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Chae J, Han SJ, Karthik S, Kim HJ, Kim JH, Yun HR, Chung YS, Sung S, Heo JB. LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (LHP1) partially inhibits the transcriptional activation of FT by MYB73 and regulates flowering in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 120:187-198. [PMID: 39133829 PMCID: PMC11424248 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are essential gene repressors in higher eukaryotes. However, how PcG proteins mediate transcriptional regulation of specific genes remains unknown. LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (LHP1), as a component of Polycomb Repression Complexes (PRC), epigenetically mediates several plant developmental processes together with PcG proteins. We observed physical interaction between MYB73 and LHP1 in vitro and in vivo. Genetic analysis indicated that myb73 mutants showed slightly late flowering, and the lhp1-3 myb73-2 double mutant exhibited delayed flowering and downregulated FT expression compared to lhp1-3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that MYB73 preferentially binds to the FT promoter. Additionally, our protoplast transient assays demonstrated that MYB73 activates to the FT promoter. Interestingly, the LHP1-MYB73 interaction is necessary to repress the FT promoter, suggesting that the LHP1-MYB73 interaction prevents FT activation by MYB73 in Arabidopsis. Our results show an example in which a chromatin regulator affects transcriptional regulation by negatively regulating a transcription factor through direct interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chae
- Department of Molecular Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ju Han
- Department of Molecular Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Sivabalan Karthik
- Department of Molecular Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hye Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Rang Yun
- Department of Molecular Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Chung
- Department of Molecular Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Sibum Sung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jae Bok Heo
- Department of Molecular Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
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Zhuang H, Li YH, Zhao XY, Zhi JY, Chen H, Lan JS, Luo ZJ, Qu YR, Tang J, Peng HP, Li TY, Zhu SY, Jiang T, He GH, Li YF. STAMENLESS1 activates SUPERWOMAN 1 and FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER 1 to control floral organ identities and meristem fate in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:802-822. [PMID: 38305492 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Floral patterns are unique to rice and contribute significantly to its reproductive success. SL1 encodes a C2H2 transcription factor that plays a critical role in flower development in rice, but the molecular mechanism regulated by it remains poorly understood. Here, we describe interactions of the SL1 with floral homeotic genes, SPW1, and DL in specifying floral organ identities and floral meristem fate. First, the sl1 spw1 double mutant exhibited a stamen-to-pistil transition similar to that of sl1, spw1, suggesting that SL1 and SPW1 may located in the same pathway regulating stamen development. Expression analysis revealed that SL1 is located upstream of SPW1 to maintain its high level of expression and that SPW1, in turn, activates the B-class genes OsMADS2 and OsMADS4 to suppress DL expression indirectly. Secondly, sl1 dl displayed a severe loss of floral meristem determinacy and produced amorphous tissues in the third/fourth whorl. Expression analysis revealed that the meristem identity gene OSH1 was ectopically expressed in sl1 dl in the fourth whorl, suggesting that SL1 and DL synergistically terminate the floral meristem fate. Another meristem identity gene, FON1, was significantly decreased in expression in sl1 background mutants, suggesting that SL1 may directly activate its expression to regulate floral meristem fate. Finally, molecular evidence supported the direct genomic binding of SL1 to SPW1 and FON1 and the subsequent activation of their expression. In conclusion, we present a model to illustrate the roles of SL1, SPW1, and DL in floral organ specification and regulation of floral meristem fate in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhuang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhao
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jing-Ya Zhi
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jin-Song Lan
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ze-Jiang Luo
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yan-Rong Qu
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Han-Ping Peng
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tian-Ye Li
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Si-Ying Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guang-Hua He
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Ma X, Nie Z, Huang H, Yan C, Li S, Hu Z, Wang Y, Yin H. Small RNA profiling reveals that an ovule-specific microRNA, cja-miR5179, targets a B-class MADS-box gene in Camellia japonica. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1007-1020. [PMID: 37831901 PMCID: PMC10808017 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The functional specialization of microRNA and its target genes is often an important factor in the establishment of spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression that are essential to plant development and growth. In different plant lineages, understanding the functional conservation and divergence of microRNAs remains to be explored. METHODS To identify small regulatory RNAs underlying floral patterning, we performed a tissue-specific profiling of small RNAs in various floral organs from single and double flower varieties (flowers characterized by multiple layers of petals) in Camellia japonica. We identified cja-miR5179, which belongs to a deeply conserved microRNA family that is conserved between angiosperms and basal plants but frequently lost in eudicots. We characterized the molecular function of cja-miR5179 and its target - a B-function MADS-box gene - through gene expression analysis and transient expression assays. KEY RESULTS We showed that cja-miR5179 is exclusively expressed in ovule tissues at the early stage of floral development. We found that cja-miR5179 targets the coding sequences of a DEFICIENS-like B-class gene (CjDEF) mRNA, which is located in the K motif of the MADS-box domain; and the target sites of miR5179/MADS-box were consistent in Camellia and orchids. Furthermore, through a petal transient-expression assay, we showed that the BASIC PENTACYSTEINE proteins bind to the GA-rich motifs in the cja-miR5179 promoter region and suppresses its expression. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the regulation between miR5179 and a B-class MADS-box gene in C. japonica has a deep evolutionary origin before the separation of monocots and dicots. During floral development of C. japonica, cja-miR5179 is specifically expressed in the ovule, which may be required for the inhibition of CjDEF function. This work highlights the evolutionary conservation as well as functional divergence of small RNAs in floral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Ziyan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Hu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Chao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
- Experimental Center for Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fenyi, Jiangxi 336600, China
| | - Sijia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Zhikang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
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Saavedra Núñez G, González-Villanueva E, Ramos P. Floral Development on Vitis vinifera Is Associated with MADS-Box Transcription Factors through the Transcriptional Regulation of VviZIP3. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3322. [PMID: 37765487 PMCID: PMC10535425 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Several grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars show a tendency to develop parthenocarpic seedless grapes, affecting fruit yield and quality. This reproductive disorder originates in defective ovule fertilization due to a failure in pollen tube growth. Zinc (Zn) is a crucial trace element, playing a vital role in various physiological and metabolic processes. It is particularly essential for the healthy growth of flowers and fruits. Insufficient zinc has been suggested as a potential reason for issues in this development process. This microelement is taken up through a mechanism that involves transporters, including the ZRT-IRT-like protein (ZIP) gene family, associated with the influx of Zn into the cell. In grapevines, 20 genes for ZIP-type transporters have been described. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of VviZIP3 during flower development and employ transgenic methods to assess its transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, through computational examination of the promoter region, we identified two CArG boxes, recognized as responsive elements to MADS transcription factors. These factors play a key role in shaping various components of a flower, such as pollen. Our investigation of the VviZIP3 promoter confirms the functionality of these CArG boxes. Overall, our results suggest that the increased expression of VviZIP3 during flowering is likely under the influence of MADS transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Saavedra Núñez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460787, Chile; (G.S.N.); (E.G.-V.)
| | | | - Patricio Ramos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460787, Chile; (G.S.N.); (E.G.-V.)
