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Li C, Ling Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Wang H, Yan G, Dong W, Chang Y, Duan L. Insight into the microbial community of denitrification process using different solid carbon sources: Not only bacteria. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 144:87-99. [PMID: 38802241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of understanding about the bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities' composition of solid-phase denitrification (SPD) systems. We investigated four SPD systems with different carbon sources by analyzing microbial gene sequences based on operational taxonomic unit (OTU) and amplicon sequence variant (ASV). The results showed that the corncob-polyvinyl alcohol sodium alginate-polycaprolactone (CPSP, 0.86±0.04 mg NO3--N/(g·day)) and corncob (0.85±0.06 mg NO3--N/(g·day)) had better denitrification efficiency than polycaprolactone (PCL, 0.29±0.11 mg NO3--N/(g·day)) and polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-SA, 0.24±0.07 mg NO3--N/(g·day)). The bacterial, fungal and archaeal microbial composition was significantly different among carbon source types such as Proteobacteria in PCL (OTU: 83.72%, ASV: 82.49%) and Rozellomycota in PVA-SA (OTU: 71.99%, ASV: 81.30%). ASV methods can read more microbial units than that of OTU and exhibit higher alpha diversity and classify some species that had not been identified by OTU such as Nanoarchaeota phylum, unclassified_ f_ Xanthobacteraceae genus, etc., indicating ASV may be more conducive to understand SPD microbial communities. The co-occurring network showed some correlation between the bacteria fungi and archaea species, indicating different species may collaborate in SPD systems. Similar KEGG function prediction results were obtained in two bioinformatic methods generally and some fungi and archaea functions should not be ignored in SPD systems. These results may be beneficial for understanding microbial communities in SPD systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guokai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Liang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Saleem F, Li E, Tran KL, Rudra B, Edge TA, Schellhorn HE, Gupta RS. Utilizing novel Escherichia coli-specific conserved signature proteins for enhanced monitoring of recreational water quality. Microbiologyopen 2024; 13:e1410. [PMID: 38682792 PMCID: PMC11057252 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli serves as a proxy indicator of fecal contamination in aquatic ecosystems. However, its identification using traditional culturing methods can take up to 24 h. The application of DNA markers, such as conserved signature proteins (CSPs) genes (unique to all species/strains of a specific taxon), can form the foundation for novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests that unambiguously identify and detect targeted bacterial taxa of interest. This paper reports the identification of three new highly-conserved CSPs (genes), namely YahL, YdjO, and YjfZ, which are exclusive to E. coli/Shigella. Using PCR primers based on highly conserved regions within these CSPs, we have developed quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for the evaluation of E. coli/Shigella species in water ecosystems. Both in-silico and experimental PCR testing confirmed the absence of sequence match when tested against other bacteria, thereby confirming 100% specificity of the tested CSPs for E. coli/Shigella. The qPCR assays for each of the three CSPs provided reliable quantification for all tested enterohaemorrhagic and environmental E. coli strains, a requirement for water testing. For recreational water samples, CSP-based quantification showed a high correlation (r > 7, p < 0.01) with conventional viable E. coli enumeration. This indicates that novel CSP-based qPCR assays for E. coli can serve as robust tools for monitoring water ecosystems and other critical areas, including food monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Saleem
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Enze Li
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Kevin L. Tran
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Bashudev Rudra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Thomas A. Edge
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Radhey S. Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
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Fejfar D, Tracy W, Kelly E, Moffa M, Bain R, Bartram J, Anderson D, Cronk R. Identifying predictors of E. coli in rural household water in sub-Saharan Africa using elimination regression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 10:1147-1159. [PMID: 38798903 PMCID: PMC11115386 DOI: 10.1039/d3ew00915g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to fecally contaminated drinking water contributes to the global disease burden, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We used cross-sectional data and elimination regression analysis to examine factors influencing E. coli contamination in household drinking water samples from 4,499 rural households in nine countries in SSA (Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia in Southern Africa; Ghana, Mali, and Niger in Western Africa; and Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania in Eastern Africa). The proportion of household water samples containing E. coli was 71%, ranging from 45% (Malawi) to 89% (Tanzania). Pooled and multi-country predictive logistic regression models showed that using an unimproved-type water source, the absence of a community water committee, and domestic animal ownership were significantly associated with household drinking water contamination. Household water treatment and storage practices, sanitation and hygiene practices, and payment for drinking water were not significantly associated with E. coli contamination in any model. The season was a significant predictor of E. coli in the pooled model; samples collected in the rainy season were 2.3 [2.0, 2.7] times as likely to be contaminated with E. coli. Practitioners and policymakers should prioritize implementing piped on-plot water services, establishing effective local water source management structures, and incorporating animal husbandry practices into water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Fejfar
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wren Tracy
- ICF, 2635 Meridian Pkwy Suite 200, Durham, North Carolina, 27713, United States
| | - Emma Kelly
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- The Water Project, PO Box 3353, Concord, New Hampshire, 03302, USA
| | - Michelle Moffa
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robert Bain
- Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa, UNICEF, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jamie Bartram
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darcy Anderson
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ryan Cronk
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Golomazou E, Mamedova S, Eslahi AV, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170057. [PMID: 38242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant contributor to global foodborne and waterborne disease burden. It is a widespread cause of diarrheal diseases that affect humans and animals worldwide. Agricultural environments can become a source of contamination with Cryptosporidium species through faecal material derived from humans and animals. This review aims to report the main findings of scientific research on Cryptosporidium species related to various agricultural sectors, and highlights the risks of cryptosporidiosis in agricultural production, the contamination sources, the importance of animal production in transmission, and the role of farmed animals as hosts of the parasites. Agricultural contamination sources can cause water pollution in groundwater and different surface waters used for drinking, recreational purposes, and irrigation. The application of contaminated manure, faecal sludge management, and irrigation with inadequately treated water are the main concerns associated with foodborne and waterborne cryptosporidiosis related to agricultural activities. The review emphasizes the public health implications of agriculture concerning the transmission risk of Cryptosporidium parasites and the urgent need for a new concept in the agriculture sector. Furthermore, the findings of this review provide valuable information for developing appropriate measures and monitoring strategies to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Simuzer Mamedova
- Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan & Department of Life Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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5
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Sekgobela JM, Khabo-Mmekoa CM, Momba MNB. Tracking enteric pathogen contamination from on-site sanitation facilities to groundwater in selected rural areas of Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27271. [PMID: 38486784 PMCID: PMC10937690 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Groundwater is valued as a source of potable water, although it is vulnerable to environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to track enteric pathogen contamination from on-site sanitation (OSS) facilities to 70 household boreholes used by four villages of the Vhembe District Municipality. Two objectives were pursued: to measure the lateral distance between the borehole and the sanitation facilities in household yards, and to track the enteric pathogens. The borehole abstraction point and OSS system distance were determined using a steel measuring tape. Real-time PCR was used to track Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) from Wastewater (WW) from domestic septic tank and sludge from pit latrines to boreholes. Escherichia coli was used as an indicator of faecal contamination. Results showed that 25% of households kept a distance of ≥50 m between the OSS facilities and the boreholes. In total, 87.5% of household boreholes in the rainy season and 72.5% in the dry season were contaminated with E. coli and pathogenic bacteria: Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, and ETEC. The concentrations of the pathogens ranged from 2.03 to 2.12 LogEGC/100 mL. A very weak (r = -0.093) to moderate (r = -0.541) association was found between pathogens in groundwater and on-site sanitation systems (WW from septic tank and sludge from pit latrine). This suggests that the pathogens were not present in the sanitation compartment when they were found in the groundwater and vice versa. Moreover, a very weak (r = 0.007) to moderate (r = 0.525) association was found between the detected contaminants in groundwater and the lateral distance between the OSS facilities and the boreholes. The pathogens detected in all samples showed consistent concentrations, suggesting potential contamination from OSS systems' waste, possibly in groundwater, indicating potential contamination. The siting of OSS facilities at the yards in this study appeared to have a slight influence on the contaminants detected in groundwater. This study calls for an education program to be implemented by the Water and Sanitation Services Authorities to prevent contamination of groundwater and the risk of waterborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeridah Matlhokha Sekgobela
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Arcadia Campus, P/B X 680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Colette Mmapenya Khabo-Mmekoa
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arcadia Campus, P/B X 680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Arcadia Campus, P/B X 680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Yan X, Zhu B, Huang H, Chen W, Li H, Chen Y, Liang Y, Zeng H. Analysing N-nitrosamine occurrence and sources in karst reservoirs, Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:112. [PMID: 38472659 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines in reservoir water have drawn significant attention because of their carcinogenic properties. Karst reservoirs containing dissolved organic matter (DOM) are important drinking water sources and are susceptible to contamination because of the fast flow of various contaminants. However, it remains unclear whether N-nitrosamines and their precursor, DOM, spread in karst reservoirs. Therefore, this study quantitatively investigated the occurrence and sources of N-nitrosamines based on DOM properties in three typical karst reservoirs and their corresponding tap water. The results showed that N-nitrosamines were widely spread, with detection frequencies > 85%. Similar dominant compounds, including N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomethylethylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, and N-nitrosodibutylamine, were observed in reservoirs and tap water, with average concentrations of 4.7-8.9 and 2.8-6.7 ng/L, respectively. The average carcinogenic risks caused by these N-nitrosamines were higher than the risk level of 10-6. Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix modeling revealed that DOM was composed of humus-like component 1 (C1) and protein-like component 2 (C2). Fluorescence indicators showed that DOM in reservoir water was mainly affected by exogenous pollution and algal growth, whereas in tap water, DOM was mainly affected by microbial growth with strong autopoietic properties. In the reservoir water, N-nitrosodiethylamine and N-nitrosopiperidine were significantly correlated with C2 and biological indicators, indicating their endogenously generated sources. Based on the principal component analysis and multiple linear regression methods, five sources of N-nitrosamines were identified: agricultural pollution, microbial sources, humus sources, degradation processes, and other factors, accounting for 46.8%, 36.1%, 7.82%, 8.26%, and 0.96%, respectively. For tap water, two sources, biological reaction processes, and water distribution systems, were identified, accounting for 75.7% and 24.3%, respectively. Overall, this study presents quantitative information on N-nitrosamines' sources based on DOM properties in typical karst reservoirs and tap water, providing a basis for the safety of drinking water for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Bingquan Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Haixiang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yanpeng Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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Liu Y, Lv W, Li H, Xie P, Liu S, Chen J, Yuan Z. 2,2-Dichloroacetamide exposure induces behavior and memory disorders in mice: Detrimental effects of long-term dietary restriction on neurotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114477. [PMID: 38296181 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
