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Luo S, Alwattar B, Li Q, Bora K, Blomfield AK, Lin J, Fulton A, Chen J, Agrawal PB. HBS1L deficiency causes retinal dystrophy in a child and in a mouse model associated with defective development of photoreceptor cells. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050557. [PMID: 38966981 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases encompass a genetically diverse group of conditions caused by variants in genes critical to retinal function, including handful of ribosome-associated genes. This study focuses on the HBS1L gene, which encodes for the HBS1-like translational GTPase that is crucial for ribosomal rescue. We have reported a female child carrying biallelic HBS1L variants, manifesting with poor growth and neurodevelopmental delay. Here, we describe the ophthalmologic findings in the patient and in Hbs1ltm1a/tm1a hypomorph mice and describe the associated microscopic and molecular perturbations. The patient has impaired visual function, showing dampened amplitudes of a- and b-waves in both rod- and cone-mediated responses. Hbs1ltm1a/tm1a mice exhibited profound thinning of the entire retina, specifically of the outer photoreceptor layer, due to extensive photoreceptor cell apoptosis. Loss of Hbs1l resulted in comprehensive proteomic alterations by mass spectrometry analysis, with an increase in the levels of 169 proteins and a decrease in the levels of 480 proteins, including rhodopsin (Rho) and peripherin 2 (Prph2). Gene Ontology biological process and gene set enrichment analyses reveal that the downregulated proteins are primarily involved in phototransduction, cilium assembly and photoreceptor cell development. These findings underscore the importance of ribosomal rescue proteins in maintaining retinal health, particularly in photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Luo
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children's Hospital, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bilal Alwattar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qifei Li
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children's Hospital, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kiran Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra K Blomfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jasmine Lin
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Fulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children's Hospital, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Yavuz Saricay L, Baldwin G, Moulton EA, Gonzalez E, Rajabi F, Hunter DG, Fulton AB. Refractive errors in patients with Bardet Biedl syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38953718 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2024.2357296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy. Within corneal development, primary cilia serve a critical role. We sought to investigate the association of BBS with corneal astigmatism among a cohort of patients with BBS. METHODS This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study performed at a pediatric ophthalmology department of a tertiary hospital. The study enrolled 45 patients with genetically confirmed Bardet-Biedl syndrome, encompassing a total of 90 eyes observed from February 2011 to August 2021. Spherical and cylindrical refractive errors and keratometry outcome measures, including diopter (D) values at the flattest and steepest axes, were recorded. Corneal astigmatism of greater than 3D is considered extreme corneal astigmatism based on previously published data. RESULTS Among 45 patients (M:26; F:19), the mean age was 16.4 ± 8.2 years, and the mean best-corrected visual acuity was 20/60. The most common molecular diagnosis was BBS1, seen in 24 of 45 (53.3%). Among all the patients, the mean spherical refractive error was -2.9 ± 3.8D. The mean cylindrical refractive error was 2.6 ± 1.5D. The mean keratometry values at the flattest axis was 43.5 ± 5.3D (39.4-75.0) and at the steepest axis was 47.2 ± 7.3D(41.5-84.0). Among all the patients with BBS, the mean corneal astigmatism was 3.7 ± 1.0D(0.5-7.1), which is considered extreme. CONCLUSION A cohort of individuals with BBS demonstrated high corneal astigmatism. These results suggest an association between corneal astigmatism and primary ciliary dysfunction and may assist in clinical management and future therapeutic targets among BBS and other corneal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Yavuz Saricay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Eric A Moulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Brain and Eye Pain Imaging Lab, Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Efren Gonzalez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Farah Rajabi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David G Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne B Fulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Otsu W. [Role of endosomal pathway in the ciliary transport and the membrane organization of outer segment disc membrane in photoreceptors]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2024; 159:203-208. [PMID: 38684400 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.23077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A photoreceptor is a specialized neuron that is responsible for the conversion of light into an electrical signal. Photoreceptors are classified into rods and cones, and both photoreceptors possess light-sensing ciliary organelles called outer segments (OSs), anchored in the cells by a microtubule-based axoneme. The