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3480112, Chile
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Caperta AD, Fernandes I, Conceição SIR, Marques I, Róis AS, Paulo OS. Ovule Transcriptome Analysis Discloses Deregulation of Genes and Pathways in Sexual and Apomictic Limonium Species (Plumbaginaceae). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040901. [PMID: 37107659 PMCID: PMC10137852 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Limonium Mill. (sea lavenders) includes species with sexual and apomixis reproductive strategies, although the genes involved in these processes are unknown. To explore the mechanisms beyond these reproduction modes, transcriptome profiling of sexual, male sterile, and facultative apomictic species was carried out using ovules from different developmental stages. In total, 15,166 unigenes were found to be differentially expressed with apomictic vs. sexual reproduction, of which 4275 were uniquely annotated using an Arabidopsis thaliana database, with different regulations according to each stage and/or species compared. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that genes related to tubulin, actin, the ubiquitin degradation process, reactive oxygen species scavenging, hormone signaling such as the ethylene signaling pathway and gibberellic acid-dependent signal, and transcription factors were found among differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between apomictic and sexual plants. We found that 24% of uniquely annotated DEGs were likely to be implicated in flower development, male sterility, pollen formation, pollen-stigma interactions, and pollen tube formation. The present study identifies candidate genes that are highly associated with distinct reproductive modes and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of apomixis expression in Limonium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana D Caperta
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Fernandes
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia I R Conceição
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- LASIGE Computer Science and Engineering Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Marques
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Róis
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias (ULHT), Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Octávio S Paulo
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Singh D, Sharma S, Jose-Santhi J, Kalia D, Singh RK. Hormones regulate the flowering process in saffron differently depending on the developmental stage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1107172. [PMID: 36968363 PMCID: PMC10034077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1107172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowering in saffron is a highly complex process regulated by the synchronized action of environmental cues and endogenous signals. Hormonal regulation of flowering is a very important process controlling flowering in several plants, but it has not been studied in saffron. Flowering in saffron is a continual process completed in months with distinct developmental phases, mainly divided into flowering induction and flower organogenesis/formation. In the present study, we investigated how phytohormones affect the flowering process at different developmental stages. The results suggest that different hormones differentially affect flower induction and formation in saffron. The exogenous treatment of flowering competent corms with abscisic acid (ABA) suppressed both floral induction and flower formation, whereas some other hormones, like auxins (indole acetic acid, IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), behaved contrarily at different developmental stages. IAA promoted flower induction, while GA suppressed it; however, GA promoted flower formation, whereas IAA suppressed it. Cytokinin (kinetin) treatment suggested its positive involvement in flower induction and flower formation. The expression analysis of floral integrator and homeotic genes suggests that ABA might suppress floral induction by suppressing the expression of the floral promoter (LFY, FT3) and promoting the expression of the floral repressor (SVP) gene. Additionally, ABA treatment also suppressed the expression of the floral homeotic genes responsible for flower formation. GA reduces the expression of flowering induction gene LFY, while IAA treatment upregulated its expression. In addition to these genes, a flowering repressor gene, TFL1-2, was also found to be downregulated in IAA treatment. Cytokinin promotes flowering induction by increasing the expression levels of the LFY gene and decreasing the TFL1-2 gene expression. Moreover, it improved flower organogenesis by increasing the expression of floral homeotic genes. Overall, the results suggest that hormones differently regulate flowering in saffron via regulating floral integrator and homeotic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, India
| | - Sahiba Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, India
| | - Joel Jose-Santhi
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Diksha Kalia
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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The generation of the flower by self-organisation. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 177:42-54. [PMID: 36346254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The essence of the Turing-Child theory (Schiffmann, 1991, 2017) is the direct and spontaneous conversion of chemical energy into simultaneous differentiation and morphogenesis, and all localised biological work and localised entropy-reducing processes. This is done via the identification of the Turing instability with cAMP and ATP being the Turing morphogens that mutually fulfil the five Turing inequalities. A flower model like the ABC model is derived from experiments with mutations. But what actually generates the model in real development? That is, how do genes of class A come to be expressed in the sepal and petal whorls, genes of class B in the petal and stamen whorls, and genes of class C in the stamen and carpel whorls. We suggest that the generation of the ABC model occurs via sequential compartmentalisation by Turing-Child eigenfunction patterns similar to the one occurring in Drosophila (Schiffmann, 2012). We also suggest a similar mechanism for the generation of the dorso-lateral-ventral polarity and bilateral symmetry. A mechanism for the generation of the regular location of the floral organs is also suggested. The symmetry and regularity of flowers, which are the source of their attraction and beauty, stem from the symmetry and regularity of the Turing-Child eigenfunctions. The central problem in developmental biology is the endless regress. This endless regress is halted by the Turing-Child pre-patterns and this is illustrated on a central example in flower generation. Both the shape and the chemistry - the steady-state rate of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis - of the Turing-Child pre-patterns are exactly what is required. Art and science meet in flower formation.
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Leite Montalvão AP, Kersten B, Kim G, Fladung M, Müller NA. ARR17 controls dioecy in Populus by repressing B-class MADS-box gene expression. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210217. [PMID: 35306887 PMCID: PMC8935312 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of dioecious species for which the genetic basis of sex determination has been resolved is rapidly increasing. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms downstream of the sex determinants remain largely elusive. Here, by RNA-sequencing early-flowering isogenic aspen (Populus tremula) lines differing exclusively for the sex switch gene ARR17, we show that a narrowly defined genetic network controls differential development of female and male flowers. Although ARR17 encodes a type-A response regulator supposedly involved in cytokinin (CK) hormone signalling, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9-mediated arr17 knockout only affected the expression of a strikingly small number of genes, indicating a specific role in the regulation of floral development rather than a generic function in hormone signalling. Notably, the UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO) gene, encoding an F-box protein acting as a transcriptional cofactor with LEAFY (LFY) to activate B-class MADS-box gene expression, and the B-class gene PISTILLATA (PI), necessary for male floral organ development, were strongly de-repressed in the arr17 CRISPR mutants. Our data highlight a CK-independent role of the poplar response regulator ARR17 and further emphasize the minimal differences between female and male individuals. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in land plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Leite Montalvão
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Kersten
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Gihwan Kim
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Fladung
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Niels A Müller
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
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9
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Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Maejima K, Sasano M, Matsumoto O, Koinuma H, Tokuda R, Suzuki M, Oshima K, Namba S, Yamaji Y. A phytoplasma effector acts as a ubiquitin-like mediator between floral MADS-box proteins and proteasome shuttle proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1709-1723. [PMID: 35234248 PMCID: PMC9048881 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria have developed effectors to manipulate host cell functions to facilitate infection. A certain number of effectors use the conserved ubiquitin-proteasome system in eukaryotic to proteolyze targets. The proteasome utilization mechanism is mainly mediated by ubiquitin interaction with target proteins destined for degradation. Phyllogens are a family of protein effectors produced by pathogenic phytoplasmas that transform flowers into leaves in diverse plants. Here, we present a noncanonical mechanism for phyllogen action that involves the proteasome and is ubiquitin-independent. Phyllogens induce proteasomal degradation of floral MADS-box transcription factors (MTFs) in the presence of RADIATION-SENSITIVE23 (RAD23) shuttle proteins, which recruit ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome. Intracellular localization analysis revealed that phyllogen induced colocalization of MTF with RAD23. The MTF/phyllogen/RAD23 ternary protein complex was detected not only in planta but also in vitro in the absence of ubiquitin, showing that phyllogen directly mediates interaction between MTF and RAD23. A Lys-less nonubiquitinated phyllogen mutant induced degradation of MTF or a Lys-less mutant of MTF. Furthermore, the method of sequential formation of the MTF/phyllogen/RAD23 protein complex was elucidated, first by MTF/phyllogen interaction and then RAD23 recruitment. Phyllogen recognized both the evolutionarily conserved tetramerization region of MTF and the ubiquitin-associated domain of RAD23. Our findings indicate that phyllogen functionally mimics ubiquitin as a mediator between MTF and RAD23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | - Momoka Sasano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Oki Matsumoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tokuda
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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10
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Lin Z, Cao D, Damaris RN, Yang P. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides insight into carpel petaloidy in lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera). PeerJ 2021; 9:e12322. [PMID: 34754621 PMCID: PMC8552788 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a highly recognized flower with high ornamental value. Flower color and flower morphology are two main factors for flower lotus breeding. Petaloidy is a universal phenomenon in lotus flowers. However, the genetic regulation of floral organ petaloidy in lotus remains elusive. In this study, the transcriptomic analysis was performed among three organs, including petal, carpel petaloidy, and carpel in lotus. A total of 1,568 DEGs related to carpel petaloidy were identified. Our study identified one floral homeotic gene encoded by the MADS-box transcription factor, AGAMOUS (AG) as the candidate gene for petaloid in lotus. Meanwhile, a predicted labile boundary in floral organs of N. nucifera was hypothesized. In summary, our results explored the candidate genes related to carpel petaloidy, setting a theoretical basis for the molecular regulation of petaloid phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Lin
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dingding Cao
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rebecca Njeri Damaris
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Elorriaga E, Klocko AL, Ma C, du Plessis M, An X, Myburg AA, Strauss SH. Genetic containment in vegetatively propagated forest trees: CRISPR disruption of LEAFY function in Eucalyptus gives sterile indeterminate inflorescences and normal juvenile development. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1743-1755. [PMID: 33774917 PMCID: PMC8428835 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus is among the most widely planted taxa of forest trees worldwide. However, its spread as an exotic or genetically engineered form can create ecological and social problems. To mitigate gene flow via pollen and seeds, we mutated the Eucalyptus orthologue of LEAFY (LFY) by transforming a Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla wild-type hybrid and two Flowering Locus T (FT) overexpressing (and flowering) lines with CRISPR Cas9 targeting its LFY orthologue, ELFY. We achieved high rates of elfy biallelic knockouts, often approaching 100% of transgene insertion events. Frameshift mutations and deletions removing conserved amino acids caused strong floral alterations, including indeterminacy in floral development and an absence of male and female gametes. These mutants were otherwise visibly normal and did not differ statistically from transgenic controls in juvenile vegetative growth rate or leaf morphology in greenhouse trials. Genes upstream or near to ELFY in the floral development pathway were overexpressed, whereas floral organ identity genes downstream of ELFY were severely depressed. We conclude that disruption of ELFY function appears to be a useful tool for sexual containment, without causing statistically significant or large adverse effects on juvenile vegetative growth or leaf morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Elorriaga
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
- Present address:
Department of Molecular and Structural BiochemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Amy L. Klocko
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
| | - Cathleen Ma
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Marc du Plessis
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Xinmin An
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignNational Engineering Laboratory for Tree BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)University of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
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12
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Refahi Y, Zardilis A, Michelin G, Wightman R, Leggio B, Legrand J, Faure E, Vachez L, Armezzani A, Risson AE, Zhao F, Das P, Prunet N, Meyerowitz EM, Godin C, Malandain G, Jönsson H, Traas J. A multiscale analysis of early flower development in Arabidopsis provides an integrated view of molecular regulation and growth control. Dev Cell 2021; 56:540-556.e8. [PMID: 33621494 PMCID: PMC8519405 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the link between the gene regulation and growth during the early stages of flower development in Arabidopsis. Starting from time-lapse images, we generated a 4D atlas of early flower development, including cell lineage, cellular growth rates, and the expression patterns of regulatory genes. This information was introduced in MorphoNet, a web-based platform. Using computational models, we found that the literature-based molecular network only explained a minority of the gene expression patterns. This was substantially improved by adding regulatory hypotheses for individual genes. Correlating growth with the combinatorial expression of multiple regulators led to a set of hypotheses for the action of individual genes in morphogenesis. This identified the central factor LEAFY as a potential regulator of heterogeneous growth, which was supported by quantifying growth patterns in a leafy mutant. By providing an integrated view, this atlas should represent a fundamental step toward mechanistic models of flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin Refahi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France; Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France.