2, 2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), a nitrogen-containing disinfection byproduct (DBPs), is commonly found in potable water. This study aimed to compare the neurotoxicity of DCAcAm in C57/BL6 mice at both environmentally relevant and higher doses through oral exposure over a 28-day period. Furthermore, the potential effects of dietary restriction (DR) on the cerebral toxicity induced by 20 ppb DCAcAm were examined. The findings indicated that DCAcAm exposure and DR treatment resulted in reduced memory retention and cognitive adaptability in mice. Additionally, higher doses of DCAcAm exposure induced severe brain inflammation and oxidative stress. Metabolic profiling revealed disruptions in fatty acid, energy, and amino acid metabolism in the brain. Remarkably, the negative impacts of 20 ppb DCAcAm on the mice brain were worsened by DR treatment. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing revealed notable changes in the composition and structure of intestinal microorganisms after exposure to DCAcAm. This study discovered that DCAcAm has both direct effects on the brain and indirect effects through the microbial-brain-intestinal axis, which collectively result in neurotoxicity and dietary restriction exacerbates these effects. This study provides emerging views on the assessment of the toxicity of nitrogen containing DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wang Lv
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Pengfei Xie
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Su Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Zhenwei Yuan
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Massima Mouele ES, Bediako JK, El Ouardi Y, Anugwom I, Butylina S, Mukaba JL, Petrik LF, Zar Myint MT, Kyaw HH, Al-Abri M, Al Belushi MA, Dobretsov S, Laatikainen K, Repo E. Sustainable gliadin - Metal oxide composites for efficient inactivation of Escherichia coli and remediation of cobalt (II) from water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122788. [PMID: 37879550 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Bio-based materials facilitate greener approach to engineering novel materials with multifunctional properties for various applications including water treatment. In this study, we extracted gliadin from wheat gluten using alcoholic solvent. The aggregation limitations of gliadin protein were overcome by functionalisation with metal oxides (MOs) TiO2, AgFe2O3 and AgFe-TiO2 prepared by chemical precipitations. The novel composites were characterised by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), Brunauer Emmet-Teller (BET), and zeta potential. The multifunctionality of MOs-gliadin composites was tested through toxic Escherichia coli (E. coli) inactivation and Co2+ adsorption from water. The antibacterial results showed excellent inhibition under both dark and light conditions. The maximum Co2+ uptake, 101 mg/g was reached with TiO2@gliadin after 24 h and best fitted the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second order model with an equilibrium adsorption capacity, qe2= 89.86 mg/g closer to the experimental data. Thermodynamic investigations indicated that ΔG°=-9.677kJ/mol,ΔH°=-123kJ/mol,and ΔS°=0.490J.K/mol, respectively, suggesting that adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The regenerated TiO2@gliadin composite was still efficient after five consecutive cycles. This study demonstrates that MOs-gliadin blended composites are sustainable for water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Salomon Massima Mouele
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland; Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
| | - John Kwame Bediako
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland; Department of Food Process Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 77, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Youssef El Ouardi
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Ikenna Anugwom
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Svetlana Butylina
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Jean-Luc Mukaba
- Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Leslie F Petrik
- Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Myo Tay Zar Myint
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Box 36, 123 Al-Khoud, Muscat, 123, Oman
| | - Htet Htet Kyaw
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Box 33, Al-Khoud, Muscat, 123, Oman
| | - Mohammed Al-Abri
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Box 33, Al-Khoud, Muscat, 123, Oman
| | - Mohammed A Al Belushi
- Central Laboratory for Food Safety, Food Safety and Quality Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, PO Box 3094, Airport Central Post, 111, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sergey Dobretsov
- Central Laboratory for Food Safety, Food Safety and Quality Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, PO Box 3094, Airport Central Post, 111, Muscat, Oman
| | - Katri Laatikainen
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Eveliina Repo
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
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Sivan G, Sukumaran DP, Ezhuthanikkunnel AP, Ammanamveetil Abdulla MH. Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Resistance and CTX-M-Group 1 Gene in Escherichia coli from the Water and Sediment of Urbanized Mangrove Ecosystems of Kerala. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:582-588. [PMID: 37883192 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2023.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance and CTX-M-group 1 gene in Escherichia coli from the water and sediment of three urbanized mangrove ecosystems of Kerala. A total of 119 E. coli isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility to 16 antibiotics. According to the phylogenetic analysis of E. coli isolates, nonpathogenic group A and pathogenic group D (29.4% and 23.5%) were the predominant phylotypes found in water samples. The most frequent phylotypes found in sediment samples were nonpathogenic groups A and B1 (27.9% and 26.4%). The highest incidence of antibiotic resistance in E. coli was against cefotaxime and colistin (100%). A significant difference in the prevalence of CTX-M-group 1 gene was observed among E. coli isolates in water samples (p < 0.05). The results indicate a high prevalence of β-lactamase harboring E. coli in the mangrove ecosystems that can hamper mangrove-dependent aquaculture practices and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Sivan
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - Divya P Sukumaran
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - Akhil Prakash Ezhuthanikkunnel
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - Mohamed Hatha Ammanamveetil Abdulla
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
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10
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Harris AR, Daly SW, Pickering AJ, Mrisho M, Harris M, Davis J. Safe Today, Unsafe Tomorrow: Tanzanian Households Experience Variability in Drinking Water Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17481-17489. [PMID: 37922469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Measuring Escherichia coli in a single-grab sample of stored drinking water is often used to characterize drinking water quality. However, if water quality exhibits variability temporally, then one-time measurement schemes may be insufficient to adequately characterize the quality of water that people consume. This study uses longitudinal data collected from 193 households in peri-urban Tanzania to assess variability in stored water quality and to characterize uncertainty with different data collection schemes. Households were visited 5 times over the course of a year. At each visit, information was collected on water management practices, and a sample of stored drinking water was collected for E. coli enumeration. Water quality was poor for households, with 80% having highly contaminated (>100 CFU per 100 mL) water during at least one visit. There was substantial variability of water quality for households, with only 3% of households having the same category (low, medium, or high) of water quality for all five visits. These data suggest a single sample would inaccurately characterize a household's drinking water quality over the course of a year and lead to misestimates of population level access to safe drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Harris
- Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 915 Partners Way, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Sean W Daly
- Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 915 Partners Way, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Amy J Pickering
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Michael Harris
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Environmental Engineering & Science, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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11
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Li C, Zhang Y, Ling Y, Wang H, Wang H, Yan G, Duan L, Dong W, Chang Y. Novel slow-release carbon source improves anodic denitrification and electricity generation efficiency in microbial fuel cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116644. [PMID: 37454797 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
MFC anodic denitrification is more suitable for the coexistence of organic matter and nitrate in actual sewage, but the traditional carbon source has some problems such as high cost and difficulty of dosage control in MFC. Herein, corncob and polycaprolactone (PCL) were mechanically pulverized and mixed in the system of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate, and cross-linked to prepare slow-release carbon source fillers (CPSP), which were added to the MFC anolyte to realize the coupling of solid-phase denitrification and anodic denitrification. Results showed the start-up period of MFC experimental group (MFC-C) with CPSP was slightly longer than the control group (MFC-0), but MFC-C's maximum output voltage (648.4 mV) and power density (2738 mW/m3) could be increased by 5% and 15% higher than that of MFC-0 (P < 0.05). The degradation process of MFC substrate in unit cycle was mainly divided into nitrogen removal stage (0-8 h) and electricity generation stage (8-48 h). The NO3--N and COD degradation and power generation kinetic processes of MFC conformed to the Han-Levenspiel model. Kinetics experiments showed CPSP can improve the affinity and tolerance of MFC to NO3--N, also it can alleviate the pressure of electron competition in anolyte and improve coulombic efficiency. In addition, microbial communities were significantly changed under the effect of CPSP (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, CPSP can promote the synthesis of denitrification functional genes. This study provides a new strategy to improve the performance of MFC by the addition of novel denitrification carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yu Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Guokai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Liang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Weiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
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12
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Hochard J, Abashidze N, Bawa R, Etheridge R, Li Y, Peralta A, Sims C, Vogel T. Air temperature spikes increase bacteria presence in drinking water wells downstream of hog lagoons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161426. [PMID: 36623652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
>44 million United States residents depend on private drinking water wells that are federally unregulated. Maintaining a clean groundwater supply for populations without access to public water systems is essential to supporting public health and falls to state regulators and private well owners. Yet, monitoring practices do not reflect the fact that groundwater pollution risk varies seasonally and with proximity to nearby surface-contaminated sites. Examination of nearly 50,000 well water samples across North Carolina, ranked second nationally in domestic well dependence and swine production, from 2013 to 2018 reveals a uniform sampling schedule but a variable risk of bacterial contamination within each calendar year. We document a threshold of 32.2 °C (90 °F) where total coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli) detection in private well water spikes near swine lagoons but is absent from "upstream" wells and otherwise unexplained by a variety of other known contamination sites. Closing the gap between perceived and actual risks of drinking water contamination has potential to improve public health. State regulations and federal guidelines should consider coordinating domestic well sampling with seasonally and spatially fluctuating risks of groundwater contamination. Findings from this study are generalizable, having implications for other parts of the world with water sources that have the potential to get contaminated by nearby surface sources of human and animal waste, such as manure applications and leaching septic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Hochard
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, USA.
