no longer statistically significant. Greater magnitude of associations was noted in individuals aged 75 years and above, as well as during the cold season. CONCLUSION This nationwide study presents compelling evidence that both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 exposures could increase pneumonia mortality of viral and bacterial causes, highlighting the more robust effects of PM2.5 and somewhat higher sensitivity of viral pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qinglin He
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xunliang Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Peng Yin
- National Center for Chronic Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yunning Liu
- National Center for Chronic Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xia Meng
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ya Gao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Su Shi
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Maigeng Zhou
- National Center for Chronic Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yanming Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Falzone C, Jupsin H, El Jarroudi M, Romain AC. Advancing Methodologies for Investigating PM 2.5 Removal Using Green Wall System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1633. [PMID: 38931065 PMCID: PMC11207962 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Combustion processes are the primary source of fine particulate matter in indoor air. Since the 1970s, plants have been extensively studied for their potential to reduce indoor air pollution. Leaves can retain particles on their surfaces, influenced by factors such as wax content and the presence of hairs. This study introduces an innovative experimental approach using metal oxide particles in an office-like environment to evaluate the depolluting effect of plant walls. Two plant walls were installed in a controlled room, housing three plant species: Aglaonema commutatum 'Silver Bay', Dracaena fragrans, and Epipremnum aureum. Metal oxide particles were introduced via a compressed air blower positioned between the two walls. The concentration of these particles was monitored using PM2.5 sensors, and the deposition of iron (Fe) on the leaves was quantified through Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). This novel methodology effectively demonstrated the utility of both real-time sensors and ICP-MS in quantifying airborne particle concentrations and leaf deposition, respectively. The results revealed that Dracaena fragrans had a 44% higher Fe particle retention rate compared to the control (wallpaper). However, further validation through methodological replication is necessary to confirm the reproducibility of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Falzone
- Research Unit SPHERE, Sensing of Atmospheres and Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, University of Liege, 6700 Arlon, Belgium;
| | - Hugues Jupsin
- Research Unit SPHERE, Eau—Environnement—Development Team, Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, University of Liege, 6700 Arlon, Belgium;
| | - Moussa El Jarroudi
- Research Unit SPHERE, Eau—Environnement—Development Team, Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, University of Liege, 6700 Arlon, Belgium;
| | - Anne-Claude Romain
- Research Unit SPHERE, Sensing of Atmospheres and Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, University of Liege, 6700 Arlon, Belgium;
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Song Z, Zhang L, Tian C, Li K, Chen P, Jia Z, Hu P, Cui S. Chemical characteristics, distribution patterns, and source apportionment of particulate elements and inorganic ions in snowpack in Harbin, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140886. [PMID: 38065265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Snowpack, which serves as a natural archive of atmospheric deposition of multiple pollutants, is a practical environmental media that can be used for assessing atmospheric records and input of the pollutants to the surface environments and ecosystems. A total of 29 snowpack samples were collected at 20 sampling sites covering three different functional areas of a major city (Harbin) in Northeast China. Two samples at the "snow layer" and one or two samples at the "particulate layer" were collected at each sampling site in the industrial areas characterized by multi-layer snowpack, and only one sample at the "snow layer" was collected at each sampling site in the cultural and recreational as well as agricultural areas. The snow contents of 31 elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Y, Cd, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Pb) and six major water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, NO2-, NO3-, and SO42-) were analyzed. The total mass of the measured elements is dominated (95.8%-99.2%) by crustal elements. Heavy metals only account for 0.77%-4.07% of the total mass of the elements, but are occasionally close to or even above the standard limit in the "Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water" of China (GB3838-2002). SO42- and Ca2+ are the main anion and cation, accounting for 34.9%-81.1% and 1.43%-29.9%, respectively, of the measured total ions. Total atmospheric deposition of crustal elements and heavy metals is dominated by wet deposition in areas near the petrochemical plant and by dry deposition in areas near the cement plant. Coal combustion, industrial emissions, and traffic-related activities lead to the enrichment of heavy metals in the snowpacks of urban and suburban areas, while coal combustion and biomass burning contribute to pollution in rural areas. The cities and regions situated in the western, northwestern, northern, and northeastern directions from Harbin are potential source regions of these pollutant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China; Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Chongguo Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Kunyang Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China; Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Pengyu Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China; Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jia
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China; Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China; Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.
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Rincon G, Morantes Quintana G, Gonzalez A, Buitrago Y, Gonzalez JC, Molina C, Jones B. PM 2.5 exceedances and source appointment as inputs for an early warning system. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4569-4593. [PMID: 35192100 PMCID: PMC9675665 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Between June 2018 and April 2019, a sampling campaign was carried out to collect PM2.5, monitoring meteorological parameters and anthropogenic events in the Sartenejas Valley, Venezuela. We develop a logistic model for PM2.5 exceedances (≥ 12.5 µg m-3). Source appointment was done using elemental composition and morphology of PM by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). A proposal of an early warning system (EWS) for PM pollution episodes is presented. The logistic model has a holistic success rate of 94%, with forest fires and motor vehicle flows as significant variables. Source appointment analysis by occurrence of events showed that samples with higher concentrations of PM had carbon-rich particles and traces of K associated with biomass burning, as well as aluminosilicates and metallic elements associated with resuspension of soil dust by motor-vehicles. Quantitative source appointment analysis showed that soil dust, garbage burning/marine aerosols and wildfires are three majority sources of PM. An EWS for PM pollution episodes around the Sartenejas Valley is proposed considering the variables and elements mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Rincon
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Marítima y Ciencias del Mar (FIMCM), Guayaquil, Ecuador.
- Pacific International Center for Disaster Risk Reduction, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Giobertti Morantes Quintana
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
- Departamento de Procesos y Sistemas, Laboratorio de Residuales de Petróleo, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Ahilymar Gonzalez
- Departamento de Procesos y Sistemas, Laboratorio de Residuales de Petróleo, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Yudeisy Buitrago
- Departamento de Procesos y Sistemas, Laboratorio de Residuales de Petróleo, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jean Carlos Gonzalez
- Departamento de Procesos y Sistemas, Laboratorio de Residuales de Petróleo, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Constanza Molina
- Escuela de Construcción Civil, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Benjamin Jones
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Variation of Aerosol Optical Depth Measured by Sun Photometer at a Rural Site near Beijing during the 2017–2019 Period. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14122908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region has become one of the worst areas for haze pollution in China. Sun photometers are widely used for aerosol optical property monitoring due to the advantages of fully automatic acquisition, simple maintenance, standardization of data processing, and low uncertainty. Research sites are mostly concentrated in cities, while the long-term analysis of aerosol optical depth (AOD) for the pollution transmission channel in rural Beijing is still lacking. Here, we obtained an AOD monitoring dataset from August 2017 to March 2019 using the ground-based CE-318 sun photometer at the Gucheng meteorological observation site in southwest Beijing. These sun photometer AOD data were used for the ground-based validation of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and AHI (Advanced Himawari Imager) AOD data. It was found that MODIS and AHI can reflect AOD variation trends by sun photometer on daily, monthly, and seasonal scales. The original AOD measurements of the sun photometer show good correlations with satellite observations by MODIS (R = 0.97), and AHI (R = 0.89), respectively, corresponding to their different optimal spatial and temporal windows for matching with collocated satellite ground pixels. However, MODIS is less stable for aerosols of different concentrations and particle sizes. Most of the linear regression intercepts between the satellite and the photometer are less than 0.1, indicating that the errors due to surface reflectance in the inversion are small, and the slope is least biased (AHI: slope = 0.91, MODIS: slope = 0.18) in the noon period (11 a.m.–2 p.m.) and most biased in summer (AHI: slope = 0.77, MODIS: slope = 1.31), probably due to errors in the aerosol model. The daily and seasonal variation trends between CE-318 AOD measurements in the Gucheng site and fine particulate observations from the national air quality site nearby were also compared and investigated. In addition, a typical haze–dust complex pollution event in North China was analyzed and the changes in AOD during the pollution event were quantified. In processing, we use sun photometer and satellite AOD data in combination with meteorological and PM data. Overall, this paper has implications for the study of AOD evolution patterns at different time scales, the association between PM2.5 concentrations and AOD changes, and pollution monitoring.
