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Wang S, Su Y, Cheng M, Wang Q, Wu X, Wang Y, Sun F, Wang R, Ji R. Fate of bisphenol A (BPA) in a flooded soil-rice system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132177. [PMID: 37531761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 14C-tracers were used to investigate the fate of BPA in flooded soil with or without rice plants during a complete growing period. In flooded soil, the dissipation of BPA (half-life 14.8 d) was accompanied by its mineralization (8.4% of the initially applied radioactivity) and the formation of non-extractable residues (NERs) in amounts (79.5%) similar to that formed under oxic conditions. The growth of rice significantly accelerated the dissipation of BPA in flooded soil, resulting in a reduction in both the half-life (5.6 d) and the amount of NERs (35.8%). Two non-polar metabolites were detected both in unplanted and in rice-planted soil. At rice harvest, 57.1% of the radioactivity had accumulated in rice plants, mainly as NERs (54.2%) rather than as extractable radioactivity (2.7%), and mainly in roots (34.5 ± 1.4%), stems (9.4 ± 1.1%), and leaves (8.8 ± 0.6%), with trace amounts in seeds (3.6 ± 0.3%) and seed shells (0.7 ± 0.05%). Our study thus demonstrates that the oxic-anoxic interface stimulates the dissipation of BPA in flooded soil. The link between the releasing of NERs in flooded soil and the uptake of BPA metabolites by rice should be considered in environmental risk assessments of agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songfeng Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yu Su
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Miaomiao Cheng
- Center for Sustainable Farming System, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Qilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ren Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China
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Zhang S, Liu J, Hou X, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Jiang G. Sensitive method for simultaneous determination of TBBPA and its ten derivatives. Talanta 2023; 264:124750. [PMID: 37290335 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives are regarded as new contaminants, raising much attention on their environmental occurrence and fates. However, the sensitive detection of TBBPA and its main derivatives is still a great challenge. This study investigated a sensitive method for simultaneous detection of TBBPA and its ten derivatives using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The method exhibited much better performance than previously reported methods. Furthermore, it was successfully applied in determining complicated environmental samples, including sewage sludge, river water and vegetable samples with concentration range from undetected (n.d.) to 25.8 ng g-1 dry weight (dw). For sewage sludge, river water and vegetable samples, the spiking recoveries of TBBPA and its derivatives ranged from 69.6 ± 7.0% to 86.1 ± 12.9%, 69.5 ± 13.9% to 87.5 ± 6.6%, and 68.2 ± 5.6% to 80.2 ± 8.3%, respectively; the accuracy ranged from 94.9 ± 4.6% to 113 ± 5%, 91.9 ± 10.9% to 112 ± 7%, and 92.1 ± 5.1% to 106 ± 6%, and the method quantitative limits ranged from 0.00801 to 0.224 ng g-1 dw, 0.0104-0.253 ng L-1, and 0.00524-0.152 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Moreover, the present manuscript describes for the first time the simultaneous detection of TBBPA and ten derivatives from various environmental samples, providing fundamental work for further research on their environmental occurrences, behaviors and fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanao Zhu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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Cheng X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang S, Ye Q. Fate of the neonicotinoid insecticide cycloxaprid in different soils under oxic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153448. [PMID: 35093364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are the most widely used pesticides worldwide due to their high toxicity to invertebrates. However, these compounds also increase the probability of environmental contamination. Cycloxaprid (CYC) is a promising neonicotinoid due to its insecticidal effectiveness and low cross resistance, but little is known about its fate in soils. Using radioisotope tracing techniques, the fate of 14C-labeled CYC enantiomers and racemic mixtures in aerobic soil was investigated in this research. After 100 d of incubation, the extractable residue (ER) of CYC decreased from 89.6% to 36.4% in red clay soil, from 46.1% to 10.1% in yellow loam soil, and from 93.2% to 12.2% in coastal saline soil. The radioactivity was substantially lower in methanol than in the other two solvents, but the distribution of CYC ER in various solvents across the three soils dramatically differed. The fraction of radioactive CYC that diffused into bound residue (BR) in the three soils increased over time to 56.8-83.0%. The variability in BR was influenced by soil properties such as organic matter concentration, pH, and residual microbial activity. Among the soils, yellow loam soil had the greatest tendency (53.0-83.0%) to form BR, while red clay soil showed the lowest capacity (7.5-61.2%). Cumulative mineralization (MI) to 14CO2 accounted for 0.12-0.23%, 6.69-7.31% and 14.82-20.06% in acidic soil, neutral soil and alkaline soil, respectively, which suggests that the environmental fate of chiral pesticides may be influenced by soil pH. No stereoselective behavior was detected in this study. These findings provide a framework to assess the environmental impact and ecological safety of CYC application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Hanxue Zhang
- Shanghai Qizhen Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, 659 Maoyuan Rd, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Hangzhou Botanical Garden, Hangzhou 310013, PR China.