| | - Nino Abashidze
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, USA
| | - Ranjit Bawa
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Randall Etheridge
- Department of Engineering and Center for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, East Carolina University, East Fifth Street, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Yuanhao Li
- SNF - Centre for Applied Research, Norwegian School of Economics, Helleveien 30, 5045 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ariane Peralta
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, East Fifth Street, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Charles Sims
- Department of Economics and Howard H. Baker Jr. Center for Public Policy, University of Tennessee, 1640 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996-3340, USA
| | - Tom Vogel
- Coastal Studies Institute, East Carolina University, East Fifth Street, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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13
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Ma D, Weir MH, Hull NM. Fluence-based QMRA model for bacterial photorepair and regrowth in drinking water after decentralized UV disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:119612. [PMID: 36706469 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet disinfection is a promising solution for decentralized drinking water systems such as communal water taps. A potential health risk is enzymatic photorepair of pathogens after UV disinfection, which can result in regrowth of pathogens. Even though photorepair is a known issue, no formal risk assessments have been conducted for photorepair after UV disinfection in drinking water. The main objective was to construct a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of photorepair after UV disinfection of drinking water in a decentralized system. UV disinfection and photorepair kinetics for E. coli were modelled using reproducible fluence-based determinations. Impacts of water collection patterns, and wavelength-dependent water container material transmittance, sunlight intensity, and photorepair enzyme absorbance were quantified. After UV disinfection by 16 or 40 mJ/cm2 of < 5-log microorganisms per L, risk of infection did not exceed 1-in-10,000 under conditions permitting E. coli photorepair. Risk from photorepair was less than 1-in-10,000 for photorepair light exposure < 0.75 h throughout the day for UV fluence 16 mJ/cm2 or greater. UV disinfection followed by solar disinfection surpassing photoreactivation during storage reduced risk below 1-in-10,000 for photorepair light exposure > 2.5 h between modelled times of 9 AM - 3 PM. The model can be expanded to other pathogens as UV fluence and photorepair fluence response kinetics become available, and this QMRA can be used to inform the placement of community water access points to reduce risk of photorepair and ensure adequate shelf life of UV disinfected water under safe storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ma
- College of Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark H Weir
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Natalie M Hull
- College of Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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14
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Zhou Q, Huang J, Guo K, Lou Y, Wang H, Zhou R, Tang J, Hou P. Spatiotemporal distribution of opportunistic pathogens and microbial community in centralized rural drinking water: One year survey in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:115045. [PMID: 36513125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Centralized water supply in rural areas, supported by small waterworks (small-central mode) and by municipal water treatment plants (urban-extension mode), is an important guarantee to implement the Rural Revitalization Strategy Plan (2018-2022) in China. Opportunistic pathogens (OPs) could not be evaluated by the national drinking water sanitation standards in China (GB 5749-2022), posing potential microbial risks in rural drinking water. In this study, the spatiotemporal distribution of OPs, microbial community and the associated functional composition under two central water supply modes were investigated by molecular approaches. The results indicated that OPs were widely presented in the rural drinking water regardless of water supply modes, and were more abundant than those in the urban tap water. The insufficient residual chlorine and higher turbidity triggered more microbial proliferation, posing a seasonal variation of OPs gene copy numbers and bacterial community compositions. In warm seasons of summer and autumn, the gene copies of E. coli, M. avium, Pseudomonas spp. and the amoeba host Acanthamoeba spp. achieved up to 4.92, 3.94, 6.75 and 3.74 log10 (gene copies/mL), respectively. Potential functional prediction indicated higher relative abundance of pathogenic genes and infectious risks associated with the rural drinking water under small-central water supply mode. This one-year survey of the spatiotemporal distribution of OPs and microbial community provided scientific insights into microbial safety of rural drinking water, prompting attention on small-central water supply mode against OPs risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomei Zhou
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
| | - Jingang Huang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; The Belt and Road Information Research Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
| | - Kangyin Guo
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; Zhejiang Sunrise Garment Group Co., Ltd., Shengzhou, 312400, PR China
| | - Yucheng Lou
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
| | - Rongbing Zhou
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Pingzhi Hou
- The Belt and Road Information Research Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
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15
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Stewart A, Seepersad C, Hosein A, Agard J, Cashman A, Chadee D, Ramsubhag A. Sources and microbiological quality of domestic water in three rural communities in the southern Caribbean. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:109-124. [PMID: 36705501 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the sources and microbiological quality of domestic water used by rural communities of Speightstown, Barbados; Carriacou, Grenada; and Nariva, Trinidad. The primary water source was harvested rainwater in Carriacou, and the public water supply for Nariva and Speightstown. Secondary water supplies of the communities came from untreated sources including rainwater, wells, boreholes and springs. E. coli was detected at higher frequencies in water from Carriacou (41.3%) and Nariva (47.4%) than Speightstown (3.6%). Generally, more untreated samples of rainwater (44.6%) and surface/ground water (58.3%) were E. coli positive than treated water obtained from the public supply (9.9%). These findings demonstrate the increased risk to residents in rural communities of the Caribbean who utilize untreated rainwater and environmental sources such as springs and wells. These results demonstrate the usefulness of traditional methods such as the compartment bag test in determining the microbiological quality of domestic water in resource-challenged rural communities of the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akilah Stewart
- The Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago E-mail:
| | - Catherine Seepersad
- The Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago E-mail:
| | - Aliya Hosein
- The Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago E-mail:
| | - John Agard
- The Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago E-mail:
| | - Adrian Cashman
- The Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
| | - Dave Chadee
- The Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago E-mail: ; Deceased
| | - Adesh Ramsubhag
- The Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago E-mail:
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16
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Buchwald AG, Thomas E, Karnauskas KB, Grover E, Kotloff K, Carlton EJ. The Association Between Rainfall, Temperature, and Reported Drinking Water Source: A Multi-Country Analysis. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2022GH000605. [PMID: 36381499 PMCID: PMC9662587 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change may alter access to safe drinking water, with important implications for health. We assessed the relationship between temperature and rainfall and utilization of basic drinking water (BDW) in The Gambia, Mozambique, Pakistan, and Kenya. The outcomes of interest were (a) whether the reported drinking water source used in the past 2 weeks met the World Health Organization definition of BDW and (b) use of a BDW source that was always available. Temperature and precipitation data were compiled from weather stations and satellite data and summarized to account for long- and short-term weather patterns and lags. We utilized random forests and logistic regression to identify key weather variables that predicted outcomes by site and the association between important weather variables and BDW use. Higher temperatures were associated with decreased BDW use at three of four sites and decreased use of BDW that is always available at all four sites. Increasing rainfall, both in the long- and short-term, was associated with increased BDW use in three sites. We found evidence for interactions between household wealth and weather variables at two sites, suggesting lower wealth populations may be more sensitive to weather-driven changes in water access. Changes in temperature and precipitation can alter safe water use in low-resource settings-investigating drivers for these relationships can inform efforts to build climate resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G. Buchwald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthColorado School of Public HealthAuroraCOUSA
| | - Evan Thomas
- Mortenson Center in Global EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Kristopher B. Karnauskas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthColorado School of Public HealthAuroraCOUSA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Elise Grover
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthColorado School of Public HealthAuroraCOUSA
| | - Karen Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global HealthUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineMDBaltimoreUSA
| | - Elizabeth J. Carlton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthColorado School of Public HealthAuroraCOUSA
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17
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Crider YS, Sainju S, Shrestha R, Clair-Caliot G, Schertenleib A, Kunwar BM, Bhatta MR, Marks SJ, Ray I. Evaluation of System-Level, Passive Chlorination in Gravity-Fed Piped Water Systems in Rural Nepal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13985-13995. [PMID: 36125807 PMCID: PMC9535811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over 2 billion people globally lack access to safely managed drinking water. In contrast to the household-level, manually implemented treatment products that have been the dominant strategy for gaining low-cost access to safe drinking water, passive chlorination technologies have the potential to treat water and reduce reliance on individual behavior change. However, few studies exist that evaluate the performance and costs of these technologies over time, especially in small, rural systems. We conducted a nonrandomized evaluation of two passive chlorination technologies for system-level water treatment in six gravity-fed, piped water systems in small communities in the hilly region of western Nepal. We monitored water quality indicators upstream of the treatment, at shared taps, and at households, as well as user acceptability and maintenance costs, over 1 year. At baseline, over 80% of tap samples were contaminated with Escherichia coli. After 1 year of system-level chlorination, only 7% of those same taps had E. coli. However, 29% of household stored water was positive for E. coli. Per cubic meter of treated water, the cost of chlorine was 0.06-0.09 USD, similar to the cost of monitoring technology installations. Safe storage, service delivery models, and reliable supply chains are required, but passive chlorination technologies have the potential to radically improve how rural households gain access to safely managed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshika S. Crider
- Energy
& Resources Group, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94305, United States
- Division
of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94305, United States
| | - Sanjeena Sainju
- Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal
- Helvetas
Nepal, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | | | - Guillaume Clair-Caliot
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Schertenleib
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sara J. Marks
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Isha Ray
- Energy
& Resources Group, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94305, United States
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18
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Castro GB, Bernegossi AC, Sousa BJDO, De Lima E Silva MR, Silva FRD, Freitas BLS, Ogura AP, Corbi JJ. Global occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental aquatic matrices and its implications for sanitation and vulnerabilities in Brazil and developing countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:2160-2199. [PMID: 34310248 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1949437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper includes a systematic review of the SARS-CoV-2 occurrence in environmental aquatic matrices and a critical sanitation analysis. We discussed the interconnection of sanitation services (wastewater, water supply, solid waste, and stormwater drainage) functioning as an important network for controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in waters. We collected 98 studies containing data of the SARS-CoV-2 occurrence in aquatic matrices around the world, of which 40% were from developing countries. Alongside a significant number of people infected by the virus, developing countries face socioeconomic deficiencies and insufficient public investment in infrastructure. Therefore, our study focused on highlighting solutions to provide sanitation in developing countries, considering the virus control in waters by disinfection techniques and sanitary measures, including alternatives for the vulnerable communities. The need for multilateral efforts to improve the universal coverage of sanitation services demands urgent attention in a pandemic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleyson B Castro
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline C Bernegossi
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno José de O Sousa
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando R Da Silva
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Luíza S Freitas
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan P Ogura
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- PPG-SEA and CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano J Corbi
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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19
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Bottled and Well Water Quality in a Small Central Appalachian Community: Household-Level Analysis of Enteric Pathogens, Inorganic Chemicals, and Health Outcomes in Rural Southwest Virginia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148610. [PMID: 35886462 PMCID: PMC9319903 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of unsafe drinking water is associated with a substantial burden of disease globally. In the US, ~1.8 million people in rural areas lack reliable access to safe drinking water. Our objective was to characterize and assess household-level water sources, water quality, and associated health outcomes in Central Appalachia. We collected survey data and water samples (tap, source, and bottled water) from consenting households in a small rural community without utility-supplied water in southwest Virginia. Water samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, total coliforms, E. coli, nitrate, sulfate, metals (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, lead), and 30+ enteric pathogens. Among the 69% (n = 9) of households that participated, all had piped well water, though 67% (n = 6) used bottled water as their primary drinking water source. Total coliforms were detected in water samples from 44.4% (n = 4) of homes, E. coli in one home, and enteric pathogens (Aeromonas, Campylobacter, Enterobacter) in 33% (n = 3) of homes. Tap water samples from 11% (n = 1) of homes exceeded the EPA MCL for nitrate, and 33% (n = 3) exceeded the EPA SMCL for iron. Among the 19 individuals residing in study households, reported diarrhea was 25% more likely in homes with measured E. coli and/or specific pathogens (risk ratio = 1.25, cluster-robust standard error = 1.64, p = 0.865). Although our sample size was small, our findings suggest that a considerable number of lower-income residents without utility-supplied water in rural areas of southwest Virginia may be exposed to microbiological and/or chemical contaminants in their water, and many, if not most, rely on bottled water as their primary source of drinking water.
