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Tran-Lam TT, Pham PT, Bui MQ, Dao YH, Le GT. Organophosphate esters and their metabolites in silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) of the Vietnamese coastal areas: Spatial-temporal distribution and exposure risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:142724. [PMID: 38950748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
A large number of studies on organophosphate esters (tri-OPEs) in marine organisms have not assessed the simultaneous occurrence of tri-OPEs and their metabolites (di-OPEs) in these species. This research investigated the concentration and geographical distribution of 15 tri-OPEs and 7 di-OPEs in 172 samples of Pampus argenteus that were collected annually from 2021 to 2023 at three distinct locations along the Vietnamese coast. As a result, tri-OPEs and di-OPEs were detected in numerous fish samples, indicating their widespread spatial and temporal occurrence in marine fish and pointing out the importance of monitoring their levels. The tri-OPEs and di-OPEs ranged within 2.1-38.9 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and 3.2-263.4 ng g-1 dw, respectively. The mean concentrations of tri-OPEs ranged from 0.4 (TIPrP) to 5.4 ng g-1 dw (TBOEP), with TBOEP and TEHP having the highest mean values. In addition, the profiles of tri-OPEs in fish exhibited a descending order: Σalkyl OPEs > ΣCl-alkyl OPEs > Σaryl OPEs. The di-OPEs, namely BEHP and DMP, had the highest mean levels, measuring 33.4 ng g-1 dw and 23.8 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Furthermore, there have been significant findings of strong positive correlations between di-OPEs and tri-OPE pairs (p < 0.05). It is worth noting that there is a noticeable difference in the composition of tri-OPEs between the North and other regions. Despite these findings, the presence of OPE-contaminated fish did not pose any health risks to Vietnam's coastal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Thien Tran-Lam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000 Vietnam; Institute of Mechanics and Applied Informatics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 291 Dien Bien Phu, Ward 7, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Viet Nam
| | - Phuong Thi Pham
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Quang Bui
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000 Viet Nam
| | - Yen Hai Dao
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam.
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Pedersen AF, Bayen S, Liu L, Dietz R, Sonne C, Rosing-Asvid A, Ferguson SH, McKinney MA. Nontarget and suspect screening reveals the presence of multiple plastic-related compounds in polar bear, killer whale, narwhal and long-finned pilot whale blubber from East Greenland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124417. [PMID: 38909771 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The monitoring of legacy contaminants in sentinel northern marine mammals has revealed some of the highest concentrations globally. However, investigations into the presence of chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEACs) and other lesser-known chemicals are rarely conducted, if at all. Here, we used a nontarget/suspect approach to screen for thousands of different chemicals, including many CEACs and plastic-related compounds (PRCs) in blubber/adipose from killer whales (Orcinus orca), narwhals (Monodon monoceros), long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in East Greenland. 138 compounds were tentatively identified mostly as PRCs, and four were confirmed using authentic standards: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), and one antioxidant (Irganox 1010). Three other PRCs, a nonylphenol isomer, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, and dioctyl sebacate, exhibited fragmentation patterns matching those in library databases. While phthalates were only above detection limits in some polar bear and narwhal, Irganox 1010, nonylphenol, and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol were detected in >50% of all samples. This study represents the first application of a nontarget/suspect screening approach in Arctic cetaceans, leading to the identification of multiple PRCs in their blubber. Further nontarget analyses are warranted to comprehensively characterize the extent of CEAC and PRC contamination within Arctic marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Pedersen
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid
- Department of Birds and Mammals, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk GL-3900, Greenland
| | - Steven H Ferguson
- Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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Jagić K, Dvoršćak M, Sergiel A, Oster E, Lazarus M, Klinčić D. First data on polybrominated diphenyl ethers and temporal trend of polychlorinated biphenyls in European brown bear as a bioindicator species. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142637. [PMID: 38885769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The contamination status on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Croatian terrestrial ecosystem was investigated by analyzing two classes of contaminants in adipose tissue of male European brown bear (Ursus arctos, N = 27) collected in 2021 and 2022. In addition to seven indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), for the first time seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in terrestrial species from this region. Sum of mass fractions detected in adipose tissue ranged from 0.011 to 0.463 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) for the PBDEs, and from 0.652 to 30.17 ng g-1 lw for PCBs, with two orders of magnitude difference in the median value for these two groups of POPs (PBDEs: 0.022 ng g-1 lw; PCBs: 2.307 ng g-1 lw). PCBs dominated over PBDEs with a share of over 94 % of the total mass fractions of both groups of analyzed POPs. Results of the comparison of the PCB levels in the adipose tissue of brown bears reported here and in previous investigation from this region showed decrease in PCB-28, but increase of PCB-118 and PCB-180, while other congeners seemed to have reached a steady-state level in the environment over a ten-year period. Among the compounds analyzed in this study, BDE-47, PCB-153 and PCB-180 were the dominant congeners. Somewhat higher sum of PCBs was measured in April compared to October, although not statistically significant, indicating possible impact of winter hibernation causing concentration of lipophilic compounds due to body fat loss. Revealed POP levels in brown bears are consistent with the data on the low contamination of the Croatian terrestrial ecosystem in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Jagić
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Dvoršćak
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Agnieszka Sergiel
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, Institute of Nature Conservation of Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ena Oster
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Lazarus
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darija Klinčić
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Liang C, He Y, Mo XJ, Guan HX, Liu LY. Universal occurrence of organophosphate tri-esters and di-esters in marine sediments: Evidence from the Okinawa Trough in the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118308. [PMID: 38281563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Despite numerous data on organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) in the environment, literatures on organophosphate di-esters (di-OPEs) in field environment, especially marine sediments remain scarce. This study addresses this gap by analyzing 35 abyssal sediment samples from the middle Okinawa Trough in the East China Sea. A total of 25 tri-OPEs and 10 di-OPEs were determined, but 13 tri-OPEs and 2 di-OPEs were nondetectable in any of these sediment samples. The concentrations of ∑12tri-OPE and ∑8di-OPE were 0.108-32.2 ng/g (median 1.11 ng/g) and 0.548-15.0 ng/g (median 2.74 ng/g). Chlorinated (Cl) tri-OPEs were the dominant tri-esters, accounting for 47.5 % of total tri-OPEs on average, whereas chlorinated di-OPEs represented only 19.2 % of total di-OPEs. This discrepancy between the relatively higher percentage of Cl-tri-OPEs and lower abundance of Cl-di-OPEs may be ascribed to the stronger environmental persistence of chlorinated tri-OPEs. Source assessment suggested that di-OPEs were primarily originated from the degradation of tri-OPEs rather than industrial production. Long range waterborne transport facilitated by oceanic currents was an important input pathway for OPEs in sediments from the Okinawa Trough. These findings enhance the understanding of the sources and transport of OPEs in marine sediments, particularly in the Okinawa Trough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Yong He
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Mo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Guan
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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Xie J, Zhang G, Chen C, Luo M, Xu H, Chen D, Liu R, Li Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Peng X, He L, Lin T, Jiang G. Tracing Organophosphate Ester Pollutants in Hadal Trenches─Distribution, Possible Origins, and Transport Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4392-4403. [PMID: 38362876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Unraveling the mysterious pathways of pollutants to the deepest oceanic realms holds critical importance for assessing the integrity of remote marine ecosystems. This study tracks the transport of pollutants into the depths of the oceans, a key step in protecting the sanctity of these least explored ecosystems. By analyzing hadal trench samples from the Mariana, Mussau, and New Britain trenches, we found the widespread distribution of organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants but a complex transport pattern for the OPE in these regions. In the Mariana Trench seawater column, OPE concentrations range between 17.4 and 102 ng L-1, with peaks at depths of 500 and 4000 m, which may be linked to Equatorial Undercurrent and topographic Rossby waves, respectively. Sediments, particularly in Mariana (422 ng g-1 dw), showed high OPE affinity, likely due to organic matter serving as a transport medium, influenced by "solvent switching", "solvent depletion", and "filtering processes". Amphipods in the three trenches had consistent OPE levels (29.1-215 ng g-1 lipid weight), independent of the sediment pollution patterns. The OPEs in these amphipods appeared more linked to surface-dwelling organisms, suggesting the influence of "solvent depletion". This study highlights the need for an improved understanding of deep-sea pollutant sources and transport, urging the establishment of protective measures for these remote marine habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chuchu Chen
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Min Luo
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hongzhou Xu
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Duofu Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Rulong Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaotong Peng
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Lisheng He
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Chu S, Letcher RJ. A targeted and non-targeted discovery screening approach for poly-and per-fluoroalkyl substances in model environmental biota samples. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464584. [PMID: 38157583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive analytical approach for targeted and non-targeted discovery screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was developed and applied to model complex environmental biotic samples. Samples were extracted by formic acid-acetonitrile solution and cleaned up and fractionated by SPE (WAX). Target PFAS quantification was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography interfaced with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). Non-targeted analysis (NTA) PFAS screening was performed with UPLC coupled with a quadrupole-Exactive orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q-Exactive-HRMS). An iterative exclusion (IE) approach was applied to data acquisition for NTA suspect screening to increase the potential for unknown PFAS discovery with MS/MS. A complex workflow in Compound Discoverer was set up to automate data processing of the PFAS suspects search. New mass lists and MS/MS databases, which included a large number of PFAS, were set up and introduced into the search for high-throughput structure identification using HRMS techniques. The integrated targeted-NTA method successfully analyzed for legacy and alternative PFAS in model environmental biota samples, namely polar bear liver and bird egg samples. Targeted analysis provided unequivocal identification of well known/established PFAS (mainly perfluoroalkyl acids) with quantification at very low levels. The NTA suspect screening was able to determine a broader range of PFAS. The data analysis method offered high-confidence annotations for PFAS despite lacking available authentic standards. Overall, the analytical coverage of PFAS was greater and elucidated other PFAS present in these model apex predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
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7
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Berger ML, Shaw SD, Rolsky CB, Chen D, Sun J, Rosing-Asvid A, Granquist SM, Simon M, Bäcklin BM, Roos AM. Alternative and legacy flame retardants in marine mammals from three northern ocean regions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122255. [PMID: 37517638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants are globally distributed contaminants that have been linked to negative health effects in humans and wildlife. As top predators, marine mammals bioaccumulate flame retardants and other contaminants in their tissues which is one of many human-imposed factors threatening population health. While some flame retardants, such as the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), have been banned because of known toxicity and environmental persistence, limited data exist on the presence and distribution of current-use alternative flame retardants in marine mammals from many industrialized and remote regions of the world. Therefore, this study measured 44 legacy and alternative flame retardants in nine marine mammal species from three ocean regions: the Northwest Atlantic, the Arctic, and the Baltic allowing for regional, species, age, body condition, temporal, and tissue comparisons to help understand global patterns. PBDE concentrations were 100-1000 times higher than the alternative brominated flame retardants (altBFRs) and Dechloranes. 2,2',4,5,5'-pentabromobiphenyl (BB-101) and hexabromobenzene (HBBZ) were the predominant altBFRs, while Dechlorane-602 was the predominant Dechlorane. This manuscript also reports only the second detection of hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in marine mammals. The NW Atlantic had the highest PBDE concentrations followed by the Baltic and Arctic which reflects greater historical use of PBDEs in North America compared to Europe and greater industrialization of North America and Baltic countries compared to the Arctic. Regional patterns for other compounds were more complicated, and there were significant interactions among species, regions, body condition and age class. Lipid-normalized PBDE concentrations in harbor seal liver and blubber were similar, but HBBZ and many Dechloranes had higher concentrations in liver, indicating factors other than lipid dynamics affect the distribution of these compounds. The health implications of contamination by this mixture of compounds are of concern and require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Berger
- Shaw Institute, PO Box 1652, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA.
