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Jin H, Hou J, Ruan Y, Xu J, Yang K, Lin D. Distribution pattern analysis of multiple antibiotics in the soil-rice system using a QuEChERS extraction method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173929. [PMID: 38871311 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly released into paddy fields as mixtures via human activities. However, the simultaneous extraction and detection of these chemicals from multiple media are technically challenging due to their different physicochemical properties, resulting in unclear patterns of their transport in the soil-rice system. In this study, a "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe" (QuEChERS) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 4 tetracyclines (TCs) and 4 fluoroquinolones (FQs) in the soil and rice tissues from a local poultry farm, and thereby the distribution patterns of the target antibiotics in the soil-rice system and their risk levels to the soil were analyzed. After parameter optimization, the calibration range used for the target antibiotics was 0.1-50 μg/L and each calibration curve was linear with a coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.995); The QuEChERS method achieved satisfactory recovery rates (70.3-124.6%) along with sensitive detection limits (0.005-0.21 ng/g) for TCs and FQs in the soil, root, stem, leaf, and grain. Among the 8 antibiotics, enrofloxacin (ENX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), oxytetracycline (OTC), and doxycycline (DOX) were detected around a poultry farm. The four antibiotics in the collected paddy soils around the poultry farm ranged from 7.1 ng/g to 395.5 ng/g. Notably, ENX and DOX had higher ecological risks (risk quotient values >1) than CIP and OTC in soil. ENX, CIP, and DOX were highly enriched in rice roots with concentrations up to 471.9, 857.3, and 547.4 ng/g, respectively, which were also detected in rice aboveground tissues. The findings may provide both technical and practical guidance for the understanding of antibiotic environmental behavior and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuyu Ruan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Ecological Civilization Academy, Anji 313300, China.
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Mai Z, Xiong X, Li X, Hu H, Wu C. Antibiotics in the rice-crayfish rotation pattern: Occurrence, prioritization, and resistance risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172540. [PMID: 38636854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics are extensively utilized in aquaculture to mitigate diseases and augment the productivity of aquatic commodities. However, to date, there have been no reports on the presence and associated risks of antibiotics in the emergent rice-crayfish rotation (RCR) system. This study investigated the occurrence, temporal dynamics, prioritization, sources, and potential for resistance development of 15 antibiotics within the RCR ecosystem. The findings revealed that during the crayfish breeding and rice planting periods, florfenicol (FFC) predominated in the RCR's surface water, with peak and average concentrations of 1219.70 ng/L and 57.43 ng/L, and 1280.70 ng/L and 52.60 ng/L, respectively. Meanwhile, enrofloxacin (ENX) was the primary antibiotic detected in RCR soil and its maximum and average concentrations were 624.73 ng/L and 69.02 ng/L in the crayfish breeding period, and 871.27 ng/L and 45.89 ng/L in the rice planting period. Throughout the adjustment period, antibiotic concentrations remained relatively stable in both phases. Notably, antibiotic levels in surface water and soil escalated during the crayfish breeding period and subsided during the rice planting period, with these fluctuations predominantly influenced by FFC and ENX. Source analysis indicated that the antibiotics in RCR predominantly originated from aquaculture activities, supplemented by water exchange processes. Utilizing the entropy utility function and a resistance development model, FFC, clarithromycin (CLR), and roxithromycin (ROX) in surface water, along with ENX, CLR, and ROX in soil, were identified as priority antibiotics. FFC, ENX, and ROX exhibited a medium risk for resistance development. Consequently, this study underscores the necessity to intensify antibiotic usage control during the crayfish breeding period in the RCR system to mitigate environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Mai
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongjuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Wu X, Sun F, Cao S, Wang Q, Wang L, Wang S, He Y, Kolvenbach BA, Corvini PFX, Ji R. Maize ( Zea mays L.) Plants Alter the Fate and Accumulate Nonextractable Residues of Sulfamethoxazole in Farmland Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9292-9302. [PMID: 38752544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The fate of sulfonamide antibiotics in farmlands is crucial for food and ecological safety, yet it remains unclear. We used [phenyl-U-14C]-labeled sulfamethoxazole (14C-SMX) to quantitatively investigate the fate of SMX in a soil-maize system for 60 days, based on a six-pool fate model. Formation of nonextractable residues (NERs) was the predominant fate for SMX in unplanted soil, accompanied by minor mineralization. Notably, maize plants significantly increased SMX dissipation (kinetic constant kd = 0.30 day-1 vs 0.17 day-1), while substantially reducing the NER formation (92% vs 58% of initially applied SMX) and accumulating SMX (40%, mostly bound to roots). Significant NERs (maximal 29-42%) were formed via physicochemical entrapment (determined using silylation), which could partially be released and taken up by maize plants. The NERs consisted of a considerable amount of SMX formed via entrapment (1-8%) and alkali-hydrolyzable covalent bonds (2-12%, possibly amide linkage). Six and 10 transformation products were quantified in soil extracts and NERs, respectively, including products of hydroxyl substitution, deamination, and N-acylation, among which N-lactylated SMX was found for the first time. Our findings reveal the composition and instability of SMX-derived NERs in the soil-plant system and underscore the need to study the long-term impacts of reversible NERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Siqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lianhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Songfeng Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Boris Alexander Kolvenbach
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Francois-Xavier Corvini
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