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6
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Liu J, Zhang S, Jia J, Lou M, Li X, Zhao S, Chen W, Xiao B, Yu Y. Distribution and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils at Different Distances and Depths around Three Power Plants in Bijie, Guizhou Province. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2039232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Shuyue Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Jianli Jia
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Manjun Lou
- Henan Guoyou Ecological Restoration Technology Co, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Shenwei Zhao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
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7
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Nirmalkar J, Haswani D, Singh A, Kumar S, Sunder Raman R. Concentrations, transport characteristics, and health risks of PM 2.5-bound trace elements over a national park in central India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112904. [PMID: 34098355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass and its chemical constituents were measured over Van Vihar National Park (VVNP) in Bhopal, central India. Fine PM collected over two years onto Teflon filters using a Mini-Vol® sampler were analyzed for trace elements using an Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometer. The temporal behaviour, dry deposition fluxes and transport pathways of elements, in addition to their health risks were examined in this study. S, K, Si, Al, Ca, and Fe accounted for most of the PM2.5-bound trace elements (~88% on average). Pronounced seasonality was observed for major elements (S, K, and Cl) and reconstructed soil (estimated as the sum of oxides of crustal elements, i.e., Si, Al, Ca, Fe, and Ti), with winter and post-monsoon season highs, potentially due to source strengths and favourable metrology during these seasons. The synoptic meteorology during these seasons favoured the fetch of particles from highly polluted regions such as the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The estimated average dry depositional flux of each element in this study was comparable to those measured/estimated for each of these species over other urban areas. The sum of the dry deposition flux for crustal elements (1301.9 ± 880.7 μg m-2 d-1) was in agreement with global dust cycle models. Air-parcel trajectory cluster analysis revealed that S, K, and Cl were influenced by biomass and coal burning in predominantly in central, and northwestern India, while reconstructed soil was influenced by air masses from the Arabian and Thar deserts. Finally, human exposure risk assessment to carcinogens (As, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni) and non-carcinogens (Cu, Zn, Mn, V, Hg, Se and Al) revealed that no significant risk was posed by these elements. The assessment in this study was a screening for severe adverse effects, rather than a speciated health assessment. Thus, over the study region, monitoring, health risk assessment and mitigation measures, where needed, must be enhanced to ensure that trace elements induced health effects continue to be within safe levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Nirmalkar
- Center for Research on Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Indian Indstitute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, India
| | - Diksha Haswani
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, India
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, India
| | - Samresh Kumar
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Center for Research on Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Indian Indstitute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, India; Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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Rajapaksha RD, Tehrani MW, Rule AM, Harb CC. A Rapid and Sensitive Chemical Screening Method for E-Cigarette Aerosols Based on Runtime Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8090-8096. [PMID: 34018733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growing demand of Juul and other electronic cigarettes, despite critical knowledge gaps about their chemical composition, has led to concerns regarding their potential health effects. We introduce a novel analytical approach, runtime cavity ringdown spectroscopy (rtCRDS) for rapid detection of oxidative products in e-cigarette aerosols, to facilitate the study of aerosol from a single puff of e-liquid. We report a systematic investigation of three flavors of commercial Juul pods (Virginia tobacco, mango, and menthol) and known commercial e-liquid ingredients (propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), nicotine, ethyl maltol, benzoic acid, and nicotine benzoate) vaped using Juul devices. Juul e-liquids and neat chemical additives spiked into a 30:70 PG/VG solution were vaped and their aerosols were collected in 1-L Tedlar gas bags and analyzed using rtCRDS. Acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acetone were identified as primary oxidative products in aerosolized PG/VG. Ethanol was detected as a major constituent of the three commercial Juul flavors. Spectral intensities of carbonyl compounds increased with the addition of spikes, benzoic acid, ethyl maltol, and nicotine to PG/VG, suggesting that oxidative product generation increases with common additives. The method of direct, rapid analysis of e-cig aerosols introduced here can be used to complement traditional methods in vaping exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mina W Tehrani
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ana M Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Charles C Harb
- RingIR, 609 Broadway Blvd NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87102, United States
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Castanheiro A, Wuyts K, Hofman J, Nuyts G, De Wael K, Samson R. Morphological and elemental characterization of leaf-deposited particulate matter from different source types: a microscopic investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25716-25732. [PMID: 33471309 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) deposition on urban green enables the collection of particulate pollution from a diversity of contexts, and insight into the physico-chemical profiles of PM is key for identifying main polluting sources. This study reports on the morphological and elemental characterization of PM2-10 deposited on ivy leaves from five different environments (forest, rural, roadside, train, industry) in the region of Antwerp, Belgium. Ca. 40,000 leaf-deposited particles were thoroughly investigated by particle-based analysis using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and their physico-chemical characteristics were explored for PM source apportionment purposes. The size distribution of all deposited particles was biased towards small-sized PM, with 32% of the particles smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and median diameters of 2.80-3.09 μm. The source type influenced both the particles' size and morphology (aspect ratio and shape), with roadside particles being overall the smallest in size and the most spherical. While forest and rural elemental profiles were associated with natural PM, the industry particles revealed the highest anthropogenic metal input. PM2-10 profiles for roadside and train sites were rather comparable and only distinguishable when evaluating the fine (2-2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5-10 μm) PM fractions separately, which enabled the identification of a larger contribution of combustion-derived particles (small, circular, Fe-enriched) at the roadside compared to the train. Random forest prediction model classified the source type correctly for 61-85% of the leaf-deposited PM. The still modest classification accuracy denotes the influence of regional background PM and demands for additional fingerprinting techniques to facilitate source apportionment. Nonetheless, the obtained results demonstrate the utility of leaf particle-based analysis to fingerprint and pinpoint source-specific PM, particularly when considering both the composition and size of leaf-deposited particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Karen Wuyts
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jelle Hofman
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Solutions4IoT Lab, Imec, High Tech Campus 31, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Nuyts
- Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry & Speciation (AXES), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry & Speciation (AXES), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Mangal A, Satsangi A, Lakhani A, Kumari KM. Characterization of ambient PM 1 at a suburban site of Agra: chemical composition, sources, health risk and potential cytotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:621-642. [PMID: 33094390 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted at a University campus of Agra to determine concentrations of crustal and trace elements in submicron mode (PM1) particles to reveal sources and detrimental effects of PM1-bound metals (Cr, Cd, Mn, Zn, As, Co, Pb, Cu and Ni) in samples collected in the foggy (1 December 2016-17 January 2017) and non-foggy periods (1 April 2016-30 June 2016). Samples were collected twice a week on preweighed quartz fibre filters (QM-A 47 mm) for 24 h using Envirotech APM 577 (flow rate 10 l min-1). Mass concentration of PM1 was 135.0 ± 28.2 and 54.0 ± 18.5 µg/m3 during foggy and non-foggy period, respectively; crustal and trace elements were 13 and 4% during foggy and 11 and 3% in the non-foggy period. Source identification by PCA (principal component analysis) suggested that biomass burning and coal combustion was the prominent sources in foggy period followed by resuspended soil dust, industrial and vehicular emission, whereas in non-foggy period resuspended soil dust was dominant followed by biomass burning and coal combustion, industrial and vehicular emissions. In both episodes, Mn has the highest Hq (hazard quotient) value and Cr has the highest IlcR (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) value for both adults and children. In vitro cytotoxicity impact on macrophage (J774) cells was also tested using MTT assay which revealed decreasing cell viability with increasing particle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mangal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra, UP, 282005, India
| | - Aparna Satsangi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra, UP, 282005, India
| | - Anita Lakhani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra, UP, 282005, India
| | - K Maharaj Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra, UP, 282005, India.
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11
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Luo S, Zhang Y, Nguyen KT, Feng S, Shi Y, Liu Y, Hutchinson P, Chierchia G, Talbot H, Bourouina T, Jiang X, Liu AQ. Machine Learning-Based Pipeline for High Accuracy Bioparticle Sizing. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121084. [PMID: 33297515 PMCID: PMC7762436 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High accuracy measurement of size is essential in physical and biomedical sciences. Various sizing techniques have been widely used in sorting colloidal materials, analyzing bioparticles and monitoring the qualities of food and atmosphere. Most imaging-free methods such as light scattering measure the averaged size of particles and have difficulties in determining non-spherical particles. Imaging acquisition using camera is capable of observing individual nanoparticles in real time, but the accuracy is compromised by the image defocusing and instrumental calibration. In this work, a machine learning-based pipeline is developed to facilitate a high accuracy imaging-based particle sizing. The pipeline consists of an image segmentation module for cell identification and a machine learning model for accurate pixel-to-size conversion. The results manifest a significantly improved accuracy, showing great potential for a wide range of applications in environmental sensing, biomedical diagnostical, and material characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Luo
- ESIEE, Universite Paris-Est, CEDEX 93162 Noisy-le-Grand, France; (S.L.); (G.C.)
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore;
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (T.B.); (X.J.); (A.Q.L.)
| | - Kim Truc Nguyen
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore;
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shilun Feng
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
- Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 200050, China
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Paul Hutchinson
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore;
| | - Giovanni Chierchia
- ESIEE, Universite Paris-Est, CEDEX 93162 Noisy-le-Grand, France; (S.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Hugues Talbot
- CentraleSupelec, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France;
| | - Tarik Bourouina
- ESIEE, Universite Paris-Est, CEDEX 93162 Noisy-le-Grand, France; (S.L.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (T.B.); (X.J.); (A.Q.L.)
| | - Xudong Jiang
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (T.B.); (X.J.); (A.Q.L.)
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore;
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (T.B.); (X.J.); (A.Q.L.)
