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Simpson AK, Drysdale M, Gamberg M, Froese K, Brammer J, Dumas P, Ratelle M, Skinner K, Laird BD. Human biomonitoring of dioxins, furans, and non-ortho dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blood plasma from Old Crow, Yukon, Canada (2019). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171222. [PMID: 38408666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Dioxins, furans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of persistent and toxic chemicals that are known to have human health effects at low levels. These chemicals have been produced for commercial use (PCBs) or unintentionally as by-products of industry or natural processes (PCBs, dioxins, and furans). Additionally, dioxin-like PCBs were formerly used in electrical applications before being banned internationally (2004). These chemicals are widely dispersed in the environment as they can contaminate air and travel hundreds to thousands of kilometers before depositing on land or water, thereafter, potentially entering food chains. Community concerns surrounding the safety of traditional foods prompted a human biomonitoring project in Old Crow, Yukon Territory (YT), Canada (2019). Through collaborative community engagement, dioxins and like compounds were identified as a priority for exposure assessment from biobanked samples. In 2022, biobanked plasma samples (n = 54) collected in Old Crow were used to measure exposures to seven dioxins, ten furans, and four dioxin-like PCBs. 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, OCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF, PCB 126, and PCB 169 were detected in at least 50 % of samples. Among these analytes, the only congener at elevated levels was PCB 169, which was approximately ∼2-fold higher than the general population of Canada. No significant sex-based or body mass index (BMI) differences in biomarker concentrations were observed. Generally, the concentrations of the detected congeners increased with age, except for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD. For the first time, this research measures dioxin and like-compound exposures in Old Crow, advancing the information available on chemical exposures in the Arctic. Further research could be directed towards the investigation of PCB 169 exposure sources and temporal monitoring of exposures and determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn K Simpson
- School of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Mallory Drysdale
- School of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Mary Gamberg
- Gamberg Consulting, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 6N5, Canada
| | - Ken Froese
- GatePost Risk Analysis, Red Deer, Alberta T4R 0A9, Canada.
| | - Jeremy Brammer
- Vuntut Gwitchin Government, Old Crow, Yukon Y0B 1N0, Canada.
| | - Pierre Dumas
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Mylène Ratelle
- École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, 7101, avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9, Canada.
| | - Kelly Skinner
- School of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Brian D Laird
- School of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Torget V, Bernhoft A, Hb Müller M, Polder A, Viljugrein H, Madslien K, Ludvig Lyche J. The red listed eagle owl (Bubo bubo) population in Norway is exposed to POP levels exceeding threshold values for adverse health effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108650. [PMID: 38613936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The eagle owl (Bubo bubo) population in Norway is today classified as critically endangered on the red list of endangered species. Because previous studies have detected high concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in birds of prey, concerns have been raised whether POPs exposure are a significant factor to the substantial decline of the eagle owl population. The aims of this study were to measure the levels of POPs in eagle owls and to assess whether POPs may represent a potential health risk. POPs were analysed in liver samples from 100 eagle owls collected between 1994 and 2014. The concentrations of POPs were generally very high and individual birds had levels among the highest measured worldwide. The contaminant groups analysed were highly correlated (p < 0.0001). The concentrations of sum of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (∑PCB) exceeded the threshold value from moderate to severe health risk in 90% of the birds. The birds with cachectic or lean body condition had significantly higher levels of contaminants than those with higher body condition scores. No significant temporal or spatial trends were noted. The lack of temporal trends, suggest that the downward trend of POPs, appear to be levelling off. The lack of differences between inland and coastal regions suggest that the risk of exposure may be comparable between predatory birds feeding in marine or terrestrial food webs. The significantly higher POPs levels detected in individuals with poor body condition may be due to reduced fat stores and thereby higher concentration in the remaining fat and/or the weight loss could be induced by toxic effects. The high proportion of birds exceeding the threshold values for severe and high risk of adverse effects, suggest that the high contamination load may reduce the eagle owl's fitness and survival and, thus, contribute to decline of the eagle owl population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Torget
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Aksel Bernhoft
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Mette Hb Müller
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anuschka Polder
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | | | - Knut Madslien
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
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Hites RA, Capozzi SL, Venier M. Spatial and temporal trends of chlorinated epoxides in the atmosphere near the North American Great Lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167921. [PMID: 37863239 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordane are highly chlorinated, persistent, bicyclic epoxides that are widely present in the environment. Given the long-standing restrictions on the production and use of these compounds, it is appropriate to wonder if their environmental levels have decreased over time, and if so, how fast. The Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) provides this information by measuring the concentrations of these compounds in the atmosphere at six sites near the Great Lakes once every 12 days. During the period 1990-2021 (inclusive), a total of 4125 samples have been collected. The median concentrations at the six sites are significantly different from one another. The concentrations of all three compounds at Chicago (population: 3,900,000) are significantly higher than those at most other sites, and those at Eagle Harbor (population: 1330) are significantly lower than those at most other sites. This concentration trend reflects the use of these compounds as termiticides and insecticides in cities as opposed to their use in agriculture. Multivariate statistical analyses of the spatially- and time-resolved data indicate that the atmospheric concentrations of these compounds are decreasing by a factor of two every 14 ± 5 years. Although the atmospheric levels of these three highly chlorinated epoxides are decreasing slowly, it is clear that they are environmentally persistent. It is also clear that our earlier reported halving times (1-10 years) for dieldrin were overly optimistic. To determine reliable long term temporal trends, it is essential to have long term concentration measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Hites
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
| | - Staci L Capozzi
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
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Alshemmari H, Al-Kasbi MM, Kavil YN, Orif MI, Al-Hulwani EK, Al-Darii RJ, Al-Shukaili SM, Al-Balushi FAA, Chakraborty P. New and legacy pesticidal persistent organic pollutants in the agricultural region of the Sultanate of Oman. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132205. [PMID: 37604036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive air and surface soil monitoring was conducted for new and legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to fill the knowledge and data gap on the sources and fate of pesticidal persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Sultanate of Oman. DDTs in agricultural soil samples ranged from 0.013 to 95.80 ng/g (mean: 8.4 ± 25.06 ng/g), with a median value of 0.07 ng/g. The highest concentration was observed at Shinas, where intensive agricultural practice is prevalent. The dominance of p,p'-DDT in soil and air reflected technical DDT formulation usage in Oman. Among newly enlisted POPs, pentachlorobenzene had the maximum detection frequency in air (47%) and soil (41%). Over 90% of sites reflected extensive past use of hexachlorobenzene. Major OCP isomers and metabolites showed net volatilisation from the agricultural soil, thereby indicating concurrent emission and re-emission processes from the soil of Oman. However, the cleansing effect of oceanic air mass is the possible reason for relatively lower atmospheric OCP levels from a previous study. Although DDT displayed maximum cancer risk, the level is below the permissible limit. DDT primarily stemmed from obsolete stock and inadequate management practices. Hence, we suggest there is a need for DDT regulation in Oman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alshemmari
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait; Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait
| | - Mohammed M Al-Kasbi
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Yasar N Kavil
- Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait; Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I Orif
- Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam K Al-Hulwani
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rawya J Al-Darii
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Suleiman M Al-Shukaili
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Fawaz A A Al-Balushi
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate Change (REACH), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India.
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Egas C, Galbán-Malagón C, Castro-Nallar E, Molina-Montenegro MA. Role of Microbes in the degradation of organic semivolatile compounds in polar ecosystems: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163046. [PMID: 36965736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic and the Antarctic Continent correspond to two eco-regions with extreme climatic conditions. These regions are exposed to the presence of contaminants resulting from human activity (local and global), which, in turn, represent a challenge for life forms in these environments. Anthropogenic pollution by semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in polar ecosystems has been documented since the 1960s. Currently, various studies have shown the presence of SVOCs and their bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the polar regions with negative effects on biodiversity and the ecosystem. Although the production and use of these compounds has been regulated, their persistence continues to threaten biodiversity and the ecosystem. Here, we summarize the current literature regarding microbes and SVOCs in polar regions and pose that bioremediation by native microorganisms is a feasible strategy to mitigate the presence of SVOCs. Our systematic review revealed that microbial communities in polar environments represent a wide reservoir of biodiversity adapted to extreme conditions, found both in terrestrial and aquatic environments, freely or in association with vegetation. Microorganisms adapted to these environments have the potential for biodegradation of SVOCs through a variety of genes encoding enzymes with the capacity to metabolize SVOCs. We suggest that a comprehensive approach at the molecular and ecological level is required to mitigate SVOCs presence in these regions. This is especially patent when considering that SVOCs degrade at slow rates and possess the ability to accumulate in polar ecosystems. The implications of SVOC degradation are relevant for the preservation of polar ecosystems with consequences at a global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Egas
- Centre for Integrative Ecology (CIE), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas (ICB), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón
- Centro de Genómica, Ecología y Medio Ambiente (GEMA), Universidad Mayor, Campus Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- Centre for Integrative Ecology (CIE), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile
| | - Marco A Molina-Montenegro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology (CIE), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas (ICB), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
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Khuman SN, Park MK, Kim HJ, Hwang SM, Lee CH, Choi SD. Nationwide assessment of atmospheric organochlorine pesticides over a decade during 2008-2017 in South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162927. [PMID: 36934928 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term nationwide atmospheric monitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was performed in South Korea during 2008-2017. Their occurrences, seasonal and temporal variability, sources, and effect of ambient temperature were investigated. The OCPs are pronounced with a mean concentration of total OCPs ranging from 5.2 to 256 pg/Sm3. However, a decrease of 54 % was observed in the mean concentration of total OCPs from 2008 to 2017 associated with regulatory actions. OCP concentrations did not show any variations between the different site types, and OCPs were ubiquitously present at all site types. The mean concentration of total OCPs in summer was two-fold higher than in winter. The concentrations of DRINs, DDTs, ENDOs, and HCHs were significantly higher in summer, but the concentrations of chlordane and heptachlor were higher in winter. The diagnostic ratios identified major sources as ongoing sources, past use, and atmospheric transport. Clausius Clapeyron plots strongly suggested the re-emission of α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, α-HCH, and β-HCH, and ΔHsa (enthalpy of surface air exchange) values suggested the influence of the transport and/or new sources on aldrin, dieldrin, and chlordane. The occurrence of OCPs due to re-emissions, ongoing sources, and long-range atmospheric transport could be a challenge towards the complete phase-out of OCPs in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjenbam Nirmala Khuman
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Man Hwang
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Hu PT, Liu DH, Cao ZG, Wei H, Zhu FJ, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Feng JL, Li YF, Li YF, Li YF. Effectively removing gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by willow catkins: Do you still dislike the catkins floating? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131639. [PMID: 37196441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The floating catkins generated by willow and poplar trees have been criticized for spreading germ and causing fire for decades. It has been found that catkins are with a hollow tubular structure, which made us wonder if the floating catkins can adsorb atmospheric pollutions. Thus, we conducted a project in Harbin, China to investigate whether and how willow catkins could adsorb atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results suggest that both the catkins floating in the air and on the ground preferred to adsorb gaseous PAHs rather than particulate PAHs. Moreover, 3- and 4-ring PAHs were the dominating compositions adsorbed by catkins, which significantly increased with exposure time. The gas/catkins partition (KCG) was defined, which explained why 3-ring PAHs are more easily adsorbed by catkins than by airborne particles when their subcooled liquid vapor pressure is high (log PL > -1.73). The removal loading of atmospheric PAHs by catkins were estimated as 1.03 kg/year in the center city of Harbin, which may well explain the phenomenon that levels of gaseous and total (particle + gas) PAHs are relatively low in the months with catkins floating reported in peer-reviewed papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Tuan Hu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Dong-Hai Liu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Zhi-Guo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Hong Wei
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, PR China; Hangzhou PuYu Technology Development Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jing-Lan Feng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | | | - Yu-Fei Li
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, PR China.