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20
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Bedell E, Harmon O, Fankhauser K, Shivers Z, Thomas E. A continuous, in-situ, near-time fluorescence sensor coupled with a machine learning model for detection of fecal contamination risk in drinking water: Design, characterization and field validation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118644. [PMID: 35667167 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We designed and validated a sensitive, continuous, in-situ, remotely reporting tryptophan-like fluorescence sensor and coupled it with a machine learning model to predict high-risk fecal contamination in water (>10 colony forming units (CFU)/100mL E. coli). We characterized the sensor's response to multiple fluorescence interferents with benchtop analysis. The sensor's minimum detection limit (MDL) of tryptophan dissolved in deionized water was 0.05 ppb (p <0.01) and its MDL of the correlation to E. coli present in wastewater effluent was 10 CFU/100 mL (p <0.01). Fluorescence response declined exponentially with increased water temperature and a correction factor was calculated. Inner filter effects, which cause signal attenuation at high concentrations, were shown to have negligible impact in an operational context. Biofouling was demonstrated to increase the fluorescence signal by approximately 82% in a certain context, while mineral scaling reduced the sensitivity of the sensor by approximately 5% after 24 hours with a scaling solution containing 8 times the mineral concentration of the Colorado River. A machine learning model was developed, with TLF measurements as the primary feature, to output fecal contamination risk levels established by the World Health Organization. A training and validation data set for the model was built by installing four sensors on Boulder Creek, Colorado for 88 days and enumerating 298 grab samples for E. coli with membrane filtration. The machine learning model incorporated a proxy feature for fouling (time since last cleaning) which improved model performance. A binary classification model was able to predict high risk fecal contamination with 83% accuracy (95% CI: 78% - 87%), sensitivity of 80%, and specificity of 86%. A model distinguishing between all World Health Organization established risk categories performed with an overall accuracy of 64%. Integrating TLF measurements into an ML model allows for anomaly detection and noise reduction, permitting contamination prediction despite biofilm or mineral scaling formation on the sensor's lenses. Real-time detection of high risk fecal contamination could contribute to a major step forward in terms of microbial water quality monitoring for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bedell
- Mortenson Center in Global Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, 80303, Colorado, United States of America; SweetSense Inc., Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Olivia Harmon
- Mortenson Center in Global Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, 80303, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Katie Fankhauser
- Mortenson Center in Global Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, 80303, Colorado, United States of America; SweetSense Inc., Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Evan Thomas
- Mortenson Center in Global Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, 80303, Colorado, United States of America; SweetSense Inc., Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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21
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Haldar K, Kujawa-Roeleveld K, Hofstra N, Datta DK, Rijnaarts H. Microbial contamination in surface water and potential health risks for peri-urban farmers of the Bengal delta. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 244:114002. [PMID: 35759864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ensuring safe irrigation practices is vital to sustaining food production in water-scarce delta areas. Bangladesh and many other developing countries discharge untreated wastewater into their surrounding surface water bodies, serving as the primary irrigation source. This indirect irrigation of wastewater is believed to pose threats to the farmers, consumers and market vendors and may also affect crop and soil quality. To assess the risk, peri-urban farmers who use surrounding water bodies of Khulna city, Bangladesh, for crop irrigation were selected for the study. The microbial and heavy metal concentrations were measured in water samples collected from various locations over different seasons. For heavy metals As, Co, Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb, concentrations were below the detection limit, whereas Al, Fe, Mn, Ti and Zn were present but below the FAO recommendation limit for safe irrigation. The mean concentrations of microbial parameters were above the thresholds of WHO guidelines for crop irrigation intended for human consumption. Significant temporal variations in Faecal Coliform, E. coli and Enterococcus concentrations in the water samples were observed. The annual risk of infection for farmers was determined using the screening-level Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). The results indicated that the annual probability of infection with pathogenic E. coli in different seasons ranges between 5 × 10-3 to 5 × 10-2, above the WHO's acceptable threshold for annual risk of infection for safe water reuse in agriculture. During the farmers' survey, around 45% reported health-related issues and more than 26% reported suffering from water-borne diseases after getting in contact with polluted surface water. This illustrates the actuality of the risks in practice. To ensure safe irrigation, the health risks need to be reduced below the acceptable limits. Suggested technical measures include adequate treatment of wastewater before disposal into rivers and access to protective equipment for farmers. This should be complemented by raising awareness through education programs among farmers to reduce accidental ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonashish Haldar
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Water Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dilip Kumar Datta
- Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Huub Rijnaarts
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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22
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King R, Gunnarsdottir MJ, Narfason Þ, Hjaltadóttir S, Sigurðsson Á, Herschan J, Gardarsson SM, McKeown RM, Pond K. Adapting sanitary inspections for the monitoring of small drinking water supplies in Iceland. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:755-769. [PMID: 35635770 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sanitary inspections (SIs) are checklists of questions used to identify actual and potential sources and pathways of drinking water contamination. Though the importance of SI adaptation to local contexts is widely acknowledged, there is currently limited guidance on how this should be undertaken in practice. During this research, World Health Organization (WHO) draft template SI forms for spring and borehole supplies were adapted for use in Iceland based on a series of desk reviews and field tests, an approach which may guide other future SI adaptation processes. SI results were collected from 25 spring supplies and nine borehole supplies in three regions of Iceland using adapted SI forms. These results were combined with 10-year historical water quality data from the same supplies to explore potential relationships between both data sets. Binary logistic regression test results indicated a statistically significant association (P = 0.025; odds ratio (OR) 1.864, 95% CI 1.080-3.220) between SI Question 3 (Does ponding from surface water occur around the spring/borehole?) receiving a 'High' risk level assignment and at least one historical incidence of water quality noncompliance for the parameters heterotrophic plate count 22 °C, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and turbidity at the same supply. The significant modifications applied to the starting template during the testing and development of the Icelandic SI form emphasises the importance of a robust adaptation process to ensure SI forms are appropriate for the local context. Results from the analysis of SI and water quality test results demonstrated the potential for these data sets to identify the primary risks at a supply. This information may then be used to direct remedial actions, especially when the amount of relevant data increases over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R King
- Centre for Environmental Health and Engineering (CEHE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK E-mail:
| | - M J Gunnarsdottir
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Þ Narfason
- Environment and Public Health Authority of West Iceland, Akranes, Iceland
| | - S Hjaltadóttir
- Environment and Public Health Authority of Northwest Iceland, Saudarkrokur, Iceland
| | - Á Sigurðsson
- Environmental and Public Health Authority of South Iceland, Selfoss, Iceland
| | - J Herschan
- Centre for Environmental Health and Engineering (CEHE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK E-mail:
| | - S M Gardarsson
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - R M McKeown
- World Health Organization, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - K Pond
- Centre for Environmental Health and Engineering (CEHE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK E-mail:
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Charles KJ, Howard G, Villalobos Prats E, Gruber J, Alam S, Alamgir ASM, Baidya M, Flora MS, Haque F, Hassan SMQ, Islam S, Lazaro A, Lwetoijera DW, Mahmud SG, Mahmud ZH, Matwewe F, Pasa K, Rahman M, Reza AAS, Selimuzzaman M, Sharif AR, Sharma S, Thomas JM, Campbell-Lendrum D. Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:151876. [PMID: 34826465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate resilient water supplies are those that provide access to drinking water that is sustained through seasons and through extreme events, and where good water quality is also sustained. While surface and groundwater quality are widely understood to vary with rainfall, there is a gap in the evidence on the impact of weather and extremes in rainfall and temperature on drinking water quality, and the role of changes in water system management. A three-country (Bangladesh, Nepal and Tanzania) observational field study tracked 2353 households clustered around 685 water sources across seven different geographies over 14 months. Water quality (E. coli) data was modelled using GEE to account for clustering effects and repeated measures at households. All types of infrastructure were vulnerable to changes in weather, with differences varying between geographies; protected boreholes provided the greatest protection at the point of collection (PoC). Water quality at the point of use (PoU) was vulnerable to changes in weather, through changes in PoC water quality as well as changes in management behaviours, such as safe storage, treatment and cleaning. This is the first study to demonstrate the impact of rainfall and temperature extremes on water quality at the PoC, and the role that weather has on PoU water quality via management behaviours. Climate resilience for water supplies needs to consider the infrastructure as well as the management decisions that are taking place at a community and household level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J Charles
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, UK.
| | - Guy Howard
- Department of Civil Engineering and Cabot Institute of the Environment, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK.
| | | | - Joshua Gruber
- Center for Effective Global Action, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America.
| | - Sadekul Alam
- Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Alamgir
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control And Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Farhana Haque
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control And Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control And Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
| | | | - M Selimuzzaman
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control And Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh
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24
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Kumar M, Kuroda K, Barcelo D, Furumai H. Monsoon dilutes the concurrence but increases the correlation of viruses and Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the urban waters of Guwahati, India: The context of pandemic viruses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152282. [PMID: 34902398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pathogenic viruses, metals and microbial pollution along with their seasonal variations in the water environment are overarching in the context of existing pandemic, especially for tropical countries. The present study focuses on the seasonal influence on the vulnerability of urban water in Guwahati, the largest city in North-eastern India, through examining the concurrence of seven PPCPs, five viruses, faecal bacteria and nine metals in surface waters during monsoon (Summer-July 2017) and pre-monsoon (Winter-March 2018). Surface water sampling was carried out at different locations of the Brahmaputra River, its tributary Bharalu River (an unlined urban drain), and Dipor Bill Lake (Ramsar-recognized wetland). Both PPCPs and viruses were at high concentrations (e.g. up to 970 ng L-1 caffeine, 2.5 × 103 copies mL-1 pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)) at the confluence points of urban drains and the river, while they were mostly undetectable at both upstream and downstream locations, implying strong self-purification ability of the river. All the analysed PPCPs and viruses were at much higher concentrations during pre-monsoon i.e., winter than during monsoon, implying heavy dilution and temperature effect during the monsoon. Overall, PPCPs and viruses were more correlated in monsoon but the risk quotient in the urban tributary was higher in pre-monsoon (e.g. 5061 in pre-monsoon and 1515 in monsoon for caffeine). PMMoV was found to be an excellent faecal pollution indicator due to its prevalence, detectability and specificity in all seasons. Overall, the seasonal fluctuations of the non-enveloped viruses monitored in this study is likely to be relevant for SARS-CoV-2. We contribute to address the literature scarcity pertaining to seasonal variations in the prevalence of viruses and their concurrences with contaminants of emerging concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939-0398, Japan
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (OCRA-CERCA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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25
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Daly SW, Harris AR. Modeling Exposure to Fecal Contamination in Drinking Water due to Multiple Water Source Use. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3419-3429. [PMID: 35239319 PMCID: PMC8928470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Joint Monitoring Programme estimated that 71% of people globally had access to "safely managed" drinking water in 2017. However, typical data collection practices focus only on a household's primary water source, yet some households in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) engage in multiple water source use, including supplementing improved water supplies with unimproved water throughout the year. Monte Carlo simulations and previously published data were used to simulate exposure to fecal contamination (as measured by E. coli) along a range of supplemental unimproved source use rates (e.g., 0-100% improved water use, with the remainder made up with unimproved water). The model results revealed a statistically significant increase in annual exposure to E. coli when individuals supplement their improved water with unimproved water just 2 days annually. Additionally, our analysis identified scenarios-realistic for the data set study setting-where supplementing with unimproved water counterintuitively decreases exposure to E. coli. These results highlight the need for evaluating the temporal dynamics in water quality and availability of drinking water sources in LMICs as well as capturing the use of multiple water sources for monitoring global access to safe drinking water.