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12
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Merico E, Grasso FM, Cesari D, Decesari S, Belosi F, Manarini F, De Nuntiis P, Rinaldi M, Gambaro A, Morabito E, Contini D. Characterisation of atmospheric pollution near an industrial site with a biogas production and combustion plant in southern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137220. [PMID: 32092819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although biogas production can have some benefits, there is a research gap on potential influence of biogas plant emissions on local air quality, thus an accurate and comprehensive evaluation of impacts of this technology is needed. This study deals with this issue by means of a characterisation of air pollution near an industrial area including a biogas production (from biomass) and combustion plant located in South Italy. The methodology consists in advanced statistical analysis on concentration of gaseous pollutants, particles concentration and size distribution in number and mass, and PM2.5 chemical composition. High-temporal resolution measurements, supported by ancillary meteorological parameters, and source apportionment of PM2.5 using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model, are performed. The integrated approach provides the emissive picture consisting in different anthropogenic sources (i.e. traffic, biomass burning, and industrial facilities) with particular focus on biogas plant emissions. Results showed that CO and nitrogen oxides were influenced by vehicular traffic and biomass combustion, however, a contribution of the plant to NO was observed. SO2 was influenced mainly by transport from the industrial zone, but a second local contribution compatible with the emissions of the biogas plant was detected. Number particle concentrations were analysed in four size ranges: nanoparticles (D < 0.05 μm), ultrafine particles (D < 0.3 μm), accumulation (0.3 < D < 1 μm) and coarse particles (D > 1 μm). Nanoparticles and ultrafine particles were mainly influenced by vehicular traffic and biomass burning, instead, a contribution of the plant was individuated in the accumulation mode. PMF5 identified the contribution of six sources: crustal (14.7% ± 2.1% of measured PM2.5); marine aerosol (aged) (12.9% ± 2.3%); biomass burning (32.8% ± 1.4%); secondary sulphate (19.7% ± 2.4%); primary industrial emissions (5.4% ± 2.3%); traffic and secondary nitrate (17.0% ± 3.9%). The plant is likely to contribute to both sources, the industrial and the traffic plus secondary nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Merico
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - F M Grasso
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Cesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - S Decesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Belosi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Manarini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - P De Nuntiis
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Rinaldi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - E Morabito
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - D Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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13
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Cvitešić Kušan A, Kroflič A, Grgić I, Ciglenečki I, Frka S. Chemical characterization of fine aerosols in respect to water-soluble ions at the eastern Middle Adriatic coast. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10249-10264. [PMID: 31933087 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations at the Middle Adriatic coastal site of Croatia were affected by different air-mass inflows and/or local sources and meteorological conditions, and peaked in summer. More polluted continental air-mass inflows mostly affected the area in the winter period, while southern marine pathways had higher impact in spring and summer. Chemical characterization of the water-soluble inorganic and organic ionic constituents is discussed with respect to seasonal trends, possible sources, and air-mass inputs. The largest contributors to the PM2.5 mass were sea salts modified by the presence of secondary sulfate-rich aerosols indicated also by principal component analysis. SO42- was the prevailing anion, while the anthropogenic SO42- (anth-nssSO42-) dominantly constituted the major non-sea-salt SO42- (nssSO42-) fraction. Being influenced by the marine origin, its biogenic fraction (bio-nssSO42-) increased particularly in the spring. During the investigated period, aerosols were generally acidic. High Cl- deficit was observed at Middle Adriatic location for which the acid displacement is primarily responsible. With nssSO42- being dominant in Cl- depletion, sulfur-containing species from anthropogenic pollution emissions may have profound impact on atmospheric composition through altering chlorine chemistry in this region. However, when accounting for the neutralization of H2SO4 by NH3, the potential of HNO3 and organic acids to considerably influence Cl- depletion is shown to increase. Intensive open-fire events substantially increased the PM2.5 concentrations and changed the water-soluble ion composition and aerosol acidity in summer of 2015. To our knowledge, this work presents the first time-resolved data evaluating the seasonal composition of water-soluble ions and their possible sources in PM2.5 at the Middle Adriatic area. This study contributes towards a better understanding of atmospheric composition in the coastal Adriatic area and serves as a basis for the comparison with future studies related to the air quality at the coastal Adriatic and/or Mediterranean regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cvitešić Kušan
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Ciglenečki
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Frka
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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14
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Cao X, Tan C, Wu L, Luo Y, He Q, Liang Y, Peng B, Christie P. Atmospheric deposition of cadmium in an urbanized region and the effect of simulated wet precipitation on the uptake performance of rice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134513. [PMID: 31689657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Excessive inputs of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) into the surface environment as a consequence of atmospheric deposition, imposes long-term burdens on agricultural ecosystems. Studying the spatial and temporal variation in PTEs in atmospheric deposition and their effects on plant shoot accumulation are important in understanding the sources and contributions of PTEs in soils and agricultural products. Here, the spatial and temporal variations in cadmium (Cd) concentration and atmospheric deposition fluxes were investigated in five rice-producing areas of the urbanized Chang-Zhu-Tan region over two years. Then, the effects of simulated wet precipitation on the uptake of Cd in rice seedlings in hydroponic culture was explored. The results showed substantial spatial variability in Cd concentrations and atmospheric deposition fluxes in this region. The Cd concentration of atmospheric deposition ranged from 0.07 to 114 μg L-1, and the annual Cd fluxes in the industrial area reached 61.0 g ha-1 but all were <10.0 g ha-1 in the rural areas. Rice seedling growth became significantly inhibited with increasing concentrations of Cd. Cadmium content in the shoots and white roots and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) extractable Cd on root surfaces were significantly and positively correlated with the concentration of Cd in the nutrient solution. Shoot Cd concentrations increased significantly (p < 0.05) when the annual Cd precipitation flux was ≥50 g ha-1 compared to the control with no Cd precipitation, and the concentration in the shoot was higher than that in roots of rice cultivar A159, when the annual simulated wet precipitation flux of Cd was 400 g ha-1. Thus, shoot Cd was directly related to the simulated wet precipitation when the flux exceeded 50 g ha-1a-1, indicating that air pollution is an important source factor affecting crop Cd uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Cao
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyin Tan
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihui He
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Liang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Peng
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Christie
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
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15
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Shaltout AA, Boman J, Hassan SK, Abozied AM, Al-Ashkar EA, Abd-Elkader OH, Yassin MA, Al-Tamimi JH. Elemental Composition of PM 2.5 Aerosol in a Residential-Industrial Area of a Mediterranean Megacity. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:68-78. [PMID: 31760439 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Very little is known about the elemental composition and possible sources of fine aerosol particles from Mediterranean megacities. Fine aerosol particles were collected at a residential-industrial area in Greater Cairo, Egypt, during the period from October 2010 to May 2011. The elemental compositions of the collected samples were quantified by using a homemade energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, whereas black carbon was quantified by a black smoke detector. Fifteen elements have been quantified. Of these constituents, Ca, C, Cl, S, and Fe had the highest concentrations: greater than 1 µg m-3. The overall mean mass concentration of the collected samples equals 70 µg m-3; this value exceeds the European Union annual Air Quality Standard levels. The individual elemental concentrations of the fine particles were found to be dominated by elements linked to mineral dust. Most of the monthly variations of elemental concentrations can be attributed to seasonal meteorological conditions. Other possible sources were vehicle-exhaust and industrial activities. The results pinpoint the problem of identifying different sources when one source, in this case, the nearby deserts, is dominant. The results from this study contribute to the growing knowledge of concentrations, composition, and possible sources of ambient fine particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah A Shaltout
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif, 21974, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Johan Boman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Salwa K Hassan
- Air Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Abozied
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Emad A Al-Ashkar
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Omar H Abd-Elkader
- Physics & Astronomy Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Physics Division, Electron Microscope & Thin Films Department, National Research Centre, El Behooth St., Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - M A Yassin
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - J H Al-Tamimi
- Zoology Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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16
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Analysis of Particulate Matter Concentration Variability and Origin in Selected Urban Areas in Poland. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11205735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The work presents the results of research and analyses related to measurements of concentration and chemical composition of three size fractions of particulate matter (PM), PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0. The studies were conducted in the years 2014–2016 during both the heating and non-heating season in two Polish cities: Wrocław and Poznań. The studies indicate that in Wrocław and Poznań, the highest annual concentrations of particulate matter (PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10) were observed in 2016, and the mean concentrations were respectively equal to 18.16 μg/m3, 30.88 μg/m3 and 41.08 μg/m3 (Wrocław) and 8.5 μg/m3, 30.8 μg/m3 and 32.9 μg/m3 (Poznań). Conducted analyses of the chemical composition of the particulate matter also indicated higher concentrations of organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), and water-soluble ions in a measurement series which took place in the heating season were studied. Analyses with the use of principal component analysis (PCA) indicated a dominating percentage of fuel combustion processes as sources of particulate matter emission in the areas considered in this research. Acquired results from these analyses may indicate the influence of secondary aerosols on air quality. In the summer season, a significant role could be also played by an influx of pollutants—mineral dust—originating from outside the analyzed areas or from the resuspension of mineral and soil dust.