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Sohail M, Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani SA, Ilyas S, Bokhari H, Ali N, Podgorski JE, Muhammad S, Adelman D, Lohmann R. Gaseous and soil OCPs and PCBs along the Indus River, Pakistan: spatial patterns and air-soil gradients. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:531-541. [PMID: 36661269 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00363e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study presents first-hand information on the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the ambient air and surface soil along the Indus flood-plain, Pakistan. The sampling campaign was conducted at 15 site locations during 2014-15, along the Indus River (approximately 1300 km). Composite surface soil samples (N = 15) and passive air samples (N = 15) were collected for the estimation of gaseous POPs as well as air-soil exchange to evaluate the POP emission and distribution or dispersion patterns, source tracking, and contribution of the local and regional sources towards POP accumulation in the Indus River system. Among the studied POPs, levels of DDTs and PCBs were noticeably higher in ambient air (50-560 and 10-1100 pg m-3) and in soil (0.20-350 and 1.40-20 ng g-1), respectively. Regarding the spatial patterns, higher DDT concentrations (ng g-1) were detected in the air and soil samples collected from the wet mountain zone (WMZ) (p < 0.05), followed by the alluvial riverine zone (ARZ), low-lying mountain zone (LLZ), and frozen mountain zone (FMZ). The PCB data did not exhibit significant differences (p > 0.05) for the air samples, while PCB concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in soil from the LLZ, which may be associated with rapid urbanization and industrial activities in this area. The air-soil exchange of DDTs and PCBs showed net volatilization at most of the studied sites except for a few samples from the FMZ and WMZ. Results of this study about air-soil exchange gradients indicate the long range regional atmospheric transport (LRAT) of POPs to the colder areas (FMZ) of Pakistan, where these act as a secondary source of POPs in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Department of Zoology, University of Central Punjab, Sargodha Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Shazia Ilyas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Microbiology, Kohsar University Murree, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joel E Podgorski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Shafi Muhammad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Dave Adelman
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
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9
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Xuan Z, Ma Y, Zhang J, Zhu J, Cai M. Dissolved legacy and emerging organochlorine pesticides in the Antarctic marginal seas: Occurrence, sources and transport. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114511. [PMID: 36580836 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polar regions are recognized as final sinks of the persistent contaminants, however, environmental investigations in the Antarctica are greatly limited by harsh field conditions. In this study, seawater samples were collected in the Antarctic marginal seas during the austral summer of 2021 to investigate the environmental behavior and fate of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentrations and source markers of representative legacy hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) indicated the coexistent sources of historical residues and fresh inputs. While the emerging OCPs, including quintozene, pentachloroaniline and dichlobenil, showed relatively lower detection frequency. Due to the differences in temperature and sea ice coverage, dissolved OCPs generally displayed higher concentrations in the eastern Antarctic than those in the western Antarctic. The 'surface depleted and depth enrichment' vertical profile of representative OCPs in the continental shelf of Prydz Bay was jointly controlled by biological pump and water mass structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Xuan
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China; Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China.
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Jincai Zhu
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China; Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
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Fu J, Zhang H, Li R, Shi T, Gao H, Jin S, Wang Q, Zong H, Na G. Occurrence, spatial patterns, air-seawater exchange, and atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the Northwest Pacific to Arctic Ocean. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 183:105793. [PMID: 36371950 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have elucidated the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Arctic; however, their behavior in different environments has not been studied at a large scale. To investigate the occurrence, spatial trends, air-seawater exchange and atmospheric deposition of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), this study takes sample from the Northwest Pacific Ocean. to the Arctic Ocean.The concentrations of 16 PAHs in air and seawater ranged from 27 to 5658 pg/m3 and 34-338 ng/L, respectively. The air-seawater exchange flux of the region was calculated with a Whitman two-film model to be -82681-24613 ng/m2/day. Meanwhile, low-ring PAHs were transported from seawater to the air, while high-ring PAHs were transported from air to seawater. A correlation analysis between multiple environmental factors and particle phase ratio suggested that temperature might be the major driving factor for PAHs in the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) process. Moreover, the dry atmospheric deposition fluxes in the region were analyzed by considering environmental factors and the physicochemical properties of each PAHs monomer, these fluxes ranged from 0.001 to 696 ng/m2/day and were greater inshore than offshore and at higher latitudes. This study highlights that PAHs are affected by LRAT during their transport from Asia to Northwest Pacific and further to the Arctic Ocean, while emphasizing that air-seawater exchange plays an important role in air-sea interactions in the open ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tengda Shi
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Humin Zong
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Guangshui Na
- Laboratory for Coastal Marine Eco-environment Process and Carbon Sink of Hainan Province/Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China.
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Lin Y, Cai M, Chen M, Huang P, Lei R, Chen M, Gui D, Ke H. Evidence for the growing importance of Eurasian local source to PAHs in the Arctic central basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158373. [PMID: 36041604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are traditionally considered to enter the Arctic Ocean through long-range transport. Arctic warming, especially sea ice retreat, will certainly increase the contribution from local source (such as river input and ice melting). However, this hypothesis remains poorly constrained for lack of quantitative evidence. Here PAHs in surface seawater (67°N-89°N, 152°E-177°E) and sea ice (82°N-89°N) were collected in the western Arctic in 2010. Dissolved concentrations of 15 PAHs (Σ15PAHs) in surface layer ice (26.2 to 49.8 ng/L) were one order of magnitude higher than the underlying seawater. The content of dissolved Σ15PAHs was significantly higher in the marginal ice zone than those in the Chukchi Sea shelf, and the dissolved Σ15PAHs concentration differed by nearly an order of magnitude in two closely adjacent sections in the basin area, which both showed high fraction of river water and sea ice meltwater. This pattern could be explained by the different local inputs from Eurasia and North America. This scenario was further visualized by ice back trajectories capturing significantly higher PAH signals from the Eurasian margin than those from North America and stable oxygen isotopic data finding a positive correlation of PAH levels with the fractions of river runoff and ice-melting water coming from the Eurasia. The PAHs budget of the Arctic Ocean was also dominated by local sources (river and ice melting) as inputs (76 %) and volatilization as outputs (47 %). This study reveals the importance of Eurasian local inputs in supplying PAHs to the central Arctic Ocean. Those processes, which have not been well recognized for PAHs previously, are expected to increase and will undermine global efforts to reduce exposure by remobilizing PAHs stored in permafrost and ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361002, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China.