OS consists of a stack of disc membranes, which are abundant for the retinal phototransduction proteins such as rhodopsin. Recently, modern protein synchronization techniques using in vivo transfection in rodents revealed that rhodopsin transits through Rab11-positive recycling endosomes, preferentially entering the OS in the dark. Moreover, Peripherin-2 (PRPH2, also called retinal degeneration slow, RDS), a photoreceptor-specific tetraspanin protein essential for the morphogenesis of disc membranes, is delivered to the OS following complementary to that of rhodopsin. Various PRPH2 disease-causing mutations have been found in humans, and most of the mutations in the cytosolic C-terminus of PRPH2 are linked to cone-dominant macular dystrophies. It has been shown that the late endosome is the waystation that sorts newly synthesized PRPH2 into the cilium. The multiple C-terminal motifs of PRPH2 regulate its late endosome and ciliary targeting through ubiquitination and binding to an Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) component, Hrs. These findings suggest that the late endosomes play an important role in the biosynthetic pathway of ciliary proteins and can be a new therapeutic target for the diseases caused by ciliary defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Otsu
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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4
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Chiang HJ, Nishiwaki Y, Chiang WC, Masai I. Male germ cell-associated kinase is required for axoneme formation during ciliogenesis in zebrafish photoreceptors. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050618. [PMID: 38813692 PMCID: PMC11273301 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate photoreceptors are highly specialized retinal neurons that have cilium-derived membrane organelles called outer segments, which function as platforms for phototransduction. Male germ cell-associated kinase (MAK) is a cilium-associated serine/threonine kinase, and its genetic mutation causes photoreceptor degeneration in mice and retinitis pigmentosa in humans. However, the role of MAK in photoreceptors is not fully understood. Here, we report that zebrafish mak mutants show rapid photoreceptor degeneration during embryonic development. In mak mutants, both cone and rod photoreceptors completely lacked outer segments and underwent apoptosis. Interestingly, zebrafish mak mutants failed to generate axonemes during photoreceptor ciliogenesis, whereas basal bodies were specified. These data suggest that Mak contributes to axoneme development in zebrafish, in contrast to mouse Mak mutants, which have elongated photoreceptor axonemes. Furthermore, the kinase activity of Mak was found to be critical in ciliary axoneme development and photoreceptor survival. Thus, Mak is required for ciliogenesis and outer segment formation in zebrafish photoreceptors to ensure intracellular protein transport and photoreceptor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ju Chiang
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yuko Nishiwaki
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Wei-Chieh Chiang
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Ichiro Masai
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Takahashi K, Miyadera K. [Canine inherited retinal degeneration as model to study disease mechanisms and therapy for ciliopathies]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2024; 159:192-197. [PMID: 38684401 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Humans have a highly developed retina and obtain approximately 80% of their external information from vision. Photoreceptor cells, which are located in the outermost layer of the neuroretina and recognize light signals, are highly specialized sensory cilia that share structural and functional features with primary cilia. Genetic disorders of the retina or photoreceptor cells are termed inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) and are caused by variants in one of more than 280 genes identified to date. Among the genes responsible for IRDs, many are shared with those responsible for ciliopathies. In studies of inherited diseases, mouse models are commonly used due to their advantages in breeding, handling, and relative feasibility in creating pathological models. On the other hand, structural, functional, and genetic differences in the retina between mice and humans can be a barrier in IRD research. To overcome the limitations of mouse models, larger vertebrate models of IRDs can be a useful research subject. In particular, canines have retinas that are structurally and functionally similar and eyes that are anatomically comparable to those of humans. In addition, due to their unique veterinary clinical surveillance and genetic background, naturally occurring canine IRDs are more likely to be identified than in other large animals. To date, pathogenic mutations related to canine IRDs have been identified in more than 30 genes, contributing to the understanding of pathogeneses and to the development of new therapies. This review provides an overview of the roles of the canine IRD models in ciliopathy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takahashi
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Keiko Miyadera