| | - Argyris Zardilis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Gaël Michelin
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, I3S, France
| | - Raymond Wightman
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Bruno Leggio
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Legrand
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | | | - Laetitia Vachez
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Alessia Armezzani
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Evodie Risson
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Feng Zhao
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Pradeep Das
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Nathanaël Prunet
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | | | - Henrik Jönsson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14A, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France.
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13
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Hu Y, Wang L, Jia R, Liang W, Zhang X, Xu J, Chen X, Lu D, Chen M, Luo Z, Xie J, Cao L, Xu B, Yu Y, Persson S, Zhang D, Yuan Z. Rice transcription factor MADS32 regulates floral patterning through interactions with multiple floral homeotic genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2434-2449. [PMID: 33337484 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Floral patterning is regulated by intricate networks of floral identity genes. The peculiar MADS32 subfamily genes, absent in eudicots but prevalent in monocots, control floral organ identity. However, how the MADS32 family genes interact with other floral homeotic genes during flower development is mostly unknown. We show here that the rice homeotic transcription factor OsMADS32 regulates floral patterning by interacting synergistically with E class protein OsMADS6 in a dosage-dependent manner. Furthermore, our results indicate important roles for OsMADS32 in defining stamen, pistil, and ovule development through physical and genetic interactions with OsMADS1, OsMADS58, and OsMADS13, and in specifying floral meristem identity with OsMADS6, OsMADS3, and OsMADS58, respectively. Our findings suggest that OsMADS32 is an important factor for floral meristem identity maintenance and that it integrates the action of other MADS-box homeotic proteins to sustain floral organ specification and development in rice. Given that OsMADS32 is an orphan gene and absent in eudicots, our data substantially expand our understanding of flower development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqi Liang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Lu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjiao Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijing Luo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayang Xie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Crop Breeding & Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Xu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Staffan Persson
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Melbourne, Australia
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Molecular and genetic pathways for optimizing spikelet development and grain yield. ABIOTECH 2020; 1:276-292. [PMID: 36304128 PMCID: PMC9590455 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-020-00026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The spikelet is a unique structure of inflorescence in grasses that generates one to many flowers depending on its determinate or indeterminate meristem activity. The growth patterns and number of spikelets, furthermore, define inflorescence architecture and yield. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying spikelet development and evolution are attractive to both biologists and breeders. Based on the progress in rice and maize, along with increasing numbers of genetic mutants and genome sequences from other grass families, the regulatory networks underpinning spikelet development are becoming clearer. This is particularly evident for domesticated traits in agriculture. This review focuses on recent progress on spikelet initiation, and spikelet and floret fertility, by comparing results from Arabidopsis with that of rice, sorghum, maize, barley, wheat, Brachypodium distachyon, and Setaria viridis. This progress may benefit genetic engineering and molecular breeding to enhance grain yield.
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15
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Chen C, Kim D, Yun HR, Lee YM, Yogendra B, Bo Z, Kim HE, Min JH, Lee YS, Rim YG, Kim HU, Sung S, Heo JB. Nuclear import of LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 is redundantly mediated by importins α-1, α-2 and α-3. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1205-1214. [PMID: 32365248 PMCID: PMC7810169 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (LHP1) encodes the only plant homologue of the metazoan HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (HP1) protein family. The LHP1 protein is necessary for proper epigenetic regulation of a range of developmental processes in plants. LHP1 is a transcriptional repressor of flowering-related genes, such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), AGAMOUS (AG) and APETALA 3 (AP3). We found that LHP1 interacts with importin α-1 (IMPα-1), importin α-2 (IMPα-2) and importin α-3 (IMPα-3) both in vitro and in vivo. A genetic approach revealed that triple mutation of impα-1, impα-2 and impα-3 resulted in Arabidopsis plants with a rapid flowering phenotype similar to that of plants with mutations in lhp1 due to the upregulation of FT expression. Nuclear targeting of LHP1 was severely impaired in the impα triple mutant, resulting in the de-repression of LHP1 target genes AG, AP3 and SHATTERPROOF 1 as well as FT. Therefore, the importin proteins IMPα-1, -2 and -3 are necessary for the nuclear import of LHP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Daewon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Hee Rang Yun
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Yun Mi Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Bordiya Yogendra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zhao Bo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hae Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Jun Hong Min
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Yeong Gil Rim
- Systems & Synthetic Agrobiotech Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701 Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Korea
| | - Sibum Sung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- International Scholar, Kyung-Hee University, Suwon, Korea
- Corresponding author: Tel: +82 51 200 7520; Fax: +82 51 200 7505. ;
| | - Jae Bok Heo
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
- Corresponding author: Tel: +82 51 200 7520; Fax: +82 51 200 7505. ;
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16
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Meng N, Wei Y, Gao Y, Yu K, Cheng J, Li XY, Duan CQ, Pan QH. Characterization of Transcriptional Expression and Regulation of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 4b in Grapes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:483. [PMID: 32457771 PMCID: PMC7227400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Norisoprenoids are important aromatic volatiles contributing to the pleasant floral/fruity odor in grapes and wine. They are produced from carotenoids through the cleavage of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs). However, the underlying mechanisms regulating VvCCD expression remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that VvCCD4b expression was positively correlated with the accumulation of β-damascenone, β-ionone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, geranylacetone, dihydroedulan I, and total norisoprenoids in developing grapes in two vintages from two regions. VvCCD4b was found to be principally expressed in flowers, mature leaves, and berries. Abscisic acid strongly induced the expression of this gene. Additionally, the present study preliminarily indicated that the activity of the VvCCD4b promoter was dropped under 37°C treatment and also responded to the illumination change. VvCCD4b was expressed in parallel with VvMADS4 in developing grape berries. The latter is a MADS family transcription factor and nucleus-localized protein that was captured by yeast one-hybrid. A dual-luciferase reporter assay in tobacco leaves revealed that VvMADS4 downregulated the activity of the VvCCD4b promoter. VvMADS4 overexpression in grape calli and Vitis quinquangularis Rehd. leaves repressed the VvCCD4b expression. In summary, this work demonstrates that VvCCD4b expression is positively correlated with the accumulation of norisoprenoids, and VvMADS4 is a potential negative regulator of VvCCD4b. Our results provide a new perspective for understanding the regulation of VvCCD4b expression and norisoprenoid accumulation in grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Meng
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Keji Yu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yi Li
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Qing Duan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Pan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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17
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Yan Z, Shi H, Liu Y, Jing M, Han Y. KHZ1 and KHZ2, novel members of the autonomous pathway, repress the splicing efficiency of FLC pre-mRNA in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1375-1386. [PMID: 31701139 PMCID: PMC7031081 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important events during the life cycle of flowering plants, the floral transition is of crucial importance for plant propagation and requires the precise coordination of multiple endogenous and external signals. There have been at least four flowering pathways (i.e. photoperiod, vernalization, gibberellin, and autonomous) identified in Arabidopsis. We previously reported that two Arabidopsis RNA-binding proteins, KHZ1 and KHZ2, redundantly promote flowering. However, the underlying mechanism was unclear. Here, we found that the double mutant khz1 khz2 flowered late under both long-day and short-day conditions, but responded to vernalization and gibberellin treatments. The late-flowering phenotype was almost completely rescued by mutating FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and fully rescued by overexpressing FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Additional experiments demonstrated that the KHZs could form homodimers or interact to form heterodimers, localized to nuclear dots, and repressed the splicing efficiency of FLC pre-mRNA. Together, these data indicate that the KHZs could promote flowering via the autonomous pathway by repressing the splicing efficiency of FLC pre-mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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18
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RcAP1, a Homolog of APETALA1, is Associated with Flower Bud Differentiation and Floral Organ Morphogenesis in Rosa chinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143557. [PMID: 31330828 PMCID: PMC6679073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosa chinensis is one of the most popular flower plants worldwide. The recurrent flowering trait greatly enhances the ornamental value of roses, and is the result of the constant formation of new flower buds. Flower bud differentiation has always been a major topic of interest among researchers. The APETALA1 (AP1) MADS-box (Mcm1, Agamous, Deficiens and SRF) transcription factor-encoding gene is important for the formation of the floral meristem and floral organs. However, research on the rose AP1 gene has been limited. Thus, we isolated AP1 from Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’. An expression analysis revealed that RcAP1 was not expressed before the floral primordia formation stage in flower buds. The overexpression of RcAP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in an early-flowering phenotype. Additionally, the virus-induced down-regulation of RcAP1 expression delayed flowering in ‘Old Blush’. Moreover, RcAP1 was specifically expressed in the sepals of floral organs, while its expression was down-regulated in abnormal sepals and leaf-like organs. These observations suggest that RcAP1 may contribute to rose bud differentiation as well as floral organ morphogenesis, especially the sepals. These results may help for further characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of the recurrent flowering trait in rose.