| | - Min Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China; College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ruibo Lei
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dawei Gui
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
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12
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Chai L, Zhou Y, Wang X. Impact of global warming on regional cycling of mercury and persistent organic pollutants on the Tibetan Plateau: current progress and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1616-1630. [PMID: 35770617 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00550b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global warming profoundly affects not only mountainous and polar environments, but also the global and regional cycling of pollutants. Mercury (Hg) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have global transport capacity and are regulated by the Minamata Convention and Stockholm Convention, respectively. Since the beginning of this century, understanding of the origin and fate of Hg and POPs on the Tibetan Plateau (TP, also known as the third pole) has been deepening. In this paper, the existing literature is reviewed to comprehensively understand the atmospheric transport, atmospheric deposition, cumulative transformation and accumulation of Hg and POPs on the TP region under the background of global warming. The biogeochemical cycle of both Hg and POPs has the following environmental characteristics: (1) the Indian summer monsoon and westerly winds carry Hg and POPs inland to the TP; (2) the cold trapping effect causes Hg and POPs to be deposited on the TP by dry and wet deposition, making glaciers, permafrost, and snow the key sinks of Hg and POPs; (3) Hg and POPs can subsequently be released due to the melting of glaciers and permafrost; (4) bioaccumulation and biomagnification of Hg and POPs have been examined in the aquatic food chain; (5) ice cores and lake cores preserve the impacts of both regional emissions and glacial melting on Hg and POP migration. This implies that comprehensive models will be needed to evaluate the fate and toxicity of Hg and POPs on larger spatial and longer temporal scales to forecast their projected tendencies under diverse climate scenarios. Future policies and regulations should address the disrupted repercussions of inclusive CC such as weather extremes, floods and storms, and soil sustainable desertification on the fate of Hg and POPs. The present findings advocate the strengthening of the cross-national programs aimed at the elimination of Hg and POPs in polar (Arctic, Antarctic and TP) and certain mountainous (the Himalaya, Rocky Mountains, and Alps) ecosystems for better understanding the impacts of global warming on the accumulation of Hg/POPs in cold and remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Nagar N, Bartrons M, Brucet S, Davidson TA, Jeppesen E, Grimalt JO. Seabird-mediated transport of organohalogen compounds to remote sites (North West Greenland polynya). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154219. [PMID: 35240191 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of sea birds as carriers of pollutants over long distances was evaluated by analyzing organochlorine and organobromine compounds in lake sediment cores from three remote sites around the North Water polynya (North West Greenland). One lake, NOW5, was in the vicinity of a little auk (Alle alle L.) bird colony, whereas the other two lakes, NOW14 and Q5, were undisturbed by seabirds. The former was strongly acidic (pH = 3.4) but the latter had a pH close to 8. Due to the guano loading, NOW5 exhibited higher chlorophyll concentrations (74 μg/L) than the other two lakes (1.6-3.4 μg/L), higher content of total phosphorous (0.34 mg/L vs. 0.007-0.01 mg/L) and total nitrogen (3.75 mg/L vs. 0.21-0.75 mg/L). The concentrations of all organohalogen compounds were substantially greater in NOW5 than in the other lakes, indicating the strong influence of these seabirds in the transport and deposition of these compounds to remote sites. However, not all compounds showed the same increases. Hexachlorocyclohexanes and endosulfans were more than 18 times higher in NOW5, the drin pesticides and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), between 9.5 and 18 times and DDTs, polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and chlordanes about 2.7-6 times. These differences demonstrated that the bird-mediated deposition has preservation effects of the less stable and more volatile compounds, e.g. those with log Kaw < -2.4, log Koa < 9 and/or log Kow < 6.8. The sedimentary fluxes of PCBs, HCHs, drins, chlordanes, PBDEs, HCB and endosulfans were highest in the upper sediment layer of the polynya lake (year 2014). In contrast, the highest DDT fluxes were found in 1980. These trends indicate that despite restrictions and regulations, bird transport continues to introduce considerable amounts of organohalogen pollutants to the Arctic regions with the exception of DDTs, which show successful decline, even when mediated by bird metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Nagar
- Aquatic Ecology Research Group, University of Vic., de la Laura, 13, 08500-Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireia Bartrons
- Aquatic Ecology Research Group, University of Vic., de la Laura, 13, 08500-Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sandra Brucet
- Aquatic Ecology Research Group, University of Vic., de la Laura, 13, 08500-Vic, Catalonia, Spain; ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Additional Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Thomas A Davidson
- Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej, 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej, 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Room N501, UCAS Teaching Building, Zhongguancun Campus, Zhongguancun South 1st Alley, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, 06800-Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 33731-Mersin, Turkey
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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14
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Passive Sampling as a Tool to Assess Atmospheric Pesticide Contamination Related to Vineyard Land Use. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The massive use of pesticides in agriculture has led to widespread contamination of the environment, particularly the atmospheric compartment. Thirty-six pesticides, most used in viticulture, were monitored in ambient air using polyurethane foams as passive air samplers (PUF-PAS). Spatiotemporal data were collected from the samplers for 10 months (February–December 2013), using two different sampling times (1 and 2 months) at two different sites in a chateau vineyard in Gironde (France). A high-volume active air sampler was also deployed in June. Samples were extracted with dichloromethane using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) (PUFs from both passive and active) or microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) (filters from active sampling). Extracts were analyzed by both gas and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 23 airborne pesticides were detected at least once. Concentrations in PUF exposed one month ranged from below the limits of quantification (LOQs) to 23,481 ng PUF−1. The highest concentrations were for folpet, boscalid, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and metalaxyl-m—23,481, 17,615, 3931, and 3324 ng PUF−1. Clear seasonal trends were observed for most of the pesticides detected, the highest levels (in the ng m−3 range or the µg PUF−1 range) being measured during their application period. Impregnation levels at both sites were heterogeneous, but the same pesticides were involved. Sampling rates (Rs) were also estimated using a high-volume active air sampler and varied significantly from one pesticide to another. These results provide preliminary information on the seasonality of pesticide concentrations in vineyard areas and evidence for the effectiveness of PUF-PAS to monitor pesticides in ambient air.
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White KB, Kalina J, Scheringer M, Přibylová P, Kukučka P, Kohoutek J, Prokeš R, Klánová J. Temporal Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants across Africa after a Decade of MONET Passive Air Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9413-9424. [PMID: 33095578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Global Monitoring Plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was established to generate long-term data necessary for evaluating the effectiveness of regulatory measures at a global scale. After a decade of passive air monitoring (2008-2019), MONET is the first network to produce sufficient data for the analysis of long-term temporal trends of POPs in the African atmosphere. This study reports concentrations of 20 POPs (aldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, HBCDD, HCB, HCHs, heptachlor, hexabromobiphenyl, mirex, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, PeCB, PFOA, and PFOS) monitored in 9 countries (Congo, Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, and Sudan). As of January 1, 2019, concentrations were in the following ranges (pg/m3): 0.5-37.7 (∑6PCB), 0.006-0.724 (∑17PCDD/F), 0.05-5.5 (∑9PBDE), 0.6-11.3 (BDE 209), 0.1-1.8 (∑3HBCDD), 1.8-138 (∑6DDT), 0.1-24.3 (∑3endosulfan), 0.6-14.6 (∑4HCH), 9.1-26.4 (HCB), 13.8-18.2 (PeCB). Temporal trends indicate that concentrations of many POPs (PCBs, DDT, HCHs, endosulfan) have declined significantly over the past 10 years, though the rate was slow at some sites. Concentrations of other POPs such as PCDD/Fs and PBDEs have not changed significantly over the past decade and are in fact increasing at some sites, attributed to the prevalence of open burning of waste (particularly e-waste) across Africa. Modeled airflow back-trajectories suggest that the elevated concentrations at some sites are primarily due to sustained local emissions, while the low concentrations measured at Mt. Kenya represent the continental background level and are primarily influenced by long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B White
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Přibylová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Ruman M, Kosek K, Koziol K, Ciepły M, Kozak-Dylewska K, Polkowska Ż. A High-Arctic flow-through lake system hydrochemical changes: Revvatnet, southwestern Svalbard (years 2010-2018). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130046. [PMID: 33676272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lake ecosystems are strongly coupled to features of their surrounding landscapes such as geomorphology, lithology, vegetation and hydrological characteristics. In the 2010-2018 summer seasons, we investigated an Arctic flow-through lake system Revvatnet, located in the vicinity of the coastal zone of Hornsund fjord in Svalbard, characterising its hydrological properties and the chemical composition of its waters. The lake system comprises of a small upper lake and a large lower one, the latter cone-shaped, with -29.1 m maximum depth. With near-neutral pH (full range 6.5-8.4) and low EC (7-147 μS cm-1), the lake has rather similar characteristics to many Arctic lakes. Metal and metalloid concentrations were either similar across the lake system or increased downstream (except Zn, which has important ore-bearing veins in the upper part of the catchment), which is consistent with the likely slow dissolution of suspended particles within the lakes. The ∑PAHs concentrations ranged from <MDL to 2151 ng L-1, and according to the indicator PAHs concentration ratios, they originated from a mixture of combustion processes (they were not petrogenic). Principal component analysis showed that seasonal variability was the most characteristic feature of the chemical composition of these waters, although there appear to be consistent changes with time (sampling year) as well. Future research should explore the occurrence of high maxima in the concentrations of priority pollutants, such as PAHs, metals and metalloids (e.g. As).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Ruman
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Będzińska St., Sosnowiec, 41-200, Poland
| | - Klaudia Kosek
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk, 80-233, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Koziol
- Institute of Geography, Kazimierz Wielki University, 8 Kościelecki Sq., Bydgoszcz, 85-033, Poland
| | - Michał Ciepły
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Będzińska St., Sosnowiec, 41-200, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kozak-Dylewska
- Polpharma Biologics S.A., Gdansk Science & Technology Park, 3 Trzy Lipy St., Gdansk, 80-172, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk, 80-233, Poland
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17
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Lunder Halvorsen H, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Eckhardt S, Gusev A, Krogseth IS, Moeckel C, Shatalov V, Skogeng LP, Breivik K. Main sources controlling atmospheric burdens of persistent organic pollutants on a national scale. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 217:112172. [PMID: 33873078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
National long-term monitoring programs on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in background air have traditionally relied on active air sampling techniques. Due to limited spatial coverage of active air samplers, questions remain (i) whether active air sampler monitoring sites are representative for atmospheric burdens within the larger geographical area targeted by the monitoring programs, and thus (ii) if the main sources affecting POPs in background air across a nation are understood. The main objective of this study was to explore the utility of spatial and temporal trends in concert with multiple modelling approaches to understand the main sources affecting polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in background air across a nation. For this purpose, a comprehensive campaign was carried out in summer 2016, measuring POPs in background air across Norway using passive air sampling. Results were compared to a similar campaign in 2006 to assess possible changes over one decade. We furthermore used the Global EMEP Multi-media Modeling System (GLEMOS) and the Flexible Particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) to predict and evaluate the relative importance of primary emissions, secondary emissions, long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and national emissions in controlling atmospheric burdens of PCB-153 on a national scale. The concentrations in air of both PCBs and most of the targeted OCPs were generally low, with the exception of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). A limited spatial variability for all POPs in this study, together with predictions by both models, suggest that LRAT dominates atmospheric burdens across Norway. Model predictions by the GLEMOS model, as well as measured isomeric ratios, further suggest that LRAT of some POPs are dictated by secondary emissions. Our results illustrate the utility of combining observations and mechanistic modelling approaches to help identify the main factors affecting atmospheric burdens of POPs across a nation, which, in turn, may be used to inform both national monitoring and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Lunder Halvorsen
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Sabine Eckhardt
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alexey Gusev
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Claudia Moeckel
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Victor Shatalov
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Wong F, Hung H, Dryfhout-Clark H, Aas W, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Breivik K, Mastromonaco MN, Lundén EB, Ólafsdóttir K, Sigurðsson Á, Vorkamp K, Bossi R, Skov H, Hakola H, Barresi E, Sverko E, Fellin P, Li H, Vlasenko A, Zapevalov M, Samsonov D, Wilson S. Time trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern (CEAC) in Arctic air from 25 years of monitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145109. [PMID: 33631575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The long-term time trends of atmospheric pollutants at eight Arctic monitoring stations are reported. The work was conducted under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) of the Arctic Council. The monitoring stations were: Alert, Canada; Zeppelin, Svalbard; Stórhöfði, Iceland; Pallas, Finland; Andøya, Norway; Villum Research Station, Greenland; Tiksi and Amderma, Russia. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), α-endosulfan, chlordane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) showed declining trends in air at all stations. However, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), one of the initial twelve POPs listed in the Stockholm Convention in 2004, showed either increasing or non-changing trends at the stations. Many POPs demonstrated seasonality but the patterns were not consistent among the chemicals and stations. Some chemicals showed winter minimum and summer maximum concentrations at one station but not another, and vice versa. The ratios of chlordane isomers and DDT species showed that they were aged residues. Time trends of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were showing decreasing concentrations at Alert, Zeppelin and Andøya. The Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern (CEAC) were either showing stable or increasing trends. These include methoxychlor, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol, and C9-C11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). We have demonstrated the importance of monitoring CEAC before they are being regulated because model calculations to predict their transport mechanisms and fate cannot be made due to the lack of emission inventories. We should maintain long-term monitoring programmes with consistent data quality in order to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical control efforts taken by countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wong
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Helena Dryfhout-Clark
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Wenche Aas
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Knut Breivik
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Eva Brorström Lundén
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 47086, Göteborg 40 258, Sweden
| | - Kristín Ólafsdóttir
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Árni Sigurðsson
- Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bustadavegur 7-9, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skov
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Enzo Barresi
- National Laboratory for Environmental Testing, National Water Research Institute, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Ed Sverko
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Phil Fellin
- Airzone One Ltd., 222, Matheson Blvd. E., Mississauga, ON L4Z 1X1, Canada
| | - Henrik Li
- Airzone One Ltd., 222, Matheson Blvd. E., Mississauga, ON L4Z 1X1, Canada
| | - Alexander Vlasenko
- Airzone One Ltd., 222, Matheson Blvd. E., Mississauga, ON L4Z 1X1, Canada
| | - Mikhail Zapevalov
- IPEM RPA "Typhoon", Obninsk, Kaluga reg, Pobeda str, 4, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Samsonov
- IPEM RPA "Typhoon", Obninsk, Kaluga reg, Pobeda str, 4, Russian Federation
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Secretariat, The Fram Centre, Box 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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19
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Arctic Freshwater Environment Altered by the Accumulation of Commonly Determined and Potentially New POPs. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical composition of Arctic freshwater ecosystems depends on several factors. They include characteristics of the surrounding landscape, its lithology, geomorphology, vegetation, and hydrological features, as well as accumulation of anthropogenic pollution. In the Arctic, the problem of environmental contamination is widespread. That is why research on lakes and river catchments in terms of their chemical composition has enjoyed increasing interest among scientists worldwide. The freshwater reservoirs of the Arctic are fragile and particularly vulnerable to the uptake of pollutants that become trapped in the water and sediments for an extended period. This review summarises selected studies of freshwater bodies in the Arctic to highlight the problem of the accumulation of pollutants in these reservoirs. Moreover, it emphasises the possible negative impact of chemical pollutants on both animal and human health.