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17
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Characterization of Human Health Risks from Particulate Air Pollution in Selected European Cities. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to estimate health risk indexes caused by the inhalation of particulate matter (PM) by adult males and children using data sampled in three European cities (Athens, Kuopio, Lisbon). Accordingly, the cancer risk (CR) and the hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated from particle-bound metal concentrations whilst the epidemiology-based excess risk (ER), the attributable fraction (AF), and the mortality cases were obtained due to exposure to PM10 and PM2.5. CR and HQ were estimated using two methodologies: the first methodology incorporated the particle-bound metal concentrations (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb) whereas the second methodology used the deposited dose rate of particle-bound metals in the respiratory tract. The indoor concentration accounts for 70% infiltration from outdoor air for the time activity periods allocated to indoor environments. HQ was lower than 1 and the cumulative CR was lower than the acceptable level (10−4), although individual CR for some metals exceeded the acceptable limit (10−6). In a lifetime the estimated number of attributable cancer cases was 74, 0.107, and 217 in Athens, Kuopio, and Lisbon, respectively. Excess risk-based mortality estimates (due to outdoor pollution) for fine particles were 3930, 44.1, and 2820 attributable deaths in Athens, Kuopio, and Lisbon, respectively.
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18
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Estimation of the Personal Deposited Dose of Particulate Matter and Particle-Bound Metals Using Data from Selected European Cities. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9070248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Application of Artificial Neural Networks in the Prediction of PM10 Levels in the Winter Months: A Case Study in the Tricity Agglomeration, Poland. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Kim S, Kim TY, Yi SM, Heo J. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 using positive matrix factorization (PMF) at a rural site in Korea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018. [PMID: 29533830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The sources of different pollutants contributing to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) on Daebu Island, Korea, were estimated. Twenty four hour integrated filter samples were collected from May 21-November 1, 2016, and analyzed for organic carbon, elemental carbon, ions, and trace elements. Positive matrix factorization was conducted on the PM2.5 chemical speciation data from the samples to define the pathways and sources of PM2.5 at the sampling site. A total of 80 samples and 24 chemical species were used to run the model and a total of nine sources were identified: secondary sulfate (29.0%), mobile (22.0%), secondary nitrate (13.2%), oil combustion (10.1%), coal combustion (9.4%), aged sea salt (7.9%), soil (5.6%), non-ferrous smelting (1.7%), and industrial activity (1.1%). Conditional probability and potential source contribution functions were then used to determine whether these sources were local or came from pollutants transported over long-range distances. The anthropogenic sources came from local emissions and originated from both industrialized and metropolitan areas, whereas the secondary inorganic aerosols were strongly influenced by the long-range transport of air pollutants from Shandong and Jiangsu provinces in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jongbae Heo
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Healthy Environment Education & Research, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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21
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Lim CC, Thurston GD, Shamy M, Alghamdi M, Khoder M, Mohorjy AM, Alkhalaf AK, Brocato J, Chen LC, Costa M. Temporal variations of fine and coarse particulate matter sources in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018. [PMID: 28635552 PMCID: PMC5752622 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1344158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the seasonal variations and weekday/weekend differences in fine (aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm; PM2.5) and coarse (aerodynamic diameter 2.5-10 μm; PM2.5-10) particulate matter mass concentrations, elemental constituents, and potential source origins in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Air quality samples were collected over 1 yr, from June 2011 to May 2012 at a frequency of three times per week, and analyzed. The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 (21.9 μg/m3) and PM10 (107.8 μg/m3) during the sampling period exceeded the recommended annual average levels by the World Health Organization (WHO) for PM2.5 (10 μg/m3) and PM10 (20 μg/m3), respectively. Similar to other Middle Eastern locales, PM2.5-10 is the prevailing mass component of atmospheric particulate matter at Jeddah, accounting for approximately 80% of the PM10 mass. Considerations of enrichment factors, absolute principal component analysis (APCA), concentration roses, and backward trajectories identified the following source categories for both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10: (1) soil/road dust, (2) incineration, and (3) traffic; and for PM2.5 only, (4) residual oil burning. Soil/road dust accounted for a major portion of both the PM2.5 (27%) and PM2.5-10 (77%) mass, and the largest source contributor for PM2.5 was from residual oil burning (63%). Temporal variations of PM2.5-10 and PM2.5 were observed, with the elevated concentration levels observed for mass during the spring (due to increased dust storm frequency) and on weekdays (due to increased traffic). The predominant role of windblown soil and road dust in both the PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 masses in this city may have implications regarding the toxicity of these particles versus those in the Western world where most PM health assessments have been made in the past. These results support the need for region-specific epidemiological investigations to be conducted and considered in future PM standard setting. IMPLICATIONS Temporal variations of fine and coarse PM mass, elemental constituents, and sources were examined in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for the first time. The main source of PM2.5-10 is natural windblown soil and road dust, whereas the predominant source of PM2.5 is residual oil burning, generated from the port and oil refinery located west of the air sampler, suggesting that targeted emission controls could significantly improve the air quality in the city. The compositional differences point to a need for health effect studies to be conducted in this region, so as to directly assess the applicability of the existing guidelines to the Middle East air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C. Lim
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - George D. Thurston
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdy Shamy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh Khoder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Mohorjy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman K. Alkhalaf
- Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jason Brocato
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lung Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Ramírez O, Sánchez de la Campa AM, Amato F, Catacolí RA, Rojas NY, de la Rosa J. Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM 10 at an urban background site in a high-altitude Latin American megacity (Bogota, Colombia). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:142-155. [PMID: 29059629 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bogota registers frequent episodes of poor air quality from high PM10 concentrations. It is one of the main Latin American megacities, located at 2600 m in the tropical Andes, but there is insufficient data on PM10 source contribution. A characterization of the chemical composition and the source apportionment of PM10 at an urban background site in Bogota was carried out in this study. Daily samples were collected from June 2015 to May 2016 (a total of 311 samples). Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble compounds (SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, NH4+), major elements (Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, P) and trace metals (V, Cd, Pb, Sr, Ba, among others) were analyzed. The results were interpreted in terms of their variability during the rainy season (RS) and the dry season (DS). The data obtained revealed that the carbonaceous fraction (∼51%) and mineral dust (23%) were the main PM10 components, followed by others (15%), Secondary Inorganic Compounds (SIC) (11%) and sea salt (0.4%). The average concentrations of soil, SIC and OC were higher during RS than DS. However, peak values were observed during the DS due to photochemical activity and forest fires. Although trace metals represented <1% of PM10, high concentrations of toxic elements such as Pb and Sb on RS, and Cu on DS, were obtained. By using a PMF model, six factors were identified (∼96% PM10) including fugitive dust, road dust, metal processing, secondary PM, vehicles exhaust and industrial emissions. Traffic (exhaust emissions + road dust) was the major PM10 source, accounting for ∼50% of the PM10. The results provided novel data about PM10 chemical composition, its sources and its seasonal variability during the year, which can help the local government to define control strategies for the main emission sources during the most critical periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ramírez
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry-CIQSO, Campus de El Carmen s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain; Environmental Engineering Program, Group of Applied Environmental Studies-GEAA, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia-UNAD, Tv 31 #12-38 sur, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - A M Sánchez de la Campa
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry-CIQSO, Campus de El Carmen s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth A Catacolí
- Environmental Engineering Program, Universidad Libre, Cr. 70A # 53-40, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Néstor Y Rojas
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cr. 30 # 45-03, Edif. 412, Of. 206. Bogota, Colombia
| | - Jesús de la Rosa
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry-CIQSO, Campus de El Carmen s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain
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Cesari D, De Benedetto GE, Bonasoni P, Busetto M, Dinoi A, Merico E, Chirizzi D, Cristofanelli P, Donateo A, Grasso FM, Marinoni A, Pennetta A, Contini D. Seasonal variability of PM 2.5 and PM 10 composition and sources in an urban background site in Southern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:202-213. [PMID: 28850839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of fine and coarse fractions in terms of sources and dynamics is scarce in southeast Mediterranean countries; differences are relevant because of the importance of natural sources like sea spray and Saharan dust advection, because most of the monitoring networks are limited to PM10. In this work, the main seasonal variabilities of sources and processes involving fine and coarse PM (particulate matter) were studied at the Environmental-Climate Observatory of Lecce (Southern Italy). Simultaneous PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected between July 2013 and July 2014 and chemically analysed to determine concentrations of several species: OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) via thermo-optical analysis, 9 major ions via IC, and 23 metals via ICP-MS. Data was processed through mass closure analysis and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model characterizing seasonal variabilities of nine sources contributions. Organic and inorganic secondary aerosol accounts for 43% of PM2.5 and 12% of PM2.5-10 with small seasonal changes. SIA (secondary inorganic aerosol) seasonal pattern is opposite to that of SOC (secondary organic carbon). SOC is larger during the cold period, sulphate (the major contributor to SIA) is larger during summer. Two forms of nitrate were identified: NaNO3, correlated with chloride depletion and aging of sea-spray, mainly present in PM2.5-10; NH4NO3 more abundant in PM2.5. Biomass burning is a relevant source with larger contribution during autumn and winter because of the influence of domestic heating, however, is not negligible in spring and summer, because of the contributions of fires and agricultural practices. Mass closure analysis and PMF results identify two soil sources: crustal associated to long range transport and carbonates associated to local resuspended dust. Both sources contributes to the coarse fraction and have different dynamics with crustal source contributing mainly in high winds from SE conditions and carbonates during high winds from North direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cesari
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - G E De Benedetto
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - P Bonasoni
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Busetto
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Dinoi
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - E Merico
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Chirizzi
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - P Cristofanelli
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Donateo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - F M Grasso
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A Marinoni
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Pennetta
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Contini
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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24
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Source Apportionment and Data Assimilation in Urban Air Quality Modelling for NO2: The Lyon Case Study. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing effective strategies for reducing the atmospheric pollutant concentrations below regulatory threshold levels requires identifying the main origins/sources of air pollution. This can be achieved by implementing so called source apportionment methods in atmospheric dispersion models. This study presents the results of a source apportionment module implemented in the SIRANE urban air-quality model. This module uses the tagged species approach and includes two methods, named SA-NO and SA-NOX, in order to evaluate the sources’ contributions to the NO 2 concentrations in air. We also present results of a data assimilation method, named SALS, that uses the source apportionment estimates to improve the accuracy of the SIRANE model results. The source apportionment module and the assimilation method have been tested on a real case study (the urban agglomeration of Lyon, France, for the year 2008) focusing on the NO 2 emissions and concentrations. Results of the source apportionment with the SA-NO and SA-NOX models are similar. Both models show that traffic is the main cause of NO 2 air pollution in the studied area. Results of the SALS data assimilation method highlights its ability in improving the predictions of an urban atmospheric models.