| | - Susan D Shaw
- Shaw Institute, PO Box 1652, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA
| | - Charles B Rolsky
- Shaw Institute, PO Box 1652, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China; Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Jiachen Sun
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China; College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, CN-266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, PO Box 570, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Sandra Magdalena Granquist
- Seal Research Department, The Icelandic Seal Center, Höfðabraut 6, 530 Hvammstangi, Iceland; Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Fornubúðir 5, 220 Hafnarfjörður, Iceland
| | - Malene Simon
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, PO Box 570, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Britt-Marie Bäcklin
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Maria Roos
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, PO Box 570, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland; Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Haque F, Soerensen AL, Sköld M, Awad R, Spaan KM, Lauria MZ, Plassmann MM, Benskin JP. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in white-tailed sea eagle eggs from Sweden: temporal trends (1969-2021), spatial variations, fluorine mass balance, and suspect screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1549-1563. [PMID: 37622471 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00141e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial trends of 15 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were determined in white-tailed sea eagle (WTSE) eggs (Haliaeetus albicilla) from two inland and two coastal regions of Sweden between 1969 and 2021. PFAS concentrations generally increased from ∼1969 to ∼1990s-2010 (depending on target and site) and thereafter plateaued or declined, with perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) declining faster than most perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). The net result was a shift in the PFAS profile from PFOS-dominant in 1969-2010 to an increased prevalence of PFCAs over the last decade. Further, during the entire period higher PFAS concentrations were generally observed in coastal populations, possibly due to differences in diet and/or proximity to more densely populated areas. Fluorine mass balance determination in pooled samples from three of the regions (2019-2021) indicated that target PFAS accounted for the vast majority (i.e. 81-100%) of extractable organic fluorine (EOF). Nevertheless, high resolution mass-spectrometry-based suspect screening identified 55 suspects (31 at a confidence level [CL] of 1-3 and 24 at a CL of 4-5), of which 43 were substances not included in the targeted analysis. Semi-quantification of CL ≤ 2 suspects increased the identified EOF to >90% in coastal samples. In addition to showing the impact of PFAS regulation and phase-out initiatives, this study demonstrates that most extractable organofluorine in WTSE eggs is made up of known (legacy) PFAS, albeit with low levels of novel substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Haque
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | - Anne L Soerensen
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Martin Sköld
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, Albanovägen 28, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raed Awad
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Valhallavägen 81, 114 28, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kyra M Spaan
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mélanie Z Lauria
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Merle M Plassmann
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Gebru TB, Li Y, Dong C, Yang Y, Yang R, Pei Z, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Spatial and temporal trends of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the Arctic atmosphere at Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163023. [PMID: 36990243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants that can even be found in the most remote region of the Arctic. However, temporal trend analysis and reports on mono- to octa-CN in the Arctic air are still scarce. In the present study, 8 years of atmospheric monitoring data of PCNs on Svalbard was investigated using XAD-2 resin passive air samplers (PASs) from 2011-2019. The concentrations of ∑75 PCNs in the Arctic air ranged from 4.56 to 85.2 pg/m3, with a mean of 23.5 pg/m3. The mono-CNs and di-CNs were the dominant homologue groups accounting for 80 % of the total concentrations. The most abundant congeners were PCN-1, PCN-2, PCN-24/14, PCN-5/7, and PCN-3, respectively. A declining time trend of PCN concentration was observed from 2013 to 2019. The reduction in PCN concentrations is likely due to declining global emissions and banned production. However, no significant spatial difference was observed among the sampling sites. The total PCN toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere ranged from 0.043 to 1.93 fg TEQ/m3 (mean 0.41 fg TEQ/m3). The fraction of combustion-related congeners to ∑PCNs (tri- to octa-CN) analysis results indicated that the sources of PCNs in the Arctic air were contributed mainly from reemissions of historical Halowax mixtures and combustion-related sources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research to report all 75 PCN congeners and homologue groups in Arctic air. Therefore, this study provides data on recent temporal trend analysis as well as all the 75 PCN congeners in the Arctic atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Bekele Gebru
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Cheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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10
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Simond AÉ, Ross PS, Cabrol J, Lesage V, Lair S, Woudneh MB, Yang D, Peng H, Colbourne K, Brown TM. Declining concentrations of chlorinated paraffins in endangered St. Lawrence Estuary belugas (Delphinapterus leucas): Response to regulations or a change in diet? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161488. [PMID: 36626992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Very high levels of industrial contaminants in St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE) beluga whales represent one of the major threats to this population classified as endangered under the Species at Risk Act in Canada. Elevated concentrations of short-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were recently reported in blubber of adult male SLE belugas. Recent regulations for SCCPs in North America, combined with their replacement by medium- (MCCPs) and long-chained chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs), highlight the importance of tracking this toxic chemical class. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) levels and profiles of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in samples obtained from carcasses of adult male, adult female, juvenile, newborn, and fetus beluga, and (2) trends in adult male belugas between 1997 and 2018. Factors potentially influencing CP temporal trends such as age, feeding ecology and sampling year were also explored. SCCPs dominated (64 to 100%) total CP concentrations across all age and sex classes, MCCPs accounted for the remaining proportion of total CPs, and LCCPs were not detected in any sample. The chlorinated paraffin homolog that dominated the most in beluga blubber was C12Cl8. Adult male SCCP concentrations from this study were considerably lower (> 2000-fold) than those recently reported in Simond et al. (2020), likely reflecting a previously erroneous overestimate due to the lack of a suitable analytical method for SCCPs at the time. Both SCCPs and total CPs declined over time in adult males in our study (rate of 1.67 and 1.33% per year, respectively), presumably due in part to the implementation of regulations in 2012. However, there is a need to better understand the possible contribution of a changing diet to contaminant exposure, as stable isotopic ratios of carbon also changed over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine É Simond
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Science Enterprise Center, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada; Simon Fraser University, Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada.
| | - Peter S Ross
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, W̱SÁNEĆ Territory, P.O. Box 2429, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y3, Canada.
| | - Jory Cabrol
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, 850 Route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Véronique Lesage
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, 850 Route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Stéphane Lair
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Million B Woudneh
- SGS AXYS Analytical Services Ltd., 2045 Mills Road West, Sydney, BC V8L 5X2, Canada.
| | - Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Hui Peng
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Katerina Colbourne
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Science Enterprise Center, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada.
| | - Tanya M Brown
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Science Enterprise Center, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada; Simon Fraser University, Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada.