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Zhao K, Li C, Li F. Research progress on the origin, fate, impacts and harm of microplastics and antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment plants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9719. [PMID: 38678134 PMCID: PMC11055955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported microplastics (MPs), antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). There is still a lack of research progress on the origin, fate, impact and hazards of MPs and ARGs in WWTPs. This paper fills a gap in this regard. In our search, we used "microplastics", "antibiotic resistance genes", and "wastewater treatment plant" as topic terms in Web of Science, checking the returned results for relevance by examining paper titles and abstracts. This study mainly explores the following points: (1) the origins and fate of MPs, antibiotics and ARGs in WWTPs; (2) the mechanisms of action of MPs, antibiotics and ARGs in sludge biochemical pools; (3) the impacts of MPs in WWTPs and the spread of ARGs; (4) and the harm inflicted by MPs and ARGs on the environment and human body. Contaminants in sewage sludge such as MPs, ARGs, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria enter the soil and water. Contaminants can travel through the food chain and thus reach humans, leading to increased illness, hospitalization, and even mortality. This study will enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of action among MPs, antibiotics, ARGs, and the harm they inflict on the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria at Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Fengxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria at Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Ai T, Yao S, Yu Y, Peng K, Jin L, Zhu X, Zhou H, Huang J, Sun J, Zhu L. Transformation process and phytotoxicity of sulfamethoxazole and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole in rice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170857. [PMID: 38340847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonamide antibiotics, extensively used in human and veterinary therapy, accumulate in agroecosystem soils through livestock manure and sewage irrigation. However, the interaction between sulfonamides and rice plants remains unclear. This study investigated the transformation behavior and toxicity of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and its main metabolite, N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (NASMX) in rice. SMX and NASMX were rapidly taken up by roots and translocated acropetally. NASMX showed higher accumulating capacity, with NASMX concentrations up to 20.36 ± 1.98 μg/g (roots) and 5.62 ± 1.17 μg/g (shoots), and with SMX concentrations up to 15.97 ± 2.53 μg/g (roots) and 3.22 ± 0.789 μg/g (shoots). A total of 18 intermediate transformation products of SMX were identified by nontarget screening using Orbitrap-HRMS, revealing pathways such as deamination, hydroxylation, acetylation, formylation, and glycosylation. Notably, NASMX transformed back into SMX in rice, a novel finding. Transcriptomic analysis highlights the involvements of cytochrome P450 (CYP450), acetyltransferase (ACEs) and glycosyltransferases (GTs) in these biotransformation pathways. Moreover, exposure to SMX and NASMX disrupts TCA cycle, amino acid, linoleic acid, nucleotide metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways of rice, with NASMX exerting a stronger impact on metabolic networks. These findings elucidate the sulfonamides' metabolism, phytotoxicity mechanisms, and contribute to assessing food safety and human exposure risk amid antibiotic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xifen Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Haijun Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Yao X, Cheng Z, Agathokleous E, Wei Y, Feng X, Li H, Zhang T, Li S, Dhawan G, Luo XS. Tetracycline and sulfadiazine toxicity in human liver cells Huh-7. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123454. [PMID: 38286259 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
As typical antibiotics, tetracycline (TC) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) enter the human body through the food chain. Therefore, it is necessary to understand their individual and combined toxicity. In this study, the effects of TC, SDZ, and their mixture on cell viability, cell membrane damage, liver cell damage, and oxidative damage were evaluated in in vitro assays with human liver cells Huh-7. The results showed cytotoxicity of TC, SDZ, and their mixture, which induced oxidative stress and caused membrane and cell damage. The effect of antibiotics on Huh-7 cells increased with increasing concentration, except for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity that commonly showed a threshold concentration response and cell viability, which commonly showed a biphasic trend, suggesting the possibility of hormetic responses where proper doses are included. The toxicity of TC was commonly higher than that of SDZ when applied at the same concentration. These findings shed light on the individual and joint effects of these major antibiotics on liver cells, providing a scientific basis for the evaluation of antibiotic toxicity and associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Yao
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhaokang Cheng
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Academy of Environmental Planning & Design, Co., Ltd, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yaqian Wei
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xinyuan Feng
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hanhan Li
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shuting Li
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Gaurav Dhawan
- Sri Guru Ram Das (SGRD) University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, India
| | - Xiao-San Luo
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Yan Q, Zhong Z, Li X, Cao Z, Zheng X, Feng G. Characterization of heavy metal, antibiotic pollution, and their resistance genes in paddy with secondary municipal-treated wastewater irrigation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121208. [PMID: 38309064 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Secondary municipal-treated wastewater irrigation may introduce residual antibiotics into the agricultural systems contaminated with certain heavy metals, ultimately leading to the coexistence of antibiotics and heavy metals. The coexistence may induce synergistic resistance to both in the microbial community. Here, we investigated the effects of long-term municipal-treated irrigation for rice on the microbiome and resistome. The results showed that the target antibiotics were undetectable in edible grains, and the heavy metal concentrations did not exceed the standard in edible rice grains. Heavy metal resistance genes (MRGs) ruvB and acn antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) sul1 and sul2 were the dominating resistant genes. The coexistence of antibiotics and heavy metals affected the microbial community and promoted metal and antibiotic resistance. Network analysis revealed that Proteobacteria were the most influential hosts for MRGs, ARGs, and integrons, and co-selection may serve as a potential mechanism for resistance maintenance. MRG czcA and ARG sul1 can be recommended as model genes to study the co-selection of ARGs and MRGs in environments. The obtained results highlight the importance of considering the co-occurrence of heavy metals and antibiotics while developing effective methods to prevent the transmission of ARGs. These findings are critical for assessing the possible human health concerns associated with secondary municipal-treated wastewater irrigation for agriculture and improving the understanding of the coexistence of heavy metals and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, PR China; Rice Product Quality Inspection & Supervision Testing Center, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, PR China.