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19
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Gao B, Chen M, Li X, Zhang J. Ancient duplications and grass-specific transposition influenced the evolution of LEAFY transcription factor genes. Commun Biol 2019; 2:237. [PMID: 31263781 PMCID: PMC6588583 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The LFY transcription factor gene family are important in the promotion of cell proliferation and floral development. Understanding their evolution offers an insight into floral development in plant evolution. Though a promiscuous transition intermediate and a gene duplication event within the LFY family had been identified previously, the early evolutionary path of this family remained elusive. Here, we reconstructed the LFY family phylogeny using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference methods incorporating LFY genes from all major lineages of streptophytes. The well-resolved phylogeny unveiled a high-confidence duplication event before the functional divergence of types I and II LFY genes in the ancestry of liverworts, mosses and tracheophytes, supporting sub-functionalization of an ancestral promiscuous gene. The identification of promiscuous genes in Osmunda suggested promiscuous LFY genes experienced an ancient transient duplication. Genomic synteny comparisons demonstrated a deep genomic positional conservation of LFY genes and an ancestral lineage-specific transposition activity in grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Gao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Moxian Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011 China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Ooi SE, Sarpan N, Abdul Aziz N, Nuraziyan A, Ong-Abdullah M. Differential expression of heat shock and floral regulatory genes in pseudocarpel initials of mantled female inflorescences from Elaeis guineensis Jacq. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:167-179. [PMID: 30467592 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomes generated by laser capture microdissected abnormal staminodes revealed adoption of carpel programming during organ initiation with decreased expression of numerousHSPs,EgDEF1, EgGLO1but increasedLEAFYexpression. The abnormal mantled phenotype in oil palm involves a feminization of the male staminodes into pseudocarpels in pistillate inflorescences. Previous studies on oil palm flowering utilized entire inflorescences or spikelets, which comprised not only the male and female floral organs, but the surrounding tissues as well. Laser capture microdissection coupled with RNA sequencing was conducted to investigate the specific transcriptomes of male and female floral organs from normal and mantled female inflorescences. A higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in abnormal versus normal male organs compared with abnormal versus normal female organs. In addition, the abnormal male organ transcriptome closely mimics the transcriptome of abnormal female organ. While the transcriptome of abnormal female organ was relatively similar to the normal female organ, a substantial amount of female DEGs encode HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN genes (HSPs). A similar high amount (20%) of male DEGs encode HSPs as well. As these genes exhibited decreased expression in abnormal floral organs, mantled floral organ development may be associated with lower stress indicators. Stamen identity genes EgDEF1 and EgGLO1 were the main floral regulatory genes with decreased expression in abnormal male organs or pseudocarpel initials. Expression of several floral transcription factors was elevated in pseudocarpel initials, notably LEAFY, FIL and DL orthologs, substantiating the carpel specification programming of abnormal staminodes. Specific transcriptomes thus obtained through this approach revealed a host of differentially regulated genes in pseudocarpel initials compared to normal male staminodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Eng Ooi
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norashikin Sarpan
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazlin Abdul Aziz
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre (CaRC), Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azimi Nuraziyan
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Meilina Ong-Abdullah
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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21
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Lu H, Klocko AL, Brunner AM, Ma C, Magnuson AC, Howe GT, An X, Strauss SH. RNA interference suppression of AGAMOUS and SEEDSTICK alters floral organ identity and impairs floral organ determinacy, ovule differentiation, and seed-hair development in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:923-937. [PMID: 30565259 PMCID: PMC6590139 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of the floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS (AG) and its close homologues in development of anemophilous, unisexual catkins has not previously been studied. We transformed two RNA interference (RNAi) constructs, PTG and its matrix-attachment-region flanked version MPG, into the early-flowering female poplar clone 6K10 (Populus alba) to suppress the expression of its two duplicate AG orthologues. By early 2018, six out of 22 flowering PTG events and 11 out of 12 flowering MPG events showed modified floral phenotypes in a field trial in Oregon, USA. Flowers in catkins from modified events had 'carpel-inside-carpel' phenotypes. Complete disruption of seed production was observed in seven events, and sterile anther-like organs in 10 events. Events with strong co-suppression of both the two AG and two SEEDSTICK (STK) paralogues lacked both seeds and associated seed hairs. Alterations in all of the modified floral phenotypes were stable over 4 yr of study. Trees from floral-modified events did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from nonmodified transgenic or nontransgenic controls in biomass growth or leaf morphology. AG and STK genes show strong conservation of gene function during poplar catkin development and are promising targets for genetic containment of exotic or genetically engineered trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Lu
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA
| | - Amy L. Klocko
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCO80918USA
| | - Amy M. Brunner
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental ConservationVirginia TechBlacksburgVA24061USA
| | - Cathleen Ma
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA
| | - Anna C. Magnuson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA
| | - Glenn T. Howe
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA
| | - Xinmin An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA
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Shah S, Karunarathna NL, Jung C, Emrani N. An APETALA1 ortholog affects plant architecture and seed yield component in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:380. [PMID: 30594150 PMCID: PMC6310979 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing the productivity of rapeseed as one of the widely cultivated oil crops in the world is of upmost importance. As flowering time and plant architecture play a key role in the regulation of rapeseed yield, understanding the genetic mechanism underlying these traits can boost the rapeseed breeding. Meristem identity genes are known to have pleiotropic effects on plant architecture and seed yield in various crops. To understand the function of one of the meristem identity genes, APETALA1 (AP1) in rapeseed, we performed phenotypic analysis of TILLING mutants under greenhouse conditions. Three stop codon mutant families carrying a mutation in Bna.AP1.A02 paralog were analyzed for different plant architecture and seed yield-related traits. RESULTS It was evident that stop codon mutation in the K domain of Bna.AP1.A02 paralog caused significant changes in flower morphology as well as plant architecture related traits like plant height, branch height, and branch number. Furthermore, yield-related traits like seed yield per plant and number of seeds per plants were also significantly altered in the same mutant family. Apart from phenotypic changes, stop codon mutation in K domain of Bna.AP1.A02 paralog also altered the expression of putative downstream target genes like Bna.TFL1 and Bna.FUL in shoot apical meristem (SAM) of rapeseed. Mutant plants carrying stop codon mutations in the COOH domain of Bna.AP1.A02 paralog did not have a significant effect on plant architecture, yield-related traits or the expression of the downstream targets. CONCLUSIONS We found that Bna.AP1.A02 paralog has pleiotropic effect on plant architecture and yield-related traits in rapeseed. The allele we found in the current study with a beneficial effect on seed yield can be incorporated into rapeseed breeding pool to develop new varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smit Shah
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nirosha L. Karunarathna
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nazgol Emrani
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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23
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Cheng JZ, Zhou YP, Lv TX, Xie CP, Tian CE. Research progress on the autonomous flowering time pathway in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 23:477-485. [PMID: 28878488 PMCID: PMC5567719 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth phase is a pivotal and complicated process in the life cycle of flowering plants which requires a comprehensive response to multiple environmental aspects and endogenous signals. In Arabidopsis, six regulatory flowering time pathways have been defined by their response to distinct cues, namely photoperiod, vernalization, gibberellin, temperature, autonomous and age pathways, respectively. Among these pathways, the autonomous flowering pathway accelerates flowering independently of day length by inhibiting the central flowering repressor FLC. FCA, FLD, FLK, FPA, FVE, FY and LD have been widely known to play crucial roles in this pathway. Recently, AGL28, CK2, DBP1, DRM1, DRM2, ESD4, HDA5, HDA6, PCFS4, PEP, PP2A-B'γ, PRMT5, PRMT10, PRP39-1, REF6, and SYP22 have also been shown to be involved in the autonomous flowering time pathway. This review mainly focuses on FLC RNA processing, chromatin modification of FLC, post-translational modification of FLC and other molecular mechanisms in the autonomous flowering pathway of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhi Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Tian-Xiao Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Chu-Ping Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Chang-En Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
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24
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Gong P, Ao X, Liu G, Cheng F, He C. Duplication and Whorl-Specific Down-Regulation of the Obligate AP3-PI Heterodimer Genes Explain the Origin of Paeonia lactiflora Plants with Spontaneous Corolla Mutation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:411-425. [PMID: 28013274 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora) is a globally important ornamental plant. Spontaneous floral mutations occur frequently during cultivation, and are selected as a way to release new cultivars, but the underlying evolutionary developmental genetics remain largely elusive. Here, we investigated a collection of spontaneous corolla mutational plants (SCMPs) whose other floral organs were virtually unaffected. Unlike the corolla in normal plants (NPs) that withered soon after fertilization, the transformed corolla (petals) in SCMPs was greenish and persistent similar to the calyx (sepals). Epidermal cellular morphology of the SCMP corolla was also similar to that of calyx cells, further suggesting a sepaloid corolla in SCMPs. Ten floral MADS-box genes from these Paeonia plants were comparatively characterized with respect to sequence and expression. Codogenic sequence variation of these MADS-box genes was not linked to corolla changes in SCMPs. However, we found that both APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) lineages of B-class MADS-box genes were duplicated, and subsequent selective expression alterations of these genes were closely associated with the origin of SCMPs. AP3-PI obligate heterodimerization, essential for organ identity of corolla and stamens, was robustly detected. However, selective down-regulation of these duplicated genes might result in a reduction of this obligate heterodimer concentration in a corolla-specific manner, leading to the sepaloid corolla in SCMPs, thus representing a new sepaloid corolla model taking advantage of gene duplication. Our work suggests that modifying floral MADS-box genes could facilitate the breeding of novel cultivars with distinct floral morphology in ornamental plants, and also provides new insights into the functional evolution of the MADS-box genes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, National Flower Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Gaixiu Liu