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20
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Hwang JI, Kim JE. Removal of organochlorine insecticide endosulfan in water and soil by Fenton reaction with ascorbic acid and various iron resources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28479-28489. [PMID: 33543439 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An assortment of Fenton (or Fenton-like) reaction treatment systems using various iron resources such as ferrous sulfate, ferric nitrate, commercial zerovalent iron (mZVI), or self-made ZVI (Fe-nanowire) were evaluated to effectively remove α- and β-isomers of endosulfan (ED) from contaminated water and soil. Ascorbic acid (AA) was added as a chelation reagent to maintain the aqueous reaction of soluble iron. In the aqueous experiment, a combined treatment of 1% mZVI, 0.01 M AA, and 0.1 M H2O2 was determined to be the most effective method, showing 98-100% of ED removal within 24 h. The mZVI/AA/H2O2 treatment method was finally applied to ED-contaminated soil samples, and the application removed significant ED residues from both soil slurries (65-73%) and immobile soils containing small amount of moisture (64-66.2%). Overall results showed that the mZVI/AA/H2O2 treatment can be utilized as a potential technique to remediate both water and soil contaminated with ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-In Hwang
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jang-Eok Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Kang Q, Bao S, Chen B. Phototransformation of three polychlorinated naphthalenes on surface of atmospheric particulate matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124895. [PMID: 33418299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are a new class of persistent organic pollutants. Photoconversion is an important pathway for their transformation in the environment. In this work, silica gel was used to simulate atmospheric mineral particles, and the photochemical reaction of three PCNs 1-chloronaphthalene (CN-1), 2-chloronaphthalene (CN-2) and 2,3-dichloronaphthalene (CN-10)) on silica gel surface was studied under the irradiation of high-pressure mercury lamp, the phototransformation intermediates and pathways of PCNs were investigated, effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS, ·OH, 1O2 and O2-·) were proved by free radical scavenging method and the effects of co-existing components (water, inorganic ions and fulvic acid) were examined. The results showed that all the three PCNs could be photochemical degraded on silica gel surface. The order of the apparent rate constants was CN-2 ≈ CN-1 > CN-10. ROS accelerated the photochemical reaction. The three PCNs didn't produce completely identical photoproducts, but all underwent a series of reactions such as reductive dechlorination, hydroxylation, oxidation, decarboxylation and ring opening. In addition, for the photoconversion of CN-1, the presence of water, NO3- or fulvic acid all promoted the photochemical transformation, while the presence of Cu2+ had an inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Kang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Siqi Bao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
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22
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Zheng H, Cai M, Zhao W, Khairy M, Chen M, Deng H, Lohmann R. Net volatilization of PAHs from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean observed by passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116728. [PMID: 33611202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The North Pacific-Arctic Oceans are important compartments for semi-volatile organic compounds' (SVOCs) global marine inventory, but whether they act as a "source" or "sink" remains controversial. To study the air-sea exchange and fate of SVOCs during their poleward long-range transport, low-altitude atmosphere and surface seawater were measured for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by passive sampling from July to September in 2014. Gaseous PAH concentrations (0.67-13 ng m-3) were dominated by phenanthrene (Phe) and fluorene (Flu), which displayed an inverse correlation with latitude, as well as a significant linear relationship with partial pressure and inverse temperature. Concentrations of PAHs in seawater (1.8-16 ng L-1) showed regional characteristics, with higher levels near the East Asia and lower values in the Bering Strait. The potential impact from the East Asian monsoon was suggested for gaseous PAHs, which - similar to PAHs in surface seawater - were derived from combustion sources. In addition, the data implied net volatilization of PAHs from seawater into the air along the entire cruise; fluxes displayed a similar pattern to regional and monthly distribution of PAHs in seawater. Our results further emphasized that air-sea exchange is an important process for PAHs in the open marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wenlu Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Mohammed Khairy
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, 02882-1197, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511, Moharam Bek, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hengxiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, 02882-1197, United States.
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23
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Mazurkiewicz M, Winogradow A, Pazdro K. PCBs, HCB and PAHs in the seawater of Arctic fjords - Distribution, sources and risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:111980. [PMID: 33486131 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examine contamination with PCBs, HCB and PAHs in the seawater of Arctic fjords (Hornsund, Kongsfjorden and Adventfjorden) which differ in environmental conditions and are particularly sensitive to climate change. We also investigate how the melting glaciers and ocean currents may affect the distribution and fate of target compounds in the seawater column in the fjords. The ∑7 PCB, HCB and ∑12 PAH concentrations in seawater ranged from, respectively: 0.002 to 41.2 ng/L; from LOQ to 233 ng/L; and from 0.196 to 311 ng/L. The research indicates that the concentrations of contaminants detected in Arctic fjords depend on the physicochemical properties of these compounds, local human activity and occurrence of glacier meltwaters. Detected HCB and PAH concentrations in most of the seawater samples were at levels classified as harmless, however in 30 out of 80 analysed suspended particulate matter samples some compounds were present at toxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Winogradow
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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24
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Hao Y, Li Y, Wania F, Yang R, Wang P, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Atmospheric concentrations and temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in the Arctic during 2011-2018. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:128859. [PMID: 33176912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Passive air samples were deployed in Ny-Ålesund and London Island (Svalbard, High Arctic) annually for seven years (2011-2018) to investigate concentrations, temporal trends and potential sources of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Nine polychlorinated biphenyls and twelve organochlorine pesticides were detected in all samples, with 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB-11) being the prevalent congener. Concentrations of most compounds were declining. The ratio of the α- and γ-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in Arctic air was comparable with that in technical HCH mixtures, but higher than that in the atmosphere of other countries, thereby indicating the impact of historical use as well as the possible photoisomerization of the γ- into the α-isomer. The parent dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was always less abundant than its degradation products dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDE), indicative of the impact of aged DDT sources in the Arctic atmosphere. However, o,p'-/p,p'-DDT ratios suggest only a minor contribution of dicofol-type DDT. A slightly declining temporal trend of the trans-chlordane/cis-chlordane ratio indicated the impact of secondary sources. The atmospheric distribution of the investigated POPs in the Arctic was mainly attributed to long-range atmospheric transport, whereas the influence of human activities from the scientific research stations was minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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25
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Ademollo N, Spataro F, Rauseo J, Pescatore T, Fattorini N, Valsecchi S, Polesello S, Patrolecco L. Occurrence, distribution and pollution pattern of legacy and emerging organic pollutants in surface water of the Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway): Environmental contamination, seasonal trend and climate change. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 163:111900. [PMID: 33340906 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the contamination pattern in Kongsfjorden marine environment (Svalbard, 79°N 12°E) and to disentangle primary and secondary emissions. Surface seawater, sampled in two seasons, was analysed by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS to detect polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nonylphenols (NPs), bisphenol A (BPA) and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). In summer, average ΣPAHs, BPA, ΣNPs, ΣPFASs and ΣPCBs concentrations were 17.3 ± 11.1 ng/L, 0.9 ± 0.3 ng/L, 10.0 ± 6.9 ng/L, 0.4 ± 0.7 ng/L and 1.8 ± 1.3 pg/L, respectively; while in winter, they were 13.6 ± 10.1 ng/L, 0.5 ± 0.2 ng/L, 6.8 ± 3.3 ng/L, <LOD and 0.6 ± 0.4 pg/L, respectively. The application of generalized linear models (GLMs) highlighted that: PFAS pattern agrees their predominant long-range hydrospheric transport; the additive effect of the distance to glacier and harbour affected PAH, NP and BPA distributions; the additive effect of season and distance from the glacier, but not their interaction, influenced PCBs distribution, indicating melting glaciers as potential secondary POP sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Ademollo
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Spataro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy.
