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Walmsley R, Chong L, Hii MW, Brown RM, Sumithran P. The effect of bariatric surgery on the expression of gastrointestinal taste receptors: A systematic review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:421-446. [PMID: 38206483 PMCID: PMC10942945 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nutrient sensing via taste receptors may contribute to weight loss, metabolic improvements, and a reduced preference for sweet and fatty foods following bariatric surgery. This review aimed to investigate the effect of bariatric surgery on the expression of oral and post-oral gastrointestinal taste receptors and associations between taste receptor alterations and clinical outcomes of bariatric surgery. A systematic review was conducted to capture data from both human and animal studies on changes in the expression of taste receptors in oral or post-oral gastrointestinal tissue following any type of bariatric surgery. Databases searched included Medline, Embase, Emcare, APA PsychInfo, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. Two human and 21 animal studies were included. Bariatric surgery alters the quantity of many sweet, umami, and fatty acid taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. Changes to the expression of sweet and amino acid receptors occur most often in intestinal segments surgically repositioned more proximally, such as the alimentary limb after gastric bypass. Conversely, changes to fatty acid receptors were observed more frequently in the colon than in the small intestine. Significant heterogeneity in the methodology of included studies limited conclusions regarding the direction of change in taste receptor expression induced by bariatric surgeries. Few studies have investigated associations between taste receptor expression and clinical outcomes of bariatric surgery. As such, future studies should look to investigate the relationship between bariatric surgery-induced changes to gut taste receptor expression and function and the impact of surgery on taste preferences, food palatability, and eating behaviour.Registration code in PROSPERO: CRD42022313992.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Walmsley
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynn Chong
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael W Hii
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn M Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Alfred Health, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Dong G, Boothe K, He L, Shi Y, McCluskey LP. Altered peripheral taste function in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18895. [PMID: 37919307 PMCID: PMC10622515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased sugar intake and taste dysfunction have been reported in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic disorder characterized by diarrhea, pain, weight loss and fatigue. It was previously unknown whether taste function changes in mouse models of IBD. Mice consumed dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) during three 7-day cycles to induce chronic colitis. DSS-treated mice displayed signs of disease, including significant weight loss, diarrhea, loss of colon architecture, and inflammation of the colon. After the last DSS cycle we assessed taste function by recording electrophysiological responses from the chorda tympani (CT) nerve, which transmits activity from lingual taste buds to the brain. DSS treatment significantly reduced neural taste responses to natural and artificial sweeteners. Responses to carbohydrate, salt, sour or bitter tastants were unaffected in mice with colitis, but umami responses were modestly elevated. DSS treatment modulated the expression of receptor subunits that transduce sweet and umami stimuli in oral taste buds as a substrate for functional changes. Dysregulated systemic cytokine responses or dysbiosis that occurs during chronic colitis may be upstream from changes in oral taste buds. We demonstrate for the first time that colitis alters taste input to the brain, which could exacerbate malnutrition in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangkuo Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street/CA-3016, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Khaylie Boothe
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street/CA-3016, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lianying He
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street/CA-3016, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street/CA-3016, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Data Science, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lynnette Phillips McCluskey
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street/CA-3016, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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3
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Dong G, Boothe K, He L, Shi Y, McCluskey LP. Altered peripheral taste function in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3304297. [PMID: 37720020 PMCID: PMC10503843 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3304297/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Increased sugar intake and taste dysfunction have been reported in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic disorder characterized by diarrhea, pain, weight loss and fatigue. It was previously unknown whether taste function changes in mouse models of IBD. Mice consumed dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) during three 7-day cycles to induce chronic colitis. DSS-treated mice displayed signs of disease, including significant weight loss, diarrhea, loss of colon architecture, and inflammation of the colon. After the last DSS cycle we assessed taste function by recording electrophysiological responses from the chorda tympani (CT) nerve, which transmits activity from lingual taste buds to the brain. DSS treatment significantly reduced neural taste responses to natural and artificial sweeteners. Responses to carbohydrate, salt, sour or bitter tastants were unaffected in mice with colitis, but umami responses were modestly elevated. DSS treatment modulated the expression of receptor subunits that transduce sweet and umami stimuli in oral taste buds as a substrate for functional changes. Dysregulated systemic cytokine responses, or dysbiosis that occurs during chronic colitis may be upstream from changes in oral taste buds. We demonstrate for the first time that colitis alters taste input to the brain, which could exacerbate malnutrition in IBD patients.
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Creatinine as a Urinary Marker of the Purine Derivatives Excretion in Urine Spot Samples of Lambs Fed Peach Palm Meal. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091195. [PMID: 35565619 PMCID: PMC9106062 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the influence of diets on lambs using different levels of peach palm meal as a replacement for maize (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85% of diet dry matter) on the endogenous creatinine clearance (CC), urine concentration ratio of purine derivatives to creatinine (PDC index), and daily creatinine excretion (DCE) as a marker to estimate purine derivatives (PD) excretion from urinary spot samples collected at different time points (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 h after morning feeding) compared to 24-h total urine collection. The measured parameters were voluntary intake, urinary volume, CC, DCE, the concentration of plasma creatinine, and PD and purine derivatives’ excretion (PDE). Five lambs were allocated to metabolic cages and distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Urine collection was taken daily on days 16 to 19 of each experimental period. The inclusion of peach palm meal linearly reduced the intake of dry matter (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.005), crude protein (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010), metabolizable energy (MJ kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010) and CC (p < 0.0001). It also quadratically affected the urinary volume (p = 0.008) and DCE (p = 0.004). There was a linear decrease for PDC index (p = 0.032) and PDE (p < 0.0001) measured in the 24-h total urine with peach palm meal levels. The different times of spot urine sampling did not affect (p > 0.05) the PDC index and PDE. Peach palm meal decreases the CC thereby compromising the use of a mean value of DCE as a PDE marker in spot urine samples. There is greater accuracy when using different values of DCE obtained for each diet as markers for the PDE in spot urine samples. Unconventional foodstuffs of low palatability affecting the voluntary intake of feed change the renal function.
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The Effect of Artificial Sweeteners Use on Sweet Taste Perception and Weight Loss Efficacy: A Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061261. [PMID: 35334918 PMCID: PMC8954878 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive consumption of sugar-rich foods is currently one of the most important factors that has led to the development of the global pandemic of obesity. On the other hand, there is evidence that obesity contributes to reduced sensitivity to sweet taste and hormonal changes affecting appetite, leading to an increased craving for sweets. A high intake of sugars increases the caloric value of the diet and, consequently, leads to weight gain. Moreover, attention is drawn to the concept of the addictive properties of sugar and sugary foods. A potential method to reduce the energy value of diet while maintaining the sweet taste is using non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS). NNS are commonly used as table sugar substitutes. This wide group of chemical compounds features high sweetness almost without calories due to its high sweetening strength. NNS include aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, saccharin, cyclamate, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (neohesperidin DC), neotame, taumatin, and advantame. The available evidence suggests that replacing sugar with NNS may support weight control. However, the effect of NNS on the regulation of appetite and sweet taste perception is not clear. Therefore, the review aimed to summarize the current knowledge about the use of NNS as a potential strategy for weight loss and their impact on sweet taste perception. Most studies have demonstrated that consumption of NNS-sweetened foods does not increase sweetness preference orenergy intake. Nonetheless, further research is required to determine the long-term effects of NNS on weight management.