- Luoyang National Peony Garden, Mangshan Town, Old City District, Luoyang, China
| | - Fangyun Cheng
- Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, National Flower Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoying He
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, China
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25
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Breuil-Broyer S, Trehin C, Morel P, Boltz V, Sun B, Chambrier P, Ito T, Negrutiu I. Analysis of the Arabidopsis superman allelic series and the interactions with other genes demonstrate developmental robustness and joint specification of male-female boundary, flower meristem termination and carpel compartmentalization. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:905-23. [PMID: 27098089 PMCID: PMC4845806 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS SUPERMAN is a cadastral gene controlling the sexual boundary in the flower. The gene's functions and role in flower development and evolution have remained elusive. The analysis of a contrasting SUP allelic series (for which the names superman, superwoman and supersex have been coined) makes it possible to distinguish early vs. late regulatory processes at the flower meristem centre to which SUP is an important contributor. Their understanding is essential in further addressing evolutionary questions linking bisexuality and flower meristem homeostasis. METHODS Inter-allelic comparisons were carried out and SUP interactions with other boundary factors and flower meristem patterning and homeostasis regulators (such as CLV, WUS, PAN, CUC, KNU, AG, AP3/PI, CRC and SPT) have been evaluated at genetic, molecular, morphological and histological levels. KEY RESULTS Early SUP functions include mechanisms of male-female (sexual) boundary specification, flower mersitem termination and control of stamen number. A SUP-dependent flower meristem termination pathway is identified and analysed. Late SUP functions play a role in organ morphogenesis by controlling intra-whorl organ separation and carpel medial region formation. By integrating early and late SUP functions, and by analyzing in one single experiment a series of SUP genetic interactions, the concept of meristematic 'transference' (cascade) - a regulatory bridging process redundantly and sequentially co-ordinating the triggering and completion of flower meristem termination, and carpel margin meristem and placenta patterning - is proposed. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results strongly support the view that SUP(-type) function(s) have been instrumental in resolving male/female gradients into sharp male and female identities (whorls, organs) and in enforcing flower homeostasis during evolution. This has probably been achieved by incorporating the meristem patterning system of the floral axis into the female/carpel programme.
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Key Words
- Arabidopsis
- SUPERMAN gene: superman, clark-kent/superwoman, supersex, AG, CLV, CRC, CUC2, KNU, PAN, SPT, WUS
- allelic series
- carpel
- evo-devo
- flower homeostasis
- flower meristem determinacy
- flower pattern
- meristematic ‘cascade’/transference
- pistillody/carpelloidy
- placenta
- stamen
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Patrice Morel
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Véronique Boltz
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Bo Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China 210093 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory 1 Research Link National University of Singapore Singapore 117604
| | - Pierre Chambrier
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory 1 Research Link National University of Singapore Singapore 117604 Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Ioan Negrutiu
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
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26
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Lin CS, Hsu CT, Liao DC, Chang WJ, Chou ML, Huang YT, Chen JJW, Ko SS, Chan MT, Shih MC. Transcriptome-wide analysis of the MADS-box gene family in the orchid Erycina pusilla. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:284-98. [PMID: 25917508 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Orchids exhibit a range of unique flower shapes and are a valuable ornamental crop. MADS-box transcription factors are key regulatory components in flower initiation and development. Changing the flower shape and flowering time can increase the value of the orchid in the ornamental horticulture industry. In this study, 28 MADS-box genes were identified from the transcriptome database of the model orchid Erycina pusilla. The full-length genomic sequences of these MADS-box genes were obtained from BAC clones. Of these, 27 were MIKC-type EpMADS (two truncated forms) and one was a type I EpMADS. Eleven EpMADS genes contained introns longer than 10 kb. Phylogenetic analysis classified the 24 MIKC(c) genes into nine subfamilies. Three specific protein motifs, AG, FUL and SVP, were identified and used to classify three subfamilies. The expression profile of each EpMADS gene correlated with its putative function. The phylogenetic analysis was highly correlated with the protein domain identification and gene expression results. Spatial expression of EpMADS6, EpMADS12 and EpMADS15 was strongly detected in the inflorescence meristem, floral bud and seed via in situ hybridization. The subcellular localization of the 28 EpMADS proteins was also investigated. Although EpMADS27 lacks a complete MADS-box domain, EpMADS27-YFP was localized in the nucleus. This characterization of the orchid MADS-box family genes provides useful information for both orchid breeding and studies of flowering and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choun-Sea Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Tran Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - De-Chih Liao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jung Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Chou
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ting Huang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-yi, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy J W Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Swee-Suak Ko
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsair Chan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Shih
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Lutova LA, Dodueva IE, Lebedeva MA, Tvorogova VE. Transcription factors in developmental genetics and the evolution of higher plants. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Budahn H, Barański R, Grzebelus D, Kiełkowska A, Straka P, Metge K, Linke B, Nothnagel T. Mapping genes governing flower architecture and pollen development in a double mutant population of carrot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:504. [PMID: 25339960 PMCID: PMC4189388 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A linkage map of carrot (Daucus carota L.) was developed in order to study reproductive traits. The F2 mapping population derived from an initial cross between a yellow leaf (yel) chlorophyll mutant and a compressed lamina (cola) mutant with unique flower defects of the sporophytic parts of male and female organs. The genetic map has a total length of 781 cM and included 285 loci. The length of the nine linkage groups (LGs) ranged between 65 and 145 cM. All LGs have been anchored to the reference map. The objective of this study was the generation of a well-saturated linkage map of D. carota. Mapping of the cola-locus associated with flower development and fertility was successfully demonstrated. Two MADS-box genes (DcMADS3, DcMADS5) with prominent roles in flowering and reproduction as well as three additional genes (DcAOX2a, DcAOX2b, DcCHS2) with further importance for male reproduction were assigned to different loci that did not co-segregate with the cola-locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Budahn
- Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
| | - Rafał Barański
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Faculty of Horticulture, University of AgricultureKraków, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzebelus
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Faculty of Horticulture, University of AgricultureKraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kiełkowska
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Faculty of Horticulture, University of AgricultureKraków, Poland
| | - Petra Straka
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
| | - Kai Metge
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Linke
- Department of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Nothnagel
- Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
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29
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Franklin KA, Toledo-Ortiz G, Pyott DE, Halliday KJ. Interaction of light and temperature signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2859-71. [PMID: 24569036 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Light and temperature are arguably two of the most important signals regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to their direct energetic effects on plant growth, light and temperature provide vital immediate and predictive cues for plants to ensure optimal development both spatially and temporally. While the majority of research to date has focused on the contribution of either light or temperature signals in isolation, it is becoming apparent that an understanding of how the two interact is essential to appreciate fully the complex and elegant ways in which plants utilize these environmental cues. This review will outline the diverse mechanisms by which light and temperature signals are integrated and will consider why such interconnected systems (as opposed to entirely separate light and temperature pathways) may be evolutionarily favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keara A Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Gabriela Toledo-Ortiz
- SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Douglas E Pyott
- SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Karen J Halliday
- SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
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30
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Yoro E, Suzaki T, Toyokura K, Miyazawa H, Fukaki H, Kawaguchi M. A Positive Regulator of Nodule Organogenesis, NODULE INCEPTION, Acts as a Negative Regulator of Rhizobial Infection in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:747-758. [PMID: 24722550 PMCID: PMC4043699 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.233379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Legume-rhizobium symbiosis occurs in specialized root organs called nodules. To establish the symbiosis, two major genetically controlled events, rhizobial infection and organogenesis, must occur. For a successful symbiosis, it is essential that the two phenomena proceed simultaneously in different root tissues. Although several symbiotic genes have been identified during genetic screenings of nonsymbiotic mutants, most of the mutants harbor defects in both infection and organogenesis pathways, leading to experimental difficulty in investigating the molecular genetic relationships between the pathways. In this study, we isolated a novel nonnodulation mutant, daphne, in Lotus japonicus that shows complete loss of nodulation but a dramatically increased numbers of infection threads. Characterization of the locus responsible for these phenotypes revealed a chromosomal translocation upstream of NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) in daphne. Genetic analysis using a known nin mutant revealed that daphne is a novel nin mutant allele. Although the daphne mutant showed reduced induction of NIN after rhizobial infection, the spatial expression pattern of NIN in epidermal cells was broader than that in the wild type. Overexpression of NIN strongly suppressed hyperinfection in daphne, and daphne phenotypes were partially rescued by cortical expression of NIN. These observations suggested that the daphne mutation enhanced the role of NIN in the infection pathway due to a specific loss of the role of NIN in nodule organogenesis. Based on these results, we provide evidence that the bifunctional transcription factor NIN negatively regulates infection but positively regulates nodule organogenesis during the course of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yoro
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (K.T., H.F.); andResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan (H.M.)