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Liu Y, Li J, Guo R, Ji R, Chen J. Influence of Tubificidae Limnodrilus and electron acceptors on the environmental fate of BDE-47 in sediments by (14)C-labelling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117737. [PMID: 34246999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) was difficult to degrade in sediments. In this study, the environmental behavior of BDE-47 with/without the effect of benthos (Tubificidae Limnodrilus) and electron acceptors in sediments was investigated using C-14 tracer. Generally, extractable residues of BDE-47 were dominant in sediment and posed high environment risk. The amount of non-extractable residues (NERs) accounted for 39.0% of initial radioactivity in oxic sediments was significantly higher than those in anoxic sediments (17.6%). Most of NERs were localized in the humin fraction and presented as sequestrated forms. Under oxic conditions, the present of Limnodrilus significantly increased the proportion of NERs in sediment. Limnodrilus accumulated 34.2% of initial radioactivity. Under anoxic conditions, the addition of iron (Ⅲ) [Fe(III)], sulfate and nitrate reduced the environmental risk of BDE-47 with the increase of NERs formation, while manganese (IV) [Mn(IV)] addition had no effect on the formation of NERs. The present of Limnodrilus and electron acceptors promoted the production of metabolites. Meanwhile, BDE-47 changed the microbial community structure of sediments. These findings indicated that the environmental behavior and risk of BDE-47 was affected by benthos and electron acceptors, and the high proportion of sequestrated NERs posed high bioactivity and toxic threat to ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinrong Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Jia W, Ye Q, Shen D, Yu K, Zheng Y, Liu M, Jiang J, Wang W. Enhanced mineralization of chlorpyrifos bound residues in soil through inoculation of two synergistic degrading strains. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125116. [PMID: 33540267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioaugmentation methods are frequently employed for pesticide pollution remediation; however, it is not clear whether the introduced bacteria affect the pesticide bound residue (BRs) composition and whether the BRs can be catabolized by the introduced strains. This study aimed at answering these questions by using 14C-chlorpyrifos (14C-CPF) and two CPF-degrading strains (Pseudomonas sp. DSP-1 and Cupriavidus sp. P2). The results showed that the BRs can be up to 83.0%, and that the CPF-BRs formed can be further transformed into 14CO2 by the strains. Indeed, the microbial inoculation can increase the CPF mineralization by 1.0-22.1 times and can decrease the BRs by up to ~50% of the control (on day 20). Compared with the control without bioaugmentation, microbial inoculation enhanced the release of BRs by 2.2-18.0 times. Adding biochar to the soil can greatly inhibit CPF mineralization and maintain the BR content at a relatively stable level. The CPF residue can affect the composition of the indigenous soil microbial community, but the introduction of bacteria for remediation did not have a significant effect. The results indicate that Pseudomonas sp. DSP-1 and Cupriavidus sp. P2 are useful for remediating both CPF extractable and bound residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Jia
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dahang Shen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaixiang Yu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaoying Zheng
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengdi Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Claßen D, Ackermann J, Schaeffer A. Fate and behavior of 14C-labelled ionic compounds in a soil simulation test. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144970. [PMID: 33736300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of an ionic functional group on the fate and behavior of chemicals in the environment has so far not been systematically investigated. This study, therefore, examines the following three substances with high structural similarity but differing charge: non-charged 4-n-dodecylphenol[phenylring-14C(U)] (14C-DP), negatively charged 4-n-dodecylbenzenesulfonicacid[phenylring-14C(U)] sodium salt (14C-DS-) and positively charged 4-n-dodecylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride[phenylring-14C(U)] (14C-DA+). They were investigated in a soil simulation study according to the OECD 307 test guideline by measuring the distribution of the applied radioactivity (AR) among volatile, mineralized, extractable and non-extractable residues (NER) in one soil after 0, 1, 7, 14, 49, 84 and 124 days of incubation. Extractable portions of 14C were examined by means of radio-TLC and -HPLC analyses. Microbial activity of the soil incubated with and without 14C-DP, 14C-DS- and 14C-DA+ was determined measuring the reduction of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) over time. After 124 days of incubation highest mineralization could be observed for 14C-DS- (64.5% AR). Except CO2, no volatile residues were formed over time. Besides the parent compounds, polar (14C-DP, 14C-DS- and 14C-DA+) and nonpolar (14C-DA+) transformation products were detected. Highest