| | - Zhengzheng Zhong
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, PR China; Rice Product Quality Inspection & Supervision Testing Center, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Zhaoyun Cao
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, PR China; Rice Product Quality Inspection & Supervision Testing Center, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Zheng
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, PR China; Rice Product Quality Inspection & Supervision Testing Center, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Guozhong Feng
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, PR China.
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Ding F, Li Y, He T, Ou D, Huang Y, Yin G, Yang J, Wu S, He E, Liu M. Urban agglomerations as an environmental dimension of antibiotics transmission through the "One Health" lens. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133283. [PMID: 38134700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal distributions of antibiotics in different media have been widely reported; however, their occurrence in the environmental dimension of the Chinese urban agglomerations has received less attention, especially in bioaccumulation and health risks of antibiotics through the "One Health" lens. The review presents the current knowledge on the environmental occurrence, bioaccumulation, as well as health exposure risks in urban agglomerations through the "One Health" lens, and identifies current information gaps. The reviewed studies suggested antibiotic concentrations in water and soil were more sensitive to social indicators of urban agglomerations than those in sediment. The ecological risk and resistance risk of antibiotics in water were much higher than those of sediments, and the high-risk phenomenon occurred at a higher frequency in urban agglomerations. Erythromycin-H2O (ETM-H2O), amoxicillin (AMOX) and norfloxacin (NFC) were priority-controlled antibiotics in urban waters. Tetracyclines (TCs) posed medium to high risks to soil organisms in the soil of urban agglomerations. Health risk evaluation based on dietary intake showed that children had the highest dietary intake of antibiotics in urban agglomerations. The health risk of antibiotics was higher in children than in other age groups. Our results also demonstrated that dietary structure might impact health risks associated with target antibiotics in urban agglomerations to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Tianhao He
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dongni Ou
- Environment, Health and Safety Services, SGS-CSTC Standards Technical Services (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 889 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ye Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guoyu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shixue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Erkai He
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China.
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9
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Nkoh JN, Shang C, Okeke ES, Ejeromedoghene O, Oderinde O, Etafo NO, Mgbechidinma CL, Bakare OC, Meugang EF. Antibiotics soil-solution chemistry: A review of environmental behavior and uptake and transformation by plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120312. [PMID: 38340667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The increased use of antibiotics by humans for various purposes has left the environment polluted. Antibiotic pollution remediation is challenging because antibiotics exist in trace amounts and only highly sensitive detection techniques could be used to quantify them. Nevertheless, their trace quantity is not a hindrance to their transfer along the food chain, causing sensitization and the development of antibiotic resistance. Despite an increase in the literature on antibiotic pollution and the development and transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), little attention has been given to the behavior of antibiotics at the soil-solution interface and how this affects antibiotic adsorption-desorption interactions and subsequent uptake and transformation by plants. Thus, this review critically examines the interactions and possible degradation mechanisms of antibiotics in soil and the link between antibiotic soil-solution chemistry and uptake by plants. Also, different factors influencing antibiotic mobility in soil and the transfer of ARGs from one organism to another were considered. The mechanistic and critical analyses revealed that: (a) the charge characteristics of antibiotics at the soil-root interface determine whether they are adsorbed to soil or taken up by plants; (b) antibiotics that avoid soil colloids and reach soil pore water can be absorbed by plant roots, but their translocation to the stem and leaves depends on the ionic state of the molecule; (c) few studies have explored how plants adapt to antibiotic pollution and the transformation of antibiotics in plants; and (d) the persistence of antibiotics in cropland soils can be influenced by the content of soil organic matter, coexisting ions, and fertilization practices. Future research should focus on the soil/solution-antibiotic-plant interactions to reveal detailed mechanisms of antibiotic transformation by plants and whether plant-transformed antibiotics could be of environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Nkoh Nkoh
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Chenjing Shang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China.