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11
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Avila A, Prieto L, Luna-Acosta A. Nine decades of data on environmental chemical pollutant exposure in dogs: a bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:45515-45527. [PMID: 36807041 PMCID: PMC10097795 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, a global concern associated with environmental chemical contamination has emerged as an important risk factor for the development of human diseases. Risk assessment methods based on animal approaches have shown to be very useful as early warning systems. However, questions, knowledge gaps, and limitations still need to be addressed in animals close to humans, such as dogs. The objective of this study was to analyze citation patterns, impact of publications, and most relevant authors, countries, institutional affiliations, and lines of research on environmental chemical contaminants and their relationship with dogs, in terms of exposure and biological effects. For this, a bibliometric analysis was carried out. Results revealed an increase in scientific production on this subject during the last 90 years in journals such as Health Physics, Science of the Total Environment, and Plos One, highlighting authors such as Muggenburg, Sonne, Boecker, and Dietz. The USA, Brazil, Germany, and the UK and universities such as California, Colorado State, and Purdue were the most relevant countries and institutional affiliations in scientific production and collaboration in relation to this topic. There is a growing interest in the development of lines of research related to heavy metals (mercury and lead mainly) and persistent organic compounds (PCBs, PBDEs, pesticides) using dogs as sentinels, as well as new sources of interest related to zoonosis and One Health. Finally, issues related to pollutants, sentinel lymph nodes, and epidemiology appear as new areas of research. These results highlight interesting current challenges and future research perspectives on dogs as sentinels for environmental chemical contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Avila
- Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales Y Rurales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Transversal 4 # 42-00, Edificio 67, Piso 8, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Laura Prieto
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 43-82, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Luna-Acosta
- Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales Y Rurales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Transversal 4 # 42-00, Edificio 67, Piso 8, Bogotá, Colombia
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12
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Niu S, Chen X, Chen R, Zou Y, Zhang Z, Li L, Hageman KJ, Ng C, Dong L. Understanding inter-individual variability in short-chain chlorinated paraffin concentrations in human blood. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130235. [PMID: 36368064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), particularly short-chain CPs (SCCPs), have been reported in human blood with high detection frequency and often high variation among individuals. However, factors associated with and their contributions to inter-individual variability in SCCP concentrations in human blood have not been assessed. In this study, we first measured SCCP concentrations in 57 human blood samples collected from individuals living in the same vicinity in China. We then used the PROduction-To-Exposure model to investigate the impacts of variations in sociodemographic data, biotransformation rates, dietary patterns, and indoor contamination on inter-individual variability in SCCP concentrations in human blood. Measured ∑SCCP concentrations varied by a factor of 10 among individuals with values ranging from 122 to 1230 ng/g, wet weight. Model results show that age, sex, body weight, and dietary composition played a minor role in causing variability in ∑SCCP concentrations in human blood given that modeled ∑SCCP concentrations ranged over a factor of 2 - 3 correlated to the variations of these factors. In contrast, variations in the modeled ΣSCCP concentrations increased to factors of 6 and 8 when variability in biotransformation rates and indoor contamination were considered, respectively, indicating these two factors could be the most influential on inter-individual variability in SCCP concentrations in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, Beijing, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yun Zou
- Organic Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - ZhiZhen Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Carla Ng
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Liang Dong
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, Beijing, China
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13
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Li Q, Xiao P, Shen D, Huang Y, Shi X, Li X, Liu Y. Level and risk assessment of selected polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorine pesticides in walnut and soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:14849-14859. [PMID: 36161556 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown how hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) are distributed and how they affect the environment in high-fat nuts and their planted soil. The profile of HOCs in walnut/soil system was investigated in this study. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were found in walnuts at concentrations of 0.67, 127, and 116 μg/kg, respectively. The target hazard quotients (THQ) of 17 PCBs, 16 PAHs, and 21 OCPs from walnut consumption by human were 0.06, 0.01, and 0.11, respectively. The highest concentrations of HOC in the soil were found in Nap and toxaphene, with concentrations of 2580 and 902 μg/kg, respectively. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) in walnuts were ranged from <0.01 to 7.04 and <0.01 to 3.83, respectively. Concentrations of most individual HOCs in soil samples were significantly correlated with soil organic matter (SOM) (p < 0.01) and minerals (p < 0.01), with maximum correlation coefficients of 0.70 (OM-PCB81) and -0.84 (P-BaP). According to this study, high-fat walnuts do not have a high bioaccumulation of HOCs from soil, and the risk of consumption is within the safe range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Xiao
- JiYang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunmei Huang
- JiYang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Shi
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianbin Li
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Boutet V, Dominique M, Eccles KM, Branigan M, Dyck M, van Coeverden de Groot P, Lougheed SC, Rutter A, Langlois VS. An exploratory spatial contaminant assessment for polar bear (Ursus maritimus) liver, fat, and muscle from northern Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120663. [PMID: 36395907 PMCID: PMC10163957 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the industrial era, chemicals have been ubiquitous in worldwide ecosystems. Despite the discontinued release of highly toxic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment, the levels of some POPs are still being measured in the Canadian Arctic. These contaminants are of great concern due to their persistence, toxicity, and levels of bioaccumulation in food chains. Animals occupying top trophic positions in the Canadian Arctic, particularly polar bears, are exposed to these contaminants mainly through their diet. Our study investigated the levels of 30 metals (including total and methyl mercury) alkaline and alkaline earth metals, 15 polycyclic aromatic compounds and their alkyl congeners (PACs), 6 chlordanes (CHLs), and 20 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in 49 polar bears from the Canadian Arctic. Contaminant burden was measured in liver, muscle, and fat in bears of different sex, age, and locations. A principal component analysis did not distinguish differences between age and sex profiles for most contaminants. However, the concentrations measured and their distribution in the tissues confirm findings observed in past studies. This study highlights the importance of continual monitoring of polar bear health (e.g., newly detected PACs were measured within this study) and evaluating those impacts for the next generations of polar bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Boutet
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Québec, Canada
| | - M Dominique
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Québec, Canada
| | - K M Eccles
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Durham, USA
| | - M Branigan
- Government of the Northwest Territories, Canada
| | - M Dyck
- Government of Nunavut, Department of Environment, Igloolik, NU, Canada
| | | | - S C Lougheed
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - A Rutter
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - V S Langlois
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Québec, Canada.
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15
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Ciesielski TM, Sonne C, Smette EI, Villanger GD, Styrishave B, Letcher RJ, Hitchcock DJ, Dietz R, Jenssen BM. Testosterone and persistent organic pollutants in east Greenland male polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Heliyon 2023; 9:e13263. [PMID: 37101474 PMCID: PMC10123070 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are chemicals that undergo long-range transport to the Arctic. These chemicals possess endocrine disruptive properties raising concerns for development and reproduction. Here, we report the relationship between concentrations of testosterone (T) and persistent organic pollutant (POPs) in 40 East Greenland male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled during January to September 1999-2001. The mean ± standard concentrations of blood T were 0.31 ± 0.49 (mean ± SD) ng/mL in juveniles/subadults (n = 22) and 3.58 ± 7.45 ng/mL in adults (n = 18). The ∑POP concentrations (mean ± SD) in adipose tissue were 8139 ± 2990 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in juveniles/subadults and 11,037 ± 3950 ng/g lw in adult males, respectively, of which Σpolychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs) were found in highest concentrations. The variation in T concentrations explained by sampling date (season), biometrics and adipose tissue POP concentrations was explored using redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that age, body length, and adipose lipid content in adult males contributed (p = 0.02) to the variation in POP concentrations. However, although some significant relationships between individual organochlorine contaminants and T concentrations in both juveniles/subadults and adult polar bears were identified, no significant relationships (p = 0.32) between T and POP concentrations were identified by the RDAs. Our results suggest that confounders such as biometrics and reproductive status may mask the endocrine disruptive effects that POPs have on blood T levels in male polar bears, demonstrating why it can be difficult to detect effects on wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Corresponding author.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Corresponding author.
| | - Eli I. Smette
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gro Dehli Villanger
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Mental and Physical Health, Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skoyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Robert J. Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | | | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bjørn M. Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
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16
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Dong C, Xiong S, Yang R, Pei Z, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in soils and plants from Svalbard, Arctic: Levels, distribution, and potential sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157883. [PMID: 35952869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As persistent organic pollutants (POPs) newly banned by the Stockholm Convention, polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) have been widely detected in various environmental matrices. To date, however, the occurrence of PCNs in soils and plants in the Arctic environment has not been reported. In the current study, the concentrations and distribution of PCNs in Arctic soils and plants from Svalbard were analyzed. Total PCN concentrations ranged from 5.3 to 2550 pg/g dry weight (dw) in soils and 77 to 870 pg/g dw in plants. The higher levels of PCNs near the research stations and Longyearbyen town highlighted the significant influence of local anthropogenic emission sources. The composition of PCNs in Arctic soils and plants was dominated by lower chlorinated homologues, especially mono- to trichlorinated naphthalenes, which accounted for over 80 % of total PCNs in the soil and plant samples. The correlation analysis indicated the potential influences of total organic carbon (TOC) content on PCN concentrations in the soil, and octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) or octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW) on PCN accumulation from soils to plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the concentration and distribution of PCNs in Arctic soils and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siyuan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Whisker spots on polar bears reveal increasing fluctuating asymmetry. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-022-00294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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18
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Xie Z, Zhang P, Wu Z, Zhang S, Wei L, Mi L, Kuester A, Gandrass J, Ebinghaus R, Yang R, Wang Z, Mi W. Legacy and emerging organic contaminants in the polar regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155376. [PMID: 35461927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of numerous emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and remobilization of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in polar regions have become significant concerns of the scientific communities, public groups and stakeholders. This work reviews the occurrences of EOCs and POPs and their long-range environmental transport (LRET) processes via atmosphere and ocean currents from continental sources to polar regions. Concentrations of classic POPs have been systematically monitored in air at several Arctic stations and showed seasonal variations and declining trends. These chemicals were also the major POPs reported in the Antarctica, while their concentrations were lower than those in the Arctic, illustrating the combination of remoteness and lack of potential local sources for the Antarctica. EOCs were investigated in air, water, snow, ice and organisms in the Arctic. Data in the Antarctica are rare. Reemission of legacy POPs and EOCs accumulated in glaciers, sea ice and snow may alter the concentrations and amplify their effects in polar regions. Thus, future research will need to understand the various biogeochemical and geophysical processes under climate change and anthropogenic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xie
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zilan Wu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lijia Wei
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lijie Mi
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Anette Kuester
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Juergen Gandrass
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht 21025, Germany
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19
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Valters K, Olsson A, Viksne J, Rubene L, Bergman Å. Concentration dynamics of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in blood of growing Grey heron (Ardea cinerea) chicks in the wild. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119330. [PMID: 35483485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine contaminants (OCs) - organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and industrial products and byproducts - are included in different monitoring programmes and surveys, involving various animal species. Fish-eating birds are suitable indicator species for OCs. Adult birds may be difficult to capture, but chicks can be sampled more easily. Blood of birds is a potentially suitable non-destructive matrix for analysis, as OC levels in blood reflect their concentrations in the body. The study was aimed at investigating how age of fast-growing Grey heron (Ardea cinerea) chicks affects contaminant levels in their blood and thus how important is sampling at exact age for biomonitoring purposes. In 1999 on Lake Engure in Latvia whole blood samples of heron chicks were collected at three different time points, with seven and nine days in between the first and second and second and third sampling points, respectively. Twenty-two chicks were sampled at all three times. In total, 102 samples were analysed for 19 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, DDT metabolites - DDE and DDD, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and trans-nonachlor. Total PCB concentrations averaged around 2000 ng/g dry extracted matter (EM). DDE was the dominant individual contaminant (ca. 800 ng/g EM), followed by CB-153, -138, and -118. Most of the other analysed OCs were below 100 ng/g EM. No significant (p > 0.05) differences in OC concentrations were found between the three sampling occasions, except for trans-nonachlor. This means that blood can safely be sampled for biomonitoring purposes during the 17 days' time window. The analysed legacy contaminants may serve as model substances for other persistent organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlis Valters
- Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes Iela 12/1, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Anders Olsson
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janis Viksne
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Institute of Biology, Miera Iela 3, LV-2169, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Liga Rubene
- State Ltd. "Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre", Maskavas Street 165, Riga, LV-1019, Latvia
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Morris AD, Braune BM, Gamberg M, Stow J, O'Brien J, Letcher RJ. Temporal change and the influence of climate and weather factors on mercury concentrations in Hudson Bay polar bears, caribou, and seabird eggs. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112169. [PMID: 34624268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Temporal trends of mercury in Arctic wildlife are inconsistent within and between species and are often insignificant, which limits data interpretation. Recent multivariate analyses have shown that weather and climate factors (e.g. temperatures, sea ice conditions) are related to total Hg (THg) concentrations in wildlife tissues, though relatively few studies have explored these relationships. The present study compared time series of THg concentrations in liver of polar bear (Ursus maritimus, 2007/08-2015/16), eggs of thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia, 1993-2015) and kidney of caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus, 2006-2015) from the Hudson Bay region of Canada and statistically modelled THg over time with available climate and weather data. Significant temporal trends of THg concentrations were not detected in any species. However, in multivariate models that included time-lagged sea ice freeze up dates, THg concentrations increased 4.4% yr-1 in Qamanirjuaq caribou. Sea ice conditions were also related to THg levels in polar bear liver but not those in eggs of murres, though year was not a signifcant factor. Greater precipitation levels one to two years prior to sampling were associated with greater THg concentrations in polar bears and caribou, likely due to greater deposition, flooding and discharge from nearby wetlands and rivers. Time-lagged Arctic and/or North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO) indices also generated significant, inverse models for all three species, agreeing with relationships in other time series of similar length. The magnitude and direction of many relationships were affected by season, duration of time-lags, and the length of the time series. Our findings support recent observations suggesting that temporal studies monitoring Hg in Arctic wildlife should consider including key climatic or weather factors to help identify consistent variables of influence and to improve temporal analyses of THg time series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Morris
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Birgit M Braune
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Mary Gamberg
- Gamberg Consulting, Box 11267, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2J2, Canada.