amounts of 14C were extracted using methanol and were thus potentially bioavailable for soil microorganisms. Microbial activity was markedly higher in soil incubated with 14C-DP and 14C-DS- compared to 14C-DA+ or soil without any treatment. Half-lives (DT50 k2) at 18 °C were as follows: DA+ (61.8 days) > DS- (18.2 days) > DP (10.0 days). In case of the cationic compound and its transformation products we conclude that a higher sorption affinity to soil particles leads to reduced bioavailability for microorganisms and thus reduced mineralization resulting in a higher persistence compared to anionic and non-charged organic compounds in soil. The impact of our findings on the persistence assessment of chemicals when performing OECD guideline tests in soil, water-sediment and surface water is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Claßen
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; German Environment Agency (UBA), Section Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Juliane Ackermann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaeffer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Chongqing University, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing, China
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Wang S, Wu X, Guo R, Wang Q, Guo H, Corvini PFX, Sun F, Ji R. Long-Term Field Study on Fate, Transformation, and Vertical Transport of Tetrabromobisphenol A in Soil-Plant Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4607-4615. [PMID: 33734668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination with tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) has been an environmental concern for many years, but in situ studies of the fate and potential risk of TBBPA are lacking. In this study, we investigated the dissipation, metabolism, strong alkali-hydrolytic (SAH-TBBPA), and vertical movement of TBBPA in the field with and without rice-wheat rotation and reed growth for 1225 days. After 342 days of incubation, 21.3% of the TBBPA remained in the surface soil accompanied by obvious leaching to deeper soil layers in the first 92 days. By day 1225, TBBPA was nearly absent from the surface soil layer. A very low amount of SAH-TBBPA (2.31-3.43 mg/kg) was detected during the first 342 days of incubation. In the surface soil, five metabolites were identified that represented four interconnected pathways: oxidative skeletal cleavage, O-methylation, type II ipso-substitution, and reductive debromination. Both rice-wheat rotation and monocultural reed growth accelerated TBBPA removal in the field by stimulating the anaerobic debromination and aerobic O-methylation, especially the oxidative skeletal cleavage of TBBPA in the rhizosphere soil. Though far from comprehensive, our study investigated the natural attenuation and metabolism of TBBPA in situ and the influence by crops to estimate the environmental risk of TBBPA in a field scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshanmenwai Qianhuhoucun 1, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Zhonghe Road 100, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Philippe François-Xavier Corvini
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Zhonghe Road 100, Nanjing 210019, China
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz 4132, Switzerland
| | - Feifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, China
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Yao Y, Wang B, He Y, Wang L, Corvini PFX, Ji R. Fate of 4-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE3) in soil and the effects of co-existed copper. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114214. [PMID: 32220753 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil is unknown. Furthermore, the effects of co-contamination by toxic copper on the behavior of PBDEs have not been investigated. Using a 14C-tracer, we studied mineralization, metabolism, and formation of non-extractable residues (NERs) of one PBDE congener, i.e., the 4-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE3) in oxic soil for 50 days, without and with amendment of Cu (400 mg kg-1 soil dw). BDE3 rapidly dissipated with a half-life of 5.5 days and large amounts of CO2 (38.8 ± 0.3% of initial applied amount at the end of incubation) and NERs (42.5 ± 0.4%) were rapidly produced. One hydroxylated metabolite (4'-HO-BDE3) was formed (8.1 ± 0.6%) at the beginning of the incubation, but then decreased to 2.2 ± 0.4%. Only BDE3 occurred in physico-chemically entrapped NERs, amounting to 9.2 ± 0.7%, while only 4'-HO-BDE3 in ester-linked NERs (10.9 ± 0.7%). The addition of Cu strongly reduced the kinetics constants of the transformations (including dissipation, mineralization, and NER-formation), the predicted maximal amounts of mineralization, as well as covalent binding of 4'-HO-BDE3 to soil. The results provide first quantitative insights into the fate of low-brominated congeners of PBDEs in soil and indicate that co-contamination by Cu may increase the environmental risks of biodegradable PBDEs in soil by increasing their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Yujie He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lianhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Philippe F-X Corvini
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, CH, 4132, Switzerland