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25
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Chen R, Cheng J, Lv J, Wu L, Wu J. Comparison of chemical compositions in air particulate matter during summer and winter in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:913-921. [PMID: 27502202 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of industry in Beijing, the capital of China, particularly in last decades, has caused severe environmental pollution including particulate matter (PM), dust-haze, and photochemical smog, which has already caused considerable harm to local ecological environment. Thus, in this study, air particle samples were continuously collected in August and December, 2014. And elements (Si, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Ba, Pb and Ti) and ions ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], F-, Cl-, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and [Formula: see text]) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and ion chromatography. According to seasonal changes, discuss the various pollution situations in order to find possible particulate matter sources and then propose appropriate control strategies to local government. The results indicated serious PM and metallic pollution in some sampling days, especially in December. Chemical Mass Balance model revealed central heating activities, road dust and vehicles contribute as main sources, account for 5.84-32.05 % differently to the summer and winter air pollution in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jungang Lv
- Procuratoral Technology and Information Research Center, Supreme People's Procuratorate, Beijing, 100040, China.
| | - Lijun Wu
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
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26
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Ma Y, Wang Z, Tan Y, Xu S, Kong S, Wu G, Wu X, Li H. Comparison of inorganic chemical compositions of atmospheric TSP, PM 10 and PM 2.5 in northern and southern Chinese coastal cities. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 55:339-353. [PMID: 28477830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To compare the inorganic chemical compositions of TSP (total suspended particulate), PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10μm) and PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5μm) in southern and northern cities in China, atmospheric particles were synchronously collected in Dalian (the northern city) and Xiamen (the southern city) in spring and autumn of 2004. The mass concentrations, twenty-three elements and nine soluble ions were assessed. The results show that in Dalian, the mass concentrations of Mg, Al, Ca, Mn and Fe in spring were 4.0-10.1, 2.6-8.0, 4.1-12, 1.2-3.6 and 2.9-7.9 times higher, respectively, than those in Xiamen. The dust storm influence is more obvious in Dalian in spring. However, in Xiamen, heavy metals accounted for 13.9%-17.9% of TSP, while heavy metals contributed to 5.5%-9.3% of TSP in Dalian. These concentrations suggest that heavy metal pollution in Xiamen was more serious. In addition, the concentrations of Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were higher in Dalian due to the influence of marine aerosol, construction activities and soil dust. The NO3-/SO42- ratios in Dalian (0.25-0.49) were lower than those in Xiamen (0.51-0.62), indicating that the contributions of vehicle emission to particles in Xiamen were higher. Coefficient of divergence values was higher than 0.40, implying that the inorganic chemical composition profiles for the particles of Dalian and Xiamen were quite different from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zongshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yufei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Shu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuefang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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27
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Santos A, Pinho P, Munzi S, Botelho MJ, Palma-Oliveira JM, Branquinho C. The role of forest in mitigating the impact of atmospheric dust pollution in a mixed landscape. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12038-12048. [PMID: 28401393 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric dust pollution, especially particulate matter below 2.5 μm, causes 3.3 million premature deaths per year worldwide. Although pollution sources are increasingly well known, the role of ecosystems in mitigating their impact is still poorly known. Our objective was to investigate the role of forests located in the surrounding of industrial and urban areas in reducing atmospheric dust pollution. This was tested using lichen transplants as biomonitors in a Mediterranean regional area with high levels of dry deposition. After a multivariate analysis, we have modeled the maximum pollution load expected for each site taking into consideration nearby pollutant sources. The difference between maximum expected pollution load and the observed values was explained by the deposition in nearby forests. Both the dust pollution and the ameliorating effect of forested areas were then mapped. The results showed that forest located nearby pollution sources plays an important role in reducing atmospheric dust pollution, highlighting their importance in the provision of the ecosystem service of air purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Santos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa (CERENA-IST-UL), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Silvana Munzi
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - José Manuel Palma-Oliveira
- CICPSI, Centro de Investigação em Ciência Psicológica da Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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28
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Galindo N, Yubero E, Nicolás JF, Crespo J, Varea M, Gil-Moltó J. Regional and long-range transport of aerosols at Mt. Aitana, Southeastern Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:723-730. [PMID: 28131450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
More than 150 particulate matter (PM) samples with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 1 and 10μm (PM1 and PM10, respectively) were collected during an 18-month sampling campaign at Mt. Aitana (1558m a.s.l.), located in the western Mediterranean basin. PM samples were analyzed for water-soluble ions, carbonaceous species and trace metals using standard procedures. Average mass concentrations of PM1 and PM10 were, respectively, 5.0 and 13.3μgm-3. PM1 was composed mostly of organic carbon and ammonium sulfate, while nitrate and crustal elements were major components of the PM10 fraction. A significant positive correlation was determined between PM10 and mineral elements such as Ca or Fe. The study of the influence of air mass origin upon PM mass concentrations and composition showed that Saharan dust outbreaks were associated with the highest PM10 levels (24.9μgm-3 average during African events). Nitrate and crustal components were also considerably increased during these episodes, especially Ti and Fe (~190% higher compared with the average value for the whole study period). The results indicate that Ca/Ti and Ca/Fe ratios can be considered reliable indicators of Saharan dust intrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Jose F Nicolás
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Javier Crespo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Montse Varea
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Juan Gil-Moltó
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
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29
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Liu Q, Xu C, Ji G, Liu H, Shao W, Zhang C, Gu A, Zhao P. Effect of exposure to ambient PM 2.5 pollution on the risk of respiratory tract diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:130-142. [PMID: 28808195 PMCID: PMC5445216 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Health Organization have designated airborne particulates, including particulates of median aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), as Group 1 carcinogens. It has not been determined, however, whether exposure to ambient PM2.5 is associated with an increase in respiratory related diseases. This meta-analysis assessed the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the risk of respiratory tract diseases, using relevant articles extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. In results, of the 1,126 articles originally identified, 35 (3.1%) were included in this meta-analysis. PM2.5 was found to be associated with respiratory tract diseases. After subdivision by age group, respiratory tract disease, and continent, PM2.5 was strongly associated with respiratory tract diseases in children, in persons with cough, lower respiratory illness, and wheezing, and in individuals from North America, Europe, and Asia. The risk of respiratory tract diseases was greater for exposure to traffic-related than non-traffic-related air pollution. In children, the pooled relative risk (RR) represented significant increases in wheezing (8.2%), cough (7.5%), and lower respiratory illness (15.3%). The pooled RRs in children were 1.091 (95%CI: 1.049, 1.135) for exposure to <25 μg/m3 PM2.5, and 1.126 (95%CI: 1.067, 1.190) for exposure to ≥ 25 μg/m3 PM2.5. In conclusion, exposure to ambient PM2.5 was significantly associated with the development of respiratory tract diseases, especially in children exposed to high concentrations of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Guixiang Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences/Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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30
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Xu F, Xiang N, Higano Y. How to reach haze control targets by air pollutants emission reduction in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173612. [PMID: 28282464 PMCID: PMC5345839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, Haze is one of the greatest environmental problems with serious impacts on human health in China, especially in capital region (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region). To alleviate this problem, the Chinese government introduced a National Air Pollution Control Action Plan (NAPCAP) with air pollutants reduction targets by 2017. However, there is doubt whether these targets can be achieved once the plan is implemented. In this work, the effectiveness of NAPCAP is analyzed by developing models of the statistical relationship between PM2.5 concentrations and air pollutant emissions (SO2, NOx, smoke and dust), while taking into account wind and neighboring transfer impacts. The model can also identify ways of calculating the intended emission levels in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei area. The results indicate that haze concentration control targets will not be attained by following the NAPCAP, and that the amount of progress needed to meet the targets is unrealistic. A more appropriate approach to reducing air emissions is proposed, which addresses joint regional efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Research Base of Cultural Relics Protection Technology and Evaluation, State Administration of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Xiang
- College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Research Base of Beijing Modern Manufacturing Development, College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshiro Higano
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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31
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Spatial Variability of PAHs and Microbial Community Structure in Surrounding Surficial Soil of Coal-Fired Power Plants in Xuzhou, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13090878. [PMID: 27598188 PMCID: PMC5036711 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the spatial profile and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil that surrounds coal-fired power plants in Xuzhou, China. High-throughput sequencing was employed to investigate the composition and structure of soil bacterial communities. The total concentration of 15 PAHs in the surface soils ranged from 164.87 to 3494.81 μg/kg dry weight. The spatial profile of PAHs was site-specific with a concentration of 1400.09–3494.81 μg/kg in Yaozhuang. Based on the qualitative and principal component analysis results, coal burning and vehicle emission were found to be the main sources of PAHs in the surface soils. The phylogenetic analysis revealed differences in bacterial community compositions among different sampling sites. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum, while Acidobacteria was the second most abundant. The orders of Campylobacterales, Desulfobacterales and Hydrogenophilales had the most significant differences in relative abundance among the sampling sites. The redundancy analysis revealed that the differences in bacterial communities could be explained by the organic matter content. They could also be explicated by the acenaphthene concentration with longer arrows. Furthermore, OTUs of Proteobacteria phylum plotted around particular samples were confirmed to have a different composition of Proteobacteria phylum among the sample sites. Evaluating the relationship between soil PAHs concentration and bacterial community composition may provide useful information for the remediation of PAH contaminated sites.