| | - Jason Stow
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada.
| | - Jason O'Brien
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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21
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Facciola N, Pedro S, Houde M, Fisk AT, Ferguson SH, Steer H, Muir DCG, McKinney MA. Measurable Levels of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Western Hudson Bay Fishes but Limited Biomagnification from Fish to Ringed Seals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2990-2999. [PMID: 34352119 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated short-chain (C10-13 ) chlorinated paraffins (SCCP) in an Arctic marine food web. In zooplankton, fishes, and ringed seals from western Hudson Bay, Canada, SCCP concentrations ranged from 38.3 to 687 ng g-1 lipid weight. Monte Carlo-simulated trophic-adjusted biomagnification factors of individual SCCP congeners ranged from 0.07 to 0.55 for small pelagic fishes to seals. Despite relatively high concentrations in fishes, biomagnification of SCCPs within this food web appears limited. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2990-2999. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Facciola
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sara Pedro
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron T Fisk
- School of the Environment, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven H Ferguson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Helena Steer
- National Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlingto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Niu S, Harner T, Chen R, Parnis JM, Saini A, Hageman K. Guidance on the Application of Polyurethane Foam Disk Passive Air Samplers for Measuring Nonane and Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Air: Results from a Screening Study in Urban Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11693-11702. [PMID: 34431673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study provides guidance on using polyurethane foam-based passive air samplers (PUF-PASs) for atmospheric nonane chlorinated paraffins (C9-CPs) and short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and reports SCCP concentrations in air in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada. We estimated the partition coefficients between PUF and air (KPUF-A) and between octanol and air (KOA) for C9-CP and SCCP congeners using the COSMO-RS method, so that PUF disk uptake profiles for each formula group could be calculated. We then measured SCCP concentrations in PUF disk samples collected from distinct source sectors in urban air across the GTA. Concentrations in samplers were used to calculate C9-CP and SCCP concentrations in air and the PUF disk uptake profiles revealed that time-weighted linear phase sampling was possible for congeners having log KOA values greater than 8.5. The highest SCCP concentrations, with an annual average concentration of 35.3 ng/m3, were measured at the industrial site, whereas lower but comparable SCCP concentrations were found in residential and background sites, with annual averages of 7.73 and 10.5 ng/m3, respectively. No consistent seasonal variation in SCCP concentrations was found in the six distinct source sectors. Direct measurements of KPUF-A and KOA values as a function of temperature could be used to increase accuracy in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - J Mark Parnis
- Department of Chemistry and Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Kimberly Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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23
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Spataro F, Patrolecco L, Ademollo N, Præbel K, Rauseo J, Pescatore T, Corsolini S. Multiple exposure of the Boreogadus saida from bessel fjord (NE Greenland) to legacy and emerging pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130477. [PMID: 33857648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the occurrence of OCPs, such as hexachlorocyclohexane (α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH) isomers, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), endosulfan (α- and β-EDS) isomers, chlorpyrifos (CPF), dacthal (DAC) and phenolic compounds, such as 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and its precursors nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NP1EO and NP2EO) and bisphenol A (BPA), in polar cod sampled in and outside Bessel Fjord (NE Greenland). Linear regressions between target contaminants and morphological parameters (age, length, weight, gonad- and hepato-somatic indices and Fulton K) have been also evaluated. Polar cod collected at shelf had higher average concentrations of BPA, NP1EO, NP2EO and 4-NP (muscle: 6.2, 13.2, 8.9 and 1.9 ng/g w.w., respectively; liver: 5.8, 7.5, 5.2 and 0.9 ng/g w.w. respectively), than fjord's specimens (muscle: 3.5, 9.1, 3.9 and 1.0 ng/g w.w., respectively; liver: 2.4, 5.3, 2.9 and 1.1 ng/g w.w. respectively). ΣHCHs, ΣEDSs, ΣDDTs, CPF and DAC, were more accumulated in the polar cod from the fjord (average amount in muscle: 9.1, 4.8, 7.9, 3.8 and 2.8 ng/g w.w., respectively; average amount in the liver: 11.2, 9.0, 3.8, 5.9 and 4.9 ng/g w.w., respectively) than shelf's ones (average amount in muscle 3.9, 4.5, 4.2, 0.9 and 1.2 ng/g w.w., respectively; average amount in liver 7.8, 6.3, 2.1, 3.4 and 2.5 ng/g w.w., respectively). The comparison between the concentration of target contaminants and morphologic parameters suggested a different exposure of polar cod occupying the fjord and shelf habitats, due to a combination of genetic and dietary differences, climate change effects and increased human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Spataro
- Institute of Polar Sciences-National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - L Patrolecco
- Institute of Polar Sciences-National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - N Ademollo
- Institute of Polar Sciences-National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy.
| | - K Præbel
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Campus Evenstad, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, 2418, Elverum, Norway
| | - J Rauseo
- Institute of Polar Sciences-National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - T Pescatore
- Water Research Institute- National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy; Department of Ecological and Biological Science, Tuscia University, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S Corsolini
- Institute of Polar Sciences-National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy; Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
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24
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Li R, Ren W, Teng Y, Sun Y, Xu Y, Zhao L, Wang X, Christie P, Luo Y. The inhibitory mechanism of natural soil colloids on the biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by a degrading bacterium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125687. [PMID: 34088185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In spite of extensive studies of soil model components, the role of natural soil colloids in the biodegradation of organic pollutants remain poorly understood. Accordingly, the present study selected Mollisol colloids (MCs) and Ultisol colloids (UCs) to investigate their effects on the biodegradation of 3, 3', 4, 4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) by Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110. Results demonstrated that both natural soil colloids significantly decreased the biodegradation of PCB77, which partly resulted from the significant decrease in the bioaccessibility of PCB77. Furthermore, the activity of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110 was remarkably inhibited under the exposure to the two types of soil colloids, which was mainly ascribed to the inhibition of cell reproduction but not the lethal effect of reactive oxygen species. The calculated results from Ex-DLVO theory further indicated that the repulsion between UCs and biodegrading bacteria retarded the effective contact of cells with adsorbed PCB77 from UCs, resulting in the decline of the rate of cell reproduction. In general, the inhibition of MCs was limited to PCB77 bioaccessibility, whereas the negative effect of UCs was controlled by PCB77 bioaccessibility and the effective contact of cells with colloids. This study could provide implication for the enhancement of microbial remediation in contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaomi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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25
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Fu J, Fu K, Chen Y, Li X, Ye T, Gao K, Pan W, Zhang A, Fu J. Long-Range Transport, Trophic Transfer, and Ecological Risks of Organophosphate Esters in Remote Areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10192-10209. [PMID: 34263594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been a focus in the field of environmental science due to their large volume production, wide range of applications, ubiquitous occurrence, potential bioaccumulation, and worrisome ecological and health risks. Varied physicochemical properties among OPE analogues represent an outstanding scientific challenge in studying the environmental fate of OPEs in recent years. There is an increasing number of studies focusing on the long-range transport, trophic transfer, and ecological risks of OPEs. Therefore, it is necessary to conclude the OPE pollution status on a global scale, especially in the remote areas with vulnerable and fragile ecosystems. The present review links together the source, fate, and environmental behavior of OPEs in remote areas, integrates the occurrence and profile data, summarizes their bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and ecological risks, and finally points out the predominant pollution burden of OPEs among organic pollutants in remote areas. Given the relatively high contamination level and bioaccumulation/biomagnification behavior of OPEs, in combination with the sensitivity of endemic species in remote areas, more attention should be paid to the potential ecological risks of OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kehan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Beijing Institute of Grain Science, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ke Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenxiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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26
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Karlsson O, Rocklöv J, Lehoux AP, Bergquist J, Rutgersson A, Blunt MJ, Birnbaum LS. The human exposome and health in the Anthropocene. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:378-389. [PMID: 33349868 PMCID: PMC8128460 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alizée P Lehoux
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Rutgersson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin J Blunt
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Durham, NC, USA
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27
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Adithya S, Jayaraman RS, Krishnan A, Malolan R, Gopinath KP, Arun J, Kim W, Govarthanan M. A critical review on the formation, fate and degradation of the persistent organic pollutant hexachlorocyclohexane in water systems and waste streams. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129866. [PMID: 33736213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impacts of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is an increasingly prominent topic in the scientific community. POPs are stable chemicals that are accumulated in living beings and can act as endocrine disruptors or carcinogens on prolonged exposure. Although efforts have been taken to minimize or ban the use of certain POPs, their use is still widespread due to their importance in several industries. As a result, it is imperative that POPs in the ecosystem are degraded efficiently and safely in order to avoid long-lasting environmental damage. This review focuses on the degradation techniques of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), a pollutant that has strong adverse effects on a variety of organisms. Different technologies such as adsorption, bioremediation and advanced oxidation process have been critically analyzed in this study. All 3 techniques have exhibited near complete removal of HCH under ideal conditions, and the median removal efficiency values for adsorption, bioremediation and advanced oxidation process were found to be 80%, 93% and 82% respectively. However, it must be noted that there is no ideal HCH removal technique and the selection of removal method depends on several factors. Furthermore, the fates of HCH in the environment and challenges faced by HCH degradation have also been explained in this study. The future scope for research in this field has also received attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Adithya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh Sai Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhishek Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Malolan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayaseelan Arun