| | - Jasmin Rauseo
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Tanita Pescatore
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy; Department of Ecological and Biological Science, Tuscia University, Italy
| | - Niccolò Fattorini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute- National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute- National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Luisa Patrolecco
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy
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26
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Hoondert RPJ, Ragas AMJ, Hendriks AJ. Simulating changes in polar bear subpopulation growth rate due to legacy persistent organic pollutants - Temporal and spatial trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142380. [PMID: 33254886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although atmospheric concentrations of many conventional persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have decreased in the Arctic over the past few decades, levels of most POPs and mercury remain high since the 1990s or start to increase again in Arctic areas, especially polar bears. So far, studies generally focused on individual effects of POPs, and do not directly link POP concentrations in prey species to population-specific parameters. In this study we therefore aimed to estimate the effect of legacy POPs and mercury on population growth rate of nineteen polar bear subpopulations. We modelled population development in three scenarios, based on species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) derived for POPs based on ecotoxicity data for endothermic species. In the first scenario, ecotoxicity data for polar bears were based on the HC50 (the concentration at which 50% of the species is affected). The other two scenarios were based on the HC5 and HC95. Considerable variation in effects of POPs could be observed among the scenarios. In our intermediate scenario, we predicted subpopulation decline for ten out of 15 polar bear subpopulations. The estimated population growth rate was least reduced in Gulf of Boothia and Foxe Basin. On average, PCB concentrations in prey (in μg/g toxic equivalency (TEQ)) posed the largest threat to polar bear subpopulations, with negative modelled population growth rates for the majority of subpopulations. We did not find a correlation between modelled population changes and monitored population trends for the majority of chemical-subpopulation combinations. Modelled population growth rates increased over time, implying a decreasing effect of PCBs, DDTs, and mercury. Polar bear subpopulations are reportedly still declining in four out of the seven subpopulations for which sufficient long-term monitoring data is available, as reported by the IUCN-PBSG. This implies that other emerging pollutants or other anthropogenic stressors may affect polar bear subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske P J Hoondert
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Management, Science and Technology, Open University, the Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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27
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Pazdro K. Levels of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in seawater from the Hornsund fjord (SW Svalbard). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111917. [PMID: 33321304 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of contaminant distribution is important, particularly in the vulnerable first results about the occurrence of seventeen polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans and twelve dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in arctic fjord seawater are reported. The contaminants were measured in 10 samples of suspended particulate matter collected in Hornsund (Svalbard). The ∑PCDD/F and ∑dl-PCB concentrations ranged from 0.066 to 231.47 pg/L and from 2.43 to 46.43 pg/L respectively. In terms of total PCDD/Fs, in general highly chlorinated PCDFs constituted the most significant fraction. Among dl-PCB compounds, PCB118 was the dominant congener. The toxicity equivalent for the samples ranged from 0.0008 to 1.90 pg I-TEQ/L for ∑PCDD/Fs, while for ∑dl-PCB it ranged from 0.0002 to 0.024 pg WHO05-TEQ/L. High concentrations of dioxins and dl-PCBs in some samples indicated that those contaminants could pose a threat to marine biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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28
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Wu X, Chen A, Yuan Z, Kang H, Xie Z. Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Antarctic marginal seas: Distribution, sources and transportation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127359. [PMID: 32544807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
From November 2013 to March 2014, air samples were collected in the Antarctic marginal seas during the 30th Chinese Antarctic research expedition. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in these samples. The mean concentrations were observed for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) >ΣPCBs >Σhexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs) >Σdichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDTs)>Σchlordanes. High levels of HCB were found near east Antarctica and in the Ross Sea, reflecting the re-emission of HCB from environmental reservoirs of these regions. Parent DDTs (p,p'- and o,p'-DDT) were rarely detected, suggesting that atmospheric DDT was predominantly influencedby weathered DDT from some secondarysources. However, fresh inputs of DDTs could not be excluded because there were still some samples with high proportions of parent DDTs. HCHs only were detected in the South Indian Ocean (near Australia), andthis result might be related to the intense emissions of HCHs from southern Australia. Ratios of trans-chlordane/cis-chlordanein most samples were lower than that in technical chlordane, reflecting the main influence of weathered chlordane. High levels of ΣPCBs were found in the Ross Sea, suggesting an intense re-emission of PCBs. Furthermore, atmospheric PCBs near the Antarctic Peninsula were also relatively high, this finding might be attributed to the emissions of PCBs from nearby Antarctic research stations. Comparing with the Arctic, transport of OCPs and PCBs towards Antarctica is more difficult. The Antarctic marginal seas would act as both barriers and "buffer zones"during the transportation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Wu
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Afeng Chen
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China
| | - Zijiao Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China
| | - Hui Kang
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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29
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Chiaia-Hernández AC, Scheringer M, Müller A, Stieger G, Wächter D, Keller A, Pintado-Herrera MG, Lara-Martin PA, Bucheli TD, Hollender J. Target and suspect screening analysis reveals persistent emerging organic contaminants in soils and sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140181. [PMID: 32927551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An approach to identifying persistent organic contaminants in the environment was developed and executed for Switzerland as an example of an industrialized country. First, samples were screened with an in-house list using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in 13 samples from the Swiss National Soil Monitoring Network and three sediment cores of an urban and agricultural contaminated lake. To capture a broader range of organic contaminants, the analysis was extended with a suspect screening analysis by LC-HRMS/MS of >500 halogenated compounds obtained from a Swiss database that includes industrial and household chemicals identified, by means of fugacity modeling, as persistent substances in the selected matrices. In total, the confirmation of 96 compounds with an overlap of 34 in soil and sediment was achieved. The identified compounds consist generally of esters, tertiary amines, trifluoromethyls, organophosphates, azoles and aromatic azines, with azoles and triazines being the most common groups. Newly identified compounds include transformation products, pharmaceuticals such as the flukicide niclofolan, the antimicrobial cloflucarban, and the fungicide mandipropamid. The results indicate that agricultural and urban soils as well as sediments impacted by agriculture and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the most contaminated sites. The plausibility of this outcome confirms the combination of chemical inventory, modeling of partitioning and persistence, and HRMS-based screening as a successful approach to shed light on less frequently or not yet investigated environmental contaminants and emphasizes the need for more soil and sediment monitoring in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea C Chiaia-Hernández
- Institute of Geography & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Müller
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland
| | - Greta Stieger
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | | | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
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Lunny E, Eng ML, Gurney KEB, Morrissey CA. Incubation temperature and PCB-126 exposure interactively impair shorebird embryo and post-hatch development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109779. [PMID: 32590146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In oviparous wildlife, many critical physiological and behavioural components are strongly influenced by the embryonic and early post-hatch developmental environment. As such, early life stages in these species are highly vulnerable to both natural and anthropogenic stressors. For example, in birds, incubation temperature may influence the rate of egg development while also affecting contaminant metabolism and absorption in body tissues, resulting in potentially multiplicative impacts on embryonic and posthatch development. We tested the hypothesis that cumulative effects of early contaminant exposure and temperature stress can negatively affect avian development and may have interactive effects that are more detrimental than either stressor individually. Using a controlled egg injection and incubation study on killdeer (Charadrius vociferous), eggs were exposed to a known endocrine disruptor, 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) and incubated at either low (36 °C), intermediate (37.5 °C), or high (39 °C) temperatures. Our results indicated that eggs incubated at low temperature had earlier detection of heartbeat, longer incubation length, lower growth rate post-hatch, and higher post-hatch mortality, compared to eggs incubated under intermediate temperatures. Higher incubation temperatures resulted in shorter incubation length, earlier detection of heart rate and faster righting time. As predicted, embryo and chick mortality were greater in the PCB-dosed birds incubated at intermediate and high temperatures. Incidence of distended yolk sacs (%) also increased with PCB exposure in all temperature groups, with the largest increase in the high temperature group. Overall, our results show that low incubation temperature can cause greater adverse effects than PCB-126 exposure alone, but that negative effects of PCB-126 exposure are exacerbated by high incubation temperatures. These findings suggest that in natural settings, shorebird embryos may be more susceptible to contaminant exposure when incubated at temperatures either below or above the apparent optimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Lunny
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Margaret L Eng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kirsty E B Gurney
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Christy A Morrissey
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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31
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Huang H, Li J, Zhang Y, Chen W, Ding Y, Chen W, Qi S. How persistent are POPs in remote areas? A case study of DDT degradation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114574. [PMID: 33618471 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can undergo long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and deposit in remote areas. How persistent are POPs in remote areas? To answer this question, we measured two parent-DDTs and eight metabolites in soil and air along a transect in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, to quantitatively evaluate the degree of degradation of DDTs. DDTs were ubiquitous in soil and air with the total DDT concentrations (Σ10DDTs) ranging 37.7-70,100 pg g-1 dw and 3.4-175 pg m-3, respectively. The air-soil equilibrium status indicated that the forest/basin soil was a source for most DDTs, while the plateau soil was a sink receiving DDTs from the LRAT and photodegradation in the air (for metabolites). The metabolites accounted for avg. 64.1% of Σ10DDTs in soil, with avg. 93.2% from local degradation, implying the overall high degradation of DDTs. With the significant degradation, the continuous input via LRAT was deemed to be the main reason for the stable level (persistence) of POPs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of source control for the risk management of POPs. POPs in the environment might decline rapidly due to a reduction in source input and significant degradation as indicated by our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, China Academic of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, China Academic of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Milesi MM, Durando M, Lorenz V, Gastiazoro MP, Varayoud J. Postnatal exposure to endosulfan affects uterine development and fertility. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 511:110855. [PMID: 32437785 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide (OCP) used in large-scale agriculture for controlling a variety of insects and mites that attack food and non-food crops. Although endosulfan has been listed in the Stockholm Convention as a persistent organic pollutant to be worldwide banned, it is still in use in some countries. Like other OCPs, endosulfan is bioaccumulative, toxic and persistent in the environment. Human unintentional exposure may occur through air inhalation, dietary, skin contact, as well as, via transplacental route and breast feeding. Due to its lipophilic nature, endosulfan is rapidly absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract and bioaccumulates in the fatty tissues. Similar to other OCPs, endosulfan has been classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). Endocrine action of endosulfan on development and reproductive function of males has been extensively discussed; however, endosulfan effects on the female reproductive tract have received less attention. This review provides an overview of: i) the fate and levels of endosulfan in the environment and human population, ii) the potential estrogenic properties of endosulfan in vitro and in vivo, iii) its effects on uterine development, and iv) the long-term effects on female fertility and uterine functional differentiation during early gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Milesi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Casilla de Correo 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - M Durando