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P. O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013 China.
| | - Onome Ejeromedoghene
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P. O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211189, China
| | - Olayinka Oderinde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Nelson Oshogwue Etafo
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Ing. J. Cárdenas Valdez S/N Republica, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila Mexico
| | - Chiamaka Linda Mgbechidinma
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, 200243, Nigeria
| | - Omonike Christianah Bakare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elvira Foka Meugang
- School of Metallurgy & Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan South Road, Changsha, 410083, China
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10
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Gama GSP, Pimenta AS, Feijó FMC, de Azevedo TKB, de Melo RR, de Andrade GS. The Potential of Wood Vinegar to Replace Antimicrobials Used in Animal Husbandry-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:381. [PMID: 38338024 PMCID: PMC10854697 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry can result in various types of environmental contamination. Part of the dose of these products is excreted, still active, in the animals' feces and urine. These excreta are widely used as organic fertilizers, which results in contamination with antimicrobial molecules. The impacts can occur in several compartments, such as soil, groundwater, and surface watercourses. Also, contamination by antimicrobials fed or administrated to pigs, chickens, and cattle can reach the meat, milk, and other animal products, which calls into question the sustainability of using these products as part of eco-friendly practices. Therefore, a search for alternative natural products is required to replace the conventional antimicrobials currently used in animal husbandry, aiming to mitigate environmental contamination. We thus carried out a review addressing this issue, highlighting wood vinegar (WV), also known as pyroligneous acid, as an alternative antimicrobial with good potential to replace conventional products. In this regard, many studies have demonstrated that WV is a promising product. WV is a nontoxic additive widely employed in the food industry to impart a smoked flavor to foods. Studies have shown that, depending on the WV concentration, good results can be achieved using it as an antimicrobial against pathogenic bacteria and fungi and a valuable growth promoter for poultry and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Sander Próspero Gama
- Graduate Program in Forest Sciences, Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rodovia RN 160, km 03 s/n, Distrito de Jundiaí, Macaíba CEP 59.280-000, Brazil; (G.S.P.G.); (A.S.P.); (T.K.B.d.A.); (G.S.d.A.)
| | - Alexandre Santos Pimenta
- Graduate Program in Forest Sciences, Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rodovia RN 160, km 03 s/n, Distrito de Jundiaí, Macaíba CEP 59.280-000, Brazil; (G.S.P.G.); (A.S.P.); (T.K.B.d.A.); (G.S.d.A.)
| | - Francisco Marlon Carneiro Feijó
- Graduate Program in Environment, Technology, and Society—PPGATS, Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Laboratory of Wood Technology, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido—UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572—Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossoró CEP 59.625-900, Brazil;
| | - Tatiane Kelly Barbosa de Azevedo
- Graduate Program in Forest Sciences, Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rodovia RN 160, km 03 s/n, Distrito de Jundiaí, Macaíba CEP 59.280-000, Brazil; (G.S.P.G.); (A.S.P.); (T.K.B.d.A.); (G.S.d.A.)
| | - Rafael Rodolfo de Melo
- Graduate Program in Environment, Technology, and Society—PPGATS, Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Laboratory of Wood Technology, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido—UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572—Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossoró CEP 59.625-900, Brazil;
| | - Gabriel Siqueira de Andrade
- Graduate Program in Forest Sciences, Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rodovia RN 160, km 03 s/n, Distrito de Jundiaí, Macaíba CEP 59.280-000, Brazil; (G.S.P.G.); (A.S.P.); (T.K.B.d.A.); (G.S.d.A.)
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11
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Hassannia M, Fahimi-Kashani N, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Machine-learning assisted multicolor platform for multiplex detection of antibiotics in environmental water samples. Talanta 2024; 267:125153. [PMID: 37678003 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic (AB) resistance is one of daunting challenges of our time, attributed to overuse of ABs and usage of AB-contaminated food resources. Due to their detrimental impact on human health, development of visual detection methods for multiplex sensing of ABs is a top priority. In present study, a colorimetric sensor array consisting of two types of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were designed for identification and determination of ABs. Design principle of the probe was based on aggregation of AuNPs in the presence of ABs at different buffer conditions. The utilization of machine learning algorithms in this design enables classification and quantification of ABs in various samples. The response profile of the array was analyzed using linear discriminant analysis algorithm for classification of ABs. This colorimetric sensor array is capable of accurate distinguishing between individual ABs and their combinations. Partial least squares regression was also applied for quantitation purposes. The obtained analytical figures of merit demonstrated the potential applicability of the developed sensor array in multiplex detection of ABs. The response profiles of the array were linearly correlated to the concentrations of ABs in a wide range of concentration with limit of detections of 0.05, 0.03, 0.04, 0.01, 0.06, 0.05 and 0.04 μg.mL-1 for azithromycin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cefixime, doxycycline and metronidazole respectively. The practical applicability of this method was further investigated by analysis of mixture samples of ABs and determination of ABs in river and underground water with successful verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hassannia
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | - N Fahimi-Kashani
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - M R Hormozi-Nezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran.