- Centre for Waste Management, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar (OMR), Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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28
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Sonne C, Dietz R, Jenssen BM, Lam SS, Letcher RJ. Emerging contaminants and biological effects in Arctic wildlife. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:421-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Remili A, Letcher RJ, Samarra FIP, Dietz R, Sonne C, Desforges JP, Víkingsson G, Blair D, McKinney MA. Individual Prey Specialization Drives PCBs in Icelandic Killer Whales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4923-4931. [PMID: 33760582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interindividual variation in prey specialization is an essential yet overlooked aspect of wildlife feeding ecology, especially as it relates to intrapopulation variation in exposure to toxic contaminants. Here, we assessed blubber concentrations of an extensive suite of persistent organic pollutants in Icelandic killer whales (Orcinus orca). Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in blubber were >300-fold higher in the most contaminated individual relative to the least contaminated, ranging from 1.3 to 428.6 mg·kg-1 lw. Mean PCB concentrations were 6-to-9-fold greater in individuals with a mixed diet including marine mammals than in fish specialist individuals, whereas males showed PCB concentrations 4-fold higher than females. Given PCBs have been identified as potentially impacting killer whale population growth, and levels in mixed feeders specifically exceeded known thresholds, the ecology of individuals must be recognized to accurately forecast how contaminants may threaten the long-term persistence of the world's ultimate marine predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Remili
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Filipa I P Samarra
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, 202 Hafnarfjörđur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, 900 Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Jean-Pierre Desforges
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Gislí Víkingsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, 202 Hafnarfjörđur, Iceland
| | - David Blair
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada
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Marteinson SC, Bodnaryk A, Fry M, Riddell N, Letcher RJ, Marvin C, Tomy GT, Fernie KJ. A review of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in the environment and assessment of its persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110497. [PMID: 33232751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Following the ban of many historically-used flame retardants (FRs), numerous replacement chemicals have been produced and used in products, with some being identified as environmental contaminants. One of these replacement flame retardants is 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (DBE-DBCH; formerly abbreviated as TBECH), which to date has not been identified for risk assessment and potential regulation. DBE-DBCH technical mixtures consist largely of α- and β-diastereomers with trace amounts of γ- and δ-DBE-DBCH. The α- and β-isomers are known contaminants in various environmental media. While current global use and production volumes of DBE-DBCH are unknown, recent studies identified that DBE-DBCH concentrations were among the highest of the measured bromine-based FRs in indoor and urban air in Europe. Yet our mass balance fugacity model and modeling of the physical-chemical properties of DBE-DBCH estimated only 1% partitioning to air with a half-life of 2.2 d atmospherically. In contrast, our modeling characterized DBE-DBCH adsorbing strongly to suspended particulates in the water column (~12%), settling onto sediment (2.5%) with minimal volatilization, but with most partitioning and adsorbing strongly to soil (~85%) with negligible volatilization and slow biodegradation. Our modeling further predicted that organisms would be exposed to DBE-DBCH through partitioning from the dissolved aquatic phase, soil, and by diet, and given its estimated logKow (5.24) and a half-life of 1.7 d in fish, DBE-DBCH is expected to bioaccumulate into lipophilic tissues. Low concentrations of DBE-DBCH are commonly measured in biota and humans, possibly because evidence suggests rapid metabolism. Yet toxicological effects are evident at low exposure concentrations: DBE-DBCH is a proven endocrine disruptor of sex and thyroid hormone pathways, with in vivo toxic effects on reproductive, metabolic, and other endpoints. The objectives of this review are to identify the current state of knowledge concerning DBE-DBCH through an evaluation of its persistence, potential for bioaccumulation, and characterization of its toxicity, while identifying areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Marteinson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Anjelica Bodnaryk
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark Fry
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories, 345 Southgate Dr., Guelph, ON, N1G 3M5, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Mashjoor S, Mohamadjafari Dehkordi S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Cappello T. Emerging POPs-type cocktail signatures in Pusa caspica in quantitative structure-activity relationship of Caspian Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124334. [PMID: 33162245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Caspian seal Pusa caspica is the only endemic mammalian species throughout the Caspian Sea. This is the first report on risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Caspian seals by age-sex and tissue-specific uptake, and their surrounding environment (seawater, surface sediments, and suspended particulate matters, SPMs) in the Gorgan Bay (Caspian Sea, Iran). Among the quantified 70 POPs (∑35PCBs, ∑3HCHs, ∑6CHLs, ∑6DDTs, ∑17PCDD/Fs, HCB, dieldrin, and aldrin), ∑35PCBs were dominant in abiotic matrices (48.80% of ∑70POPs), followed by HCHs > CHLs > DDTs > PCDD/Fs > other POPs in surface sediments > SPMs > seawater, while the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQWHO) exceeded the safe value (possible risk in this area). In biota, the highest levels of ∑70POPs were found in males (756.3 ng g-1 dw, p < 0.05), followed by females (419.0 ng g-1 dw) and pups (191.6 ng g-1 dw) in liver > kidney > muscle > blubber > intestine > fur > heart > spleen > brain. The positive age-related POPs declining correlation between mother-pup pairs suggested the possible maternal transfer of POPs to offspring. The cocktail toxicity assessment revealed that Caspian seals can pose a low risk based on their mixed-TEQ values. Self-organizing map (SOM) indicated the non-coplanar PCB-93 as the most over-represented functional congener in tissue-specific POPs bioaccumulation. Quantitative toxicant tissue-profiling is valuable for predicting the state of mixture toxicity in pinniped species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Mashjoor
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Shirin Mohamadjafari Dehkordi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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WANG Y, ZHANG H, SHI J, JIANG G. [Research progress on analytical methods for the determination of hexachlorobutadiene]. Se Pu 2021; 39:46-56. [PMID: 34227358 PMCID: PMC9274838 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.05019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) is one of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) listed in Annex A and Annex C of the Stockholm Convention in 2015 and 2017, respectively. Research on the sources, environmental occurrences, and biological effects of HCBD has a great significance in controlling this newly added POPs. Sensitive and credible methods for the determination of HCBD are preconditions and form the basis for related research work. In recent years, many researchers have included HCBD as one of the analytes in monitoring or methodological studies. Based on the results of these studies, this paper reviews the research progress on analytical methods for the determination of HCBD and focuses on sample pretreatment methods for the analysis of HCBD in various matrices such as air, water, soil, sewage sludge, and biological tissues. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods are also compared to provide reference for further research in this field.For air samples, HCBD was usually collected by passing air through sorbent cartridges. Materials such as Tenax-TA, Carbosieve, Carbopack, Carboxen 1000, or their mixtures were used as the sorbent. HCBD was thermally desorbed and re-concentrated in a trap and finally transferred for instrumental analysis. Limits of detection (LODs) for HCBD in these methods were at the ng/m3 scale. Compared to sampling using pumps, passive air samplers (PAS) such as polyurethane foam PAS (PUF-PAS) do not require external power supply and are more convenient for sampling POPs in air at a large scale. The LOD of the sorbent-impregnated PUF PAS (SIP-PAS) method was much lower (0.03 pg/m3) than that of the PUF-PAS method (20 pg/m3). However, the sampling volumes in the SIP-PAS and PUF-PAS methods (-6 m3) calculated from the log KOA value of HCBD have significant uncertainty, and this must be confirmed in the future.For water samples, HCl or copper sulfate was added to the sample immediately after sampling to prevent any biological activities. HCBD can be extracted from water using methods such as the purge and trap method, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method, and solid phase extraction (SPE) method. Among these methods, SPE enabled the simultaneous extraction, purification, and concentration of trace HCBD in a single step. Recoveries of HCBD on Strata-X and Envi-Carb SPE cartridges (63%-64%) were higher than those on Envi-disk, Oasis HLB, and Strata-C18 cartridges (31%-46%). Drying is another key step for obtaining high recoveries of HCBD. Disk SPE involving the combination of a high-vacuum pump and a low-humidity atmosphere is an effective way to eliminate the residual water. In addition, a micro SPE method using functionalized polysulfone membranes as sorbents and employing ultrasonic desorption was developed for extracting HCBD from drinking water. The recovery of HCBD reached 102%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.5%.For solid samples such as dust, soil, sediment, sewage sludge, fly ash, and biota tissue, multiple pretreatment methods were used in combination, owing to the more complex matrix. Freeze or air drying, grinding, and sieving of samples were commonly carried out before the extraction. Soxhlet extraction is a typical extraction method for HCBD; however, it requires many organic reagents and is time consuming. The accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method requires a small amount of organic reagent, and the extraction can be performed rapidly. It was recently applied for the extraction of HCBD from solid samples under 10.34 MPa and at 100 ℃. Purification could be achieved simultaneously by mixing florisil materials with samples in the ASE pool. Nevertheless, employing the ASE methods widely is difficult because of their high costs. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) has the same extraction efficiency for HCBD, with much lower costs compared to ASE, and is therefore adopted by most researchers. The type of extraction solvent, solid-to-liquid ratio, ultrasonic temperature, and power affect the extraction efficiency. Ultrasonic extraction at 30 ℃ and 200 W using 30 mL dichloromethane as the extraction solvent resulted in acceptable recoveries (64.0%-69.4%) of HCBD in 2 g fly ash. After extraction, a clean-up step is necessary for the extracts of solid samples. Column chromatography is frequently used for purification. The combined use of several columns or a multilayer column filled with florisil, silica gel, acid silica gel, or alumina can improve the elimination efficiency of interfering substances.Instrumental analysis for HCBD is mainly performed with a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometer operating in selected ion monitoring mode. DB-5MS, HP-5MS, HP-1, ZB-5MS, and BP-5 can be used as the chromatographic columns. Qualification ions and quantification ions include m/z 225, 223, 260, 227, 190, and 188. GC-MS using an electron ionization (EI) source was more sensitive to HCBD than GC-MS using a positive chemical ionization source (PCI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (APCI). Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS), and high-resolution gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) have recently been used for the separation and determination of HCBD and various other organic pollutants. Instrumental detection limits for HCBD in GC-MS/MS, GC-HRMS, and HRGC-HRMS were more than ten times lower than that in GC-MS, indicating the remarkable application potential of these high-performance instruments in HCBD analysis.