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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Sundaresan Y, Rivera A, Obolensky A, Gopalakrishnan P, Ohayon Hadad H, Shemesh A, Khateb S, Ross M, Ofri R, Durst S, Newman H, Leibu R, Soudry S, Zur D, Ben-Yosef T, Banin E, Sharon D. Genetic and Clinical Analyses of the KIZ-c.226C>T Variant Resulting in a Dual Mutational Mechanism. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:804. [PMID: 38927740 PMCID: PMC11202946 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous inherited retinal disorder. Mutations in KIZ cause autosomal recessive (AR) RP. We aimed to characterize the genotype, expression pattern, and phenotype in a large cohort of KIZ cases. Sanger and whole exome sequencing were used to identify the KIZ variants. Medical records were reviewed and analyzed. Thirty-one patients with biallelic KIZ mutations were identified: 28 homozygous for c.226C>T (p.R76*), 2 compound heterozygous for p.R76* and c.3G>A (p.M1?), and one homozygous for c.247C>T (p.R83*). c.226C>T is a founder mutation among patients of Jewish descent. The clinical parameters were less severe in KIZ compared to DHDDS and FAM161A cases. RT-PCR analysis in fibroblast cells revealed the presence of four different transcripts in both WT and mutant samples with a lower percentage of the WT transcript in patients. Sequence analysis identified an exonic sequence enhancer (ESE) that includes the c.226 position which is affected by the mutation. KIZ mutations are an uncommon cause of IRD worldwide but are not rare among Ashkenazi Jews. Our data indicate that p.R76* affect an ESE which in turn results in the pronounced skipping of exon 3. Therefore, RNA-based therapies might show low efficacy since the mutant transcripts are spliced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogapriya Sundaresan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.R.); (P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Antonio Rivera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.R.); (P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Alexey Obolensky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.R.); (P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Prakadeeswari Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.R.); (P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Hanit Ohayon Hadad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.R.); (P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Aya Shemesh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.R.); (P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Samer Khateb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.R.); (P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Maya Ross
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sharon Durst
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.R.); (P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Hadas Newman
- Ophthalmology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rina Leibu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Center, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Shiri Soudry
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - Dinah Zur
- Ophthalmology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tamar Ben-Yosef
- The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.R.); (P.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Dror Sharon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.R.); (P.G.); (E.B.)
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Seidemann S, Salomon F, Hoffmann KB, Kurth T, Sbalzarini IF, Haase R, Ader M. Automated quantification of photoreceptor outer segments in developing and degenerating retinas on microscopy images across scales. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1398447. [PMID: 38854587 PMCID: PMC11157083 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1398447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The functionality of photoreceptors, rods, and cones is highly dependent on their outer segments (POS), a cellular compartment containing highly organized membranous structures that generate biochemical signals from incident light. While POS formation and degeneration are qualitatively assessed on microscopy images, reliable methodology for quantitative analyses is still limited. Here, we developed methods to quantify POS (QuaPOS) maturation and quality on retinal sections using automated image analyses. POS formation was examined during the development and in adulthood of wild-type mice via light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To quantify the number, size, shape, and fluorescence intensity of POS, retinal cryosections were immunostained for the cone POS marker S-opsin. Fluorescence images were used to train the robust classifier QuaPOS-LM based on supervised machine learning for automated image segmentation. Characteristic features of segmentation results were extracted to quantify the maturation of cone POS. Subsequently, this quantification method was applied to characterize POS degeneration in "cone photoreceptor function loss 1" mice. TEM images were used to establish the ultrastructural quantification method QuaPOS-TEM for the alignment of POS membranes. Images were analyzed using a custom-written MATLAB code to extract the orientation of membranes from the image gradient and their alignment (coherency). This analysis was used to quantify the POS morphology of wild-type and two inherited retinal degeneration ("retinal degeneration 19" and "rhodopsin knock-out") mouse lines. Both automated analysis technologies provided robust characterization and quantification of POS based on LM or TEM images. Automated image segmentation by the classifier QuaPOS-LM and analysis of the orientation of membrane stacks by QuaPOS-TEM using fluorescent or TEM images allowed quantitative evaluation of POS formation and quality. The assessments showed an increase in POS number, volume, and membrane coherency during wild-type postnatal development, while a decrease in all three observables was detected in different retinal degeneration mouse models. All the code used for the presented analysis is open source, including example datasets to reproduce the findings. Hence, the QuaPOS quantification methods are useful for in-depth characterization of POS on retinal sections in developmental studies, for disease modeling, or after therapeutic interventions affecting photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suse Seidemann