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Malone IG, Hunter BK, Rossow HL, Herzog H, Zolotukhin S, Munger SD, Dotson CD. Y1 receptors modulate taste-related behavioral responsiveness in male mice to prototypical gustatory stimuli. Horm Behav 2021; 136:105056. [PMID: 34509673 PMCID: PMC8640844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian taste bud cells express receptors for numerous peptides implicated elsewhere in the body in the regulation of metabolism, nutrient assimilation, and satiety. The perturbation of several peptide signaling pathways in the gustatory periphery results in changes in behavioral and/or physiological responsiveness to subsets of taste stimuli. We previously showed that Peptide YY (PYY) - which is present in both saliva and in subsets of taste cells - can affect behavioral taste responsiveness and reduce food intake and body weight. Here, we investigated the contributions of taste bud-localized receptors for PYY and the related Neuropeptide Y (NPY) on behavioral taste responsiveness. Y1R, but not Y2R, null mice show reduced responsiveness to sweet, bitter, and salty taste stimuli in brief-access taste tests; similar results were seen when wildtype mice were exposed to Y receptor antagonists in the taste stimuli. Finally, mice in which the gene encoding the NPY propeptide was deleted also showed reduced taste responsiveness to sweet and bitter taste stimuli. Collectively, these results suggest that Y1R signaling, likely through its interactions with NPY, can modulate peripheral taste responsiveness in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Malone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brianna K Hunter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Heidi L Rossow
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Cedrick D Dotson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Berro C, Pendolino AL, Foletto M, Facciolo MC, Maculan P, Prevedello L, Giuntoli DG, Scarpa B, Pavan C, Andrews PJ, Ottaviano G. Olfactory and Gustatory Function before and after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57090913. [PMID: 34577836 PMCID: PMC8466191 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Bariatric surgery is the gold standard for the treatment of morbid obesity, and current evidence suggests that patients undergoing surgery can show changes in their sense of taste and smell. However, no definitive conclusions can be drawn given the heterogeneity of the studies and the contrasting results reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 18 obese patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and 15 obese controls. At baseline (T0) and 6 months after enrollment/surgery (T1), both groups underwent Sniffin’ Sticks and whole mouth test. Post-operative qualitative taste variations were also analyzed and SNOT-22, VAS for taste and smell, and MMSE were administered. Results: An improvement in the olfactory threshold was observed in the treatment group (p = 0.03) at 6 months. At multivariate analysis, the olfactory threshold differences observed correlated with MMSE (p = 0.03) and T0 gustatory identification (p = 0.01). No changes in sense of taste were observed between the two groups at 6 months, even though nine subjects in the treatment group reported a worsening of taste. This negatively correlated with age (p < 0.001), but a positive marginal correlation was observed with the olfactory threshold difference between T0 and T1 (p = 0.06). Conclusions: Olfaction can improve after LSG, and this seems to be the consequence of an improved olfactory threshold. Although we did not observe any change in gustatory identification, food’s pleasantness worsened after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Berro
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (M.C.F.); (D.G.G.); (G.O.)
| | - Alfonso Luca Pendolino
- Department of ENT, Royal National ENT & Eastman Dental Hospitals, London WC1E 6DG, UK;
- Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Mirto Foletto
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- IFSO Bariatric Centre of Excellence, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Maria Cristina Facciolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (M.C.F.); (D.G.G.); (G.O.)
| | - Pietro Maculan
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Luca Prevedello
- IFSO Bariatric Centre of Excellence, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Diletta Giulia Giuntoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (M.C.F.); (D.G.G.); (G.O.)
| | - Bruno Scarpa
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Department of Mathematics Tullio Levi-Civita, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Chiara Pavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Peter J. Andrews
- Department of ENT, Royal National ENT & Eastman Dental Hospitals, London WC1E 6DG, UK;
- Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Giancarlo Ottaviano
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (M.C.F.); (D.G.G.); (G.O.)
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Abstract
Gut microbiota has emerged as a major metabolically active organ with critical functions in both health and disease. The trillions of microorganisms hosted by the gastrointestinal tract are involved in numerous physiological and metabolic processes including modulation of appetite and regulation of energy in the host spanning from periphery to the brain. Indeed, bacteria and their metabolic byproducts are working in concert with the host chemosensory signaling pathways to affect both short- and long-term ingestive behavior. Sensing of nutrients and taste by specialized G protein-coupled receptor cells is important in transmitting food-related signals, optimizing nutrition as well as in prevention and treatment of several diseases, notably obesity, diabetes and associated metabolic disorders. Further, bacteria metabolites interact with specialized receptors cells expressed by gut epithelium leading to taste and appetite response changes to nutrients. This review describes recent advances on the role of gut bacteria in taste perception and functions. It further discusses how intestinal dysbiosis characteristic of several pathological conditions may alter and modulate taste preference and food consumption via changes in taste receptor expression.
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Robino A, Rosso N, Guerra M, Corleone P, Casagranda B, Giraudi PJ, Tiribelli C, Simeth C, Monica F, La Bianca M, Gasparini P, de Manzini N, Palmisano S. Taste perception and expression in stomach of bitter taste receptor tas2r38 in obese and lean subjects. Appetite 2021; 166:105595. [PMID: 34242732 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Differences in taste perception have been related to eating behavior, nutritional status, and diseases. Recently, taste receptors have been identified in several extra-oral tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract, where they seem to influence processes like digestion, sense of satiety as well as energy balance and intraluminal changes occurring in obesity. Our study aims to analyze differences in taste perception among 42 obese patients (OB) and 41 normal-weight subjects (LEAN). Polymorphisms in the gene codifying for the bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 and its expression on the surface of the gastric mucosa were tested and compared among OB and LEAN. Taste intensity of PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil), quinine, sucrose, citric acid and NaCl were measured on a labeled magnitude scale. DNA from peripheral whole blood was extracted and three polymorphisms in the TAS2R38 gene (rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939) analyzed. Gastric biopsies were collected during bariatric surgery in OB and during endoscopy in LEAN. RNA was extracted and TAS2R38 gene expression assessed by RT-Real-Time qPCR. Anamnestic and anthropometric data were recorded in all participants during baseline visits. Logistic regression analysis showed that OB perceives sweet (sucrose) and bitter (PROP or 6-n-propylthiouracil) taste more intensely than LEAN (p-value = 0.02 and p-value = 0.005, respectively). While polymorphisms in TAS2R38 gene did not differ among OB and LEAN, we observed a significant increase of TAS2R38 mRNA levels in the stomach of OB compared to LEAN (p = 0.01). Our results provide new evidence of a link between obesity and altered taste perception as well as TAS2R38 expression in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Natalia Rosso
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato - ONLUS SS14, Km 163.5, Area Science Park Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Guerra
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy; Surgical Clinic Unit, Cattinara Hospital, ASUGI, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pio Corleone
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy; Surgical Clinic Unit, Cattinara Hospital, ASUGI, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Biagio Casagranda
- Surgical Clinic Unit, Cattinara Hospital, ASUGI, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pablo J Giraudi
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato - ONLUS SS14, Km 163.5, Area Science Park Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato - ONLUS SS14, Km 163.5, Area Science Park Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Catrin Simeth
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Cattinara Hospital, ASUGI, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Monica
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Cattinara Hospital, ASUGI, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina La Bianca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicolò de Manzini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy; Surgical Clinic Unit, Cattinara Hospital, ASUGI, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Palmisano
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy; Surgical Clinic Unit, Cattinara Hospital, ASUGI, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