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Fernie KJ, Karouna-Renier NK, Letcher RJ, Schultz SL, Peters LE, Palace V, Henry PFP. Endocrine and physiological responses of hatchling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following embryonic exposure to technical short-chain chlorinated paraffins (C 10-13). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106087. [PMID: 32950788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes, shown to bioaccumulate but with unknown effects in wild birds. The present study examined development-related effects of SCCPs on captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) treated in ovo on embryonic day (ED) 5 by injection with technical Chloroparaffin® (C10-13, 55.5% Cl) at environmentally relevant nominal (measured) concentrations of 10 (10), 50 (29) or 100 (97) ng ΣSCCP/g egg ww, and artificially incubated until hatching (ED27-ED29). The SCCP concentrations measured in the yolk sacs of the hatchling kestrels bracketed concentrations reported in the eggs of wild birds. Uptake and deposition of these SCCPs differed between male and female hatchlings, with only males showing differences in SCCP concentrations, being highest in the high-dose males than each of the other male groups. Embryonic exposure to SCCPs suppressed glandular total thyroxine (TT4) (20-33%) and reduced circulating triiodothyronine (TT3) (37-40%) in male hatchlings only when compared to control males, but had no effect on glandular TT3 or circulating TT4 in male or female kestrels. Histological assessments of thyroid glands showed that both sexes experienced significant structural changes indicative of gland activation. These thyroid glandular changes and the variations in SCCP concentrations were related to circulating TT3 in female hatchlings. Hepatic deiodinase enzyme (D1, D2) activities were stable and no SCCP-related changes were observed in hatching success, hatchling size, or immune organ size. However, several of the thyroid function indicators were correlated with hatchling size and smaller bursas and spleens, possibly indirectly through SCCP-induced changes in thyroid function. Because changes in thyroid function were evident at concentrations measured in wild bird eggs, similar changes may occur in wild nestlings. The potential impact of these changes on thyroid-mediated growth and survival in wild birds requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - N K Karouna-Renier
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC, East Bldg 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - R J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - S L Schultz
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC, East Bldg 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - L E Peters
- Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - V Palace
- International Institute of Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 0T4, Canada
| | - P F P Henry
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Occurrence, analysis and risk assessment of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in biota: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111547. [PMID: 32829085 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their widespread use, organophosphate esters (OPEs) are commonly detected in various environmental matrices and have been identified as emerging contaminants. In this review article, the occurrence and analytical techniques of OPEs in the biotic environment have been compiled and reviewed. Data from studies published the last decade all over the world covering a variety of species in trophic chain have been synthesized and evaluated. OPEs are among the most frequent detected flame retardants and high concentrations are detected in biota to date. Knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research are discussed emphasizing on further monitoring, advanced analytical methodologies, and risk assessment studies to completely understand the science of OPEs in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Dominique M, Letcher RJ, Rutter A, Langlois VS. Comparative review of the distribution and burden of contaminants in the body of polar bears. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:32456-32466. [PMID: 32556983 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Historical (or legacy) contaminants, such as metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs; e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) have been measured in circumpolar subpopulations of polar bears, especially from Hudson Bay, East Greenland, and Svalbard, but substantially less is currently known about new and/or emerging contaminants such as polychlorinated naphthalenes, current-use pesticides, organotins, and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is an apex Arctic predator that accumulates high levels of bioaccumulative POPs and mercury (Hg), but there is currently no comprehensive profiling of the present knowledge on contaminants in tissue and body compartments in polar bears. Based on current literature reports and data, and including archived museum samples (as far back as the 1300s) and up to 2018, the aim of this review is to utilize available data to examine the comparative distribution and burden of mainly lipophilic contaminants in kidney, liver, fat, and other body compartments, such as milk, blood, and brain. Highlight outcomes from this review include the following: (1) the kidneys are one of the most important tissue depots of contaminants in polar bears; (2) there is a critical lack of data concerning the presence of metals of concern (other than Hg); and (3) there currently are no data available on the concentrations of many newer and emerging contaminants, such as PACs, which is especially relevant given the increasing oil and gas development in regions, such as the Beaufort Sea (Canada). Additionally, given the vulnerability of polar bear populations worldwide, there is a need to develop non-invasive approaches to monitor contaminant exposure in polar bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Dominique
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Allison Rutter
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Ecotoxicogenomics and Endocrine Disruption, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
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Bao J, Yu WJ, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu ZQ, Duan YF. Removal of perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSAs) from synthetic and natural groundwater by electrocoagulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125951. [PMID: 32000036 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe contaminations of perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSAs) existed in the natural groundwater beneath a fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) in Fuxin of China. In the present study, systematic researches were performed to determine the best conditions of efficient treatment for 1 mg L-1 of PFSAs in the synthetic groundwater samples with the periodically reverse electrocoagulation (PREC) using the Al-Zn electrodes. Based upon the orthogonal experiments, the removal efficiencies of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) could reach 87.4%, 95.6%, and 100%, respectively, within the initial 10 min, under the optimal conditions of voltage at 12.0 V, pH at 7.0, and stirring speed at 400 rpm. In addition, the optimized PREC technique was further applied to remove the PFSA contaminations from the natural groundwater samples of the Fuxin FIP, subsequently generating the removal efficiencies of three target PFSA analytes in the range between 59.0% and 100% at 60 min. Moreover, the SEM-EDS analyses showed the hydroxide flocs formed during the process of PREC treatment had clear characteristics of floc aggregates, with the major constituents of O, Al, C, N, Zn, and F elements. As a result, long-chain PFHxS and PFOS tended to be eliminated completely from the natural groundwater by their absorptions on the Al-Zn hydroxide flocs, potentially because of their higher hydrophobicity compared with short-chain PFBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Bao
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China.