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Salomon
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl B. Hoffmann
- Faculty of Computer Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Core Facility Electron Microscopy and Histology, Technology Platform, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivo F. Sbalzarini
- Faculty of Computer Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence “Physics of Life”, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Scalable Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (ScaDS.AI), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Haase
- DFG Cluster of Excellence “Physics of Life”, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Scalable Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (ScaDS.AI), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marius Ader
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Kurzawa-Akanbi M, Tzoumas N, Corral-Serrano JC, Guarascio R, Steel DH, Cheetham ME, Armstrong L, Lako M. Pluripotent stem cell-derived models of retinal disease: Elucidating pathogenesis, evaluating novel treatments, and estimating toxicity. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101248. [PMID: 38369182 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Blindness poses a growing global challenge, with approximately 26% of cases attributed to degenerative retinal diseases. While gene therapy, optogenetic tools, photosensitive switches, and retinal prostheses offer hope for vision restoration, these high-cost therapies will benefit few patients. Understanding retinal diseases is therefore key to advance effective treatments, requiring in vitro models replicating pathology and allowing quantitative assessments for drug discovery. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) provide a unique solution given their limitless supply and ability to differentiate into light-responsive retinal tissues encompassing all cell types. This review focuses on the history and current state of photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell generation from PSCs. We explore the applications of this technology in disease modelling, experimental therapy testing, biomarker identification, and toxicity studies. We consider challenges in scalability, standardisation, and reproducibility, and stress the importance of incorporating vasculature and immune cells into retinal organoids. We advocate for high-throughput automation in data acquisition and analyses and underscore the value of advanced micro-physiological systems that fully capture the interactions between the neural retina, RPE, and choriocapillaris.
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9
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Jarosławska J, Kordas B, Miłowski T, Juranek JK. Mammalian Diaphanous1 signalling in neurovascular complications of diabetes. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2628-2645. [PMID: 38491850 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, diabetes gradually has become one of the top non-communicable disorders, affecting 476.0 million in 2017 and is predicted to reach 570.9 million people in 2025. It is estimated that 70 to 100% of all diabetic patients will develop some if not all, diabetic complications over the course of the disease. Despite different symptoms, mechanisms underlying the development of diabetic complications are similar, likely stemming from deficits in both neuronal and vascular components supplying hyperglycaemia-susceptible tissues and organs. Diaph1, protein diaphanous homolog 1, although mainly known for its regulatory role in structural modification of actin and related cytoskeleton proteins, in recent years attracted research attention as a cytoplasmic partner of the receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) a signal transduction receptor, whose activation triggers an increase in proinflammatory molecules, oxidative stressors and cytokines in diabetes and its related complications. Both Diaph1 and RAGE are also a part of the RhoA signalling cascade, playing a significant role in the development of neurovascular disturbances underlying diabetes-related complications. In this review, based on the existing knowledge as well as compelling findings from our past and present studies, we address the role of Diaph1 signalling in metabolic stress and neurovascular degeneration in diabetic complications. In light of the most recent developments in biochemical, genomic and transcriptomic research, we describe current theories on the aetiology of diabetes complications, highlighting the function of the Diaph1 signalling system and its role in diabetes pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jarosławska
- Department of Biological Functions of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bernard Kordas
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Miłowski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Judyta K Juranek