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von Molitor E, Riedel K, Krohn M, Hafner M, Rudolf R, Cesetti T. Sweet Taste Is Complex: Signaling Cascades and Circuits Involved in Sweet Sensation. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:667709. [PMID: 34239428 PMCID: PMC8258107 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.667709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweetness is the preferred taste of humans and many animals, likely because sugars are a primary source of energy. In many mammals, sweet compounds are sensed in the tongue by the gustatory organ, the taste buds. Here, a group of taste bud cells expresses a canonical sweet taste receptor, whose activation induces Ca2+ rise, cell depolarization and ATP release to communicate with afferent gustatory nerves. The discovery of the sweet taste receptor, 20 years ago, was a milestone in the understanding of sweet signal transduction and is described here from a historical perspective. Our review briefly summarizes the major findings of the canonical sweet taste pathway, and then focuses on molecular details, about the related downstream signaling, that are still elusive or have been neglected. In this context, we discuss evidence supporting the existence of an alternative pathway, independent of the sweet taste receptor, to sense sugars and its proposed role in glucose homeostasis. Further, given that sweet taste receptor expression has been reported in many other organs, the physiological role of these extraoral receptors is addressed. Finally, and along these lines, we expand on the multiple direct and indirect effects of sugars on the brain. In summary, the review tries to stimulate a comprehensive understanding of how sweet compounds signal to the brain upon taste bud cells activation, and how this gustatory process is integrated with gastro-intestinal sugar sensing to create a hedonic and metabolic representation of sugars, which finally drives our behavior. Understanding of this is indeed a crucial step in developing new strategies to prevent obesity and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena von Molitor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiziana Cesetti
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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11
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Zhu Z, Mei J, Sun S, Lu S, Li M, Guan Y, Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhang T, Shi F, Li X, Miao M, Zhao S, Gao Q, Mi Q, Tang P, Yao J. Nutrigenomics reveals potential genetic underpinning of diverse taste preference of Chinese men. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:689-699. [PMID: 33843022 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taste preference varies geographically in China. However, studies on Chinese people's taste preference in different regions of China are limited, and are lack of research on the mechanism of differences in taste preference, especially in genetics. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the characteristics of taste preference of Chinese men, and estimate whether diverse taste preference in Chinese have genetic underpinning. METHODS We conducted a questionnaire survey on taste preferences on 1076 males from 10 regions of China, and collected another 1427 males from the same regions which genotyped by microarray. We compared the correlation between different taste preference, and evaluated the correlation between the mutation frequency of inhouse database and different taste preference. The putative taste-preference-related genes were further utilized to estimate the candidate relationship on gene and gene network in different taste preference. RESULTS There was a correlation between different taste preferences in Chinese men. We found 31 SNPs associated with 6 kind of taste preferences. These SNPs located within or nearby 36 genes, and the tastes associated with 4 of these genes (TRPV1, AGT, ASIC2 and GLP1R) are consistent with the previous studies. Moreover, in different tastes which were suggested to be associated with each other, some putative related genes were the same or in the same gene network, such as pathways related with blood pressure, response to stimulus and nervous system. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the diverse taste preference of Chinese men may have genetic underpinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhai Zhu
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Junpu Mei
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Silong Sun
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Sheming Lu
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuqiong Xu
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Fengxue Shi
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Mingming Miao
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Shancen Zhao
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Qili Mi
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Department of Tobacco and Health, Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, 41 Keyi Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China.
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12
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Ishaq M, Tran D, Wu Y, Nowak K, Deans BJ, Xin JTZ, Loh HL, Ng WY, Yee CW, Southam B, Vicenzi S, Randall C, Yang C, Tan E, Pasupuleti M, Grewal AK, Ahmad T, Shastri M, Vicario C, Ronci M, Zuccarini M, Bleasel M, Scowen P, Raffaeli W, D’Andrea G, Chellappan DK, Jacobson G, Bissember AC, Smith JA, Eri R, Canales J, Iglesias M, Guven N, Caruso V. Asperuloside Enhances Taste Perception and Prevents Weight Gain in High-Fat Fed Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:615446. [PMID: 33927690 PMCID: PMC8076851 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.615446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Asperuloside is an iridoid glycoside found in many medicinal plants that has produced promising anti-obesity results in animal models. In previous studies, three months of asperuloside administration reduced food intake, body weight, and adipose masses in rats consuming a high fat diet (HFD). However, the mechanisms by which asperuloside exerts its anti-obesity properties were not clarified. Here, we investigated homeostatic and nutrient-sensing mechanisms regulating food intake in mice consuming HFD. We confirmed the anti-obesity properties of asperuloside and, importantly, we identified some mechanisms that could be responsible for its therapeutic effect. Asperuloside reduced body weight and food intake in mice consuming HFD by 10.5 and 12.8% respectively, with no effect on mice eating a standard chow diet. Fasting glucose and plasma insulin were also significantly reduced. Mechanistically, asperuloside significantly reduced hypothalamic mRNA ghrelin, leptin, and pro-opiomelanocortin in mice consuming HFD. The expression of fat lingual receptors (CD36, FFAR1-4), CB1R and sweet lingual receptors (TAS1R2-3) was increased almost 2-fold by the administration of asperuloside. Our findings suggest that asperuloside might exert its therapeutic effects by altering nutrient-sensing receptors in the oral cavity as well as hypothalamic receptors involved in food intake when mice are exposed to obesogenic diets. This signaling pathway is known to influence the subtle hypothalamic equilibrium between energy homeostasis and reward-induced overeating responses. The present pre-clinical study demonstrated that targeting the gustatory system through asperuloside administration could represent a promising and effective new anti-obesity strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishaq
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Duyen Tran
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Yijia Wu
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Krzysztof Nowak
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Bianca J. Deans
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Hui Lin Loh
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wen Ying Ng
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chin Wen Yee
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Benjamin Southam
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia
| | - Silvia Vicenzi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Cameron Randall
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ee Tan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Avneet Kaur Grewal
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia
| | - Madhur Shastri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia
| | - Carmelo Vicario
- Department of Psychology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Martin Bleasel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Paul Scowen
- Animal Services department/Research Division, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - William Raffaeli
- Institute for Research on Pain, Istituto di Formazione e Ricerca in Scienze Algologiche (ISAL) Foundation, Rimini, Italy
| | - Gianvicenzo D’Andrea
- Institute for Research on Pain, Istituto di Formazione e Ricerca in Scienze Algologiche (ISAL) Foundation, Rimini, Italy
| | | | - Glenn Jacobson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Alex C. Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jason A. Smith
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Raj Eri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia
| | - Juan Canales
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Miguel Iglesias
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Nuri Guven
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Vanni Caruso
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Institute for Research on Pain, Istituto di Formazione e Ricerca in Scienze Algologiche (ISAL) Foundation, Rimini, Italy
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13
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Effects of gastrointestinal delivery of non-caloric tastants on energy intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2923-2947. [PMID: 33559026 PMCID: PMC8354866 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Taste receptors are expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The activation of post-oral taste receptors using tastants could provide a non-invasive treatment option in combating the obesity epidemic. The aim of this review was to examine the effect of post-oral delivery of non-caloric tastants on eating behavior reflected by primary outcome energy intake and secondary outcomes GI symptoms and perceptions and potential underlying mechanisms. This review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Methods A systematic literature search of the Cochrane, PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases was performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database on 26 February 2020 (ID: CRD42020171182). Two researchers independently screened 11,912 articles and extracted information from 19 articles. If at least two studies investigated the effect of the same taste compound on primary outcome energy intake, a meta-analysis was performed to determine pooled effect sizes. Results Nineteen papers including healthy volunteers were included. In the 19 papers analyzed, effects of various tastants were investigated in healthy volunteers. Most extensively investigated were bitter tastants. The meta-analysis of effects of bitter tastants showed a significant reduction in energy intake of 54.62 kcal (95% CI − 78.54 to − 30.69, p = 0.0014). Conclusions Bitter stimuli are most potent to influence eating behavior. Energy intake decreased after post-oral delivery of bitter tastants. This highlights the potential of a preventive role of bitter tastants in battling the obesity epidemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02485-4.