| | - Wen-Jing Yu
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Zhi-Qun Liu
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Yan-Fang Duan
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
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Hou R, Xu Y, Rao K, Feng C, Wang Z. Tissue-specific bioaccumulation, metabolism and excretion of tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) in rare minnow (Gobiocyprisrarus). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114245. [PMID: 32220757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) is one of the most commonly used organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR) analogues and is commonly detected in surface water and sediments. Limited information is available about the metabolic pathway or metabolite formation related to TEHP in fish. In this study, rare minnows (Gobiocyprisrarus) were exposed to TEHP in static water for 30 d to investigate the bioaccumulation and metabolite distribution in the fish muscle, liver, kidney, gill, GI-tract, ovary and testis. Based on the estimated kup,parent and kd,parent values, the bioconcentration factors (BCFparent) of TEHP in fish tissues were calculated in the order of kidney > ovary ≈ liver ≈ testis > gill ≈ GI-tract > muscle; this finding was consistent with the results of our previous study on other alkyl-substituted OPFRs. In addition, this study identified the metabolic profiles of TEHP in the liver. TEHP was oxidatively metabolized by the fish to a dealkylated metabolite (di 2-ethylhexyl phosphate; DEHP) and hydroxylated TEHP (OH-TEHP). OH-TEHP further underwent extensive phase II metabolism to yield glucuronic acid conjugates. DEHP was mainly distributed in rare minnow in the following order: liver > GI-tract > kidney ≫ other tissues. However, the metabolite showed lower accumulation potential in fish tissues than TEHP, with metabolite parent concentration factors (MPCFs) for DEHP of less than 0.1 in all the investigated tissues. The BCFparent values of TEHP in various fish tissues were only 9.0 × 10-3-7.2 × 10-4 times its estimated tissue-water partition coefficient (Ktissue-water) values based on tissue lipid, protein and water contents, which indicated the significance of biotransformation in reducing the bioaccumulation potential of TEHP in fish. The toxicokinetic data in the present study help in understanding the tissue-specific bioaccumulation and metabolism pathways of TEHP in fish and highlight the importance of toxicology research on TEHP metabolites in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Simond AE, Houde M, Lesage V, Michaud R, Verreault J. Metabolomic profiles of the endangered St. Lawrence Estuary beluga population and associations with organohalogen contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137204. [PMID: 32065898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The endangered beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) population residing in the St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE; Eastern Canada) is declining. The elevated tissue concentrations of a wide range of organohalogen contaminants might play a role in the non-recovery of this whale population. Organohalogens have been reported to impair the regulation of several metabolic products from cellular reactions in mammals such as amino acids and fatty acids. The objective of this study was to investigate a suite of organohalogens including polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and selected emerging flame retardants in blubber (biopsy) collected from 40 SLE male belugas, and their relationships to skin concentrations of targeted metabolites (i.e., 21 amino acids, 22 biogenic amines, 18 fatty acids, and 17 energy metabolites). A cluster analysis based on metabolomic profiles distinguished two main subgroups of belugas in the upper and lower sector of their summer habitat in the SLE. These results indicate that ecological factors such as local prey availability and diet composition played a role in shaping the metabolite profiles of belugas. Moreover, SCCP concentrations in SLE male belugas correlated negatively with those of four unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1ω7, C22:5ω3c1, C22:5ω3c2, and C22:6ω3), and positively with those of acetylornithine (biogenic amine). These findings suggest that biological functions such as lipid metabolism represent potential targets for organohalogens in this population, and further our understanding on potential health risks associated with elevated organohalogen exposure in cetaceans. Our results also underscore the necessity of considering ecological factors (e.g., diet and habitat use) in metabolomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine E Simond
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Véronique Lesage
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 1000, 850 route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Robert Michaud
- Groupe de Recherche et d'Éducation sur les Mammifères Marins (GREMM), 870 avenue Salaberry, Bureau R24, Québec, QC G1R 2T9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Lühmann K, Lille-Langøy R, Øygarden L, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Goksøyr A, Routti H. Environmental Pollutants Modulate Transcriptional Activity of Nuclear Receptors of Whales In Vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5629-5639. [PMID: 32212695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the transcriptional activity of fin (Balaenoptera physalus) and blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and thyroid hormone receptor β (THRB), when exposed to 14 persistent organic pollutants (so-called "legacy" persistent organic pollutants (POPs)) and a synthetic mixture of POPs, using GAL4-UAS-based in vitro luciferase reporter gene assays. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) had both agonistic and antagonistic effects on PPARG and GR, and mainly antagonistic, except for PCB153, effects on THRB. 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its metabolites had mainly antagonistic effects on all of the receptors, except for o,p'-DDT. Given that the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of PPARG is the same in killer whales, white whales, polar bears, and humans, and that GR-LBD is identical in killer whales and minke whales and that the LBD of THRB is the same in killer whales, white whales, and humans, it is likely that the results of this study are representative for these other species as well. It is important to note that several environmental pollutants modulated the transcriptional activity of tested nuclear receptors at environmentally relevant concentrations for whales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lühmann
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø 9296, Norway
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Landau in der Pfalz 76829, Germany
| | - Roger Lille-Langøy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Lene Øygarden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Kit M Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø 9296, Norway
| | | | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø 9296, Norway
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Zheng G, Miller P, von Hippel FA, Buck CL, Carpenter DO, Salamova A. Legacy and emerging semi-volatile organic compounds in sentinel fish from an arctic formerly used defense site in Alaska. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113872. [PMID: 32069693 PMCID: PMC7082201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is subject to long-range atmospheric deposition of globally-distilled semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) that bioaccumulate and biomagnify in lipid-rich food webs. In addition, locally contaminated sites may also contribute SVOCs to the arctic environment. Specifically, Alaska has hundreds of formerly used defense (FUD) sites, many of which are co-located with Alaska Native villages in remote parts of the state. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of SVOC contamination on Alaska's St. Lawrence Island through the analysis of sentinel fish, the ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), collected from Troutman Lake located within the watershed of an FUD site and adjacent to the Yupik community of Gambell. We measured the concentrations of legacy and emerging SVOCs in 303 fish samples (81 composites), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs) and their diester metabolites, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). PBDEs and PCBs were the most abundant SVOC groups found in stickleback with ΣPBDE and ΣPCB median concentrations of 25.8 and 10.9 ng/g ww, respectively, followed by PFAS (median ΣPFAS 7.22 ng/g ww). ΣOPE and ΣOPE metabolite concentrations were lower with median concentrations of 4.97 and 1.18 ng/g ww, respectively. Chemical patterns and distributions based on correlations and comparison with SVOC concentrations in stickleback from other parts of the island suggest strong local sources of PCBs, PBDEs, and PFAS on St. Lawrence Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomao Zheng
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Pamela Miller
- Alaska Community Action on Toxics, Anchorage, AK, 99518, USA
| | - Frank A von Hippel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - C Loren Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - David O Carpenter
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Gao K, Miao X, Fu J, Chen Y, Li H, Pan W, Fu J, Zhang Q, Zhang A, Jiang G. Occurrence and trophic transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in an Antarctic ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113383. [PMID: 31727419 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Information on the occurrence and trophodynamics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Antarctic region is limited. We investigated the occurrence of PFASs in an ecosystem in the Fildes Peninsula at King George Island and Ardley Island, Antarctica. The profiles, spatial distribution, and trophic transfer behavior of PFASs were further studied. ∑PFASs ranged from 0.50 ± 38.0 ng/g dw (dry weight) in algae to 4.97 ± 1.17 ng/g dw in Neogastropoda (Ngas), which was lower than those in the low- and mid-latitude regions and even Arctic regions. Perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) was predominant with detection frequencies above 50% in all types of samples, and the relative contribution of PFBA ranged from 22% to 57% in the biota samples. The biomagnification factors of PFBA, perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) between Archaeogastropoda (Agas) and Ngas were 0.67 ± 0.54, 0.77 ± 0.38, 1.04 ± 1.56, 3.30 ± 4.07, and 1.61 ± 0.89, respectively. The trophic magnification factors of PFHxS and PFOS were 2.09 and 2.92, respectively, which indicated that they could be biomagnified through the food chain. Considering the increasing production and uncertain toxicological risks of emerging PFASs and the sensitive ecosystems in Antarctic regions, more attention should be paid, especially for the short-chain ones in the Antarctic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Miao
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Nature Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yang B, Wang Y, Qin Q, Xia X, Liu Z, Song E, Song Y. Polychlorinated Biphenyl Quinone Promotes Macrophage-Derived Foam Cell Formation. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2422-2432. [PMID: 31680514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic environmental pollutants that are accused of various toxic effects. PCB exposure is widely believed to be associated with atherosclerosis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Although PCBs are easily metabolized, there is rarely information on the effects of their metabolites on atherosclerosis. Currently, we evaluate the effect of 2,3,5-trichloro-6-phenyl-[1,4]-benzoquinone (PCB29-pQ) on the critical phase of atherosclerosis development, that is, the formation of macrophage-derived foam cells. We exposed Ox-LDL-induced RAW264.7 cells to 2.5 μM and 5 μM PCB29-pQ. Varieties of evidence have demonstrated that PCB29-pQ promotes foam cell formation and develops proinflammatory cascade and cell necroptosis. In detail, we observed that PCB29-pQ increased levels of total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), triglyceride (TG), and cholesteryl ester (CE) by increasing the cholesterol influx and reducing the cholesterol efflux. Moreover, we found that PCB29-pQ induced inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, released by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inflammatory pathway. In addition, we demonstrated that PCB29-pQ induced cell necroptosis via receptor interacting protein kinases 1 and 3 (RIPK1/3) and a mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pathway. Finally, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by PCB29-pQ played significant roles in these processes, which could be reversed with an antioxidant. Overall, our results indicated that PCB29-pQ promoted the macrophage formation of foam cells, inflammation, and cell necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Yawen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Qi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
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Zhang H, Shen Y, Liu W, He Z, Fu J, Cai Z, Jiang G. A review of sources, environmental occurrences and human exposure risks of hexachlorobutadiene and its association with some other chlorinated organics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:831-840. [PMID: 31344544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research on hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) has increased since its listing in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2011. However, thorough reports on recent data regarding this topic are lacking. Moreover, potential associations between HCBD and some chlorinated organics have usually been ignored in previous research. In this review, possible formation pathways and sources, current environmental occurrences and human exposure risks of HCBD are discussed, as well as the association with several organochlorine compounds. The results reveal that unintentional production and emission from industrial activities and waste treatments are the main sources of HCBD. Similar precursors are found for HCBD and chlorobenzenes, indicating the presence of common sources. Although recent data indicates that levels of HCBD in the environment are generally low, risks from human exposure to HCBD, together with other pollutants, may be high. More attention in the future needs to be paid to the mixed contamination of HCBD and other pollutants from common sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanting Shen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wencong Liu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhiqiao He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Boisvert G, Sonne C, Rigét FF, Dietz R, Letcher RJ. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl acids and precursors in East Greenland polar bears and their ringed seal prey. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1335-1343. [PMID: 31252131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation and biomagnification of 22 major perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were investigated in tissues of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and their major prey species, the ringed seal (Pusa hispida), from the Scoresby Sound region of East Greenland. In polar bear liver the mean Σ4PFSA (perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid) concentration (C4, C6, C8 and C10) was 2611 ± 202 ng/g wet weight (ww; 99% perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)) and two orders of magnitude higher than the 20 ± 3 ng/g ww (89% PFOS) concentration in fat. The mean Σ4PFSAs in seal liver was 111 ± 5 ng/g ww (98% PFOS) and three orders of magnitude higher relative to the 0.05 ± 0.01 ng/g ww concentration in blubber (100% perfluorohexane sulfonate). Perfluoro-1-octane sulfonamide (FOSA) was quantifiable in bear (mean 10 ± 1.4 ng/g ww) and seal (mean 0.6 ± 0.1 ng/g ww) liver but not in fat or blubber. The mean Σ13PFCAs (C4-C18; perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids) in bear liver (924 ± 71 ng/g ww) was much greater than in seal liver (74 ± 6 ng/g ww). In bear fat and seal blubber, the mean Σ13PFCAs were 15 ± 1.9 and 0.9 ± 0.1 ng/g ww, respectively. Longer chain C11 to C14 PFCAs dominated in bear fat and seal blubber (60-80% of Σ13PFCA), whereas shorter-chain C9 to C11 PFCAs dominated in the liver (85-90% of Σ13PFCA). Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were orders of magnitude greater for PFHxS and C9 to C13 PFCAs when based on bear liver to seal blubber rather than bear liver to seal liver, and PFCA (C9 to C13) BMFs decreased with increasing chain length. Seal blubber to bear liver BMFs better reflects the dietary exposure relationship of PFAS between bears and seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Boisvert
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada and the Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada and the Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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45
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Du B, Ge J, Yang R, Han X, Chen H, Li J, Zeng L. Altitude-dependent accumulation of short chain chlorinated paraffins in fish from alpine lakes and Lhasa river on the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:594-600. [PMID: 31026708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High mountain cold-trapping effects can play important roles in the global long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have recently been included into the Stockholm Convention as a new class of POPs. However, the long-range transport behavior and environmental fate of SCCPs still remain largely unknown in high-altitude mountain areas. In this study, a total of 51 fish samples were collected from five high-altitude mountain lakes and Lasha river across the Tibetan Plateau. SCCPs were positively detected in all fish samples, and the concentrations ranged from 3.9 to 107 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) with an average of 26.6 ng g-1 dw. Compared to aquatic organisms from the Artic and Antarctica, the SCCP levels found in alpine fish from the Tibetan Plateau were lower. A significant increasing trend in accumulation levels of SCCPs in alpine fish with the increasing altitude was found on the Tibetan Plateau (r = 0.98, p < 0.001). Shorter chain congener group C10 showed a significant increase in percentage contribution to total SCCPs with increasing altitude, but a contrary tendency was found for longer chain congener group C13. The widespread occurrence of SCCPs in Tibetan fish was mainly sourced from the long-range atmospheric transport, and the altitude-dependent distribution of SCCPs was due to the mountain cold-trapping effects and potential susceptibility to bioaccumulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the altitude-dependent accumulation of SCCPs in biota in the polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibai Du
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiali Ge
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xu Han
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Spörndly-Nees E, Holm L, van Beest FM, Fakhrzadeh A, Ekstedt E, Letcher R, Magnusson U, Desforges JP, Dietz R, Sonne C. Age and seasonal variation in testis and baculum morphology in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in relation to high concentrations of persistent organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:246-254. [PMID: 30928855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are found in high concentrations in the Artic. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are one of the most exposed mammals in the Arctic and are thereby vulnerable to reproductive disruption. The aim of this study was to investigate male polar bear reproduction based on a detailed evaluation of testis histology and to assess possible effects of environmental chemicals on male polar bear reproduction. Reproductive groups that were identified based on histology were as follows: actively reproductive (REP), non-reproductive either with degenerated testes (DEG), undeveloped seminiferous tubules (UND), or morphology in-transition (INT). Categorization into these groups was supported by significant differences in testis and baculum measurements among REP, DEG, and UND, as well as differences in the area and diameter of seminiferous tubules among REP, DEG, and UND. These results show that it is possible to identify the reproductive stage in polar bears even if capture date and or age is lacking. Based on testis morphology we suggest that adult male polar bears from East Greenland have active spermatogenesis in February to June, and inactive degenerated testes in August to January. January to February was the main period of reproductive transition, characterised by a shift between inactive and active spermatogenesis. Baculum and testis size measurements decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of the chlordane metabolite oxychlordane, suggesting a potential impact on male reproductive success. Half of the investigated polar bears in REP group displayed signs of disorganization of the spermatogenesis which might be a sign of disrupted reproduction. However, no correlations with levels of the investigated POPs were detected. Reproductive organ measurements in polar bears differed significantly between REP and DEG groups, which cannot be explained by age, and therefore should be considered when investigating the effect of POPs on male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Spörndly-Nees
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007, Sweden.