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26
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Nijhawan A, Howard G. Associations between climate variables and water quality in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 210:117996. [PMID: 34959067 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how climate change will affect water quality and therefore, health, is critical for building resilient water services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where the effect of climate change will be felt most acutely. Evidence of the effect of climate variables such as temperate and rainfall on water quality can generate insights into the likely impact of future climate change. While the seasonal effects on water quality are known, and there is strong qualitative evidence that climate change will impact water quality, there are no reviews that synthesise quantitative evidence from LMICs on links between climate variables and water quality. We mapped the available evidence on a range of climate exposures and water quality outcomes and identified 98 peer-reviewed studies. This included observational studies on the impact of temperature and rainfall events (which may cause short-term changes in contaminant concentrations), and modelling studies on the long-term impacts of sea level rise. Evidence on links between antecedent rainfall and microbiological contamination of water supplies is strong and relatively evenly distributed geographically, but largely focused on faecal indicator bacteria and on untreated shallow groundwater sources of drinking water. The literature on climate effects on geogenic contaminants was sparse. There is substantial research on the links between water temperature and cyanobacteria blooms in surface waters, although most studies were from two countries and did not examine potential effects on water treatment. Similarly, studies modelling the impact of sea level rise on groundwater salinity, mostly from south-Asia and the Middle East, did not discuss challenges for drinking water supplies. We identified key future research priorities based on this review. These include: more studies on specific pathogens (including opportunistic pathogens) in water supplies and their relationships with climate variables; more studies that assess likely relationships between climate variables and water treatment processes; studies into the relationships between climate variables and geogenic contaminants, including risks from heavy metals released as glacier retreat; and, research into the impacts of wildfires on water quality in LMICs given the current dearth of studies but recognised importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Nijhawan
- Department of Civil Engineering and Cabot Institute for the Environment, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK.
| | - Guy Howard
- Department of Civil Engineering and Cabot Institute for the Environment, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK.
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27
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Aondoakaa SC, Jewitt S. Effects of seasonality on access to improved water in Benue State, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 194:40. [PMID: 34935063 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many people switch sources of drinking water and sanitation between seasons, yet such shifts are not reflected in the reporting of access to improved water and sanitation services by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP). Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data collected from urban and rural sites in dry and rainy seasons in Benue state, Nigeria, this study highlights the importance of seasonal variations in water access and quality. Water testing showed that water sources had higher levels of contamination with coliforms, nitrate and chloride in the dry season than the wet season. The contamination of water from these pollutants is above WHO standards and believed to come mainly from pit latrines. Semi-structured interviews revealed that many people who use improved water and sanitation facilities in the rainy season sometimes switch to poorer quality unimproved sources in the dry season. Travel times for collecting water as well as waiting times also significantly increased in the dry season. It is recommended that this important seasonality element is factored into JMP data collection and reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Chiahemba Aondoakaa
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Sarah Jewitt
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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28
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Espira L, Aung T, Han K, Jagger P, Eisenberg JNS. Determinants of Pathogen Contamination of the Environment in the Greater Yangon Area, Myanmar. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16465-16476. [PMID: 34792323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent results from water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions highlight the need to better understand environmental influences on enteropathogen transmission. We quantified a range of viral, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens and one indicator, Enterococcus faecalis in soil and water from urban and rural sites in and around Yangon, Myanmar. We found that environmental characteristics associated with contamination differed by pathogens and substrates. In soil, bacterial pathogen gene counts were associated with elevation and drainage ditches (compared to stagnant water) (RR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.93, 0.99 and RR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.18, 2.45, respectively), while viral gene counts were associated with the presence of sanitation facilities within 50 m of the collection point (RR = 3.99, 95% CI 1.12, 14.24). In water, E. faecalis, total pathogen, and bacterial pathogen gene counts were associated with drainage ditches (RR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.27, 2.72, RR = 1.38 95% CI 1.09, 1.74, and RR = 1.38 95% CI 1.07, 1.77, respectively). E. faecalis, total pathogen, bacterial pathogen, and viral gene counts were associated with the presence of uncollected garbage within 50 m of the collection point (RR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.00, 2.47, RR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.16, 2.00, RR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.13, 2.06, and RR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.17, 2.61 respectively). Measuring the environment provides added specificity toward identifying important environmental pathways that require mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Espira
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ther Aung
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Khin Han
- Department of Geography, West Yangon University, Yangon 13393, Myanmar
| | - Pamela Jagger
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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29
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Chua ML, Ahsan MN, Sakai A, Fujii S, Goto S, Kodera M, Harada H. Seasonal and gender impacts on fecal exposure trends in an urban slum. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2021; 19:946-958. [PMID: 34874902 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal and gender impacts have not been well considered in fecal exposure assessment, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study examined the seasonal and gender impacts on fecal exposure trends in children through daily living activities in an urban slum in Bangladesh. We determined Escherichia coli concentrations in seven types of environmental samples (n = 232) and the activity data of children via diary recording, questionnaires, and interview surveys. Daily and monthly exposures were stochastically estimated for drinking, eating, pond bathing, well bathing, and hand-to-mouth contact. Of the five pathways, pond bathing and drinking contributed a large part of the daily and monthly exposure. Significant seasonal differences were observed in daily exposures for bathing, which were higher in the rainy season (2.59 × 102 CFU/day for boys and 6.19 × 10-1 CFU/day for girls) than in the dry season (1.69 × 102; 4.30 × 10-2), because of longer pond bathing time and more contaminated bathing water in the rainy season. In contrast, eating had significantly higher exposure in the dry season (3.71 × 10; 3.22 × 10) than the rainy season (1.50 × 10; 1.24 × 10) due to the higher dish contamination. Significantly higher daily exposure was observed in the bathing for boys than girls, as boys spent longer time for bathing at a heavily contaminated pond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Li Chua
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Md Nazmul Ahsan
- Life Science School, Khulna University, Gallamari, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Akira Sakai
- University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences, 3-1 Gakuen-Nishimachi, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2188, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fujii
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shotaro Goto
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiya Kodera
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hidenori Harada
- Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Yoshida-shimoadachicho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan E-mail:
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30
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Qiu J, Shen Z, Leng G, Wei G. Synergistic effect of drought and rainfall events of different patterns on watershed systems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18957. [PMID: 34556685 PMCID: PMC8460717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in extreme climate events such as flooding and droughts predicted by the general circulation models (GCMs) is expected to significantly affect hydrological processes, erosive dynamics, and their associated nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, resulting in a major challenge to water availability for human life and ecosystems. Using the Hydrological Simulation Program–Fortran model, we evaluated the synergistic effects of droughts and rainfall events on hydrology and water quality in an upstream catchment of the Miyun Reservoir based on the outputs of five GCMs. It showed substantial increases in air temperature, precipitation intensity, frequency of heavy rains and rainstorms, and drought duration, as well as sediment and nutrient loads in the RCP 8.5 scenario. Sustained droughts followed by intense precipitation could cause complex interactions and mobilize accumulated sediment, nutrients and other pollutants into surface water that pose substantial risks to the drinking water security, with the comprehensive effects of soil water content, antecedent drought duration, precipitation amount and intensity, and other climate characteristics, although the effects varied greatly under different rainfall patterns. The Methods and findings of this study evidence the synergistic impacts of droughts and heavy rainfall on watershed system and the significant effects of initial soil moisture conditions on water quantity and quality, and help to guide a robust adaptive management system for future drinking water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoyong Leng
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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31
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Mherzi N, Lamchouri F, Toufik H. Assessment of the effects of seasonal changes, urban discharges and leachates on the parasitological and bacteriological qualities of soil and water from Oued Larbaâ (North-eastern, Morocco). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:628. [PMID: 34487265 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the parasitological and bacteriological qualities of the soil and water of the Oued Larbaâ, through nine stations covering the part of the Oued crossing the Taza city of Morocco (7 km of length). This study was conducted during two dry periods (2017 and 2018) and one wet period (2018). Soil parasitological studies revealed high contamination by helminths belonging to the species Enterobius vermicularis and Toxocara sp., which recorded the highest concentrations in stations S2 and S8, respectively, with values of 11.41 and 29.26 eggs/g. Concerning water, the majority of stations indicated contamination mainly by Ascaris lumbricoides, which reached concentrations of 56.49, 37.39, and 56.15 eggs/l in stations S3, S6, and S8, respectively. Bacteriological examination of the soil showed very high concentrations of bacteria, especially Streptococcus, due to the high retention of this type of bacteria in the soil. The water analysis indicated that stations S3, S4, and S8 are the most impacted, with total coliform and Streptococcus concentrations in station S3 of 2.45 105 and 0.20 107 CFU/ml, respectively, Fecal coliforms and Staphylococci are detected in high concentrations in station S8 with values of 1.35 104 and 8.92 106 CFU/ml, respectively, and total aerobic mesophilic flora in station S4 with a concentration of 1.89 109 CFU/ml. During the study periods, influences of sampling season, nature of discharge existed (wastewater or leachate) on the parasitological and bacteriological composition of the river were established with high concentrations during the dry period and in the stations in which large amounts of liquid discharge were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezha Mherzi
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, B.P.: 1223, Taza-Gare, Taza, Morocco
| | - Fatima Lamchouri
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, B.P.: 1223, Taza-Gare, Taza, Morocco.