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12
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Yévenes K, Ibáñez MJ, Pokrant E, Flores A, Maturana M, Maddaleno A, Cornejo J. A Suitable HPLC-MS/MS Methodology for the Detection of Oxytetracycline, Enrofloxacin, and Sulfachloropyridazine Residues in Lettuce Plants. Foods 2024; 13:153. [PMID: 38201182 PMCID: PMC10779216 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxytetracycline (OTC), enrofloxacin (EFX), and sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) are critically important antimicrobials (AMs) in both human and veterinary medicine, where they are widely used in farm animals. Lettuce has become a matrix of choice for studying the presence of residues of these AMs in plants, as the concentrations of residues detected in lettuce can range from ng to mg. While several analytical methodologies have been developed for the purpose of detecting AMs in lettuce, these currently do not detect both the parent compound and its active metabolites or epimers, such as in the case of ciprofloxacin (CFX) and 4-epi-oxitetracycline (4-epi-OTC), which also pose a risk to public health and the environment due to their AM activity. In light of this situation, this work proposes an analytical method that was developed specifically to allow for the detection of OTC, 4-epi-OTC, EFX, CFX, and SCP in a lettuce matrix. This method uses acetonitrile, methanol, 0.5% formic acid, and McIlvaine-EDTA buffer as extraction solvents, and dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) for the clean-up. The analytes were detected using a liquid chromatography technique coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Parameters such as the specificity, linearity, recovery, precision, limit of detection, and limit (LOD) of quantification (LOQ) were calculated according to the recommendations established in the European Union decision 2021/808/EC and VICH GL2: Validation of analytical procedures. The LOQ for the analytes OTC, 4-epi-OTC, CFX, and SCP was 1 μg·kg-1, whereas for EFX, it was 5 μg·kg-1 dry weight. All calibration curves showed a coefficient of determination (R2) of >0.99. The recovery levels ranged from 93.0 to 110.5% and the precision met the acceptance criteria, with a coefficient of variation of ≤14.02%. Therefore, this methodology allows for the precise and reliable detection and quantification of these analytes. The analysis of commercial samples confirmed the suitability of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Yévenes
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (K.Y.); (M.J.I.); (E.P.)
- Doctorate Program of Forestry, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (DCSAV), Southern Campus, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - María José Ibáñez
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (K.Y.); (M.J.I.); (E.P.)
| | - Ekaterina Pokrant
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (K.Y.); (M.J.I.); (E.P.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (A.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrés Flores
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (A.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Matías Maturana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (A.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Aldo Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (A.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (K.Y.); (M.J.I.); (E.P.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (A.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
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13
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Moody AH, Lerch RN, Goyne KW, Anderson SH, Mendoza-Cózatl DG, Alvarez DA. Degradation kinetics of veterinary antibiotics and estrogenic hormones in a claypan soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140501. [PMID: 38303378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Veterinary antibiotics and estrogens are excreted in livestock waste before being applied to agricultural lands as fertilizer, resulting in contamination of soil and adjacent waterways. The objectives of this study were to 1) investigate the degradation kinetics of the VAs sulfamethazine and lincomycin and the estrogens estrone and 17β-estradiol in soil mesocosms, and 2) assess the effect of the phytochemical DIBOA-Glu, secreted in eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) roots, on antibiotic degradation due to the ability of DIBOA-Glu to facilitate hydrolysis of atrazine in solution assays. Mesocosm soil was a silt loam representing a typical claypan soil in portions of Missouri and the Central United States. Mesocosms (n = 133) were treated with a single target compound (antibiotic concentrations at 125 ng g-1 dw, estrogen concentrations at 1250 ng g-1 dw); a subset of mesocosms treated with antibiotics were also treated with DIBOA-Glu (12,500 ng g-1 dw); all mesocosms were kept at 60% water-filled pore space and incubated at 25 °C in darkness. Randomly chosen mesocosms were destructively sampled in triplicate for up to 96 days. All targeted compounds followed pseudo first-order degradation kinetics in soil. The soil half-life (t0.5) of sulfamethazine ranged between 17.8 and 30.1 d and ranged between 9.37 and 9.90 d for lincomycin. The antibiotics results showed no significant differences in degradation kinetics between treatments with or without DIBOA-Glu. For estrogens, degradation rates of estrone (t0.5 = 4.71-6.08 d) and 17β-estradiol (t0.5 = 5.59-6.03 d) were very similar; however, results showed that estrone was present as a metabolite in the 17β-estradiol treated mesocosms and vice-versa within 24 h. The antibiotics results suggest that sulfamethazine has a greater potential to persist in soil than lincomycin. The interconversion of 17β-estradiol and estrone in soil increased their overall persistence and sustained soil estrogenicity. This study demonstrates the persistence of these compounds in a typical claypan soil representing portions of the Central United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Moody
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 E New Haven Rd., Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
| | - Robert N Lerch
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit, 1406 Rollins St., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Keith W Goyne
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | | | | | - David A Alvarez
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 E New Haven Rd., Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
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14