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Casilla de Correo 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - V Lorenz
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Casilla de Correo 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M P Gastiazoro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Casilla de Correo 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - J Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Casilla de Correo 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Jang E, Jeong T, Yoon N, Jeong S. Source apportionment of airborne PCDD/F at industrial and urban sites in Busan, South Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124717. [PMID: 31499315 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Long-term atmospheric measurement of 17 total (gaseous and particulate) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) has been made from 2007 to 2016 at five industrial and urban sites in Busan, South Korea, based on their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. In the present study, two pooled datasets covering a combination of 2 industry sites and 3 urban sites have been subjected to positive matrix factorization (PMF) to identify and quantify the major sources of PCDD/Fs. Additionally, PMF has been applied to the industrial urban dataset consisting of both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PCDD/Fs. The results show that the sum of PCDD/F mass (Σ17PCDD/Fs) at the industrial sites is determined by five major sources: non-ferrous metal production (33.7%), diesel vehicle emissions (30.2%), ferrous metal production (22.4%), other industrial emissions (11.1%), and traffic emissions (2.6%), while the PAH mass (Σ16PAHs) is predominantly associated with emissions from coal combustion, followed by traffic emissions. At the urban sites, the largest contribution to the Σ17PCDD/Fs was observed from transported emissions being emitted from metallurgical industry (75.5%), followed by diesel vehicle emissions (24.5%). The application of congener-specific toxicity to PCDD/F mass (Σ17fg I-TEQ Sm-3) indicates enhanced contributions from the ferrous metallurgical emission factor associated with penta- and hexa-chlorinated furans across the study sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhwa Jang
- Busan Metropolitan City Institute of Health and Environment, 120, Hambakbong-ro, 140beon-gil, Buk-gu, Busan, 616-110, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taewuk Jeong
- Busan Metropolitan City Institute of Health and Environment, 120, Hambakbong-ro, 140beon-gil, Buk-gu, Busan, 616-110, Republic of Korea
| | - Nana Yoon
- Busan Metropolitan City Institute of Health and Environment, 120, Hambakbong-ro, 140beon-gil, Buk-gu, Busan, 616-110, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungryul Jeong
- Busan Metropolitan City Institute of Health and Environment, 120, Hambakbong-ro, 140beon-gil, Buk-gu, Busan, 616-110, Republic of Korea
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Aslam SN, Huber C, Asimakopoulos AG, Steinnes E, Mikkelsen Ø. Trace elements and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in terrestrial compartments of Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:1127-1138. [PMID: 31390703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite being a remote location, the Arctic is a major receptor for anthropogenic pollution transported from the mid-latitudes. Vegetation and underlying organic soils in the Norwegian Arctic, Svalbard were used to study the occurrences of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and trace elements. In this study, current concentrations of PCBs and trace elements, namely, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, U and Zn in the terrestrial compartments of Svalbard are presented. Samples were collected from Adventdalen near Longyearbyen and from areas in proximity to Ny-Ålesund. There was significant variability in soil organic matter (SOM) among the soils analysed (5.0%-72.1%), with the highest values detected in Ny-Ålesund. The concentrations of Al, As, Cr Cu, Fe, Pb and Ni were associated with the geology of the local bedrock. The concentrations of all elements, except for Cd, Hg and Zn, were higher in soils than those in the overlying vegetation layers. Mean concentrations of ∑PCBs were significantly higher in vegetation (6.90 ± 0.81 ng g-1 dw) than the underlying organic soils (3.70 ± 0.36 ng g-1 dw). An inverse correlation of PCBs with the elements originating from the local bedrock indicated that their concentrations were potentially impacted by atmospheric deposition. PCBs and Cd were strongly associated, proposing a potential concomitant source of origin in Svalbard. Concentrations of PCBs and trace elements measured herein were below the proposed guidelines for Norwegian soil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia N Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.
| | - Carolin Huber
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | | | - Eiliv Steinnes
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Øyvind Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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Herst PM, Dalvai M, Lessard M, Charest PL, Navarro P, Joly-Beauparlant C, Droit A, Trasler JM, Kimmins S, MacFarlane AJ, Benoit-Biancamano MO, Bailey JL. Folic acid supplementation reduces multigenerational sperm miRNA perturbation induced by in utero environmental contaminant exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2019; 5:dvz024. [PMID: 31853372 PMCID: PMC6911352 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can induce epigenetic changes in the paternal germline. Here, we report that folic acid (FA) supplementation mitigates sperm miRNA profiles transgenerationally following in utero paternal exposure to POPs in a rat model. Pregnant founder dams were exposed to an environmentally relevant POPs mixture (or corn oil) ± FA supplementation and subsequent F1-F4 male descendants were not exposed to POPs and were fed the FA control diet. Sperm miRNA profiles of intergenerational (F1, F2) and transgenerational (F3, F4) lineages were investigated using miRNA deep sequencing. Across the F1-F4 generations, sperm miRNA profiles were less perturbed with POPs+FA compared to sperm from descendants of dams treated with POPs alone. POPs exposure consistently led to alteration of three sperm miRNAs across two generations, and similarly one sperm miRNA due to POPs+FA; which was in common with one POPs intergenerationally altered sperm miRNA. The sperm miRNAs that were affected by POPs alone are known to target genes involved in mammary gland and embryonic organ development in F1, sex differentiation and reproductive system development in F2 and cognition and brain development in F3. When the POPs treatment was combined with FA supplementation, however, these same miRNA-targeted gene pathways were perturbed to a lesser extend and only in F1 sperm. These findings suggest that FA partially mitigates the effect of POPs on paternally derived miRNA in a intergenerational manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Herst
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - M Dalvai
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - M Lessard
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - P L Charest
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - P Navarro
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - C Joly-Beauparlant
- Computational Biology Laboratory Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - A Droit
- Computational Biology Laboratory Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - J M Trasler
- Departments of Pediatrics, Human Genetics and Pharmacology & Therapeutics, and The Montreal Children's Hospital and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Kimmins
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A J MacFarlane
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M-O Benoit-Biancamano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal University, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - J L Bailey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
- Correspondence address. Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, 2425, rue de l'Agriculture. Tel: +1-418-571-7034; Fax: +1-418- 656-3766; E-mail:
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36
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Rodenburg LA, Winstanley I, Wallin JM. Source Apportionment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Atmospheric Deposition in the Seattle, WA, USA Area Measured with Method 1668. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:188-196. [PMID: 31165912 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition can be an important pathway for the delivery of toxic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to ecosystems, especially in remote areas. Determining the sources of atmospheric PCBs can be difficult, because PCBs may travel long distances to reach the monitoring location, allowing for a variety of weathering processes that may alter PCB fingerprints. Previous efforts to determine the sources of atmospheric PCBs have been hampered by the electron capture detection methods used to measure PCBs. In this work, EPA method 1668, which is capable of measuring all 209 congeners, was used to measure PCBs in bulk atmospheric deposition at seven locations in the Green-Duwamish River watershed in and near Seattle, WA. Analysis of this data set via Positive Matrix Factorization allowed the identification of six factors that represent PCB sources. Four factors, representing approximately 88% of all PCB mass, are strikingly similar to unweathered Aroclors, suggesting minimal weathering during transport and/or local PCB sources at some sites. A fifth factor contained virtually all of the PCB 11 mass and represents PCBs from pigments. It explained approximately 39% of the Toxic Equivalency Quotient in the atmospheric deposition samples. The remaining factor contained non-Aroclor PCBs and may be related to silicone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Iris Winstanley
- Leidos, Environmental Planning & Restoration Portfolio, 18912 North Creek Parkway, Suite 101, Bothell, WA, 98011, USA
| | - Jennifer M Wallin
- Leidos, Environmental Planning & Restoration Portfolio, 18912 North Creek Parkway, Suite 101, Bothell, WA, 98011, USA
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37
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Stable Isotope Analysis and Persistent Organic Pollutants in Crustacean Zooplankton: The Role of Size and Seasonality. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11071490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zooplankton is crucial for the transfer of matter, energy, and pollutants through aquatic food webs. Primary and secondary consumers contribute to the abundance and standing stock biomass, which both vary seasonally. By means of taxa- and size-specific carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, the path of pollutants through zooplankton is traced and seasonal changes are addressed, in an effort to understand pollutant dynamics in the pelagic food web. We analyzed zooplankton plurennial changes in concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its relatives (DDTs) and in taxa-specific δ15N signatures in two size fractions, ≥450 µm and ≥850 µm, representative of the major part of zooplankton standing stock biomass and of the fraction to which fish predation is mainly directed, respectively. Our work is aimed at verifying: (1) A link between nitrogen isotopic signatures and pollutant concentrations; (2) the predominance of size versus seasonality for concentration of pollutants; and (3) the contribution of secondary versus primary consumers to carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures. We found a prevalence of seasonality versus size in pollutant concentrations and isotopic signatures. The taxa-specific δ15N results correlated to pollutant concentrations, by means of taxa contribution to standing stock biomass and δ15N isotopic signatures. This is a step forward to understanding the taxa-specific role in pollutant transfer to planktivores and of zooplankton enrichment in PCBs and DDTs.