| | - Hamid Toufik
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, B.P.: 1223, Taza-Gare, Taza, Morocco
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Bain R, Johnston R, Khan S, Hancioglu A, Slaymaker T. Monitoring Drinking Water Quality in Nationally Representative Household Surveys in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Cross-Sectional Analysis of 27 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys 2014-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:97010. [PMID: 34546076 PMCID: PMC8454503 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set an ambitious new benchmark for safely managed drinking water services (SMDWs), but many countries lack national data on the availability and quality of drinking water. OBJECTIVES We quantified the availability and microbiological quality of drinking water, monitored SMDWs, and examined risk factors for Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination in 27 low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS A new water quality module for household surveys was implemented in 27 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Teams used portable equipment to measure E. coli at the point of collection (PoC, n=61,170) and at the point of use (PoU, n=64,900) and asked respondents about the availability and accessibility of drinking water. Households were classified as having SMDW services if they used an improved water source that was free of E. coli contamination at PoC, accessible on premises, and available when needed. Compliance with individual SMDW criteria was also assessed. Modified Poisson regression was used to explore household and community risk factors for E. coli contamination. RESULTS E. coli was commonly detected at the PoC (range 16-90%) and was more likely at the PoU (range 19-99%). On average, 84% of households used an improved drinking water source, and 31% met all of the SMDW criteria. E. coli contamination was the primary reason SMDW criteria were not met (15 of 27 countries). The prevalence of E. coli in PoC samples was lower among households using improved water sources [risk ratio (RR)=0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64, 0.85] but not for households with water accessible on premises (RR=0.99; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.05) or available when needed (RR=0.95; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.02). E. coli contamination of PoU samples was less common for households in the richest vs. poorest wealth quintile (RR=0.70; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.88) and in communities with high (>75%) improved sanitation coverage (RR=0.94; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.97). Livestock ownership (RR=1.08; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.13), rural vs. urban residence (RR=1.10; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.16), and wet vs. dry season sampling (RR=1.07; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.15) were positively associated with contamination at the PoU. DISCUSSION Cross-sectional water quality data can be collected in household surveys and can be used to assess inequalities in service levels, to track the SDG indicator of SMDWs, and to examine risk factors for contamination. There is an urgent need for better risk management to reduce widespread exposure to fecal contamination through drinking water services in LMICs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8459.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bain
- Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Johnston
- Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shane Khan
- Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, New York, USA
| | - Attila Hancioglu
- Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tom Slaymaker
- Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, New York, USA
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Udayakumar GP, Muthusamy S, Selvaganesh B, Sivarajasekar N, Rambabu K, Sivamani S, Sivakumar N, Maran JP, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A. Ecofriendly biopolymers and composites: Preparation and their applications in water-treatment. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 52:107815. [PMID: 34400260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the term polymer has been repeatedly used in several industries for their immense characteristics in different applications. Polymers and their composites which were prepared from chemical monomer sources turned out to be potentially harmful to the environment due to their tedious degradation process. Biopolymers are natural substitutes for synthetic polymers which can be efficiently extricated from natural sources. They are predominantly available as polymeric units as well as monomeric units that are linked covalently. These environment-friendly biopolymers and their composites can be categorized based on their numerous sources, different methods of preparation and their potential form of usage. They were found to be biocompatible and biodegradable which make them exceptionally useful in environment based applications, mainly in the process of water treatment, both potable and wastewater. Further, the biopolymer and biopolymer composites easily fit into different parts of the treatment process by acting as filtration media, adsorbents, coagulants and as flocculants. The primary focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive information of biopolymers and biopolymer composites from synthesis to their usefulness for their productive application in water treatment processes. On the whole, it can be substantiated that the biopolymers were identified to play a notable adversary to the synthetic polymers in treating waters with an indispensable need for an elaborative study in the production of the biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowthama Prabu Udayakumar
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbulakshmi Muthusamy
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bharathi Selvaganesh
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Sivarajasekar
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Selvaraju Sivamani
- Chemical Engineering Section, Engineering Department, Salalah College of Technology, Salalah, Oman.
| | - Nallusamy Sivakumar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - J Prakash Maran
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Periyar University, Salem. India.
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Liang H, Yu Z, Wang B, Ndayisenga F, Liu R, Zhang H, Wu G. Synergistic Application of Molecular Markers and Community-Based Microbial Source Tracking Methods for Identification of Fecal Pollution in River Water During Dry and Wet Seasons. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660368. [PMID: 34194406 PMCID: PMC8236858 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to track fecal sources from humans and animals that negatively influence the water quality of rural rivers and human health. In this study, microbial source tracking (MST) methods using molecular markers and the community-based FEAST (fast expectation–maximization microbial source tracking) program were synergistically applied to distinguish the fecal contributions of multiple sources in a rural river located in Beijing, China. The performance of eight markers were evaluated using 133 fecal samples based on real-time quantitative (qPCR) technique. Among them, six markers, including universal (BacUni), human-associated (HF183-1 and BacH), swine-associated (Pig-2-Bac), ruminant-associated (Rum-2-Bac), and avian-associated (AV4143) markers, performed well in the study. A total of 96 water samples from the river and outfalls showed a coordinated composition of fecal pollution, which revealed that outfall water might be a potential input of the Fsq River. In the FEAST program, bacterial 16S rRNA genes of 58 fecal and 12 water samples were sequenced to build the “source” library and “sink,” respectively. The relative contribution (<4.01% of sequence reads) of each source (i.e., human, swine, bovine, or sheep) was calculated based on simultaneous screening of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of sources and sinks, which indicated that community-based MST methods could be promising tools for identifying fecal sources from a more comprehensive perspective. Results of the qPCR assays indicated that fecal contamination from human was dominant during dry weather and that fecal sources from swine and ruminant were more prevalent in samples during the wet season than in those during the dry season, which were consistent with the findings predicted by the FEAST program using a very small sample size. Information from the study could be valuable for the development of improved regulation policies to reduce the levels of fecal contamination in rural rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,RCEES-IMCAS-UCAS Joint-Lab of Microbial Technology for Environmental Science, Beijing, China
| | - Bobo Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fabrice Ndayisenga
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Guo D, Thomas J, Lazaro AB, Matwewe F, Johnson F. Modelling the influence of short-term climate variability on drinking water quality in tropical developing countries: A case study in Tanzania. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142932. [PMID: 33268262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase the prevalence of water-borne diseases especially in developing countries. Climate-resilient drinking water supplies are critical to protect communities from faecal contamination and thus against increasing disease risks. However, no quantitative assessment exists for the impacts of short-term climate variability on faecal contamination at different drinking water sources in developing countries, while existing understanding remains largely conceptual. This critical gap limits the ability to predict drinking water quality under climate change or to recommend climate-resilient water sources for vulnerable communities. This study aims to provide such quantitative understanding by investigating the relationships between faecal contamination and short-term climate variability across different types of water sources. We collected a novel dataset with over 20 months' monitoring of weather, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliforms, at 233 different water sources in three climatically different regions in Tanzania. We then took a rigorous statistical analysis with Bayesian hierarchical models, to relate both contamination occurrence and amount to climate variability. The model results explained the temporal variability in drinking water faecal contamination using climate predictors, and also revealed the climate sensitivity of faecal contamination for individual water sources. We found that: a) short-term climate variability and baseline contamination levels can explain about half the observed variability in faecal contamination (R2 ≥ 0.44); b) increased contamination was most consistently related to recent heavy rainfall and high temperature across different water sources; c) unimproved water sources such as the unprotected dug wells have substantially higher climate sensitivity. Based on these results, we can expect substantial increases in drinking water contamination risks across tropical Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asian developing countries under a warmer climate, which highlight the urgent need of protecting vulnerable communities from the severe climate impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlu Guo
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Thomas
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, Australia.
| | | | | | - Fiona Johnson
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Srikullabutr S, Sattasathuchana P, Kerdsin A, Thengchaisri N. Prevalence of coliform bacterial contamination in cat drinking water in households in Thailand. Vet World 2021; 14:721-726. [PMID: 33935418 PMCID: PMC8076466 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.721-726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Bacterial contamination of drinking water is a leading cause of gastrointestinal infections. Cats may be at risk of water contamination from feces due to poor sanitation and hygiene. The objectives of the present study were to (1) evaluate the prevalence of coliform bacteria in cat drinking water and (2) identify possible risk factors leading to contamination. Materials and Methods Fifty-five drinking water samples were collected from water containers used by cats (median age [range]: 5 years [8 months-15 years]) at their home. Using a sterile syringe, 50 mL water was collected directly from water containers. The water samples were stored in coliform enhancement media for 24 h and then submitted for bacterial culture. Results The prevalence of fecal coliform contamination of cat drinking water was 67.27% (37/55; 95% confidence interval: 53.29-79.32%). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of coliform bacterial contamination of drinking water by age or gender of the cat or by water container type. However, bacterial contamination differed significantly between shorthaired cats and longhaired cats when comparing Escherichia coli (9/44 [20.45%] vs. 8/11 [72.72%], p<0.001) and Enterobacter spp. (16/44 [36.36%] vs. 9/11 [81.82%], p=0.007). For water that had been in a container longer than 12 h, there were significantly more contaminated tap water samples (16/19 [84.21%]) than contaminated processed water samples (9/17 [52.94%], p=0.047). Conclusion Coliform contamination in cat drinking water is common and occurs more often in households with longhaired cats. Drinking water for cats should be changed every 12 h, especially for households using tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttiporn Srikullabutr
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panpicha Sattasathuchana
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Cronk R, Guo A, Fleming L, Bartram J. Factors associated with water quality, sanitation, and hygiene in rural schools in 14 low- and middle-income countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:144226. [PMID: 33360548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Improving access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) and menstrual hygiene management (MHM) in schools is important to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 6. Inadequate WaSH and MHM in schools adversely affect student health and educational performance, as well as teacher satisfaction. However, there is little evidence describing factors associated with WaSH services and MHM in schools. We conducted 2690 surveys and collected 1946 water samples at randomly selected schools in rural areas of 14 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We developed multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models to identify factors associated with basic water services, water quality, basic sanitation facilities, basic handwashing facilities, and availability of MHM materials. We found that 51% of schools had at least a basic, on-premises water service. Twenty-eight percent of schools had at least basic sanitation services, 12% had at least a basic handwashing facility, and 26% had MHM materials available. Four percent of schools had all basic WaSH services. Half (52%) of schools had drinking water compliant with the WHO guideline value for E. coli. In regression models, we found that schools that did not share their water point with a community, had a parent-teacher association that supported WaSH, or had support from an external WaSH program were more likely to have access to basic, continuous, on-premises water service versus worse access. Schools with an on-premises water point, water available on the day of survey, a health club, or handwashing stations near toilets were more likely to have a basic sanitation service versus a lower service. Schools with limited or basic sanitation, health clubs, an MHM curriculum, a designated MHM focal person, or school funds for WaSH were more likely to have MHM materials. We conclude that improved institutional management and external support, accountability mechanisms, and enhanced training and hygiene curriculum will support sustained WaSH service delivery in schools in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Cronk
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; ICF, 2635 Meridian Pkwy Suite 200, Durham, NC 27713, United States.