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14
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Catamo E, Tornese G, Concas MP, Gasparini P, Robino A. Differences in taste and smell perception between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy controls. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:193-200. [PMID: 33500104 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The senses of taste and smell are essential determinants of food choice, which in turn may contribute to the development of chronic diseases, including diabetes. Although past studies have evaluated the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and senses disorders, this relationship remains controversial. In this study, we evaluated taste and smell perception in DM2 patients and healthy controls (HC). Moreover, we analyzed the association of chemosensory impairments with anthropometric and clinical outcomes (e.g. Body Mass Index (BMI), Fasting blood glucose (FBG), drugs, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and hypertension) in DM2 patients. METHODS AND RESULTS The study included 94 DM2 patients and 244 HC. Taste recognition for 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), quinine, citric acid, sucrose, and sodium chloride (NaCl) compounds was assessed using a filter paper method, while smell recognition of 12 odorants was performed using a Sniffin' sticks test. We found that a higher percentage of DM2 patients showed identification impairment in salt taste (22% vs. 5%, p-value<0.0009) and smell recognition (55% vs. 27%, p-value = 0.03) compared to HC. We also observed that 65% of hypertensive DM2 subjects presented smell identification impairment compared to 18% of non-hypertensive patients (p-value = 0.019). Finally, patients with impairments in both taste and smell showed elevated FBG compared to patients without impairment (149.6 vs.124.3 mg/dL, p-value = 0.04). CONCLUSION The prevalence of taste and smell identification impairments was higher in DM2 patients compared to HC, and a possible relationship with glycemic levels emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Catamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Tornese
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria P Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
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15
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Pittman DW, Dong G, Brantly AM, He L, Nelson TS, Kogan S, Powell J, McCluskey LP. Behavioral and neurophysiological taste responses to sweet and salt are diminished in a model of subclinical intestinal inflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17611. [PMID: 33077838 PMCID: PMC7573616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence for gut-taste bud interactions that influence taste function, behavior and feeding. However, the effect of gut inflammation on this axis is unknown despite reports of taste changes in gastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory conditions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an inflammatory stimulus derived from gram-negative bacteria, is present in the normal GI tract and levels increase during high-fat feeding and gut infection and inflammation. Recordings from the chorda tympani nerve (CT), which transmits taste information from taste buds on the anterior tongue to the brain, previously revealed a transient decrease in sucrose responses in mice that ingest LPS during a single overnight period. Here we test the effect of acute or chronic, weekly LPS gavage on licking behavior and CT responses. Using brief-access testing, rats treated with acute LPS and mice receiving acute or chronic LPS decreased licking responses to sucrose and saccharin and to NaCl in mice. In long-term (23 h) tests chronic LPS also reduced licking responses to saccharin, sucrose, and NaCl in mice. Neurophysiological recordings from the CT supported behavioral changes, demonstrating reduced responses to sucrose, saccharin, acesulfame potassium, glucose and NaCl in acute and chronic LPS groups compared to controls. Chronic LPS significantly elevated neutrophils in the small intestine and colon, but LPS was not detected in serum and mice did not display sickness behavior or lose weight. These results indicate that sweet and salt taste sensitivity could be reduced even in asymptomatic or mild localized gut inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Pittman
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - Guangkuo Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street/CA-3016, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | | | - Lianying He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Tyler S Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - Schuyler Kogan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street/CA-3016, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Julia Powell
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street/CA-3016, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lynnette Phillips McCluskey
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street/CA-3016, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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16
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An alternative pathway for sweet sensation: possible mechanisms and physiological relevance. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1667-1691. [PMID: 33030576 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sweet substances are detected by taste-bud cells upon binding to the sweet-taste receptor, a T1R2/T1R3 heterodimeric G protein-coupled receptor. In addition, experiments with mouse models lacking the sweet-taste receptor or its downstream signaling components led to the proposal of a parallel "alternative pathway" that may serve as metabolic sensor and energy regulator. Indeed, these mice showed residual nerve responses and behavioral attraction to sugars and oligosaccharides but not to artificial sweeteners. In analogy to pancreatic β cells, such alternative mechanism, to sense glucose in sweet-sensitive taste cells, might involve glucose transporters and KATP channels. Their activation may induce depolarization-dependent Ca2+ signals and release of GLP-1, which binds to its receptors on intragemmal nerve fibers. Via unknown neuronal and/or endocrine mechanisms, this pathway may contribute to both, behavioral attraction and/or induction of cephalic-phase insulin release upon oral sweet stimulation. Here, we critically review the evidence for a parallel sweet-sensitive pathway, involved signaling mechanisms, neural processing, interactions with endocrine hormonal mechanisms, and its sensitivity to different stimuli. Finally, we propose its physiological role in detecting the energy content of food and preparing for digestion.