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Kalina J, White KB, Scheringer M, Přibylová P, Kukučka P, Audy O, Klánová J. Comparability of long-term temporal trends of POPs from co-located active and passive air monitoring networks in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1132-1142. [PMID: 31245802 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00136k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The comparability of data from active (ACT) and passive sampling (PAS) of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in air is hindered by uncertainties related to the derivation of sampling rates and concentrations, as well as differences in the duration, volume and frequency of sampling. Although data from ACT have been used extensively in short-term PAS calibration studies, no attempts have been made to evaluate the comparability of long-term trends calculated from PAS to established ACT trends. This is crucial, as continuous long-term ACT is unfeasible in most regions of the world. To address these challenges, we calculated and compared trends for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) at the six sites in Europe with at least 5 years of co-located ACT and PAS data (2012-2016): Birkenes, Košetice, Pallas, Råö, Stórhöfði and Zeppelin. Strong agreement of ACT and PAS trends was observed for most OCPs and PCBs. Apart from two PCBs at Stórhöfði, all pairs of ACT and PAS trends followed the same direction. However, differences in the magnitude, significance and confidence intervals of their slopes were observed for some compounds and were primarily attributed to the short duration of the PAS time series. Despite some limitations, our results suggest that the comparability of ACT and PAS POP trends will continue to improve with additional years of data. This study confirms the suitability of PAS for the calculation of long-term POP trends in air, and highlights the importance of continuous sampling at established monitoring sites with consistent analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kevin B White
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. and Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Přibylová
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Audy
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Gong P, Wang X, Pokhrel B, Wang H, Liu X, Liu X, Wania F. Trans-Himalayan Transport of Organochlorine Compounds: Three-Year Observations and Model-Based Flux Estimation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6773-6783. [PMID: 31122015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High mountains can trap semivolatile chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and hinder their dispersion. However, both deep convection and mountain valleys can facilitate POPs' transport over mountains, which have not been investigated before. In this study, a three-year sampling campaign along a south-north altitudinal transect (100-5200m) across the central Himalayas, coupled with a multicompartment contaminant fate model, was conducted for describing the transport processes of POPs. The results show that POPs emitted in the lowlands of the Himalayas can be transported to high altitudes and further to the inner part of the Tibetan Plateau. Modeling suggests that more than 90% of POPs are trapped along the way due to gaseous deposition to soil/foliage and rainfall scavenging; while 2 × 10-3 to 1 × 10-1 Giga-grams/year of POPs are transported across the Himalayas. The transport flux along valleys is 2-3 times higher than that across the mountain ridge. However, due to the limited spatial coverage of mountain valleys, the amount of POPs transported through valleys only accounts for a small part of the total transport. This study shows that POPs can overcome the blocking effect of the Himalayas, and high altitude transport across the mountain ridge is the dominant transport pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Balram Pokhrel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100101 , China
- School of Science , Kathmandu University , Dhulikhel 45200 , Nepal
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Xiande Liu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100101 , China
- Kathmandu Center for Research and Education, CAS-TU , Kathmandu 44618 , Nepal
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , ON M1C 1A4 , Canada
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Abbasi G, Li L, Breivik K. Global Historical Stocks and Emissions of PBDEs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6330-6340. [PMID: 31083912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The first spatially and temporally resolved inventory of BDE28, 47, 99, 153, 183, and 209 in the anthroposphere and environment is presented here. The stock and emissions of PBDE congeners were estimated using a dynamic substance flow analysis model, CiP-CAFE. To evaluate our results, the emission estimates were used as input to the BETR-Global model. Estimated concentrations were compared with observed concentrations in air from background areas. The global (a) in-use and (b) waste stocks of ∑5BDE(28, 47, 99, 153, 183) and BDE209 are estimated to be (a) ∼25 and 400 kt and (b) 13 and 100 kt, respectively, in 2018. A total of 6 (0.3-13) and 10.5 (9-12) kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209, respectively, has been emitted to the atmosphere by 2018. More than 70% of PBDE emissions during production and use occurred in the industrialized regions, while more than 70% of the emissions during waste disposal occurred in the less industrialized regions. A total of 70 kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209 was recycled within products since 1970. As recycling rates are expected to increase under the circular economy, an additional 45 kt of PBDEs (mainly BDE209) may reappear in new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnoush Abbasi
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo , Norway
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Nøst TH, Berg V, Hanssen L, Rylander C, Gaudreau E, Dumas P, Breivik K, Sandanger TM. Time trends of persistent organic pollutants in 30 year olds sampled in 1986, 1994, 2001 and 2007 in Northern Norway: Measurements, mechanistic modeling and a comparison of study designs. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:684-692. [PMID: 30884420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human biomonitoring studies have demonstrated decreasing concentrations of many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in years after emission peaks. OBJECTIVES To describe time trends of POPs in blood using four cross-sectional samples of 30 year olds from Tromsø, Norway across 1986-2007, and to compare the measured concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl 153 (PCB-153) to model-estimated values. A second objective was to compare the repeated cross-sectional time trends with those observed in our previous longitudinal study using repeated individual measurements in older men from the same surveys. METHODS Serum from 45 persons aged 30 years in each of the following years: 1986, 1994, 2001, and 2007 was analyzed for 14 POPs. Further, predicted concentrations of PCB-153 in each sampling year were derived using the emission-based CoZMoMAN model. RESULTS The median decreases in summed serum POP concentrations (lipid-adjusted) in 1994, 2001, and 2007 relative to 1986 were - 71%, - 81%, and - 86% for women and - 65%, - 77%, and - 87% for men, respectively. The overall time trend in predicted PCB-153 concentrations demonstrated agreement with the observed trend although model predictions were higher than the measured concentrations at all time points. Compared to our previous longitudinal study of repeated individual measurements in older men, similar although more prominent declines were observed in the younger cross-sectional samples. DISCUSSION Observed declines in serum concentrations from 1986 to 2007 were substantial for legacy POPs in men and women at reproductive ages in Northern Norway and are generally consistent with previous longitudinal biomonitoring efforts in the study population. The measured concentrations and observed declines likely reflect a combination of recent and historic exposures. Small differences in time trends observed between the studies could be attributed to different study designs (i.e. the chosen age group or sex and cross-sectional versus repeated individual measurement sampling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Vivian Berg
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Linda Hanssen
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eric Gaudreau
- Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Dumas
- Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, Canada
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torkjel M Sandanger
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
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He W, Liu WX, Qin N, Kong XZ, He QS, Xu FL. Impact of organic matter and meteorological factors on the long-term trend, seasonality, and gas/particle partitioning behavior of atmospheric PBDEs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:1058-1070. [PMID: 31096321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We extended our knowledge of the impact of organic matter (OM) and meteorological factors on the long-term trend, seasonality and gas/particle partitioning behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In Lake Chaohu, PBDEs had an increasing trend, with a doubling time of 13.4 years at the urban site, and a decreasing trend, with a halving time of 6.1 years at the rural site. At the urban site, the negative association of OM with most congeners indicated that the graphene-like carbonaceous components might carry or release PBDEs, and the negative association of long-term rain fall and wind speed with most congeners was suggested to dilute or increase the transport speed of PBDEs in the atmosphere. At the rural site, the negative association with PM10 and positive association with OM indicated that the PBDEs-buried OM was mainly from non-local sources. Restricted to the temperature seasonality, the frequency of PBDE congeners decreased with seasonality from 64% and 43% to 50% and 43% at the urban and rural sites, respectively. The slope of the simplified Pankow adsorption model in samples with larger absolute OM content (>10 μgC m-3) was steeper than that with lower absolute OM content (<5 μgC m-3), indicating that OM facilitated the gas-particle partitioning equilibrium. Interestingly, the theoretic partitioning coefficients were much lower than the measured ones for less brominated BDEs, whereas the highly brominated BDEs did the opposite. The theoretic partitioning coefficient should be further modified by considering the molecular weight distribution of the OM and the corresponding activity coefficients of the target compound in a specific type of OM phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi-Shuang He
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fu-Liu Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Rappazzo AC, Papale M, Rizzo C, Conte A, Giannarelli S, Onor M, Abete C, Cefali P, De Domenico E, Michaud L, Lo Giudice A. Heavy metal tolerance and polychlorinated biphenyl oxidation in bacterial communities inhabiting the Pasvik River and the Varanger Fjord area (Arctic Norway). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 141:535-549. [PMID: 30955766 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) enter the Arctic environment through a variety of anthropogenic sources with deleterious effects towards biota and public health. Bacteria first transfer toxic compounds to higher trophic levels and, due to the tight link existing between prokaryotic community functions and the type and concentration of contaminants, they may be useful indicator of pollution events and potential toxicity to other forms of life. The occurrence and abundance of HM-tolerant and PCB-oxidizing bacteria in the sub-Arctic Pasvik river area, heavily impacted by anthropogenic modifications, was related to HM and PCB contamination. This latter more likely derived from local inputs rather than a global contamination with higher PCB and HM amounts (and higher bacterial viable counts) that were determined in inner and middle sections of the River. Finally, a panel of bacteria with potential applications in the bioremediation of cold environments were selected and phylogenetically identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ciro Rappazzo
- Institute for the Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM-CNR), Spianata San Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Papale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmen Rizzo
- Institute for the Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM-CNR), Spianata San Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Giannarelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Onor
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council (ICCOM-CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Abete
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council (ICCOM-CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Cefali
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Emilio De Domenico
- Institute for the Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM-CNR), Spianata San Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Michaud
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelina Lo Giudice
- Institute for the Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM-CNR), Spianata San Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Yu Y, Katsoyiannis A, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Brorström-Lundén E, Ma J, Zhao Y, Wu Z, Tych W, Mindham D, Sverko E, Barresi E, Dryfhout-Clark H, Fellin P, Hung H. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Not Declining in Arctic Air Despite Global Emission Reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2375-2382. [PMID: 30746937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two decades of atmospheric measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were conducted at three Arctic sites, i.e., Alert, Canada; Zeppelin, Svalbard; and Pallas, Finland. PAH concentrations decrease with increasing latitude in the order of Pallas > Zeppelin > Alert. Forest fire was identified as an important contributing source. Three representative PAHs, phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) were selected for the assessment of their long-term trends. Significant decline of these PAHs was not observed contradicting the expected decline due to PAH emission reductions. A global 3-D transport model was employed to simulate the concentrations of these three PAHs at the three sites. The model predicted that warming in the Arctic would cause the air concentrations of PHE and PYR to increase in the Arctic atmosphere, while that of BaP, which tends to be particle-bound, is less affected by temperature. The expected decline due to the reduction of global PAH emissions is offset by the increment of volatilization caused by warming. This work shows that this phenomenon may affect the environmental occurrence of other anthropogenic substances, such as more volatile flame retardants and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130102 , China
| | | | | | | | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Wlodzimierz Tych
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - David Mindham
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - Ed Sverko
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , China
| | - Enzo Barresi
- National Laboratory for Environmental Testing (NLET), Canada Centre for Inland Waters , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , L7R 4A6 , Canada
| | - Helena Dryfhout-Clark
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Phil Fellin
- AirZone One Ltd. , Mississauga , L4Z 1X1 , Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
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Cabrerizo A, Muir DCG, De Silva AO, Wang X, Lamoureux SF, Lafrenière MJ. Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Terrestrial Compartments in the High Arctic: Sorption and Secondary Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14187-14197. [PMID: 30521332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and emerging perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in vegetation and soil samples collected at remote lakes in the Canadian High Arctic. Field studies were carried out in 2015 and 2016 to assess concentrations of POPs, study the relevant sorbing phases, and determine whether Arctic soils were sinks or sources of legacy POPs to the atmosphere and to neighboring lakes. The patterns of legacy POPs in vegetation and soils were dominated by low molecular weight PCB congeners along with OCPs, confirming the importance of long-range atmospheric transport. Lipid and non-lipid organic matter was a key determinant of legacy POPs in Arctic vegetation. Soil organic matter was the main descriptor of hydrophobic PCBs and OCPs in soils, while soil inorganic carbon content, was an important driver of the sorption of PFASs in soils. While contaminant concentrations were low in soil and vegetation, higher PCBs and PFOS organic and inorganic carbon-normalized concentrations were found at Resolute Lake indicating the presence of local sources of contamination. Comparison of fugacities of PCBs in soil and air from Resolute Lake indicated soils as net sources of PCBs to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrerizo
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Xiaowa Wang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Scott F Lamoureux
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Melissa J Lafrenière
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
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Rauert C, Harner T, Schuster JK, Eng A, Fillmann G, Castillo LE, Fentanes O, Ibarra MV, Miglioranza KSB, Rivadeneira IM, Pozo K, Aristizábal Zuluaga BH. Air monitoring of new and legacy POPs in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1252-1262. [PMID: 30268978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A special initiative in the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network was implemented to provide information on new and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. Regional-scale atmospheric concentrations of the new and emerging POPs hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), pentachloroanisole (PCA) and dicofol indicators (breakdown products) are reported for the first time. HCBD was detected in similar concentrations at all location types (<20-120 pg/m3). PCA had elevated concentrations at the urban site Concepción (Chile) of 49-222 pg/m3, with concentrations ranging <1-8.5 pg/m3 at the other sites in this study. Dicofol indicators were detected at the agricultural site of Sonora (Mexico) at concentrations ranging 30-117 pg/m3. Legacy POPs, including a range of organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were also monitored to compare regional atmospheric concentrations over a decade of monitoring under the GAPS Network. γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and the endosulfans significantly decreased (p < 0.05) from 2005 to 2015, suggesting regional levels are decreasing. However, there were no significant changes for the other legacy POPs monitored, likely a reflection of the persistency and slow decline of environmental levels of these POPs. For the more volatile OCs, atmospheric concentrations derived from polyurethane foam (PUF) (acting as an equilibrium sampler) and sorbent impregnated PUF (SIP) (acting as a linear phase sampler), were compared. The complimentary methods show a good agreement of within a factor of 2-3, and areas for future studies to improve this agreement are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Anita Eng
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, Pavillion A29, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luisa Eugenia Castillo
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | | | - Karla Pozo
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, 4080871, Chile
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Du M, Gu W, Li X, Fan F, Li Y. Modification of Hexachlorobenzene to Molecules with Lower Long-Range Transport Potentials Using 3D-QSAR Models with a Full Factor Experimental Design. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 81:129-165. [PMID: 30471655 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the hexachlorobenzene molecule was modified by three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models and a full factor experimental design to obtain new hexachlorobenzene molecules with low migration ability. The 3D-QSAR models (comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA)) were constructed by SYBLY-X 2.0 software, using experimental data of octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) for 12 chlorobenzenes (CBs) congeners as the dependent variable, and the structural parameters of CBs as independent variables, respectively. A target molecule (hexachlorobenzene; HCB: its long-distance migration capability leads to pollution of the marine environment in Antarctic and Arctic) was modified using the 3D-QSAR contour maps associated with resolution V of the 210-3 full-factorial experimental design method, and 11 modified HCB molecules were produced with a single chlorine atom (-Cl2) and three chlorine atoms (-Cl1, -Cl3, and -Cl5) replaced with electropositive groups (-COOH, -CN, -CF3, -COF, -NO2, -F, -CHF2, -ONO2, and -SiF3) to increase the logKOA. The new molecules had essentially similar biological enrichment functions and toxicities as HCB but were found to be more easily degraded. A 2D-QSAR model and molecular docking technology indicated that both dipole moments and highest occupied orbital energies of the substituents markedly affected migration and degradation of the new molecules. The abilities of the compounds to undergo long distance migration were assessed. The modified HCB molecules (i.e. 2-CN-HCB, 2-CF3-HCB, 1-F-3-COOH-5-NO2-HCB, 1-NO2-3-CN-5-CHF2-HCB and 1-CN-3-F-5-NO2-HCB) moved from a long-range transport potential of the modified molecules to a relatively low mobility class, and the transport potentials of the remaining modified HCB molecules (i.e. 2-COOH-HCB, 2-COF-HCB, 1-COF-3-ONO2-5-NO2-HCB, 1-F-3-CN-5-SiF3-HCB, 1-F-3-COOH-5-SiF3-HCB and 1-CN-3-SiF3-5-ONO2-HCB) also significantly decreased. These results provide a basic theoretical basis for designing environmentally benign molecules based on HCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Xixi Li
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Fan
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
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Kallenborn R, Brorström-Lundén E, Reiersen LO, Wilson S. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in Arctic environments: indicator contaminants for assessing local and remote anthropogenic sources in a pristine ecosystem in change. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33001-33013. [PMID: 28762048 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A first review on occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is presented. The literature survey conducted here was initiated by the current Assessment of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). This first review on the occurrence and environmental profile of PPCPs in the Arctic identified the presence of 110 related substances in the Arctic environment based on the reports from scientific publications, national and regional assessments and surveys, as well as academic research studies (i.e., PhD theses). PPCP residues were reported in virtually all environmental compartments from coastal seawater to high trophic level biota. For Arctic environments, domestic and municipal wastes as well as sewage are identified as primary release sources. However, the absence of modern waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), even in larger settlements in the Arctic, is resulting in relatively high release rates for selected PPCPs into the receiving Arctic (mainly) aquatic environment. Pharmaceuticals are designed with specific biochemical functions as a part of an integrated therapeutically procedure. This biochemical effect may cause unwanted environmental toxicological effects on non-target organisms when the compound is released into the environment. In the Arctic environments, pharmaceutical residues are released into low to very low ambient temperatures mainly into aqueous environments. Low biodegradability and, thus, prolonged residence time must be expected for the majority of the pharmaceuticals entering the aquatic system. The environmental toxicological consequence of the continuous PPCP release is, thus, expected to be different in the Arctic compared to the temperate regions of the globe. Exposure risks for Arctic human populations due to consumption of contaminated local fish and invertebrates or through exposure to resistant microbial communities cannot be excluded. However, the scientific results reported and summarized here, published in 23 relevant papers and reports (see Table S1 and following references), must still be considered as indication only. Comprehensive environmental studies on the fate, environmental toxicology, and distribution profiles of pharmaceuticals applied in high volumes and released into the Nordic environment under cold Northern climate conditions should be given high priority by national and international authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway.
- Department of Arctic Technology (AT), University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), 9176, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway.
| | | | - Lars-Otto Reiersen
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, 0349, Oslo, Norway
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49
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Cabrerizo A, Muir DCG, Köck G, Iqaluk D, Wang X. Climatic Influence on Temporal Trends of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Landlocked Char from Lakes in the Canadian High Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10380-10390. [PMID: 30020775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Temporal trends and climate related parameters affecting the fate of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were examined in landlocked Arctic char from four lakes in the Canadian Arctic. Among biological parameters, lipid content was a key factor explaining the concentration of most POPs in Arctic char. Legacy PCBs and OCPs generally showed declining trends of concentrations in Arctic char, consistent with past restriction on uses and emissions of POPs. However, increases in lake primary productivity (measured as chlorophyll a) exerted a dilution effect on POPs concentrations in Arctic char. Concentrations of POPs in char from the last two decades were positively correlated with interannual variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Higher concentrations of POPs in Arctic char were observed in 3 of the 4 lakes during positive NAO phases. This, together with increasing local Arctic temperatures, could lead to increases on POPs concentrations in char from remote Arctic Lakes in future decades. Also, if there are nearby secondary sources as may be the case for Resolute Lake, located near an airport where increasing levels were found for hexachlorobenzene and toxaphene, probably due to the mobilization from secondary sources in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrerizo
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Günter Köck
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research , A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | | | - Xiaowa Wang
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
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Casal P, Castro-Jiménez J, Pizarro M, Katsoyiannis A, Dachs J. Seasonal soil/snow-air exchange of semivolatile organic pollutants at a coastal arctic site (Tromsø, 69°N). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:1109-1116. [PMID: 29913573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soils are a major reservoir of semivolatile organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and exert a control on their atmospheric occurrence. We present here an assessment of the atmospheric occurrence and seasonality of soil/snow-air partitioning and exchange of PCBs, PAHs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the arctic city Tromsø, northern Norway. The fugacities of the organic pollutants in soils and snow were determined using a soil fugacity sampler by equilibrating the air concentrations with those in the surface soil/snow. The concentrations in soils did not show a significant seasonality. Conversely, the ambient air concentrations and the soil (or snow) fugacity showed a clear seasonality for PCBs, HCH, HCB and some PAHs, related to temperature. Fugacities in soil/snow were correlated with those in the ambient gas phase, suggesting a close seasonal air-soil/snow coupling. Generally, there was a net deposition or close to equilibrium conditions during the winter, which contrasts with the net volatilization observed during the warmer periods. The chemicals with lower octanol-air partition coefficients showed a larger tendency for being volatilized and thus remobilized from this coastal arctic environment. Conversely, the more hydrophobic compounds were close to air-soil/snow equilibrium or showed a net deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Casal
- Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Javier Castro-Jiménez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Aix Marseille Univ, University de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Mariana Pizarro
- Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
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