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Mejías C, Santos JL, Martín J, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Multiresidue method for the determination of critically and highly important classes of antibiotics and their metabolites in agricultural soils and sewage sludge. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:7161-7173. [PMID: 37847407 PMCID: PMC10684426 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a method is proposed for the determination of antibiotics classified by the World Health Organization as critically important (four macrolides and three quinolones) and highly important (one tetracycline, one diaminopyridine, and three sulfonamides) and eight of their metabolites. The method is based on ultrasound-assisted extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up, and analytical determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Variables affecting each stage of the analytical method were thoroughly optimised. The method was validated for its application to sewage sludge from different treatment stages (non-treated sludge: primary and secondary sludge; and treated sludge: digested sludge and compost) and to agricultural soil. Limits of quantification were in the range of 0.03-7.50 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) for most of the compounds. Accuracy values were in the range of 70-102%. Precision was below 17%. The application of the method to real samples revealed that macrolides and fluoroquinolones were the antibiotic classes at the highest concentrations in all types of samples. The lowest concentrations of antibiotics were measured in compost (highest concentration: 27 ng g-1 dw, corresponding to norfloxacin) and soil samples (highest concentration: 93 ng g-1 dw, corresponding to a metabolite of clarithromycin). The proposed method is the first developed to date for the determination of multiclass antibiotics and their main metabolites in sludge from different treatment stages. The method can provide a useful tool for obtaining information about antibiotics in sewage sludge prior to its application to agricultural soils and in agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mejías
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, 41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, 41011, Seville, Spain.
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, 41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, 41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, 41011, Seville, Spain
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15
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Garg A, Chauhan A, Agnihotri C, Singh BP, Mondem V, Basu S, Agnihotri S. Sunlight active cellulose/g-C 3N 4/TiO 2nano-photocatalyst for simultaneous degradation of methylene blue dye and atenolol drug in real wastewater. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:505705. [PMID: 37708885 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf9ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The paper critically addresses two contemporary environmental challenges, the water crisis and the unrestricted discharge of organic pollutants in waterways together. An eco-friendly method was used to fabricate a cellulose/g-C3N4/TiO2photocatalytic composite that displayed a remarkable degradation of methylene blue dye and atenolol drug under natural sunlight. Introducing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) onto pristine TiO2improved hybrid material's photonic efficacy and enhanced interfacial charge separation. Furthermore, immobilizing TiO2/g-C3N4on a semi-interpenetrating cellulose matrix promoted photocatalyst recovery and its reuse, ensuring practical affordability. Under optimized conditions, the nano-photocatalyst exhibited ∼95% degradation of both contaminants within two hours while retaining ∼55% activity after ten cycles demonstrating a promising photostability. The nano-photocatalyst caused 66% and 57% reduction in COD and TOC values in industrial wastewater containing these pollutants. The photocatalysis was fitted to various models to elucidate the degradation kinetics, while LC-MS results suggested the mineralization pathway of dye majorly via ring opening demethylation. >98% disinfection was achieved againstE. coli(104-105CFU·ml-1) contaminated water. This study thus paves multifaceted strategies to treat wastewater contaminants at environmental levels employing nano-photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Garg
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhadson Road, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhadson Road, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Charu Agnihotri
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131028, Haryana, India
| | - Bhim Pratap Singh
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131028, Haryana, India
| | - Vasundhara Mondem
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhadson Road, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhadson Road, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Shekhar Agnihotri
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131028, Haryana, India
- Centre for Advanced Translational Research in Food Nano-Biotechnology (CATR-FNB), National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat-131028, Haryana, India
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16
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Li H, Wang K, Xu J, Wu H, Ma Y, Zou R, Song HL. Enhanced removal of antibiotic and antibiotic resistance genes by coupling biofilm electrode reactor and manganese ore substrate up-flow microbial fuel cell constructed wetland system. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139461. [PMID: 37437616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Manganese ore substrate up-flow microbial fuel cell constructed wetland (UCW-MFC(Mn)) as an innovative wastewater treatment technology for purifying antibiotics and electricity generation with few antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) generation has attracted attention. However, antibiotic purifying effects should be further enhanced. In this study, a biofilm electrode reactor (BER) that needs direct current driving was powered by a Mn ore anode (UCW-MFC(Mn)) to form a coupled system without requiring direct-current source. Removal efficiencies of sulfadiazine (SDZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and the corresponding ARGs in the coupled system were compared with composite (BER was powered by direct-current source) and anaerobic systems (both of BER and UCW-MFC were in open circuit mode). The result showed that higher antibiotic removal efficiency (94% for SDZ and 99.1% for CIP) in the coupled system was achieved than the anaerobic system (88.5% for SDZ and 98.2% for CIP). Moreover, electrical stimulation reduced antibiotic selective pressure and horizontal gene transfer potential in BER, and UCW-MFC further reduced ARG abundances by strengthening the electro-adsorption of ARG hosts determined by Network analysis. Bacterial community diversity continuously decreased in BER while it increased in UCW-MFC, indicating that BER mitigated the toxicity of antibiotic. Degree of modularity, some functional bacteria (antibiotic degrading bacteria, fermentative bacteria and EAB), and P450 enzyme related to antibiotic and xenobiotics biodegradation genes were enriched in electric field existing UCW-MFC, accounting for the higher degradation efficiency. In conclusion, this study provided an effective strategy for removing antibiotics and ARGs in wastewater by operating a BER-UCW-MFC coupled system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Jiale Xu