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Lin XQ, Li ZL, Zhu YY, Chen F, Liang B, Nan J, Wang AJ. Palladium/iron nanoparticles stimulate tetrabromobisphenol a microbial reductive debromination and further mineralization in sediment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105353. [PMID: 31830727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) has aroused serious pollution in surface sediment. To date, whether and how iron-based nanoparticles could stimulate TBBPA in situ anaerobic biodegradation in sediment remains poorly understood. In this study, the distinctly enhanced TBBPA degradation activity with the rate constant k improved 4.7 times by fed with Pd/Fe nanoparticles (0.412 g L-1 dosage, 0.5 wt% Pd loading) was observed. TBBPA degradation first went through reductive dehalogenation with bisphenol A (BPA) as the metabolites, and after the addition of Pd/Fe nanoparticles, BPA was further degraded to 4-(allene)phenol and 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid via UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis, suggesting the complete detoxification potential. By the addition of Pd/Fe nanoparticles, the large amount of H2 production (560 times higher) and the significant inhibition of methane generation facilitated the metabolism of potential reductive dehalogenators (Desulfovibrio, Clostridium, etc.), demonstrated by their increased ecological abundance and the tighter cooperative interrelations between each other. Meanwhile, the addition of Pd/Fe nanoparticles largely promoted the ecological abundance of Fe(III) reducing and aromatics degrading bacteria (Bacillus, Cryptanaerobacter, etc.), resulting in BPA further degradation. The bacterial ecological network further revealed that the potential BPA degrading bacteria shared the more positive interactions with the potential dehalogenators in the presence of Pd/Fe nanoparticles. The study firstly revealed the addition of Pd/Fe nanoparticles obviously enhanced the respiratory metabolic activities and cooperative interrelations of reductive dehalogenators and BPA degraders, which gives suggestions for in situ remediation and detoxification of BFRs in contaminated sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090 China
| | - Zhi-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090 China.
| | - Ying-Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090 China
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090 China
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090 China
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090 China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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10
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Wang S, Ling X, Wu X, Wang L, Li G, Corvini PFX, Sun F, Ji R. Release of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)-derived non-extractable residues in oxic soil and the effects of the TBBPA-degrading bacterium Ochrobactrum sp. strain T. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 378:120666. [PMID: 31202065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) forms large amount of non-extractable residues (NER) in soil. However, the stability of TBBPA-NER with TBBPA degrader in soil had not been determined. In this study, a 14C-tracer was used to follow the release and alteration of TBBPA-derived NER during 214 days of incubation in oxic soil and in the presence or absence of the TBBPA-degrading bacterium Ochrobatrum sp. strain T. In the absence of strain T, 1.89% of the TBBPA and its metabolites were slowly released from the NER, with TBBPA as the predominant component, accompanied by 2.47% mineralization by day 91 of the incubation. The addition of active cells strongly stimulated the release and mineralization of NER (10.93% and 4.64%, respectively), reduced the amount of the ester-linked fraction, and transformed NER from humin-bound to HA-bound forms. Cells added to the soil in sterilized form had much smaller effects on the stability and internal alterations of NER. Among the ester-linked compounds, 47.4% consisted of TBBPA; two metabolites were so detected. These results provide new information on the stability and internal transformation of TBBPA-NER in soil during its long-term incubation and underlines the importance of microbial TBBPA degraders in determining the composition of NER in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qianhuhoucun 1 Zhongshanmen Wai, 210014, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Philippe François-Xavier Corvini
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023, Nanjing, China; Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, CH, 4132, Switzerland
| | - Feifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023, Nanjing, China
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11