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (K.T., H.F.); andResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan (H.M.)
| | - Koichi Toyokura
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (K.T., H.F.); andResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan (H.M.)
| | - Hikota Miyazawa
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (K.T., H.F.); andResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan (H.M.)
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (K.T., H.F.); andResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan (H.M.)
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan (E.Y., T.S., M.K.);Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (K.T., H.F.); andResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan (H.M.)
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Wynn AN, Seaman AA, Jones AL, Franks RG. Novel functional roles for PERIANTHIA and SEUSS during floral organ identity specification, floral meristem termination, and gynoecial development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:130. [PMID: 24778638 PMCID: PMC3985007 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The gynoecium is the female reproductive structure of angiosperm flowers. In Arabidopsis thaliana the gynoecium is composed of two carpels that are fused into a tube-like structure. As the gynoecial primordium arises from the floral meristem, a specialized meristematic structure, the carpel margin meristem (CMM), develops from portions of the medial gynoecial domain. The CMM is critical for reproductive competence because it gives rise to the ovules, the precursors of the seeds. Here we report a functional role for the transcription factor PERIANTHIA (PAN) in the development of the gynoecial medial domain and the formation of ovule primordia. This function of PAN is revealed in pan aintegumenta (ant) as well as seuss (seu) pan double mutants that form reduced numbers of ovules. Previously, PAN was identified as a regulator of perianth organ number and as a direct activator of AGAMOUS (AG) expression in floral whorl four. However, the seu pan double mutants display enhanced ectopic AG expression in developing sepals and the partial transformation of sepals to petals indicating a novel role for PAN in the repression of AG in floral whorl one. These results indicate that PAN functions as an activator or repressor of AG expression in a whorl-specific fashion. The seu pan double mutants also display enhanced floral indeterminacy, resulting in the formation of "fifth whorl" structures and disruption of WUSCHEL (WUS) expression patterns revealing a novel role for SEU in floral meristem termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- April N. Wynn
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's College of MarylandSt. Mary's City, MD, USA
| | - Andrew A. Seaman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ashley L. Jones
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of TexasAustin, TX, USA
| | - Robert G. Franks
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
- *Correspondence: Robert G. Franks, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, 2548 Thomas Hall, Campus Box 7614, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA e-mail:
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Merging Ecology and Genomics to Dissect Diversity in Wild Tomatoes and Their Relatives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 781:273-98. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7347-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ó'Maoiléidigh DS, Graciet E, Wellmer F. Gene networks controlling Arabidopsis thaliana flower development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:16-30. [PMID: 23952532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The formation of flowers is one of the main models for studying the regulatory mechanisms that underlie plant development and evolution. Over the past three decades, extensive genetic and molecular analyses have led to the identification of a large number of key floral regulators and to detailed insights into how they control flower morphogenesis. In recent years, genome-wide approaches have been applied to obtaining a global view of the gene regulatory networks underlying flower formation. Furthermore, mathematical models have been developed that can simulate certain aspects of this process and drive further experimentation. Here, we review some of the main findings made in the field of Arabidopsis thaliana flower development, with an emphasis on recent advances. In particular, we discuss the activities of the floral organ identity factors, which are pivotal for the specification of the different types of floral organs, and explore the experimental avenues that may elucidate the molecular mechanisms and gene expression programs through which these master regulators of flower development act.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuelle Graciet
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Frank Wellmer
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Luo X, Sun X, Liu B, Zhu D, Bai X, Cai H, Ji W, Cao L, Wu J, Wang M, Ding X, Zhu Y. Ectopic expression of a WRKY homolog from Glycine soja alters flowering time in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73295. [PMID: 23991184 PMCID: PMC3753250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering is a critical event in the life cycle of plants; the WRKY-type transcription factors are reported to be involved in many developmental processes sunch as trichome development and epicuticular wax loading, but whether they are involved in flowering time regulation is still unknown. Within this study, we provide clear evidence that GsWRKY20, a member of WRKY gene family from wild soybean, is involved in controlling plant flowering time. Expression of GsWRKY20 was abundant in the shoot tips and inflorescence meristems of wild soybean. Phenotypic analysis showed that GsWRKY20 over-expression lines flowered earlier than the wild-type plants under all conditions: long-day and short-day photoperiods, vernalization, or exogenous GA3 application, indicating that GsWRKY20 may mainly be involved in an autonomous flowering pathway. Further analyses by qRT-PCR and microarray suggests that GsWRKY20 accelerating plant flowering might primarily be through the regulation of flowering-related genes (i.e., FLC, FT, SOC1 and CO) and floral meristem identity genes (i.e., AP1, SEP3, AP3, PI and AG). Our results provide the evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of manipulating GsWRKY20 for altering plant flowering time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
| | - Xi Bai
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
| | - Hua Cai
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Ding
- Department of Neurology, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yanming Zhu
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilong Jiang, China
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Abstract
Genes of the AGAMOUS subfamily have been shown to play crucial roles in reproductive organ identity determination, fruit, and seed development. They have been deeply studied in eudicot species and especially in Arabidopsis. Recently, the AGAMOUS subfamily of rice has been studied for their role in flower development and an enormous amount of data has been generated. In this review, we provide an overview of these data and discuss the conservation of gene functions between rice and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Dreni
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Sharma B, Kramer E. Sub- and neo-functionalization of APETALA3 paralogs have contributed to the evolution of novel floral organ identity in Aquilegia (columbine, Ranunculaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:949-957. [PMID: 23278258 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of the lower eudicot model Aquilegia have revealed differential expression patterns of two APETALA3 (AP3) paralogs that appear to coincide with the development of a distinct fifth floral organ type, the staminodium. The AqAP3-1 locus quickly becomes limited to the staminodia while AqAP3-2 becomes stamen-specific. We used transient RNAi-based methods to silence each of these loci individually and in combination, followed by detailed studies of the resultant morphologies and the effects on gene expression patterns. Silencing of AqAP3-1 had a strong effect on the staminodia, causing transformation into carpeloid organs, while silencing of AqAP3-2 only affected the stamens, resulting in sterility, stunting or weak transformation towards carpel identity. Much more dramatic phenotypes were obtained in the doubly silenced flowers, where all stamens and staminodia were transformed into carpels. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses of B gene homolog expression in these flowers are consistent with complex patterns of regulatory feedback among the loci. These findings suggest that the presence of ancient AP3 paralogs in the Ranunculaceae has facilitated the recent evolution of a novel organ identity program in Aquilegia. Specifically, it appears that downregulation of AqAP3-2 in the innermost whorl of stamens was a critical step in the evolution of elaborated sterile organs in this position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Elena Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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37