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Huifang Wu
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - YuanJiXiang Ma
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Rusen Zou
- Department of Sustain, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Hai-Liang Song
- School of Environment, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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17
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Zhao F, Yang L, Yen H, Feng Q, Li M, Chen L. Reducing risks of antibiotics to crop production requires land system intensification within thresholds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6094. [PMID: 37773228 PMCID: PMC10541423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Land system intensification has substantially enhanced crop production; however, it has also created soil antibiotic pollution, undermining crop production. Here, we projected soil antibiotic pollution risks to crop production at multiple geographical scales in China and linked them to land system intensification (including arable land expansion and input increase). Our projections suggest that crop production will substantially decrease when the soil antibiotic pollution risk quotient exceeds 8.30-9.98. Land systems explain most of the variability in antibiotic pollution risks (21-66%) across spatial scales. The convex nonlinearities in tradeoffs between antibiotic pollution risk and crop production indicate that vegetable and wheat production have higher thresholds of land system intensification at which the risk-yield tradeoffs will peak than do maize and rice production. Our study suggests that land system intensification below the minimum thresholds at multiple scales is required for acceptable antibiotic pollution risks related to crop yield reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangkai Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haw Yen
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Environmental Exposure Modeling, Bayer U.S. Crop Science Division, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Qingyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liding Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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18
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Khan KY, Ali B, Ghani HU, Fu L, Shohag MJUI, Zhang S, Cui X, Xia Q, Tan J, Ali Z, Guo Y. Single and combined effect of tetracycline and polyethylene microplastics on two drought contrasting cultivars of Oryza sativa L. (Rice) under drought stress. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 101:104191. [PMID: 37343773 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Co-exposure of tetracycline (TC) and polyethylene microplastic (MP-PE) pollution might result in more intricate effects on rice growth and grain quality. In present study, two different rice cultivars of contrasting drought tolerance, Hanyou73 (H73, drought-resistant) and Quanyou280 (Q280, drought-sensitive) were grown on MP-PE and TC-contaminated soils under drought. It was found that drought stress had different influence on TC accumulation in the two rice cultivars. H73 accumulated more TC in leaves and grains without drought stress while Q280 accumulated more TC under drought stress. Furthermore, metabolomics results demonstrated that under drought stress, about 80% of metabolites in H73 and 95% in Q280 were down-regulated as compared to non-drought treatments. These findings provide insights into the effects of TC and MP-PE with and without drought stress on potential risks to rice growth and grain quality, which has implications on rice production and cultivar election under multiple-stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Yasmin Khan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Barkat Ali
- The Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Food Sciences Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Lijiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mohammad Jahid Ul Islam Shohag
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, Florida 34945, USA
| | - Shuang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Waste Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qian Xia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinglu Tan
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Zeshan Ali
- Ecotoxicology Research Program, Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Tripathi A, Kumar D, Chavda P, Rathore DS, Pandit R, Blake D, Tomley F, Joshi M, Joshi CG, Dubey SK. Resistome profiling reveals transmission dynamics of antimicrobial resistance genes from poultry litter to soil and plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121517. [PMID: 36990341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Poultry farming is a major livelihood in South and Southeast Asian economies where it is undergoing rapid intensification to meet the growing human demand for dietary protein. Intensification of poultry production systems is commonly supported by increased antimicrobial drug use, risking greater selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Transmission of ARGs through food chains is an emerging threat. Here, we investigated transmission of ARGs from chicken (broiler and layer) litter to soil and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench plants based on field and pot experiments. The results demonstrate ARGs transmission from poultry litter to plant systems under field as well as experimental pot conditions. The most common ARGs could be tracked for transmission from litter to soil to plants were identified as detected were cmx, ErmX, ErmF, lnuB, TEM-98 and TEM-99, while common microorganisms included Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae. Using next generation sequencing and digital PCR assays we detected ARGs transmitted from poultry litter in both the roots and stems of S. bicolor (L.) Moench plants. Poultry litter is frequently used as a fertiliser because of its high nitrogen content; our studies show that ARGs can transmit from litter to plants and illustrates the risks posed to the environment by antimicrobial treatment of poultry. This knowledge is useful for formulating intervention strategies that can reduce or prevent ARGs transmission from one value chain to another, improving understanding of impacts on human and environmental health. The research outcome will help in further understanding the transmission and risks posed by ARGs from poultry to environmental and human/animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Tripathi