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17
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Crosson SM, Marques A, Dib P, Dotson CD, Munger SD, Zolotukhin S. Taste Receptor Cells in Mice Express Receptors for the Hormone Adiponectin. Chem Senses 2020; 44:409-422. [PMID: 31125082 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic hormone adiponectin is secreted into the circulation by adipocytes and mediates key biological functions, including insulin sensitivity, adipocyte development, and fatty acid oxidation. Adiponectin is also abundant in saliva, where its functions are poorly understood. Here we report that murine taste receptor cells (TRCs) express specific adiponectin receptors and may be a target for salivary adiponectin. This is supported by the presence of all three known adiponectin receptors in transcriptomic data obtained by RNA-seq analysis of purified circumvallate (CV) taste buds. As well, immunohistochemical analysis of murine CV papillae showed that two adiponectin receptors, ADIPOR1 and T-cadherin, are localized to subsets of TRCs. Immunofluorescence for T-cadherin was primarily co-localized with the Type 2 TRC marker phospholipase C β2, suggesting that adiponectin signaling could impact sweet, bitter, or umami taste signaling. However, adiponectin null mice showed no differences in behavioral lick responsiveness compared with wild-type controls in brief-access lick testing. AAV-mediated overexpression of adiponectin in the salivary glands of adiponectin null mice did result in a small but significant increase in behavioral lick responsiveness to the fat emulsion Intralipid. Together, these results suggest that salivary adiponectin can affect TRC function, although its impact on taste responsiveness and peripheral taste coding remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Crosson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew Marques
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peter Dib
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cedrick D Dotson
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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18
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Kittah E, Camilleri M, Jensen MD, Vella A. A Pilot Study Examining the Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Blockade Using Exendin-(9,39) on Gastric Emptying and Caloric Intake in Subjects With and Without Bariatric Surgery. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2020; 18:406-412. [PMID: 32833560 DOI: 10.1089/met.2020.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity causes significant morbidity and mortality and continues to be a significant public health concern. Unfortunately, lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy do not produce durable results. This has led to bariatric surgical procedures playing an increasingly prominent role in the management of medically complicated obesity. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy are the most commonly performed bariatric surgeries in North America and produce mechanical restriction with accelerated gastrointestinal transit accompanied by increased postprandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 is a gastrointestinal hormone that delays gastric emptying and causes satiety and weight loss. This raises the possibility that the postprandial rise in GLP-1 might affect feeding behavior over and above the mechanical restriction produced by bariatric surgery. Methods: We, therefore, sought to determine the effects of GLP-1 receptor blockade using exendin-9,39-a competitive antagonist of the actions of GLP-1 at its receptor-on caloric intake and gastrointestinal transit in subjects after sleeve gastrectomy and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass compared with weight-matched controls. Results: GLP-1 receptor blockade did not alter caloric intake in people after bariatric surgery. However, caloric intake was decreased in age-, weight- and sex-matched control subjects, and the mechanisms require further study. Conclusions: Given the known effects of GLP-1 on gastric accommodation, future studies should ascertain effects of GLP-1 receptor blockade on gastric accommodation, which might be a useful and novel strategy to decrease caloric intake in humans with an intact upper gastrointestinal tract. The Clinical Trial Resigtration number is NCT02779075.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esi Kittah
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael D Jensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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19
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Rohde K, Schamarek I, Blüher M. Consequences of Obesity on the Sense of Taste: Taste Buds as Treatment Targets? Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:509-528. [PMID: 32431111 PMCID: PMC7453985 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature obesity-related mortality is caused by cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, physical disabilities, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer. Obesity is caused by a positive energy balance due to hyper-caloric nutrition, low physical activity, and energy expenditure. Overeating is partially driven by impaired homeostatic feedback of the peripheral energy status in obesity. However, food with its different qualities is a key driver for the reward driven hedonic feeding with tremendous consequences on calorie consumption. In addition to visual and olfactory cues, taste buds of the oral cavity process the earliest signals which affect the regulation of food intake, appetite and satiety. Therefore, taste buds may play a crucial role how food related signals are transmitted to the brain, particularly in priming the body for digestion during the cephalic phase. Indeed, obesity development is associated with a significant reduction in taste buds. Impaired taste bud sensitivity may play a causal role in the pathophysiology of obesity in children and adolescents. In addition, genetic variation in taste receptors has been linked to body weight regulation. This review discusses the importance of taste buds as contributing factors in the development of obesity and how obesity may affect the sense of taste, alterations in food preferences and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Rohde
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Imke Schamarek
- Medical Department III (Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Medical Department III (Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Zhang P, Wu X, Liang S, Shao X, Wang Q, Chen R, Zhu W, Shao C, Jin F, Jia C. A dynamic mouse peptidome landscape reveals probiotic modulation of the gut-brain axis. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/642/eabb0443. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Certain probiotics have beneficial effects on the function of the central nervous system through modulation of the gut-brain axis. Here, we describe a dynamic landscape of the peptidome across multiple brain regions, modulated by oral administration of different probiotic species over various times. The spatiotemporal and strain-specific changes of the brain peptidome correlated with the composition of the gut microbiome. The hippocampus exhibited the most sensitive response to probiotic treatment. The administration of heat-killed probiotics altered the hippocampus peptidome but did not substantially change the gut microbiome. We developed a literature-mining algorithm to link the neuropeptides altered by probiotics with potential functional roles. We validated the probiotic-regulated role of corticotropin-releasing hormone by monitoring the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the prenatal stress–induced hyperactivity of which was attenuated by probiotics treatment. Our findings provide evidence for modulation of the brain peptidome by probiotics and provide a resource for further studies of the gut-brain axis and probiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xianfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ruibing Chen
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chenxi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
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21
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Raka F, Farr S, Kelly J, Stoianov A, Adeli K. Metabolic control via nutrient-sensing mechanisms: role of taste receptors and the gut-brain neuroendocrine axis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E559-E572. [PMID: 31310579 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00036.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing plays an important role in ensuring that appropriate digestive or hormonal responses are elicited following the ingestion of fuel substrates. Mechanisms of nutrient sensing in the oral cavity have been fairly well characterized and involve lingual taste receptors. These include heterodimers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the taste receptor type 1 (T1R) family for sensing sweet (T1R2-T1R3) and umami (T1R1-T1R3) stimuli, the T2R family for sensing bitter stimuli, and ion channels for conferring sour and salty tastes. In recent years, several studies have revealed the existence of additional nutrient-sensing mechanisms along the gastrointestinal tract. Glucose sensing is achieved by the T1R2-T1R3 heterodimer on enteroendocrine cells, which plays a role in triggering the secretion of incretin hormones for improved glycemic and lipemic control. Protein hydrolysates are detected by Ca2+-sensing receptor, the T1R1-T1R3 heterodimer, and G protein-coupled receptor 92/93 (GPR92/93), which leads to the release of the gut-derived satiety factor cholecystokinin. Furthermore, several GPCRs have been implicated in fatty acid sensing: GPR40 and GPR120 respond to medium- and long-chain fatty acids, GPR41 and GPR43 to short-chain fatty acids, and GPR119 to endogenous lipid derivatives. Aside from the recognition of fuel substrates, both the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract also possess T2R-mediated mechanisms of recognizing nonnutrients such as environmental contaminants, bacterial toxins, and secondary plant metabolites that evoke a bitter taste. These gastrointestinal sensing mechanisms result in the transmission of neuronal signals to the brain through the release of gastrointestinal hormones that act on vagal and enteric afferents to modulate the physiological response to nutrients, particularly satiety and energy homeostasis. Modulating these orally accessible nutrient-sensing pathways using particular foods, dietary supplements, or pharmaceutical compounds may have therapeutic potential for treating obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitore Raka
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Farr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacalyn Kelly
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Stoianov