| | - Amy Guo
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Lisa Fleming
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jamie Bartram
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
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Swelum AA, Elbestawy AR, El-Saadony MT, Hussein EOS, Alhotan R, Suliman GM, Taha AE, Ba-Awadh H, El-Tarabily KA, Abd El-Hack ME. Ways to minimize bacterial infections, with special reference to Escherichia coli, to cope with the first-week mortality in chicks: an updated overview. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101039. [PMID: 33752065 PMCID: PMC8010699 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
On the commercial level, the poultry industry strives to find new techniques to combat bird's infection. During the first week, mortality rate increases in birds because of several bacterial infections of about ten bacterial species, especially colisepticemia. This affects the flock production, uniformity, and suitability for slaughter because of chronic infections. Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes various disease syndromes in poultry, including yolk sac infection (omphalitis), respiratory tract infection, and septicemia. The E. coli infections in the neonatal poultry are being characterized by septicemia. The acute septicemia may cause death, while the subacute form could be characterized through pericarditis, airsacculitis, and perihepatitis. Many E. coli isolates are commonly isolated from commercial broiler chickens as serogroups O1, O2, and O78. Although prophylactic antibiotics were used to control mortality associated with bacterial infections of neonatal poultry in the past, the commercial poultry industry is searching for alternatives. This is because of the consumer's demand for reduced antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Despite the vast and rapid development in vaccine technologies against common chicken infectious diseases, no antibiotic alternatives are commercially available to prevent bacterial infections of neonatal chicks. Recent research confirmed the utility of probiotics to improve the health of neonatal poultry. However, probiotics were not efficacious to minimize death and clinical signs associated with neonatal chicks' bacterial infections. This review focuses on the causes of the increased mortality in broiler chicks during the first week of age and the methods used to minimize death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Poultry and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El Beheira 22511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Elsayed O S Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin M Suliman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22578, Egypt
| | - Hani Ba-Awadh
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Saha A, Moray KV, Devadason D, Samuel B, Daniel SE, Lalthazuali, Peter JV, Jamshed J, Harigovind MR, Manne MR, Evangeline PA, Alexander RS, Issaac R, Kumar SJ, Roy S, Chaudhuri S, Mohan VR. Water quality, sanitation, and hygiene among the tribal community residing in Jawadhi hills, Tamilnadu: An observational study from Southern India. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 9:5711-5718. [PMID: 33532419 PMCID: PMC7842438 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1519_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practice among the tribal population of Tamil Nadu, India and to determine the physiochemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water at the principal source and at the households along with the household-level determinants of WASH practices. Methods: A door-to-door survey was conducted in 150 households, distributed across six villages of Jawadhi hills, a tribal area in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected from the principal sources and a subset of households for assessing water quality. A composite scoring was formulated to determine the overall WASH practices. Results: Overall, a poor WASH score (≤4) was found in 103 (68.7%; 95% CI: 60.7, 75.6) households. The majority (96.7%) of the household water samples showed the presence of fecal coliforms. Poor WASH score was uniformly distributed across the villages. Low per capita income (≤1000 INR) was strongly associated with the poor WASH score (Adjusted OR 2.4; 95% CI: 1.04, 5.7). The per capita income had a strong negative association with the high fecal coliform count (Adjusted OR 5.07; 95% CI: 1.08, 23.74). Conclusions: We conclude that WASH-related practices among the tribal population of Tamil Nadu is not acceptable. The lack of administrative function and poor economic conditions are the likely causes attributed to the poor WASH conditions and drinking water quality. Urgent action from the stakeholders is the need of the hour to improve the water quality and living standards of such marginalized populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunava Saha
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Kusum V Moray
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Daniel Devadason
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Barnabas Samuel
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Lalthazuali
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Joel Vasanth Peter
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jubin Jamshed
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - M R Harigovind
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | | | - Ruby Issaac
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Senthil J Kumar
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sheela Roy
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Dongzagla A, Jewitt S, O'Hara S. Seasonality in faecal contamination of drinking water sources in the Jirapa and Kassena-Nankana Municipalities of Ghana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141846. [PMID: 32892045 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines seasonal variations in faecal contamination of drinking water sources in the Jirapa and Kassena-Nankana Municipalities of Ghana. Data collection involved a survey of 568 households, testing of faecal coliform concentrations in drinking water source samples (141 in the rainy season, 128 in the dry season), in-depth interviews with key water stakeholders, and field observation to identify sources of faecal contamination. From the water quality testing, faecal coliforms were detected in all source types, including 'treated' pipe-borne water. Contamination was significantly higher in the rainy season than in the dry season (P < 0.05) with 51.8% of water samples in the rainy season and 27.3% in the dry season failing to meet the World Health Organisation and Ghana Standard Authority guideline on faecal coliform concentrations in drinking water sources. The proportion of population at risk of faecal contamination in the rainy season was 41.5% compared to 33.1% in the dry season. We argue that in Ghana and Sub-Saharan Africa at large, water surveillance agencies risk underestimating population exposed to faecal contamination through drinking water sources if monitoring is only done in the dry season. To avoid this, we recommend seasonal monitoring of faecal concentration in drinking water sources. However, in periods of limited resources, monitoring is most appropriate in the rainy season when the risk of contamination is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Dongzagla
- Department of Planning, Faculty of Planning and Land Management, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.
| | - Sarah Jewitt
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah O'Hara
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom. sarah.o'
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41
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Otaki Y, Otaki M, Chaminda T, Kishimoto Y, Nakazawa Y, Gimhana K. Hygiene risk of waterborne pathogenic viruses in rural communities using onsite sanitation systems and shallow dug wells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141775. [PMID: 32890827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the hygienic influence of onsite sanitation systems (OSSs) on drinking water wells in rural Sri Lanka by determining the safe setback distance between wells and the management of OSSs. Although previous studies have used bacterial indicators such as E. coli to evaluate the OSS impact, these parameters cannot assess the hygiene risk for waterborne pathogenic viruses (e.g. rotaviruses). Therefore, pepper mild mottle virus was selected as an indicator of human-specific faecal virus contamination. From a viral perspective, not only can the horizontal distance between a well and the nearest OSS reasonably represent hygiene safety, but the OSS sludge management can mitigate the contamination of wells even at short distances from the OSSs. Quantitative microbial risk assessment suggests that the infection risk of rotavirus was extremely high compared to the international standard. As proper management of OSSs would be key to reducing viral risk, it is necessary to reach out to the residents who are unaware of the importance and necessity of such management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurina Otaki
- Hitotsubashi University, 2-1 Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Otaki
- Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tushara Chaminda
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Hapugala, Galle, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Yue Nakazawa
- Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kasun Gimhana
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Hapugala, Galle, Sri Lanka
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42
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Ward JST, Lapworth DJ, Read DS, Pedley S, Banda ST, Monjerezi M, Gwengweya G, MacDonald AM. Tryptophan-like fluorescence as a high-level screening tool for detecting microbial contamination in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141284. [PMID: 33182170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regular monitoring of drinking water quality is vital to identify contamination of potable water supplies. Testing for microbial contamination is important to prevent transmission of waterborne disease, but establishing and maintaining a water quality monitoring programme requires sustained labour, consumables and resources. In low resource settings such as developing countries, this can prove difficult, but measuring microbial contamination is listed as a requirement of reaching the UN's Sustainable Development Goal 6 for water and sanitation. A nine-month water quality monitoring programme was conducted in rural Malawi to assess the suitability of tryptophan-like fluorescence (TLF), an emerging method for rapidly detecting microbial contamination, as a drinking water quality monitoring tool. TLF data was compared with thermotolerant coliforms (TTCs, E. coli) and inorganic hydrochemical parameters. A large (n = 235) temporal dataset was collected from five groundwater drinking water sources, with samples collected once or twice weekly depending on the season. The results show that TLF can indicate a broader contamination risk but is not as sensitive to short term variability when compared to other faecal indicators. This is likely due to a broad association of TLF with elevated DOC concentrations from a range of different sources. Elevated TLF may indicate preferential conditions for the persistence of TTCs and/or E. coli, but not necessarily a public health risk from microbial contamination. TLF is therefore a more precautionary risk indicator than microbial culturing techniques and could prove useful as a high-level screening tool for initial risk assessment. For widespread use of TLF to be successful, standardisation of TLF values associated with different levels of risk is required, however, this study highlights the difficulties of equating TLF thresholds to TTCs or E. coli data because of the influence of DOC/HLF on the TLF signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade S T Ward
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire NG12 5GG, UK; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| | | | - Daniel S Read
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Steve Pedley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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43
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Accounting for drinking water quality in measuring multidimensional poverty in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243921. [PMID: 33320919 PMCID: PMC7737968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Multidimensional Poverty Index is used increasingly to measure poverty in developing countries. The index is constructed using selected indicators that cover health, education, and living standards dimensions. The accuracy of this tool, however, depends on how each indicator is measured. This study explores the effect of accounting for water quality in multidimensional poverty measurement. Access to drinking water is traditionally measured by water source types. The study uses a more comprehensive measure, access to safely managed drinking water services, which are free from E. coli contamination, available when needed and accessible on premises in line with Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1. The study finds that the new measure increases national multidimensional headcount poverty by 5-13 percentage points, which would mean that 5-13 million more people are multidimensionally poor. It also increases the poverty level in urban areas to a greater extent than in rural areas. The finding is robust to changes in water contamination risk levels and Multidimensional Poverty Index aggregation approaches and weighting structures.