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Claßen D, Siedt M, Nguyen KT, Ackermann J, Schaeffer A. Formation, classification and identification of non-extractable residues of 14C-labelled ionic compounds in soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 232:164-170. [PMID: 31154176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The influence of an ionic functional group on the fate of chemicals in the environment, especially the formation of non-extractable residues (NER), has not been systematically investigated. Using 4-n-dodecylphenol[phenylring-14C(U)], 4-n-dodecylbenzenesulfonicacid[phenylring-14C(U)] sodiumsalt (14C-DS-) and 4-n-dodecylbenzyltrimethylammoniumchloride[phenylring-14C(U)] (14C-DA+) all with a high structural similarity, the formation, classification and identification of NER of negatively (14C-DS-), positively (14C-DA+) and uncharged (14C-DP) chemicals were investigated in a sterilized and non-sterilized soil. After 84 days of incubation in non-sterile soil, 40.6%, 21.7% and 33.5% of the applied radioactivity (AR) of 14C-DP, 14C-DS- and 14C-DA+, respectively, were converted to NER. In contrast, in sterile soil NER formation was markedly lower. The NER were further investigated with respect to sequestered, covalently bound and biogenic residues (i.e. NER types I, II, and III). Silylation of 14C-DP, 14C-DS- and 14C-DA+ derived NER released 3.0-23.2% AR, indicating that these were sequestered, whereas the residual NER (12.9-33.1% AR) was covalently bound to the soil. Analysis of extracts derived by silylation showed that 14C-DP, but neither 14C-DS- nor 14C-DA+, were released by silylation, suggesting that DP might be part of the sequestered NER. Acid hydrolysis of the NER containing soil and subsequent analysis of soil extracts for 14C-aminoacids indicated that 2.5-23.8% AR were biogenic residues. Most DP and DS- derived NER were biogenically or covalently bound, whereas DA+ predominantly forms sequestered NER in soil. From these results we propose that chemicals forming high amounts of NER should be investigated regarding types I-III NER because sequestered parent compounds should be considered in persistence assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Claßen
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; German Environment Agency (UBA), Section Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Martin Siedt
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kim Thu Nguyen
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juliane Ackermann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaeffer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China; Chongqing University, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing, PR China.
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12
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Xie X, Gao X, Pan C, Wei Z, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Luo S, Cao J. Assessment of Multiorigin Humin Components Evolution and Influencing Factors During Composting. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4184-4192. [PMID: 30908023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Humin (HM) is a complex mixture of molecules produced in the different biological processes, and the structural evolution of HM in the agricultural wastes composting are not well-known. Elucidating and comparing the structural evolution during livestock manure (LMC) and straw wastes (SWC) composting can help one to better understand the fates, features, and environmental impacts of HM. This study exploits excitation emission matrix-parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC), two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-CoS), hetero-2DCoS, and structural equation model (SEM) to compare the fate of the HM. We fit a three-component EEM-PARAFAC model to characterize HM extracted from LMC and SWC. The results show that the HM evolution has a significant difference between LMC and SWC. As a result, the opposite change tendency and different change order of HM fluorescent components determine the different synthesis formation and evolution mechanisms. The diverse organic matter composition and dominant microbes might be the reason for the different evolution mechanism. Based on these results, a comprehensive view of the component changes of HM in the composting process is obtained. Furthermore, the superior potential of such an integrated approach during investigating the complex evolution in the environment was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xie
- College of Life Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Xintong Gao
- College of Life Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Chaonan Pan
- College of Life Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Zimin Wei
- College of Life Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Life Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Life Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Sheng Luo
- Yi'an County Agricultural Technology Promotion Center , Yi'an , Heilongjiang 161500 , China
| | - Jinxiang Cao
- Yi'an County Agricultural Technology Promotion Center , Yi'an , Heilongjiang 161500 , China
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13