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Al-Najim W, Docherty NG, le Roux CW. Food Intake and Eating Behavior After Bariatric Surgery. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1113-1141. [PMID: 29717927 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an escalating global chronic disease. Bariatric surgery is a very efficacious treatment for obesity and its comorbidities. Alterations to gastrointestinal anatomy during bariatric surgery result in neurological and physiological changes affecting hypothalamic signaling, gut hormones, bile acids, and gut microbiota, which coalesce to exert a profound influence on eating behavior. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying eating behavior is essential in the management of patients after bariatric surgery. Studies investigating candidate mechanisms have expanded dramatically in the last decade. Herein we review the proposed mechanisms governing changes in eating behavior, food intake, and body weight after bariatric surgery. Additive or synergistic effects of both conditioned and unconditioned factors likely account for the complete picture of changes in eating behavior. Considered application of strategies designed to support the underlying principles governing changes in eating behavior holds promise as a means of optimizing responses to surgery and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werd Al-Najim
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ; and Investigative Science, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Neil G Docherty
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ; and Investigative Science, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ; and Investigative Science, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
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Ma J, Vella A. What Has Bariatric Surgery Taught Us About the Role of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract in the Regulation of Postprandial Glucose Metabolism? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:324. [PMID: 29997575 PMCID: PMC6028568 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the endocrine system is important in the regulation of metabolism and of weight. The gastrointestinal tract has a heterogeneous cellular content and comprises a variety of cells that elaborate paracrine and endocrine mediators that collectively form the entero-endocrine system. The advent of therapy that utilizes these pathways as well as the association of bariatric surgery with diabetes remission has (re-)kindled interest in the role of the gastrointestinal tract in glucose homeostasis. In this review, we will use the changes wrought by bariatric surgery to provide insights into the various gut-pancreas interactions that maintain weight, regulate satiety, and limit glucose excursions after meal ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
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Zerrweck C, Zurita L, Álvarez G, Maydón HG, Sepúlveda EM, Campos F, Caviedes A, Guilbert L. Taste and Olfactory Changes Following Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy. Obes Surg 2018; 26:1296-302. [PMID: 26475030 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in taste/smell after bariatric surgery have been observed, but few data is available. Some authors documented these changes and their role on weight loss but there is no evidence after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). METHODS Cohort study with patients submitted to laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGBP) and LSG that were asked to participate in a validated survey. The primary objective was to determinate the differences between procedures for taste and smell changes; a demographic and anthropometric analysis were also performed. Secondarily, the relation between food aversion and weight loss was also obtained. RESULTS Final analysis was based on 154 patients (104 LGBP and 50 LSG). The overall mean time between surgery and questionnaire was 10 ± 6.7 months. Most of the patients (87.6 %) experienced some taste/smell change. There were no differences between procedures for any change, taste or smell change. More patients submitted to LGBP referred that food smelled different (51.9 vs 34 % for the LSG group; p = 0.040). Higher %EWL was observed for patients presenting food aversion (73.3 ± 19.7 vs 65.8 ± 19.4 % for those without aversion; p = 0.046). Based on type of surgery, the LGBP group had the same trend (%EWL of 78.2 ± 17.3 vs 70.4 ± 18.6 % for those without aversion; p = 0.044). CONCLUSION The majority of patients presented taste and olfactory changes soon after surgery independently of type of procedure. Patients submitted to LGBP referred more often a different smell in food. Higher %EWL was observed in patients presenting any food aversion, especially in the LGBP group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zerrweck
- The Obesity Clinic at "Hospital General Tláhuac", Avenida La Turba #655, Col. Villa Centroamericana y del Caribe, Del. Tláhuac, 13278, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Luis Zurita
- The Obesity Clinic at "Hospital General Dr. Rubén Leñero", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Álvarez
- The Obesity Clinic at "Hospital General Tláhuac", Avenida La Turba #655, Col. Villa Centroamericana y del Caribe, Del. Tláhuac, 13278, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hernán G Maydón
- The Obesity Clinic at "Hospital General Tláhuac", Avenida La Turba #655, Col. Villa Centroamericana y del Caribe, Del. Tláhuac, 13278, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elisa M Sepúlveda
- The Obesity Clinic at "Hospital General Tláhuac", Avenida La Turba #655, Col. Villa Centroamericana y del Caribe, Del. Tláhuac, 13278, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Campos
- The Obesity Clinic at "Hospital General Dr. Rubén Leñero", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Amaya Caviedes
- The Obesity Clinic at "Hospital General Tláhuac", Avenida La Turba #655, Col. Villa Centroamericana y del Caribe, Del. Tláhuac, 13278, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Guilbert
- The Obesity Clinic at "Hospital General Tláhuac", Avenida La Turba #655, Col. Villa Centroamericana y del Caribe, Del. Tláhuac, 13278, Mexico City, Mexico
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Choo E, Picket B, Dando R. Caffeine May Reduce Perceived Sweet Taste in Humans, Supporting Evidence That Adenosine Receptors Modulate Taste. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2177-2182. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezen Choo
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell Univ.; Ithaca N.Y. 14853 U.S.A
| | - Benjamin Picket
- College of Arts and Sciences; Cornell Univ.; Ithaca N.Y. 14853 U.S.A
| | - Robin Dando
- Dept. of Food Science; Cornell Univ.; 411 Tower Road Ithaca N.Y. 14853 U.S.A
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Lee AA, Owyang C. Sugars, Sweet Taste Receptors, and Brain Responses. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070653. [PMID: 28672790 PMCID: PMC5537773 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet taste receptors are composed of a heterodimer of taste 1 receptor member 2 (T1R2) and taste 1 receptor member 3 (T1R3). Accumulating evidence shows that sweet taste receptors are ubiquitous throughout the body, including in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the hypothalamus. These sweet taste receptors are heavily involved in nutrient sensing, monitoring changes in energy stores, and triggering metabolic and behavioral responses to maintain energy balance. Not surprisingly, these pathways are heavily regulated by external and internal factors. Dysfunction in one or more of these pathways may be important in the pathogenesis of common diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen A Lee
- 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA.
| | - Chung Owyang
- 3912 Taubman Center, SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA.
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Spector AC, le Roux CW, Munger SD, Travers SP, Sclafani A, Mennella JA. Proceedings of the 2015 ASPEN Research Workshop-Taste Signaling. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:113-124. [PMID: 26598504 DOI: 10.1177/0148607115617438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes research findings from 6 experts in the field of taste and feeding that were presented at the 2015 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Research Workshop. The theme was focused on the interaction of taste signals with those of a postingestive origin and how this contributes to regulation of food intake through both physiological and learning processes. Gastric bypass results in exceptional loss of fat mass and increases in circulating levels of key gut peptides, some of which are also expressed along with their cognate receptors in taste buds. Changes in taste preference and food selection in both bariatric surgery patients and rodent models have been reported. Accordingly, the effects of this surgery on taste-related behavior were examined. The conservation of receptor and peptide signaling mechanisms in gustatory and extraoral tissues was discussed in the context of taste responsiveness and the regulation of metabolism. New findings detailing the features of neural circuits between the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), receiving visceral input from the vagus nerve, and the rostral NST, receiving taste input, were discussed, as was how early life experience with taste stimuli and learned associations between flavor and postoral consequences of nutrients can exert potent and long-lasting effects on feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Spector
- 1 Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Carel W le Roux
- 2 Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven D Munger
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Susan P Travers
- 4 Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anthony Sclafani
- 5 Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie A Mennella
- 6 Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Carreiro AL, Dhillon J, Gordon S, Jacobs AG, Higgins KA, McArthur BM, Redan BW, Rivera RL, Schmidt LR, Mattes RD. The Macronutrients, Appetite, and Energy Intake. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:73-103. [PMID: 27431364 PMCID: PMC4960974 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-121415-112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Each of the macronutrients-carbohydrate, protein, and fat-has a unique set of properties that influences health, but all are a source of energy. The optimal balance of their contribution to the diet has been a long-standing matter of debate. Over the past half century, thinking has progressed regarding the mechanisms by which each macronutrient may contribute to energy balance. At the beginning of this period, metabolic signals that initiated eating events (i.e., determined eating frequency) were emphasized. This was followed by an orientation to gut endocrine signals that purportedly modulate the size of eating events (i.e., determined portion size). Most recently, research attention has been directed to the brain, where the reward signals elicited by the macronutrients are viewed as potentially problematic (e.g., contribute to disordered eating). At this point, the predictive power of the macronutrients for energy intake remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L Carreiro