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Priyank Chavda
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Dalip Singh Rathore
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Ramesh Pandit
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Damer Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Fiaz M, Ahmed I, Hassan SMU, Niazi AK, Khokhar MF, Farooq MA, Arshad M. Antibiotics induced changes in nitrogen metabolism and antioxidative enzymes in mung bean (Vigna radiata). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162449. [PMID: 36841411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Excessive use and release of antibiotics into the soil environment in the developing world have resulted in altered soil processes affecting terrestrial organisms and posing a serious threat to crop growth and productivity. The present study investigated the influence of exogenously applied oxytetracycline (OXY) and levofloxacin (LEV) on plant physiological responses, key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism (e.g., nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase), nitrogen contents and oxidative stress response of mung bean (Vigna radiata). Plants were irrigated weekly with antibiotics containing water for exposing the plants to different concentrations i.e., 1, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg L-1. Results showed a significant decrease in nitrate reductase activity in both antibiotic treatments and their mixtures and increased antioxidant enzymatic activities in plants. At lower concentrations of antibiotics (≤20 mg L-1), 53.9 % to 78.4 % increase in nitrogen content was observed in levofloxacin and mixtures compared to the control, resulting in an increase in the overall plant biomass. Higher antibiotic (≥50 mg L-1) concentration showed 58 % decrease in plant biomass content and an overall decrease in plant nitrogen content upon exposure to the mixtures. This was further complemented by 22 % to 42 % increase in glutamine synthetase activity observed in the plants treated with levofloxacin and mixtures. The application of low doses of antibiotics throughout the experiments resulted in lower toxicity symptoms in the plants. However, significantly higher malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations at higher doses (20 mg L-1 and above) than the control showed that plants' tolerance against oxidative stress was conceded with increasing antibiotic concentrations. The toxicity trend was: levofloxacin > mixture > oxytetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marium Fiaz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmed
- National Culture Collection of Pakistan (NCCP), Land Resources Research Institute (LRRI), National Agriculture Research Center (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumara Masood Ul Hassan
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khan Niazi
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fahim Khokhar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ansar Farooq
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
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21
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Maghsodian Z, Sanati AM, Mashifana T, Sillanpää M, Feng S, Nhat T, Ramavandi B. Occurrence and Distribution of Antibiotics in the Water, Sediment, and Biota of Freshwater and Marine Environments: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111461. [PMID: 36358116 PMCID: PMC9686498 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics, as pollutants of emerging concern, can enter marine environments, rivers, and lakes and endanger ecology and human health. The purpose of this study was to review the studies conducted on the presence of antibiotics in water, sediments, and organisms in aquatic environments (i.e., seas, rivers, and lakes). Most of the reviewed studies were conducted in 2018 (15%) and 2014 (11%). Antibiotics were reported in aqueous media at a concentration of <1 ng/L−100 μg/L. The results showed that the highest number of works were conducted in the Asian continent (seas: 74%, rivers: 78%, lakes: 87%, living organisms: 100%). The highest concentration of antibiotics in water and sea sediments, with a frequency of 49%, was related to fluoroquinolones. According to the results, the highest amounts of antibiotics in water and sediment were reported as 460 ng/L and 406 ng/g, respectively. In rivers, sulfonamides had the highest abundance (30%). Fluoroquinolones (with an abundance of 34%) had the highest concentration in lakes. Moreover, the highest concentration of fluoroquinolones in living organisms was reported at 68,000 ng/g, with a frequency of 39%. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones are among the most dangerous antibiotics due to their high concentrations in the environment. This review provides timely information regarding the presence of antibiotics in different aquatic environments, which can be helpful for estimating ecological risks, contamination levels, and their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Maghsodian
- Department of Environmental Science, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 7516913817, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Sanati
- Department of Environmental Science, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 7516913817, Iran
| | - Tebogo Mashifana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Zhejiang Rongsheng Environmental Protection Paper Co., Ltd., NO. 588 East Zhennan Road, Pinghu Economic Development Zone, Pinghu 314213, China
- Department of Civil Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (B.R.)
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Zhejiang Rongsheng Environmental Protection Paper Co., Ltd., NO. 588 East Zhennan Road, Pinghu Economic Development Zone, Pinghu 314213, China
| | - Tan Nhat
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7518759577, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (B.R.)
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