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Duan Y, Li S, Chen Z, Zheng L, Diao Z, Zhou Y, Lan T, Guan H, Pan R, Xue Y, Wu W. Dwarf and deformed flower 1, encoding an F-box protein, is critical for vegetative and floral development in rice (Oryza sativa L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:829-42. [PMID: 22897567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that F-box proteins constitute a large family in eukaryotes, and play pivotal roles in regulating various developmental processes in plants. However, their functions in monocots are still obscure. In this study, we characterized a recessive mutant dwarf and deformed flower 1-1 (ddf1-1) in Oryza sativa (rice). The mutant is abnormal in both vegetative and reproductive development, with significant size reduction in all organs except the spikelet. DDF1 controls organ size by regulating both cell division and cell expansion. In the ddf1-1 spikelet, the specification of floral organs in whorls 2 and 3 is altered, with most lodicules and stamens being transformed into glume-like organs and pistil-like organs, respectively, but the specification of lemma/palea and pistil in whorls 1 and 4 is not affected. DDF1 encodes an F-box protein anchored in the nucleolus, and is expressed in almost all vegetative and reproductive tissues. Consistent with the mutant floral phenotype, DDF1 positively regulates B-class genes OsMADS4 and OsMADS16, and negatively regulates pistil specification gene DL. In addition, DDF1 also negatively regulates the Arabidopsis LFY ortholog APO2, implying a functional connection between DDF1 and APO2. Collectively, these results revealed that DDF1, as a newly identified F-box gene, is a crucial genetic factor with pleiotropic functions for both vegetative growth and floral organ specification in rice. These findings provide additional insights into the molecular mechanism controlling monocot vegetative and reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Junker A, Rohn H, Schreiber F. Visual analysis of transcriptome data in the context of anatomical structures and biological networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:252. [PMID: 23162564 PMCID: PMC3498740 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The complexity and temporal as well as spatial resolution of transcriptome datasets is constantly increasing due to extensive technological developments. Here we present methods for advanced visualization and intuitive exploration of transcriptomics data as necessary prerequisites in order to facilitate the gain of biological knowledge. Color-coding of structural images based on the expression level enables a fast visual data analysis in the background of the examined biological system. The network-based exploration of these visualizations allows for comparative analysis of genes with specific transcript patterns and supports the extraction of functional relationships even from large datasets. In order to illustrate the presented methods, the tool HIVE was applied for visualization and exploration of database-retrieved expression data for master regulators of Arabidopsis thaliana flower and seed development in the context of corresponding tissue-specific regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Junker
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research GaterslebenGatersleben, Germany
| | - Hendrik Rohn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research GaterslebenGatersleben, Germany
| | - Falk Schreiber
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research GaterslebenGatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
- Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
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Aceto S, Gaudio L. The MADS and the Beauty: Genes Involved in the Development of Orchid Flowers. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:342-56. [PMID: 22294877 PMCID: PMC3145264 DOI: 10.2174/138920211796429754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the time of Darwin, biologists have studied the origin and evolution of the Orchidaceae, one of the largest families of flowering plants. In the last two decades, the extreme diversity and specialization of floral morphology and the uncoupled rate of morphological and molecular evolution that have been observed in some orchid species have spurred interest in the study of the genes involved in flower development in this plant family. As part of the complex network of regulatory genes driving the formation of flower organs, the MADS-box represents the most studied gene family, both from functional and evolutionary perspectives. Despite the absence of a published genome for orchids, comparative genetic analyses are clarifying the functional role and the evolutionary pattern of the MADS-box genes in orchids. Various evolutionary forces act on the MADS-box genes in orchids, such as diffuse purifying selection and the relaxation of selective constraints, which sometimes reveals a heterogeneous selective pattern of the coding and non-coding regions. The emerging theory regarding the evolution of floral diversity in orchids proposes that the diversification of the orchid perianth was a consequence of duplication events and changes in the regulatory regions of the MADS-box genes, followed by sub- and neo-functionalization. This specific developmental-genetic code is termed the "orchid code."
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Aceto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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Liu Z, Gu C, Chen F, Jiang J, Yang Y, Li P, Chen S, Zhang Z. Identification and expression of an APETALA2-like gene from Nelumbo nucifera. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:383-91. [PMID: 22821410 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis transcription factor APETALA2 (AP2) controls multiple aspects of plant growth and development, including seed development, stem cell maintenance, and specification of floral organ identity. Based on sequence similar of Arabidopsis AP2 and its homologues genes from other plant species, degenerate RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends assay were used to clone AP2 genes from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). A 2,048-bp cDNA fragment was obtained, which contains a 1,536-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 511 amino acids. The protein contains two AP2 domains that are conserved in AP2 proteins from other plant species, thus was named as N. nucifera APETALA2 (NnAP2). Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that NnAP2 gene was expressed in flowers, roots, leaves, and stems of N. nucifera, with flowers which have the highest transcript levels. Further analysis showed that in all five lotus cultivars examined, including "Zhongguogudailian," "Yaoniangyujiao," "Jinxia," "Hongtailian," and "Yiliangqianban," petals always have the highest expression levels when compared with the other four flower organs, though the number of petals in these cultivars ranged from simple to thousands. However, NnAP2 expression level in four nonsimple petal flower cultivars was higher than that in the simple petal flower cultivar Zhongguogudailian, indicating that NnAP2 may play a role in specification of petal identity during the evolutionary process of the ancient species N. nucifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Mathews S, Kramer EM. The evolution of reproductive structures in seed plants: a re-examination based on insights from developmental genetics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:910-923. [PMID: 22413867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The study of developmental genetics is providing insights into how plant morphology can and does evolve, and into the fundamental nature of specific organs. This new understanding has the potential to revise significantly the way we think about seed plant evolution, especially with regard to reproductive structures. Here, we have sought to take a step in bridging the divide between genetic data and critical fields such as paleobotany and systematics. We discuss the evidence for several evolutionarily important interpretations, including the possibility that ovules represent meristematic axes with their own type of lateral determinate organs (integuments) and a model that considers carpels as analogs of complex leaves. In addition, we highlight the aspects of reproductive development that are likely to be highly labile and homoplastic, factors that have major implications for the understanding of seed plant relationships. Although these hypotheses may suggest that some long-standing interpretations are misleading, they also open up whole new avenues for comparative study and suggest concrete best practices for evolutionary analyses of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mathews
- Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02131, USA
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA
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SWI2/SNF2 chromatin remodeling ATPases overcome polycomb repression and control floral organ identity with the LEAFY and SEPALLATA3 transcription factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:3576-81. [PMID: 22323601 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113409109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterning of the floral organs is exquisitely controlled and executed by four classes of homeotic regulators. Among these, the class B and class C floral homeotic regulators are of central importance as they specify the male and female reproductive organs. Inappropriate induction of the class B gene APETALA3 (AP3) and the class C gene AGAMOUS (AG) causes reduced reproductive fitness and is prevented by polycomb repression. At the onset of flower patterning, polycomb repression needs to be overcome to allow induction of AP3 and AG and formation of the reproductive organs. We show that the SWI2/SNF2 chromatin-remodeling ATPases SPLAYED (SYD) and BRAHMA (BRM) are redundantly required for flower patterning and for the activation of AP3 and AG. The SWI2/SNF2 ATPases are recruited to the regulatory regions of AP3 and AG during flower development and physically interact with two direct transcriptional activators of class B and class C gene expression, LEAFY (LFY) and SEPALLATA3 (SEP3). SYD and LFY association with the AP3 and AG regulatory loci peaks at the same time during flower patterning, and SYD binding to these loci is compromised in lfy and lfy sep3 mutants. This suggests a mechanism for SWI2/SNF2 ATPase recruitment to these loci at the right stage and in the correct cells. SYD and BRM act as trithorax proteins, and the requirement for SYD and BRM in flower patterning can be overcome by partial loss of polycomb activity in curly leaf (clf) mutants, implicating the SWI2/SNF2 chromatin remodelers in reversal of polycomb repression.