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Susannah Gordon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ashley G Jacobs
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kelly A Higgins
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Benjamin W Redan
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Rebecca L Rivera
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Leigh R Schmidt
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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van Avesaat M, Troost FJ, Ripken D, Peters J, Hendriks HF, Masclee AA. Intraduodenal infusion of a combination of tastants decreases food intake in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:729-35. [PMID: 26289437 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.113266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taste receptors are expressed not only in taste buds but also in the gastrointestinal tract. It has been hypothesized that these receptors may play a role in satiety and food intake. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of intraduodenal tastant infusions (bitter, sweet, and umami) on food intake, hunger and fullness, gastrointestinal symptoms, and gastrointestinal peptide release. DESIGN Fifteen healthy volunteers [6 male; mean ± SEM age: 23.9 ± 2.0 y; mean ± SEM body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 22.4 ± 0.3] received 5 treatments in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design. Test days started with the insertion of a nasoduodenal catheter followed by a standardized liquid breakfast. Participants received an intraduodenal infusion 150 min after breakfast, containing quinine (bitter), rebaudioside A (sweet), monosodium glutamate (umami), a combination of the 3 tastants, or placebo (tap water) over a period of 60 min. Food intake was measured during an ad libitum meal, and visual analog scales were used to monitor gastrointestinal complaints and hunger and fullness scores. Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals for cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) analysis. RESULTS Infusion of the combination of tastants substantially decreased food intake (422 ± 97 compared with 486 ± 104 kcal for placebo, P < 0.05), whereas both a combination of tastants and umami decreased hunger scores compared with placebo. No change in cholecystokinin, GLP-1, or PYY concentrations was observed during the infusions. Intraduodenal infusions of the tastants did not result in gastrointestinal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Intraduodenal infusion of umami and a combination of tastants inhibits feelings of hunger, but only the latter also reduces food intake. However, these alterations were not accompanied by changes in the plasma concentrations of the gut-derived peptides cholecystokinin, GLP-1, or PYY. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01956838.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van Avesaat
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands;
| | - Freddy J Troost
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dina Ripken
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, Netherlands; and Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Peters
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Ad Am Masclee
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Ciullo DL, Dotson CD. Using Animal Models to Determine the Role of Gustatory Neural Input in the Control of Ingestive Behavior and the Maintenance of Body Weight. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2015; 8:61-77. [PMID: 26557212 PMCID: PMC4636125 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-015-9190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decades of research have suggested that nutritional intake contributes to the development of human disease, mainly by influencing the development of obesity and obesity-related conditions. A relatively large body of research indicates that functional variation in human taste perception can influence nutritional intake as well as body mass accumulation. However, there are a considerable number of studies that suggest that no link between these variables actually exists. These discrepancies in the literature likely result from the confounding influence of a variety of other, uncontrolled, factors that can influence ingestive behavior. STRATEGY In this review, the use of controlled animal experimentation to alleviate at least some of these issues related to the lack of control of experimental variables is discussed. Specific examples of the use of some of these techniques are examined. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The review will close with some specific suggestions aimed at strengthening the link between gustatory neural input and its putative influence on ingestive behaviors and the maintenance of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Ciullo
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA,
| | - Cedrick D Dotson
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA,
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Abstract
Bariatric surgery leads to significant long-term weight loss, particularly Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The mechanisms underlying weight loss have not been fully uncovered. The aim of this review is to explore the changes in food preferences, as a novel mechanism contributing to weight loss, and also focus on the underlying processes modulating eating behaviour after bariatric surgery. Patients after gastric bypass are less hungry and prefer healthier food options. They develop an increased acuity to sweet taste, which is perceived as more intense. The appeal of sweet fatty food decreases, with functional MRI studies showing a corresponding reduction in activation of the brain reward centres to high-energy food cues. Patients experiencing post-ingestive symptoms with sweet and fatty food develop conditioned aversive behaviours towards the triggers. Gut hormones are elevated in RYGB and have the potential to influence the taste system and food hedonics. Current evidence supports a beneficial switch in food preferences after RYGB. Changes within the sensory and reward domain of taste and the development of post-ingestive symptoms appear to be implicated. Gut hormones may be the mediators of these alterations and therefore exploiting this property might prove beneficial for designing future obesity treatment.
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Depoortere I. Taste receptors in the gut tune the release of peptides in response to nutrients. Peptides 2015; 66:9-12. [PMID: 25683908 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Depoortere
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Gasthuisberg O&N1, Box 701, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
The intriguing observation that leptin decreases sweet-evoked peripheral gustatory responses has aroused much interest (Kawai K, Sugimoto K, Nakashima K, Miura H, Ninomiya Y. 2000. Leptin as a modulator of sweet taste sensitivities in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97(20):11044-11049.) due to its implied importance in controlling appetite. The effects of this anorexic hormone, however, appear more conditional than originally believed. In this issue of Chemical Senses, a careful study by Glendinning and colleagues, find no effects of leptin on sweet-evoked chorda tympani responses, whereas an equally careful study by Meredith and colleagues, find decreased release of ATP and increased release of 5-HT from taste buds in response to sweet stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Travers
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 305W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA and
| | - Marion E Frank
- Department of Oral Health, UCONN Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Glendinning JI, Elson AET, Kalik S, Sosa Y, Patterson CM, Myers MG, Munger SD. Taste responsiveness to sweeteners is resistant to elevations in plasma leptin. Chem Senses 2015; 40:223-31. [PMID: 25740302 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is uncertainty about the relationship between plasma leptin and sweet taste in mice. Whereas 2 studies have reported that elevations in plasma leptin diminish responsiveness to sweeteners, another found that they enhanced responsiveness to sucrose. We evaluated the impact of plasma leptin on sweet taste in C57BL/6J (B6) and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Although mice expressed the long-form leptin receptor (LepRb) selectively in Type 2 taste cells, leptin failed to activate a critical leptin-signaling protein, STAT3, in taste cells. Similarly, we did not observe any impact of intraperitoneal (i.p.) leptin treatment on chorda tympani nerve responses to sweeteners in B6 or ob/ob mice. Finally, there was no effect of leptin treatment on initial licking responses to several sucrose concentrations in B6 mice. We confirmed that basal plasma leptin levels did not exceed 10ng/mL, regardless of time of day, physiological state, or body weight, suggesting that taste cell LepRb were not desensitized to leptin in our studies. Furthermore, i.p. leptin injections produced plasma leptin levels that exceeded those previously reported to exert taste effects. We conclude that any effect of plasma leptin on taste responsiveness to sweeteners is subtle and manifests itself only under specific experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Glendinning
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway New York, NY 10027, USA,
| | - Amanda E T Elson
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 S. Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Salina Kalik
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yvett Sosa
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Christa M Patterson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and
| | - Steven D Munger