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32
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Ebisu K, Berman JD, Bell ML. Exposure to coarse particulate matter during gestation and birth weight in the U.S. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:519-524. [PMID: 27324566 PMCID: PMC4980266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have explored the relationship between coarse particles (PM10-2.5) and adverse birth outcomes. We examined associations between gestational exposure of PM10-2.5 and birth weight. U.S. birth certificates data (1999-2007) were acquired for 8,017,865 births. Gestational and trimester exposures of PM10-2.5 were estimated using co-located PM10 and PM2.5 monitors ≤35km from the population-weighted centroid of mothers' residential counties. A linear regression model was applied, adjusted by potential confounders. As sensitivity analyses, we explored alternative PM10-2.5 estimations, adjustment for PM2.5, and stratification by regions. Gestational exposure to PM10-2.5 was associated with 6.6g (95% Confidence Interval: 5.9, 7.2) lower birth weight per interquartile range increase (7.8μg/m(3)) in PM10-2.5 exposures. All three trimesters showed associations. Under different exposure methods for PM10-2.5, associations remained consistent but with different magnitudes. Results were robust after adjusting for PM2.5, and regional analyses showed associations in all four regions with larger estimates in the South. Our results suggest that PM10-2.5 is associated with birth weight in addition to PM2.5. Regional heterogeneity may reflect differences in population, measurement error, region-specific emission pattern, or different chemical composition within PM10-2.5. Most countries do not set health-based standards for PM10-2.5, but our findings indicate potentially important health effects of PM10-2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Ebisu
- Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Jesse D Berman
- Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Michelle L Bell
- Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Contini D, Cesari D, Conte M, Donateo A. Application of PMF and CMB receptor models for the evaluation of the contribution of a large coal-fired power plant to PM10 concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:131-140. [PMID: 27101448 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of the contribution of coal-fired thermo-electrical power plants to particulate matter (PM) is important for environmental management, for evaluation of health risks, and for its potential influence on climate. The application of receptor models, based on chemical composition of PM, is not straightforward because the chemical profile of this source is loaded with Si and Al and it is collinear with the profile of crustal particles. In this work, a new methodology, based on Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model and Si/Al diagnostic ratio, specifically developed to discriminate the coal-fired power plant contribution from the crustal contribution is discussed. The methodology was applied to daily PM10 samples collected in central Italy in proximity of a large coal-fired power plant. Samples were simultaneously collected at three sites between 2.8 and 5.8km from the power plant: an urban site, an urban background site, and a rural site. Chemical characterization included OC/EC concentrations, by thermo-optical method, ions concentrations (NH4(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), SO4(2-), NO3(-), Cl(-)), by high performances ion chromatography, and metals concentrations (Si, Al, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br), by Energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF). Results showed an average primary contribution of the power plant of 2% (±1%) in the area studied, with limited differences between the sites. Robustness of the methodology was tested inter-comparing the results with two independent evaluations: the first obtained using the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model and the second correlating the Si-Al factor/source contribution of PMF with wind directions and Calpuff/Calmet dispersion model results. The contribution of the power plant to secondary ammonium sulphate was investigated using an approach that integrates dispersion model results and the receptor models (PMF and CMB), a sulphate contribution of 1.5% of PM10 (±0.3%) as average of the three sites was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Contini
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cesari
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marianna Conte
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy; Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Donateo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Xu J, Peng X, Guo CS, Xu J, Lin HX, Shi GL, Lv JP, Zhang Y, Feng YC, Tysklind M. Sediment PAH source apportionment in the Liaohe River using the ME2 approach: A comparison to the PMF model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 553:164-171. [PMID: 26925728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contaminant source apportionment is essential for pollution management and control. This study analysed surface sediment samples for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAH sources were identified by two receptor models, which included positive matrix factorization (PMF) and multilinear engine 2 (ME2). Three PAH sources in the Liaohe River sediments were identified by PMF, including traffic, coke oven and coal combustion. The ME2 model apportioned one additional source. The two models yielded excellent correlation coefficients between the measured and predicted PAH concentrations. Traffic emission was the primary PAH source associated with the Liaohe River sediments, with estimated PMF contributions of 58% in May and 63% in September. Coke oven (19%-25%) and coal combustion (13%-18%) were the other two major PAH sources. For ME2, gasoline and diesel were separated: accounted for 14% in May and 16% in September; and 53% in May and 48% in September. This study marks the first application of the ME2 model to study sediment contaminant source apportionment. The methodology can potentially be applied to other aquatic environment contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xing Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jiao Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hai-Xia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guo-Liang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Jia-Pei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yin-Chang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden
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Almeida-Silva M, Faria T, Saraga D, Maggos T, Wolterbeek HT, Almeida SM. Source apportionment of indoor PM10 in Elderly Care Centre. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7814-7827. [PMID: 26758302 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Source contribution to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been exhaustively modelled. However, people spend most of their time indoors where this approach is less explored. This evidence worsens considering elders living in Elderly Care Centres, since they are more susceptible. The present study aims to investigate the PM composition and sources influencing elderly exposure. Two 2-week sampling campaigns were conducted-one during early fall (warm phase) and another throughout the winter (cold phase). PM10 were collected with two TCR-Tecora(®) samplers that were located in an Elderly Care Centre living room and in the correspondent outdoor. Chemical analysis of the particles was performed by neutron activation analysis for element characterization, by ion chromatography for the determination of water soluble ions and by a thermal optical technique for the measurement of organic and elemental carbon. Statistical analysis showed that there were no statistical differences between seasons and environments. The sum of the indoor PM10 components measured in this work explained 57 and 53 % of the total PM10 mass measured by gravimetry in warm and cold campaigns, respectively. Outdoor PM10 concentrations were significantly higher during the day than night (p value < 0.05), as well as Ca(2+), Fe, Sb and Zn. The contribution of indoor and outdoor sources was assessed by principal component analysis and showed the importance of the highways and the airport located less than 500 m from the Elderly Care Centre for both indoor and outdoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Almeida-Silva
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 ao Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation, Radionuclides and Reactors, Section RIH, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - T Faria
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 ao Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - D Saraga
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR 'DEMOKRITOS', Athens, Greece
| | - T Maggos
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR 'DEMOKRITOS', Athens, Greece
| | - H T Wolterbeek
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation, Radionuclides and Reactors, Section RIH, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 ao Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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Teixeira EC, Agudelo-Castañeda DM, Mattiuzi CDP. Contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources to the urban environment: A comparison of receptor models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:212-219. [PMID: 26298853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the main emission sources of PAHs associated with PM2.5, in an urban area of the Rio Grande do Sul state. Source apportionment was conducted using both the US EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model and the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model. The two models were compared to analyze the source contributions similarities and differences, their advantages and disadvantages. PM2.5 samples were collected continuously over 24h using a stacked filter unit at 3 sampling sites of the urban area of the Rio Grande do Sul state every 15days between 2006 and 2008. Both models identified the main emission sources of PAHs in PM2.5: vehicle fleet (diesel and gasoline), coal combustion, wood burning, and dust. Results indicated similar source contribution amongst the sampling sites, as expected because of the proximity amongst the sampling sites, which are under the influence of the same pollutants emitting sources. Moreover, differences were observed in obtained sources contributions for the same data set of each sampling site. The PMF model attributed a slightly greater amount of PAHs to the gasoline and diesel sources, while diesel contributed more in the CMB results. The results were comparable with previous works of the region and in accordance with the characteristics of the study area. Comparison between these receptor models, which contain different physical constraints, is important for understanding better PAH emissions sources in order to reduce air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba Calesso Teixeira
- Research Department, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler, Av. Borges de Medeiros, 261, Porto Alegre, RS 90020-021, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing and Meteorology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Dayana Milena Agudelo-Castañeda
- Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing and Meteorology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Camila Dalla Porta Mattiuzi
- Postgraduate Institute research hydraulic, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
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37
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Chen HY, Liégeois R, de Bruyn JR, Soddu A. Principal-component analysis of particle motion. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:042308. [PMID: 25974492 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.042308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the application of principal-component analysis (PCA) to the analysis of particle motion data in the form of a time series of images. PCA has the ability to resolve and isolate spatiotemporal patterns in the data. Using simulated data, we show that this translates into the ability to separate individual frequency components of the particle motion. We also show that PCA can be used to extract the fluid viscosity from images of particles undergoing Brownian motion. PCA thus provides an efficient alternative to more traditional particle-tracking methods for the analysis of microrheological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chen
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
| | | | - John R de Bruyn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Andrea Soddu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
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38
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Qiu H, Tian LW, Pun VC, Ho KF, Wong TW, Yu ITS. Coarse particulate matter associated with increased risk of emergency hospital admissions for pneumonia in Hong Kong. Thorax 2014; 69:1027-33. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Spatial and temporal variation in fine particulate matter mass and chemical composition: the Middle East Consortium for Aerosol Research Study. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:878704. [PMID: 25045751 PMCID: PMC4090475 DOI: 10.1155/2014/878704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected from January to December 2007 to investigate the sources and chemical speciation in Palestine, Jordan, and Israel. The 24-h PM2.5 samples were collected on 6-day intervals at eleven urban and rural sites simultaneously. Major chemical components including metals, ions, and organic and elemental carbon were analyzed. The mass concentrations of PM2.5 across the 11 sites varied from 20.6 to 40.3 μg/m3, with an average of 28.7 μg/m3. Seasonal variation of PM2.5 concentrations was substantial, with higher average concentrations (37.3 μg/m3) in the summer (April–June) months compared to winter (October–December) months (26.0 μg/m3) due mainly to high contributions of sulfate and crustal components. PM2.5 concentrations in the spring were greatly impacted by regional dust storms. Carbonaceous mass was the most abundant component, contributing 40% to the total PM2.5 mass averaged across the eleven sites. Crustal components averaged 19.1% of the PM2.5 mass and sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate accounted for 16.2%, 6.4%, and 3.7%, respectively, of the total PM2.5 mass. The results of this study demonstrate the need to better protect the health and welfare of the residents on both sides of the Jordan River in the Middle East.
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40
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Contini D, Cesari D, Genga A, Siciliano M, Ielpo P, Guascito MR, Conte M. Source apportionment of size-segregated atmospheric particles based on the major water-soluble components in Lecce (Italy). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:248-61. [PMID: 24295746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols have potential effects on human health, on the radiation balance, on climate, and on visibility. The understanding of these effects requires detailed knowledge of aerosol composition and size distributions and of how the different sources contribute to particles of different sizes. In this work, aerosol samples were collected using a 10-stage Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). Measurements were taken between February and October 2011 in an urban background site near Lecce (Apulia region, southeast of Italy). Samples were analysed to evaluate the concentrations of water-soluble ions (SO4(2-), NO3(-), NH4(+), Cl(-), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)) and of water-soluble organic and inorganic carbon. The aerosols were characterised by two modes, an accumulation mode having a mass median diameter (MMD) of 0.35 ± 0.02 μm, representing 51 ± 4% of the aerosols and a coarse mode (MMD=4.5 ± 0.4 μm), representing 49 ± 4% of the aerosols. The data were used to estimate the losses in the impactor by comparison with a low-volume sampler. The average loss in the MOUDI-collected aerosol was 19 ± 2%, and the largest loss was observed for NO3(-) (35 ± 10%). Significant losses were observed for Ca(2+) (16 ± 5%), SO4(2-) (19 ± 5%) and K(+) (10 ± 4%), whereas the losses for Na(+) and Mg(2+) were negligible. Size-segregated source apportionment was performed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), which was applied separately to the coarse (size interval 1-18 μm) and accumulation (size interval 0.056-1 μm) modes. The PMF model was able to reasonably reconstruct the concentration in each size-range. The uncertainties in the source apportionment due to impactor losses were evaluated. In the accumulation mode, it was not possible to distinguish the traffic contribution from other combustion sources. In the coarse mode, it was not possible to efficiently separate nitrate from the contribution of crustal/resuspension origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Contini
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy.
| | - D Cesari
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy
| | - A Genga
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - P Ielpo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, IRSA-CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - M R Guascito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Conte
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy
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Sturtz TM, Adar SD, Gould T, Larson TV. Constrained Source Apportionment of Coarse Particulate Matter and Selected Trace Elements in Three Cities from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2014; 84:65-77. [PMID: 27468256 PMCID: PMC4959812 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PM10-2.5 mass and trace element concentrations were measured in Winston-Salem, Chicago, and St. Paul at up to 60 sites per city during two different seasons in 2010. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to explore the underlying sources of variability. Information on previously reported PM10-2.5 tire and brake wear profiles was used to constrain these features in PMF by prior specification of selected species ratios. We also modified PMF to allow for combining the measurements from all three cities into a single model while preserving city-specific soil features. Relatively minor differences were observed between model predictions with and without the prior ratio constraints, increasing confidence in our ability to identify separate brake wear and tire wear features. Brake wear, tire wear, fertilized soil, and re-suspended soil were found to be important sources of copper, zinc, phosphorus, and silicon respectively across all three urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Sturtz
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700., USA
| | - Sara D. Adar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
| | - Timothy Gould
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700., USA
| | - Timothy V. Larson
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700., USA
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
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Tositti L, Brattich E, Masiol M, Baldacci D, Ceccato D, Parmeggiani S, Stracquadanio M, Zappoli S. Source apportionment of particulate matter in a large city of southeastern Po Valley (Bologna, Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:872-90. [PMID: 23828727 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the results of an experimental research project carried out in Bologna, a midsize town in central Po valley, with the aim at characterizing local aerosol chemistry and tracking the main source emissions of airborne particulate matter. Chemical speciation based upon ions, trace elements, and carbonaceous matter is discussed on the basis of seasonal variation and enrichment factors. For the first time, source apportionment was achieved at this location using two widely used receptor models (principal component analysis/multi-linear regression analysis (PCA/MLRA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF)). Four main aerosol sources were identified by PCA/MLRA and interpreted as: resuspended particulate and a pseudo-marine factor (winter street management), both related to the coarse fraction, plus mixed combustions and secondary aerosol largely associated to traffic and long-lived species typical of the fine fraction. The PMF model resolved six main aerosol sources, interpreted as: mineral dust, road dust, traffic, secondary aerosol, biomass burning and again a pseudo-marine factor. Source apportionment results from both models are in good agreement providing a 30 and a 33% by weight respectively for PCA-MLRA and PMF for the coarse fraction and 70% (PCA-MLRA) and 67% (PMF) for the fine fraction. The episodic influence of Saharan dust transport on PM10 exceedances in Bologna was identified and discussed in term of meteorological framework, composition, and quantitative contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tositti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy,