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Molecular aspects of flower development in grasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 24:247-82. [PMID: 21877128 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-011-0175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The grass family (Poaceae) of the monocotyledons includes about 10,000 species and represents one of the most important taxa among angiosperms. Their flower morphology is remarkably different from those of other monocotyledons and higher eudicots. The peculiar floral structure of grasses is the floret, which contains carpels and stamens, like eudicots, but lacks petals and sepals. The reproductive organs are surrounded by two lodicules, which correspond to eudicot petals, and by a palea and lemma, whose correspondence to eudicot organs remains controversial. The molecular and genetic analysis of floral morphogenesis and organ specification, primarily performed in eudicot model species, led to the ABCDE model of flower development. Several genes required for floral development in grasses correspond to class A, B, C, D, and E genes of eudicots, but others appear to have unique and diversified functions. In this paper, we outline the present knowledge on the evolution and diversification of grass genes encoding MIKC-type MADS-box transcription factors, based on information derived from studies in rice, maize, and wheat. Moreover, we review recent advances in studying the genes involved in the control of flower development and the extent of structural and functional conservation of these genes between grasses and eudicots.
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Di Stilio VS. Empowering plant evo-devo: Virus induced gene silencing validates new and emerging model systems. Bioessays 2011; 33:711-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Wang YQ, Melzer R, Theißen G. A double-flowered variety of lesser periwinkle (Vinca minor fl. pl.) that has persisted in the wild for more than 160 years. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1445-52. [PMID: 21527418 PMCID: PMC3108809 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Homeotic transitions are usually dismissed by population geneticists as credible modes of evolution due to their assumed negative impact on fitness. However, several lines of evidence suggest that such changes in organ identity have played an important role during the origin and subsequent evolution of the angiosperm flower. Better understanding of the performance of wild populations of floral homeotic varieties should help to clarify the evolutionary potential of homeotic mutants. Wild populations of plants with changes in floral symmetry, or with reproductive organs replacing perianth organs or sepals replacing petals have already been documented. However, although double-flowered varieties are quite popular as ornamental and garden plants, they are rarely found in the wild and, if they are, usually occur only as rare mutant individuals, probably because of their low fitness relative to the wild-type. We therefore investigated a double-flowered variety of lesser periwinkle, Vinca minor flore pleno (fl. pl.), that is reported to have existed in the wild for at least 160 years. To assess the merits of this plant as a new model system for investigations on the evolutionary potential of double-flowered varieties we explored the morphological details and distribution of the mutant phenotype. METHODS The floral morphology of the double-flowered variety and of a nearby population of wild-type plants was investigated by means of visual inspection and light microscopy of flowers, the latter involving dissected or sectioned floral organs. KEY RESULTS The double-flowered variety was found in several patches covering dozens of square metres in a forest within the city limits of Jena (Germany). It appears to produce fewer flowers than the wild-type, and its flowers are purple rather than blue. Most sepals in the first floral whorl resemble those in the wild-type, although occasionally one sepal is broadened and twisted. The structure of second-whorl petals is very similar to that of the wild-type, but their number per flower is more variable. The double-flowered character is due to partial or complete transformation of stamens in the third whorl into petaloid organs. Occasionally, 'flowers within flowers' also develop on elongated pedicels in the double-flowered variety. CONCLUSIONS The flowers of V. minor fl. pl. show meristic as well as homeotic changes, and occasionally other developmental abnormalities such as mis-shaped sepals or loss of floral determinacy. V. minor fl. pl. thus adds to a growing list of natural floral homeotic varieties that have established persistent populations in the wild. Our case study documents that even mutant varieties that have reproductive organs partially transformed into perianth organs can persist in the wild for centuries. This finding makes it at least conceivable that even double-flowered varieties have the potential to establish new evolutionary lineages, and hence may contribute to macroevolutionary transitions and cladogenesis.
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Srikanth A, Schmid M. Regulation of flowering time: all roads lead to Rome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2013-37. [PMID: 21611891 PMCID: PMC11115107 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants undergo a major physiological change as they transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development. This transition is a result of responses to various endogenous and exogenous signals that later integrate to result in flowering. Five genetically defined pathways have been identified that control flowering. The vernalization pathway refers to the acceleration of flowering on exposure to a long period of cold. The photoperiod pathway refers to regulation of flowering in response to day length and quality of light perceived. The gibberellin pathway refers to the requirement of gibberellic acid for normal flowering patterns. The autonomous pathway refers to endogenous regulators that are independent of the photoperiod and gibberellin pathways. Most recently, an endogenous pathway that adds plant age to the control of flowering time has been described. The molecular mechanisms of these pathways have been studied extensively in Arabidopsis thaliana and several other flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Srikanth
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 37-39/VI, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schmid
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 37-39/VI, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Fulneček J, Matyášek R, Votruba I, Holý A, Křížová K, Kovařík A. Inhibition of SAH-hydrolase activity during seed germination leads to deregulation of flowering genes and altered flower morphology in tobacco. Mol Genet Genomics 2011; 285:225-36. [PMID: 21274566 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-011-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental processes are closely connected to certain states of epigenetic information which, among others, rely on methylation of chromatin. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) are key cofactors of enzymes catalyzing DNA and histone methylation. To study the consequences of altered SAH/SAM levels on plant development we applied 9-(S)-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-adenine (DHPA), an inhibitor of SAH-hydrolase, on tobacco seeds during a short phase of germination period (6 days). The transient drug treatment induced: (1) dosage-dependent global DNA hypomethylation mitotically transmitted to adult plants; (2) pleiotropic developmental defects including decreased apical dominance, altered leaf and flower symmetry, flower whorl malformations and reduced fertility; (3) dramatic upregulation of floral organ identity genes NTDEF, NTGLO and NAG1 in leaves. We conclude that temporal SAH-hydrolase inhibition deregulated floral genes expression probably via chromatin methylation changes. The data further show that plants might be particularly sensitive to accurate setting of SAH/SAM levels during critical developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fulneček
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, vvi, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Ito T. Coordination of flower development by homeotic master regulators. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:53-59. [PMID: 20869907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Floral homeotic genes encode transcription factors and act as master regulators of flower development. The homeotic protein complex is expressed in a specific whorl of the floral primordium and determines floral organ identity by the combinatorial action. Homeotic proteins continue to be expressed until late in flower development to coordinate growth and organogenesis. Recent genomic studies have shown that homeotic proteins bind thousands of target sites in the genome and regulate the expression of transcription factors, chromatin components and various proteins involved in hormone biosynthesis and signaling and other physiological activities. Further, homeotic proteins program chromatin to direct the developmental coordination of stem cell maintenance and differentiation in shaping floral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Ito
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
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Abstract
All major processes of life depend on differential gene expression, which is largely controlled by the activity of transcription factors (TFs). In plants many TFs are encoded by members of multigene families that expanded much more dramatically during land plant evolution than during the evolution of animals and fungi. Here we review typical features such as domain structure, DNA binding, and protein interactions of TFs from some families that have contributed to the development and evolution of plant-specific structures in especially important ways. Our survey includes the MADS-domain protein family involved in specifying meristem and organ identity; YABBY proteins controlling lamina outgrowth; TCP proteins controlling floral zygomorphy and apical dominance; and finally homeodomain proteins involved in stem-cell maintenance and many other processes. Common themes as well as interesting differences between these "molecular architects of plant body plans" will become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Melzer
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Wagner D, Meyerowitz EM. Switching on Flowers: Transient LEAFY Induction Reveals Novel Aspects of the Regulation of Reproductive Development in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:60. [PMID: 22639600 PMCID: PMC3355602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
DEVELOPMENTAL FATE DECISIONS IN CELL POPULATIONS FUNDAMENTALLY DEPEND ON AT LEAST TWO PARAMETERS: a signal that is perceived by the cell and the intrinsic ability of the cell to respond to the signal. The same regulatory logic holds for phase transitions in the life cycle of an organism, for example the switch to reproductive development in flowering plants. Here we have tested the response of the monocarpic plant species Arabidopsis thaliana to a signal that directs flower formation, the plant-specific transcription factor LEAFY (LFY). Using transient steroid-dependent LEAFY (LFY) activation in lfy null mutant Arabidopsis plants, we show that the plant's competence to respond to the LFY signal changes during development. Very early in the life cycle, the plant is not competent to respond to the signal. Subsequently, transient LFY activation can direct primordia at the flanks of the shoot apical meristem to adopt a floral fate. Finally, the plants acquire competence to initiate the flower-patterning program in response to transient LFY activation. Similar to a perennial life strategy, we did not observe reprogramming of all primordia after perception of the transient signal, instead only a small number of meristems responded, followed by reversion to the prior developmental program. The ability to initiate flower formation and to direct flower patterning in response to transient LFY upregulation was dependent on the known direct LFY target APETALA1 (AP1). Prolonged LFY or activation could alter the developmental gradient and bypass the requirement for AP1. Prolonged high AP1 levels, in turn, can also alter the plants' competence. Our findings shed light on how plants can fine-tune important phase transitions and developmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Wagner
- Department of Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
- *Correspondence: Doris Wagner, 103G Lynch Laboratories, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 415S. University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. e-mail:
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