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Guo X, Liu Y, Sun F, Zhou D, Guo R, Dong T, Chen Y, Ji R, Chen J. Fate of 14C-bisphenol F isomers in an oxic soil and the effects of earthworm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:254-261. [PMID: 30543974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol F (BPF) pollution in environment increased, but the studies on its fate and uptake in soil-earthworm systems were limited. Using 14C-tracers, environmental fate of BPF isomers in an oxic rice soil with/without earthworm Metaphire guillelmi was studied. After 59 days of incubation, mineralization increased in the order of 2,2'-BPF (18.7% ± 0.3% of the initial amount) < 2,4'-BPF (21.7% ± 0.2%) < 4,4'-BPF (26.9% ± 0.1%). About 70% was converted to bound residues (BRs) and most of the BRs resided in the humin fraction by physical entrapment and ester-linkages. M. guillelmi decreased the mineralization and BRs of 4,4'-BPF in soil, indicating that earthworm increased the ecological risk of 4,4'-BPF. About 5.2% ± 0.1% of the initial amount was accumulated in M. guillelmi and mostly in gut. Considerable amounts of the accumulated 4,4'-BPF were present as earthworm-bound residues (earthworm-BRs). The elimination of 4,4'-BPF from M. guillelmi was very slow, and there was still 96.2% of the initial accumulated radioactivity presented in earthworm after 5 days of depuration. The results of this study firstly provide the isomer - specific partitioning of three BPF isomers in an oxic soil and the uptake and depuration of 4,4'-BPF in earthworm during soil incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dashun Zhou
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tailu Dong
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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14
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Xu W, Zhang K, Wang N, Liu T, Huang W, Liu T, Lu Y, Yang W, Li S. A Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on Silver Nanodendrites and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Determination of Tetrabromobisphenol A in Water. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhen Xu
- School of the Environment and Safety EngineeringJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of the Environment and Safety EngineeringJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Ningwei Wang
- Entry-Exit Inspection Quarantine Bureau Zhenjiang 212008 China
| | - Tao Liu
- Entry-Exit Inspection Quarantine Bureau Zhenjiang 212008 China
| | - Weihong Huang
- School of the Environment and Safety EngineeringJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Tianshu Liu
- Entry-Exit Inspection Quarantine Bureau Zhenjiang 212008 China
| | - Yi Lu
- Entry-Exit Inspection Quarantine Bureau Zhenjiang 212008 China
| | - Wenming Yang
- Institute of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Songjun Li
- Institute of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
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15
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Cheng H, Hua Z. Distribution, release and removal behaviors of tetrabromobisphenol A in water-sediment systems under prolonged hydrodynamic disturbances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:402-410. [PMID: 29709857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) has been increasingly used and found widely in the aquatic environment, it has attracted much attention due to its high toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, less work has been carried out for the TBBPA environmental fate in water-sediment systems. In this paper, the distribution, release and removal of TBBPA in different forms of the water-sediment system were investigated under three typical hydrodynamic conditions using a specialized racetrack-style flume. Three water-sediment systems which are water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment were taken into account in this study. The results of 34 days experiments showed that the equilibrium of physicochemical parameters was reached under different disturbance conditions within a relatively short period. The distribution ratio of TBBPA in three water-sediment systems will also reach a relatively equilibrium state over time under different disturbance conditions. The fluctuation range in each form was <1.26%. The TBBPA released to the water and SPM, increased remarkably with hydrodynamic enhancement due to adsorption and resuspension processes. Removal efficiency of TBBPA in each form was found to be observably accelerated with hydrodynamic disturbances. The half-lives (T1/2) in water, SPM and sediment ranged from 10.1 to 12.6 days in strong hydrodynamic condition, comparing to the static control, it ranges from 34.7 to 37.1 days. This phenomenon may result from the increase of dissolved oxygen (DO) and nutrient concentrations in overlying water affected by hydrodynamic force. The results of the experiment demonstrate that hydrodynamic disturbance may be an important driving factor which will influence the TBBPA environmental fate in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomiao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, Jiangsu, China; College of Environmental Engineering and Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zulin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Zhu X, Schroll R, Dörfler U, Chen B. Inoculation of soil with an Isoproturon degrading microbial community reduced the pool of "real non-extractable" Isoproturon residues. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 149:182-189. [PMID: 29175344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During pesticides degradation, biogenic non-extractable residues ("apparent NER") may not share the same environmental fate and risks with the "real NER" that are bound to soil matrix. It is not clear how microbial community (MC) inoculation for pesticides degradation would influence the NER composition. To investigate degradation efficiency of pesticides Isoproturon (IPU) and NER composition following MC inoculation, clay particles harboring MC that contains the IPU degrading strain, Sphingomonas sp., were inoculated into soil receiving 14C-labeled IPU addition. Mineralization of IPU was greatly enhanced with MC inoculation that averagely 55.9% of the applied 14C-IPU was consumed up into 14CO2 during 46 days soil incubation. Isoproturon degradation was more thorough with MC than that in the control: much less amount of metabolic products (4.6% of applied IPU) and NER (35.4%) formed in MC treatment, while the percentages were respectively 30.3% for metabolites and 49.8% for NER in the control. Composition of NER shifted with MC inoculation, that relatively larger amount of IPU was incorporated into the biogenic "apparent NER" in comparison with "real NER". Besides its well-recognized role on enhancing mineralization, MC inoculation with clay particles benefits soil pesticides remediation in term of reducing "real NER" formation, which has been previously underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100036, China.
| | - Reiner Schroll
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Dörfler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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17
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Schäffer A, Kästner M, Trapp S. A unified approach for including non-extractable residues (NER) of chemicals and pesticides in the assessment of persistence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:51. [PMID: 30613459 PMCID: PMC6297198 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
All chemicals form non-extractable residues (NER) to various extents in environmental media like soil, sediment, plants and animals. NER can be quantified in environmental fate studies using isotope-labeled (such as 14C or 13C) tracer compounds. Previous NER definitions have led to a mismatch of legislation and state of knowledge in research: the residues are assumed to be either irreversibly bound degradation products or at least parts of these residues can be released. In the latter assumption, soils and sediments are a long-term source of slowly released residues. We here present a conceptual experimental and modeling approach to characterize non-extractable residues and provide guidance how they should be considered in the persistence assessment of chemicals and pesticides. Three types of NER can be experimentally discriminated: sequestered and entrapped residues (type I), containing either the parent substance or xenobiotic transformation products or both and having the potential to be released, which has indeed been observed. Type II NER are residues that are covalently bound to organic matter in soils or sediments or to biological tissue in organisms and that are considered being strongly bound with very low remobilization rates like that of humic matter degradation rates. Type III NER comprises biogenic NER (bioNER) after degradation of the xenobiotic chemical and anabolic formation of natural biomolecules like amino acids and phospholipids, and other biomass compounds. We developed the microbial turnover to biomass (MTB) model to predict the formation of bioNER based on the structural properties of chemicals. Further, we proposed an extraction sequence to obtain a matrix containing only NER. Finally, we summarized experimental methods to distinguish the three NER types. Type I NER and type II NER should be considered as potentially remobilizable residues in persistence assessment but the probability of type II release is much lower than that of type I NER, i.e., type II NER in soil are "operationally spoken" irreversibly bound and can be released only in minute amounts and at very slow rates, if at all. The potential of remobilization can be evaluated by chemical, physical and biological methods. BioNER are of no environmental concern and, therefore, can be assessed as such in persistence assessment. The general concept presented is to consider the total amount of NER minus potential bioNER as the amount of xenoNER, type I + II. If a clear differentiation of type I and type II is possible, for the calculation of half-life type I NER are considered as not degraded parent substance or transformation product(s). On the contrary, type II NER may generally be considered as (at least temporarily) removed. Providing proof for type II NER is the most critical issue in NER assessment and requires additional research. If no characterization and additional information on NER are available, it is recommended to assess the total amount as potentially remobilizable. We propose our unified approach of NER characterization and evaluation to be implemented into the persistence and environmental hazard assessment strategies for REACH chemicals and biocides, human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, and pesticides, irrespective of the different regulatory frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kästner
- Department Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Permoserstraße15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet bd. 115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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