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Acharya K, Halla FF, Massawa SM, Mgana SM, Komar T, Davenport RJ, Werner D. Chlorination effects on DNA based characterization of water microbiomes and implications for the interpretation of data from disinfected systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 276:111319. [PMID: 32889498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and next generation sequencing (NGS) are nucleic acid based microbiology techniques that provide new insights into drinking water quality, but considerable uncertainty remains around their correct interpretation. We noticed the presence of bacterial DNA from various putative pathogens, including from faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), in disinfected water, when culturable FIB were absent. To understand these observations better we studied the effect of chlorination on conventional and DNA based microbial water quality assessments. Surface water chlorination reduced plate counts for various FIB by up to >6 log units, intact cell counts by flow cytometry by 3.3 log units, and 16S rRNA gene copies by qPCR by 1.5 and 1.6 log units for total bacteria and total coliforms, respectively. Nanopore sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons with the portable MinION device revealed the DNA from several families containing putative pathogens appeared to be more resistant than that of other bacteria to degradation by chlorine disinfection. For instance, 16S rRNA genes assigned to the Enterobacteriaceae family, members of which are mostly the target of coliform tests, increased in relative abundance from 0.001 ± 0.0002% to 0.0036 ± 0.003% after chlorine treatment. Hence, metagenomic drinking water data needs to be interpreted with caution. Plate counts and flow cytometry in combination with DNA based analysis provide more robust insight than NGS or qPCR alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Acharya
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - Franella Francos Halla
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Ardhi University, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Maneno Massawa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Ardhi University, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Shaaban Mrisho Mgana
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Ardhi University, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tom Komar
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Russell J Davenport
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - David Werner
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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Cohen A, Pillarisetti A, Luo Q, Zhang Q, Li H, Zhong G, Zhu G, Colford JM, Smith KR, Ray I, Tao Y. Boiled or Bottled: Regional and Seasonal Exposures to Drinking Water Contamination and Household Air Pollution in Rural China. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:127002. [PMID: 33275452 PMCID: PMC7717838 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate access to safe drinking water remains a global health problem, particularly in rural areas. Boiling is the most commonly used form of point-of-use household water treatment (HWT) globally, although the use of bottled water in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is increasing rapidly. OBJECTIVES We assessed the regional and seasonal prevalence of HWT practices (including bottled water use) in low-income rural areas in two Chinese provinces, evaluated the microbiological safety of drinking water and associated health outcomes, and estimated the air pollution burden associated with the use of solid fuels for boiling. METHODS We conducted cross-sectional surveys and collected drinking water samples from 1,033 rural households in Guangxi and Henan provinces. Temperature sensors affixed to pots and electric kettles were used to corroborate self-reported boiling frequencies and durations, which were used to model household air pollution (HAP) in terms of estimated particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μ m in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) concentrations. RESULTS Based on summer data collection in both provinces, after controlling for covariates, boiling with electric kettles was associated with the largest log reduction in thermotolerant coliforms (TTCs) (- 0.66 log 10 TTC most probable number/ 100 mL ), followed by boiling with pots (- 0.58 ), and bottled water use (- 0.39 ); all were statistically significant (p < 0.001 ). Boiling with electric kettles was associated with a reduced risk of TTC contamination [risk ratio ( RR ) = 0.25 , p < 0.001 ] and reported diarrhea (RR = 0.80 , p = 0.672 ). TTCs were detected in 51% (n = 136 ) of bottled water samples. For households boiling with biomass, modeled PM 2.5 concentrations averaged 79 μ g / m 3 (standard deviation = 21 ). DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that where boiling is already common and electricity access is widespread, the promotion of electricity-based boiling may represent a pragmatic stop-gap means of expanding safe water access until centralized, or decentralized, treated drinking water is available; displacing biomass use for water boiling could also reduce HAP concentrations and exposures. Our results also highlight the risks of increasing bottled water use in rural areas, and its potential to displace other sources of safe drinking water, which could in turn hamper efforts in China and other LMICs toward universal and affordable safe water access. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Cohen
- Public Health Program, Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Qing Luo
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Hongxing Li
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Gemei Zhong
- Guangxi CDC, Nanning, Guangxi Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Henan CDC, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - John M. Colford
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kirk R. Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Isha Ray
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Berkeley Water Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yong Tao
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
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46
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Price HD, Adams EA, Nkwanda PD, Mkandawire TW, Quilliam RS. Daily changes in household water access and quality in urban slums undermine global safe water monitoring programmes. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 231:113632. [PMID: 33202361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Global drinking water monitoring programmes and studies on water quality in urban slums often overlook short-term temporal changes in water quality and health risks. The aim of this study was to quantify daily changes in household water access and quality in an urban slum in Malawi using a mixed-method approach. Household drinking water samples (n = 371) were collected and monitored for E. coli in tandem with a water access questionnaire (n = 481). E. coli concentrations in household drinking water changed daily, and no household had drinking water that was completely safe to drink every day. Seasonal changes in drinking water availability, intermittent supply, limited opening hours, and frequent breakdown of public water points contributed to poor access. Households relied on multiple water sources and regularly switched between sources to meet daily water needs. There were generally similar E. coli levels in water samples considered safe and unsafe by residents. This study provides the first empirical evidence that water quality, water access, and related health risks in urban slums change at much finer (daily) temporal scales than is conventionally monitored and reported globally. Our findings underscore that to advance progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 6.1, it is necessary for global water monitoring initiatives to consider short-term changes in access and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Price
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Ellis A Adams
- Keough School of Global Affairs, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
| | - Peter D Nkwanda
- University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, P/Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | | | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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47
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Nguyen KH, Operario DJ, Nyathi ME, Hill CL, Smith JA, Guerrant RL, Samie A, Dillingham RA, Bessong PO, Rogawski McQuade ET. Seasonality of drinking water sources and the impact of drinking water source on enteric infections among children in Limpopo, South Africa. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 231:113640. [PMID: 33115698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteric infections and water-related illnesses are more frequent during times of relative water abundance, especially in regions that experience bimodal rainfall patterns. However, it is unclear how seasonal changes in water availability and drinking water source types affect enteric infections in young children. This study investigated seasonal shifts in primary drinking water source type and the effect of water source type on enteric pathogen prevalence in stool samples from 404 children below age 5 in rural communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa. From wet to dry season, 4.6% (n = 16) of households switched from a source with a higher risk of contamination to a source with lower risk, with the majority switching to municipal water during the dry season. In contrast, 2.6% (n = 9) of households switched from a source with a lower risk of contamination to a source with higher risk. 74.5% (n = 301) of the total households experienced interruptions in their water supply, regardless of source type. There were no significant differences in enteric pathogen prevalence between drinking water sources. Intermittent municipal water distribution and household water use and storage practices may have a larger impact on enteric infections than water source type. The limited differences in enteric pathogen prevalence in children by water source could also be due to other exposure pathways in addition to drinking water, for example through direct contact and food-borne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy H Nguyen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Darwin J Operario
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mzwakhe E Nyathi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Limpopo Province, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Courtney L Hill
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - James A Smith
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Amidou Samie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Limpopo Province, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Rebecca A Dillingham
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Pascal O Bessong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Limpopo Province, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth T Rogawski McQuade
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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48
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Rowles Iii LS, Hossain AI, Ramirez I, Durst NJ, Ward PM, Kirisits MJ, Araiza I, Lawler DF, Saleh NB. Seasonal contamination of well-water in flood-prone colonias and other unincorporated U.S. communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140111. [PMID: 32562995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many of the six million residents of unincorporated communities in the United States depend on well-water to meet their needs. One group of unincorporated communities is the colonias, located primarily in several southwestern U.S. states. Texas is home to the largest number of these self-built communities, of mostly low-income families, lacking basic infrastructure. While some states have regulations that mandate minimum infrastructure for these communities, water and sewage systems are still lacking for many of their residents. Unprotected wells and self-built septic/cesspool systems serve as the primary infrastructure for many such colonias. This research was designed to probe how wells and septic/cesspool systems are influenced by heavy rainfall events. Such events are hypothesized to impact water quality with regard to human health. Inorganic and microbiological water quality of the wells in nine colonias located in Nueces County, Texas, were evaluated during dry and wet periods. Nueces County was selected as an example based on its flooding history and the fact that many colonias there depend entirely on well-water and septic/cesspool systems. The results demonstrate that well-water quality in these communities varies seasonally with respect to arsenic (up to 35 μg/L) and bacterial contamination (Escherichia coli), dependent on the amount of rainfall, which leaves this population vulnerable to health risks during both wet and dry periods. Microbial community analyses were also conducted on selected samples. To explore similar seasonal contamination of well-water, an analysis of unincorporated communities, flooding frequency, and arsenic contamination in wells was conducted by county throughout the United States. This nationwide analysis indicates that unincorporated communities elsewhere in the United States are likely experiencing comparable challenges for potable water access because of a confluence of socioeconomic, infrastructural, and policy realities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Stetson Rowles Iii
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Areeb I Hossain
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Isac Ramirez
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Noah J Durst
- School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Peter M Ward
- The Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Mary Jo Kirisits
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Isabel Araiza
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States of America
| | - Desmond F Lawler
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Navid B Saleh
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America.
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49
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Goddard FB, Ban R, Barr DB, Brown J, Cannon J, Colford JM, Eisenberg JNS, Ercumen A, Petach H, Freeman MC, Levy K, Luby SP, Moe C, Pickering AJ, Sarnat JA, Stewart J, Thomas E, Taniuchi M, Clasen T. Measuring Environmental Exposure to Enteric Pathogens in Low-Income Settings: Review and Recommendations of an Interdisciplinary Working Group. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11673-11691. [PMID: 32813503 PMCID: PMC7547864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with enteric pathogens impose a heavy disease burden, especially among young children in low-income countries. Recent findings from randomized controlled trials of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions have raised questions about current methods for assessing environmental exposure to enteric pathogens. Approaches for estimating sources and doses of exposure suffer from a number of shortcomings, including reliance on imperfect indicators of fecal contamination instead of actual pathogens and estimating exposure indirectly from imprecise measurements of pathogens in the environment and human interaction therewith. These shortcomings limit the potential for effective surveillance of exposures, identification of important sources and modes of transmission, and evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. In this review, we summarize current and emerging approaches used to characterize enteric pathogen hazards in different environmental media as well as human interaction with those media (external measures of exposure), and review methods that measure human infection with enteric pathogens as a proxy for past exposure (internal measures of exposure). We draw from lessons learned in other areas of environmental health to highlight how external and internal measures of exposure can be used to more comprehensively assess exposure. We conclude by recommending strategies for advancing enteric pathogen exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick
G. B. Goddard
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Radu Ban
- Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joe Brown
- School of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jennifer Cannon
- Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia 30308, United States
| | - John M. Colford
- Division
of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joseph N. S. Eisenberg
- Department
of Epidemiology, University of Michigan
School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Department
of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Helen Petach
- U.S. Agency
for International Development, Washington, DC 20004, United States
| | - Matthew C. Freeman
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Karen Levy
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Division
of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305, United States
| | - Christine Moe
- Center
for
Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public
Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Amy J. Pickering
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jeremy A. Sarnat
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jill Stewart
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Evan Thomas
- Mortenson
Center in Global Engineering, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division
of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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50
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Are There Seasonal Variations in Faecal Contamination of Exposure Pathways? An Assessment in a Low-Income Settlement in Uganda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176355. [PMID: 32882804 PMCID: PMC7503969 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sanitation infrastructure are not able to cope with the increasing population in low-income countries, which leaves populations exposed to faecal contamination from multiple pathways. This study evaluated public health risk (using SaniPath) in a low-income community during the dry season, to identify the dominant exposure pathways, and compare this data to existing data for the rainy season, questioning the assumption that risk of faecal contamination is higher in the rainy season. SaniPath was used to collect and assess exposure and environmental data, and to generate risk profiles for each pathway. In the dry season the highest exposure frequency was for bathing and street food, exposure frequency generally increased, and seasonal variation was found in five pathways. The highest hazards in the dry season were through contact with drains, soil, and street food. Seasonal variation was found in the contamination of open drains and street food, with higher levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the dry season. Open drains were identified as the most dominant risk pathway in both seasons, but risk was higher in the dry season. This highlights the complex nature of seasonal variation of faecal risk, and questions the assumption that risk is higher in the rainy season.
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