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 S. Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, HH-495, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Takai S, Yasumatsu K, Inoue M, Iwata S, Yoshida R, Shigemura N, Yanagawa Y, Drucker DJ, Margolskee RF, Ninomiya Y. Glucagon-like peptide-1 is specifically involved in sweet taste transmission. FASEB J 2015; 29:2268-80. [PMID: 25678625 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-265355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Five fundamental taste qualities (sweet, bitter, salty, sour, umami) are sensed by dedicated taste cells (TCs) that relay quality information to gustatory nerve fibers. In peripheral taste signaling pathways, ATP has been identified as a functional neurotransmitter, but it remains to be determined how specificity of different taste qualities is maintained across synapses. Recent studies demonstrated that some gut peptides are released from taste buds by prolonged application of particular taste stimuli, suggesting their potential involvement in taste information coding. In this study, we focused on the function of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in initial responses to taste stimulation. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) null mice had reduced neural and behavioral responses specifically to sweet compounds compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Some sweet responsive TCs expressed GLP-1 and its receptors were expressed in gustatory neurons. GLP-1 was released immediately from taste bud cells in response to sweet compounds but not to other taste stimuli. Intravenous administration of GLP-1 elicited transient responses in a subset of sweet-sensitive gustatory nerve fibers but did not affect other types of fibers, and this response was suppressed by pre-administration of the GLP-1R antagonist Exendin-4(3-39). Thus GLP-1 may be involved in normal sweet taste signal transmission in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Takai
- *Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, and JST, CREST, Maebashi, Japan; The Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keiko Yasumatsu
- *Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, and JST, CREST, Maebashi, Japan; The Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mayuko Inoue
- *Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, and JST, CREST, Maebashi, Japan; The Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shusuke Iwata
- *Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, and JST, CREST, Maebashi, Japan; The Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryusuke Yoshida
- *Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, and JST, CREST, Maebashi, Japan; The Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noriatsu Shigemura
- *Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, and JST, CREST, Maebashi, Japan; The Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- *Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, and JST, CREST, Maebashi, Japan; The Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- *Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, and JST, CREST, Maebashi, Japan; The Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert F Margolskee
- *Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, and JST, CREST, Maebashi, Japan; The Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- *Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, and JST, CREST, Maebashi, Japan; The Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Meredith TL, Corcoran A, Roper SD. Leptin's effect on taste bud calcium responses and transmitter secretion. Chem Senses 2014; 40:217-22. [PMID: 25537017 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissue, acts on the hypothalamus to control cravings and appetite. Leptin also acts to decrease taste responses to sweet substances, though there is little detailed information regarding where leptin acts in the taste transduction cascade. The present study examined the effects of leptin on sweet-evoked responses and neuro transmitter release from isolated taste buds. Our results indicate that leptin moderately decreased sweet-evoked calcium mobilization in isolated mouse taste buds. We also employed Chinese hamster ovary biosensor cells to examine taste transmitter release from isolated taste buds. Leptin reduced ATP and increased serotonin release in response to sweet stimulation. However, leptin has no effect on bitter-evoked transmitter release, further showing that the action of leptin is sweet specific. Our results support those of previous studies, which state that leptin acts on taste tissue via the leptin receptor, most likely on Type II (Receptor) cells, but also possibly on Type III (Presynaptic) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia L Meredith
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA and Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Alan Corcoran
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA and
| | - Stephen D Roper
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA and Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Abstract
Recent progress in unravelling the nutrient-sensing mechanisms in the taste buds of the tongue has triggered studies on the existence and role of chemosensory cells in the gut. Indeed, the gastrointestinal tract is the key interface between food and the human body and can sense basic tastes in much the same way as the tongue, through the use of similar G-protein-coupled taste receptors. These receptors 'taste' the luminal content and transmit signals that regulate nutrient transporter expression and nutrient uptake, and also the release of gut hormones and neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Hence, they play a prominent role in the communication between the lumen, epithelium, smooth muscle cells, afferent nerve fibres and the brain to trigger adaptive responses that affect gastrointestinal function, food intake and glucose metabolism. This review summarises how sensing of nutrients by taste receptors along the gut plays a key role in the process of digestion, and how disturbances or adaptations of these chemosensory signalling pathways may contribute to the induction or resolution of a number of pathological conditions related to diabetes, obesity, or diet-induced symptom generation in irritable bowel syndrome. Targeting these receptors may represent a promising novel route for the treatment of a number of these diseases.
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Kinnamon SC, Finger TE. A taste for ATP: neurotransmission in taste buds. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:264. [PMID: 24385952 PMCID: PMC3866518 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Not only is ATP a ubiquitous source of energy but it is also used widely as an intercellular signal. For example, keratinocytes release ATP in response to numerous external stimuli including pressure, heat, and chemical insult. The released ATP activates purinergic receptors on nerve fibers to generate nociceptive signals. The importance of an ATP signal in epithelial-to-neuronal signaling is nowhere more evident than in the taste system. The receptor cells of taste buds release ATP in response to appropriate stimulation by tastants and the released ATP then activates P2X2 and P2X3 receptors on the taste nerves. Genetic ablation of the relevant P2X receptors leaves an animal without the ability to taste any primary taste quality. Of interest is that release of ATP by taste receptor cells occurs in a non-vesicular fashion, apparently via gated membrane channels. Further, in keeping with the crucial role of ATP as a neurotransmitter in this system, a subset of taste cells expresses a specific ectoATPase, NTPDase2, necessary to clear extracellular ATP which otherwise will desensitize the P2X receptors on the taste nerves. The unique utilization of ATP as a key neurotransmitter in the taste system may reflect the epithelial rather than neuronal origins of the receptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue C Kinnamon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E Finger
- Department Cell and Developmental Biology, Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
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Gustatory stimuli representing different perceptual qualities elicit distinct patterns of neuropeptide secretion from taste buds. J Neurosci 2013; 33:7559-64. [PMID: 23616560 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0372-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste stimuli that evoke different perceptual qualities (e.g., sweet, umami, bitter, sour, salty) are detected by dedicated subpopulations of taste bud cells that use distinct combinations of sensory receptors and transduction molecules. Here, we report that taste stimuli also elicit unique patterns of neuropeptide secretion from taste buds that are correlated with those perceptual qualities. We measured tastant-dependent secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) from circumvallate papillae of Tas1r3(+/+), Tas1r3(+/-) and Tas1r3 (-/-) mice. Isolated tongue epithelia were mounted in modified Ussing chambers, permitting apical stimulation of taste buds; secreted peptides were collected from the basal side and measured by specific ELISAs. Appetitive stimuli (sweet: glucose, sucralose; umami: monosodium glutamate; polysaccharide: Polycose) elicited GLP-1 and NPY secretion and inhibited basal glucagon secretion. Sweet and umami stimuli were ineffective in Tas1r3(-/-) mice, indicating an obligatory role for the T1R3 subunit common to the sweet and umami taste receptors. Polycose responses were unaffected by T1R3 deletion, consistent with the presence of a distinct polysaccharide taste receptor. The effects of sweet stimuli on peptide secretion also required the closing of ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channels, as the KATP channel activator diazoxide inhibited the effects of glucose and sucralose on both GLP-1 and glucagon release. Both sour citric acid and salty NaCl increased NPY secretion but had no effects on GLP-1 or glucagon. Bitter denatonium showed no effects on these peptides. Together, these results suggest that taste stimuli of different perceptual qualities elicit unique patterns of neuropeptide secretion from taste buds.
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Abstract
The sense of taste is stimulated when nutrients or other chemical compounds activate specialized receptor cells within the oral cavity. Taste helps us decide what to eat and influences how efficiently we digest these foods. Human taste abilities have been shaped, in large part, by the ecological niches our evolutionary ancestors occupied and by the nutrients they sought. Early hominoids sought nutrition within a closed tropical forest environment, probably eating mostly fruit and leaves, and early hominids left this environment for the savannah and greatly expanded their dietary repertoire. They would have used their sense of taste to identify nutritious food items. The risks of making poor food selections when foraging not only entail wasted energy and metabolic harm from eating foods of low nutrient and energy content, but also the harmful and potentially lethal ingestion of toxins. The learned consequences of ingested foods may subsequently guide our future food choices. The evolved taste abilities of humans are still useful for the one billion humans living with very low food security by helping them identify nutrients. But for those who have easy access to tasty, energy-dense foods our sensitivities for sugary, salty and fatty foods have also helped cause over nutrition-related diseases, such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A S Breslin
- Rutgers University, Department of Nutrition, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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