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007, Sweden
| | - Floris M van Beest
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-400, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Azadeh Fakhrzadeh
- Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc) Tehran Province, No. 1090, Enghelab, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elisabeth Ekstedt
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007, Sweden
| | - Robert Letcher
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Bldg. 33, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jean-Pierre Desforges
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-400, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-400, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-400, Roskilde, Denmark
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Houde M, Wang X, Colson TLL, Gagnon P, Ferguson SH, Ikonomou MG, Dubetz C, Addison RF, Muir DCG. Trends of persistent organic pollutants in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Canadian Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:1135-1146. [PMID: 30893745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ringed seals (Phoca hispida) have been used as bioindicator species of environmental contamination in Canada since the 1970s. In the present study, seals were harvested during subsistence hunts in four regions of the Canadian Arctic: Beaufort Sea, Arctic Archipelago, Hudson Bay, and coastal Labrador. An extensive suite of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was determined in seal blubber collected for multiple years between 1972 and 2016. Results from this long-term study indicate geographical differences in the contaminant concentrations in seals and the significant general decrease of most POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and related compounds, chlordanes (CHL), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) over time in ringed seals. The highest decrease rates (up to -9.1%/year for α-HCH) were found in seals from the Hudson Bay region where all chemicals investigated have significantly decreased since 1986. Significant increases in concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in seals from Labrador and β-HCH in Sachs Harbour, NT and Arctic Archipelago were observed. Site-specific and contaminant-specific associations between climate pattern (i.e., Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, and Pacific/North American pattern) and mean ice-coverage (total, first-year ice, and old-ice) were found at sites with the longest time trend data (i.e., Arviat, Sachs Harbour/Ulukhaktok and Resolute Bay). Overall, results suggest that North American and international regulations have led to the long-term reduction of most POPs in Canadian Arctic ringed seals by reducing emissions from primary sources. However, other sources of legacy compounds (e.g., environmental reservoirs) as well changes in food web composition and structure in relation to climate changes could also be influencing the very slow rates of decline, or stable levels, of contaminants found in seals at some sites. Further work is warranted to discern between co-variation of climate changes and contaminant concentrations and cause-and-effect relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada.
| | - X Wang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - T-L L Colson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - P Gagnon
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - S H Ferguson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - M G Ikonomou
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - C Dubetz
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - R F Addison
- 1705 Eagle View Place, Duncan, BC V9L 6R1, Canada
| | - D C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
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Routti H, Atwood TC, Bechshoft T, Boltunov A, Ciesielski TM, Desforges JP, Dietz R, Gabrielsen GW, Jenssen BM, Letcher RJ, McKinney MA, Morris AD, Rigét FF, Sonne C, Styrishave B, Tartu S. State of knowledge on current exposure, fate and potential health effects of contaminants in polar bears from the circumpolar Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:1063-1083. [PMID: 30901781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is among the Arctic species exposed to the highest concentrations of long-range transported bioaccumulative contaminants, such as halogenated organic compounds and mercury. Contaminant exposure is considered to be one of the largest threats to polar bears after the loss of their Arctic sea ice habitat due to climate change. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of current exposure, fate, and potential health effects of contaminants in polar bears from the circumpolar Arctic required by the Circumpolar Action Plan for polar bear conservation. Overall results suggest that legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls, chlordanes and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), followed by other perfluoroalkyl compounds (e.g. carboxylic acids, PFCAs) and brominated flame retardants, are still the main compounds in polar bears. Concentrations of several legacy POPs that have been banned for decades in most parts of the world have generally declined in polar bears. Current spatial trends of contaminants vary widely between compounds and recent studies suggest increased concentrations of both POPs and PFCAs in certain subpopulations. Correlative field studies, supported by in vitro studies, suggest that contaminant exposure disrupts circulating levels of thyroid hormones and lipid metabolism, and alters neurochemistry in polar bears. Additionally, field and in vitro studies and risk assessments indicate the potential for adverse impacts to polar bear immune functions from exposure to certain contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Todd C Atwood
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Thea Bechshoft
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andrei Boltunov
- Marine Mammal Research and Expedition Center, 36 Nahimovskiy pr., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jean-Pierre Desforges
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Heath Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Adam D Morris
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Heath Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Tartu
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
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Du X, Yuan B, Zhou Y, Zheng Z, Wu Y, Qiu Y, Zhao J, Yin G. Tissue-Specific Accumulation, Sexual Difference, and Maternal Transfer of Chlorinated Paraffins in Black-Spotted Frogs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4739-4746. [PMID: 30977643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The restriction on usage of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) under Stockholm Convention may promote the production and application of medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and long chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) as substitutes. This study focused on the tissue-specific exposure to SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in black-spotted frog, a prevalent amphibian species in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The total CP concentrations in frog liver, muscle, and egg samples ranged of 35-1200, 6.3-97, and 6.8-300 ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively. Livers and eggs contained primary SCCPs (on average 78%) while MCCPs (43%) together with SCCPs (41%) were dominant in muscles. A significantly negative correlation was observed between hepatosomatic index and CPs concentration in liver ( p < 0.01), indicating that CP exposure may lower survival rates of frogs by suppressing the energy storage in liver. Additionally, maternal transfer, an important uptake pathway for CPs, was evaluated for the first time by calculating the ratios of CP levels in eggs to those in their paired liver tissues. The ratio of egg to liver for CP congener groups raised with the increasing of log Kow values, indicating mother to egg transport of CPs was related to the lipophilicity of the chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Yihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Ziye Zheng
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , SE-901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Yanling Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Ge Yin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
- Shimadzu (China) Company, Limited , Shanghai 200233 , P. R. China
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50
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Routti H, Berg MK, Lille-Langøy R, Øygarden L, Harju M, Dietz R, Sonne C, Goksøyr A. Environmental contaminants modulate the transcriptional activity of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA). Sci Rep 2019; 9:6918. [PMID: 31061404 PMCID: PMC6502799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alfa (PPARA/NR1C1) is a ligand activated nuclear receptor that is a key regulator of lipid metabolism in tissues with high fatty acid catabolism such as the liver. Here, we cloned PPARA from polar bear liver tissue and studied in vitro transactivation of polar bear and human PPARA by environmental contaminants using a luciferase reporter assay. Six hinge and ligand-binding domain amino acids have been substituted in polar bear PPARA compared to human PPARA. Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) and perfluorosulfonic acids induced the transcriptional activity of both human and polar bear PPARA. The most abundant PFCA in polar bear tissue, perfluorononanoate, increased polar bear PPARA-mediated luciferase activity to a level comparable to that of the potent PPARA agonist WY-14643 (~8-fold, 25 μM). Several brominated flame retardants were weak agonists of human and polar bear PPARA. While single exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls did not, or only slightly, increase the transcriptional activity of PPARA, a technical mixture of PCBs (Aroclor 1254) strongly induced the transcriptional activity of human (~8-fold) and polar bear PPARA (~22-fold). Polar bear PPARA was both quantitatively and qualitatively more susceptible than human PPARA to transactivation by less lipophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Mari K Berg
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Roger Lille-Langøy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lene Øygarden
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mikael Harju
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
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