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Tian YZ, Wu JH, Shi GL, Wu JY, Zhang YF, Zhou LD, Zhang P, Feng YC. Long-term variation of the levels, compositions and sources of size-resolved particulate matter in a megacity in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:462-468. [PMID: 23831792 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the long-term trends and variations of the levels, compositions, size distribution and sources of particulate matter (PM), long-term monitoring campaigns of PM10 and PM2.5 were performed in a megacity in China (Chengdu) during the period from 2009 to 2011. The average concentration of PM10 was 172.01±89.80 μg/m(3) and that of PM2.5 was 103.15±59.83 μg/m(3), with an average PM2.5/PM10 of 0.60. Enrichments of the important species indicated that the fractions of crustal elements were higher in PM10 than those in PM2.5, while the abundance of organic carbon (OC) and secondary ions was enriched in the fine PM. Quantitative source apportionments of both PM10 and PM2.5 were performed by PMF. PM10 and PM2.5 in Chengdu were influenced by similar source categories, and their percentage contributions were in the same order: crustal dust was the highest contributor, followed by vehicular exhaust, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate and cement dust. Crustal dust and cement dust contributed a higher percentage to PM10 than to PM2.5, while vehicular exhaust and secondary particles provided higher percentage contributions to PM2.5. In addition, PMF-HCA was performed to investigate the characteristics of the sources of the clustered samples, identifying three periods: crustal dust dominant-period, secondary sulfate dominant-period and comprehensive source influenced-period. Planting, reduction of precursors, and banning high-emission vehicles should be implemented to control crustal dust, secondary particles and vehicular exhaust in Chengdu. Furthermore, the size-resolved and the period-resolved control would be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ze Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Wu G, Du X, Wu X, Fu X, Kong S, Chen J, Wang Z, Bai Z. Chemical composition, mass closure and sources of atmospheric PM10 from industrial sites in Shenzhen, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:1626-1635. [PMID: 24520701 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of atmospheric PM10 and chemical components (including twenty-one elements, nine ions, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were measured at five sites in a heavily industrial region of Shenzhen, China in 2005. Results showed that PM10 concentrations exhibited the highest values at 264 microg/m3 at the site near a harbor with the influence of harbor activities. Sulfur exhibited the highest concentrations (from 2419 to 3995 ng/m3) of all the studied elements, which may be related to the influence of coal used as fuel in this area for industrial plants. This was verified by the high mass percentages of SO4(2-), which accounted for 34.3%-39.7% of the total ions. NO3-/SO4(2-) ratios varied from 0.64-0.71, which implies coal combustion was predominant compared with vehicle emission. The anion/cation ratios range was close to 0.95, indicating anion deficiency in this region. The harbor site showed the highest OC and EC concentrations, with the influence of emission from vessels. Secondary organic carbon accounted for about 22.6%-38.7% of OC, with the highest percentage occurring at the site adjacent to a coal-fired power plant and wood plant. The mass closure model performed well in this heavily industrial region, with significant correlation obtained between chemically determined and gravimetrically measured PM10 mass. The main constituents of PM10 were found to be organic materials (30.9%-69.5%), followed by secondary inorganic aerosol (7.9%-25.0%), crustal materials (6.7%-13.8%), elemental carbon (3.5%-10.8%), sea salt (2.4%-6.2%) and trace elements (2.0%-4.9%) in this heavily industrialized region. Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources for particulate matter in this industrial region were crustal materials and coal/wood combustion, oil combustion, secondary aerosols, industrial processes and vehicle emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuefang Wu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- CMA Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics and Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zongshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Li X, Wang Y, Guo X, Wang Y. Seasonal variation and source apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM2.5 and PM10 particulates in Beijing, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:741-750. [PMID: 23923783 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and source of the solvent-extractable organic and inorganic components in PM2.5 (aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 2.5 microns), and PM10 (aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 10 microns) fractions of airborne particles were studied weekly from September 2006 to August 2007 in Beijing. The extracted organic and inorganic compounds identified in both particle size ranges consisted of n-alkanes, PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), fatty acids and water soluble ions. The potential emission sources of these organic compounds were reconciled by combining the values of n-alkane carbon preference index (CPI), %waxC(n), selected diagnostic ratios of PAHs and principal component analysis in both size ranges. The mean cumulative concentrations of n-alkanes reached 1128.65 ng/m3 in Beijing, 74% of which (i.e., 831.7 ng/m3) was in the PM2.5 fraction, PAHs reached 136.45 ng/m3 (113.44 ng/m3 or 83% in PM2.5), and fatty acids reached 436.99 ng/m3 (324.41 ng/m3 or 74% in PM2.5), which resulted in overall enrichment in the fine particles. The average concentrations of SO4(2-), NO3(-), and NH4(+) were 21.3 +/- 15.2, 6.1 +/- 1.8, 12.5 +/- 6.1 microg/m3 in PM2.5, and 25.8 +/- 15.5, 8.9 +/- 2.6, 16.9 +/- 9.5 microg/m3 in PM10, respectively. These three secondary ions primarily existed as ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), ammonium bisulfate (NH4HSO4) and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). The characteristic ratios of PAHs revealed that the primary sources of PAHs were coal combustion, followed by gasoline combustion. The ratios of stearic/palmitic acid indicated the major contribution of vehicle emissions to fatty acids in airborne particles. The major alkane sources were biogenic sources and fossil fuel combustion. The major sources of PAHs were vehicular emission and coal combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Almeida SM, Freitas MC, Reis M, Pinheiro T, Felix PM, Pio CA. Fifteen years of nuclear techniques application to suspended particulate matter studies. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Almeida SM, Silva AI, Freitas MC, Dzung HM, Caseiro A, Pio CA. Impact of maritime air mass trajectories on the Western European coast urban aerosol. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:252-262. [PMID: 23514067 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.757201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lisbon is the largest urban area in the Western European coast. Due to this geographical position the Atlantic Ocean serves as an important source of particles and plays an important role in many atmospheric processes. The main objectives of this study were to (1) perform a chemical characterization of particulate matter (PM2.5) sampled in Lisbon, (2) identify the main sources of particles, (3) determine PM contribution to this urban area, and (4) assess the impact of maritime air mass trajectories on concentration and composition of respirable PM sampled in Lisbon. During 2007, PM2.5 was collected on a daily basis in the center of Lisbon with a Partisol sampler. The exposed Teflon filters were measured by gravimetry and cut into two parts: one for analysis by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and the other by ion chromatography (IC). Principal component analysis (PCA) and multilinear regression analysis (MLRA) were used to identify possible sources of PM2.5 and determine mass contribution. Five main groups of sources were identified: secondary aerosols, traffic, calcium, soil, and sea. Four-day backtracking trajectories ending in Lisbon at the starting sampling time were calculated using the HYSPLIT model. Results showed that maritime transport scenarios were frequent. These episodes were characterized by a significant decrease of anthropogenic aerosol concentrations and exerted a significant role on air quality in this urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Almeida
- URSN, IST/ITN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Sacavém, Portugal.
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Félix P, Almeida S, Pinheiro T, Sousa J, Franco C, Wolterbeek H. Assessment of exposure to metals in lead processing industries. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Santacatalina M, Yubero E, Mantilla E, Carratalá A. Relevance of the economic crisis in chemical PM10 changes in a semi-arid industrial environment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:6827-6844. [PMID: 22146821 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper shows the changes in PM(10) levels and chemical composition in a region in southeast Spain between two periods: September 2005-August 2006 and June 2008-May 2009. PM(10) levels in this arid region, with a great number of cement, ceramic and related industries, have decreased in the second period in concordance with the reduction of industrial production due to the economic crisis and the closure of a cement plant. Annual average levels of PM(10) decreased from 41 μg m(-3) in 2005 to 30 μg m(-3) in 2008 (27%) and to 23 μg m(-3) in 2009 (23%). The relative contribution of the different sources has not changed in the area in the latter period and the elements with mineral origin are the main components of the PM(10) composition. There is a reduction in the concentration of the components that have soil-related industries and crustal material resuspension as their main sources, mainly in the case of CO(3) (2-), Ca, Sr, Tl and Pb, but the seasonal patterns were the same in both periods. As a particular case, there is an uncoupling between the seasonal evolution of SO(2) and sulphates in the two study periods, which remarks the existence of a sulphate regional background that does not depend on SO(2) local emissions. The decrease of V, Ni and Tl levels reflects the reduction of the industrial activity during the crisis period, affecting mainly the ceramic sector characterised by a great decrease of Tl levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Santacatalina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P. O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Xu L, Chen X, Chen J, Zhang F, He C, Du K, Wang Y. Characterization of PM10 atmospheric aerosol at urban and urban background sites in Fuzhou city, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:1443-1453. [PMID: 22743993 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PM(10) aerosol samples were simultaneously collected at two urban and one urban background sites in Fuzhou city during two sampling campaigns in summer and winter. PM(10) mass concentrations and chemical compositions were determined. METHODS Water-soluble inorganic ions (Cl(-), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), NH(4)(+), K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+)), carbonaceous species (elemental carbon and organic carbon), and elements (Al, Si, Mg, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, and Pb) were detected using ion chromatography, thermal/optical reflectance, and proton-induced X-ray emission methods, respectively. RESULTS PM(10) mass concentrations, as well as most of the chemical components, were significantly increased from urban background to urban sites, which were due to enhanced anthropogenic activities in urban areas. Elements, carbonaceous species, and most of the ions were more uniformly distributed at different types of sites in winter, whereas secondary ion SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-), and NH(4)(+) showed more evident urban-background contrast in this season. The chemical mass closure indicated that mineral dust, organic matters, and sulfate were the most abundant components in PM(10). The sum of individually measured components accounted for 86.9-97.7% of the total measured PM(10) concentration, and the discrepancy was larger in urban area than in urban background area. CONCLUSION According to the principal component analysis-multivariate linear regression model, mineral dust, secondary inorganic ions, sea salt, and motor vehicle were mainly responsible for the PM(10) particles in Fuzhou atmosphere, and contributed 19.9%, 53.3%, 21.3%, and 5.5% of PM(10), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
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