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Díaz de Cerio M, Oliván S, Ochoa I, García-Sanmartín J, Martínez A. Cold-shock proteins accumulate in centrosomes and their expression and primary cilium morphology are regulated by hypothermia and shear stress. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:447-462. [PMID: 37694837 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia act as cellular sensors for multiple extracellular stimuli and regulate many intracellular signaling pathways in response. Here we investigate whether the cold-shock proteins (CSPs), CIRP and RBM3, are present in the primary cilia and the physiological consequences of such a relationship. R28, an immortalized retinal precursor cell line, was stained with antibodies against CIRP, RBM3, and ciliary markers. Both CSPs were found in intimate contact with the basal body of the cilium during all stages of the cell cycle, including migrating with the centrosome during mitosis. In addition, the morphological and physiological manifestations of exposing the cells to hypothermia and shear stress were investigated. Exposure to moderately cold (32°C) temperatures, the hypothermia mimetic small molecule zr17-2, or to shear stress resulted in a significant reduction in the number and length of primary cilia. In addition, shear stress induced expression of CIRP and RBM3 in a complex pattern depending on the specific protein, flow intensity, and type of flow (laminar versus oscillatory). Flow-mediated CSP overexpression was detected by qRT-PCR and confirmed by Western blot, at least for CIRP. Furthermore, analysis of public RNA Seq databases on flow experiments confirmed an increase of CIRP and RBM3 expression following exposure to shear stress in renal cell lines. In conclusion, we found that CSPs are integral components of the centrosome and that they participate in cold and shear stress sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Díaz de Cerio
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Sara Oliván
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TMELab), University of Zaragoza, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TMELab), University of Zaragoza, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Josune García-Sanmartín
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain.
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Kitami M, Kaku M, Thant L, Maeda T. A loss of primary cilia by a reduction in mTOR signaling correlates with age-related deteriorations in condylar cartilage. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01143-x. [PMID: 38526843 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related deterioration of condylar cartilage is an etiological factor in temporomandibular joint-osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA). However, its underlying mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, we examined age-related changes and the relationship between mTOR signaling and primary cilia in condylar cartilage to determine the intrinsic mechanisms of age-related TMJ-OA. Age-related morphological changes were analyzed using micro-computed tomography and safranin O-stained histological samples of the mandibular condyle of C57BL/6J mice (up to 78 weeks old). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the activity of mTOR signaling, primary cilia frequency, and Golgi size of condylar chondrocytes. Four-week-old mice receiving an 11-week series of intraperitoneal injections of rapamycin, a potent mTOR signaling inhibitor, were used for the histological evaluation of the condylar cartilage. The condylar cartilage demonstrated an age-related reduction in cartilage area, including chondrocyte size, cell density, and cell size distribution. The Golgi size, primary cilia frequency, and mTOR signaling also decreased with age. Rapamycin injections resulted in both diminished cartilage area and cell size, resembling the phenotypes observed in aged mice. Rapamycin-injected mice also exhibited a smaller Golgi size and lower primary cilia frequency in condylar cartilage. We demonstrated that a loss of primary cilia due to a decline in mTOR signaling was correlated with age-related deteriorations in condylar cartilage. Our findings provide new insights into the tissue homeostasis of condylar cartilage, contributing to understanding the etiology of age-related TMJ-OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kitami
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Masaru Kaku
- Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Lay Thant
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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12
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Du X, Butler AG, Chen HY. Cell-cell interaction in the pathogenesis of inherited retinal diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1332944. [PMID: 38500685 PMCID: PMC10944940 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1332944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The retina is part of the central nervous system specialized for vision. Inherited retinal diseases (IRD) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogenous disorders that lead to progressive vision impairment or blindness. Although each disorder is rare, IRD accumulatively cause blindness in up to 5.5 million individuals worldwide. Currently, the pathophysiological mechanisms of IRD are not fully understood and there are limited treatment options available. Most IRD are caused by degeneration of light-sensitive photoreceptors. Genetic mutations that abrogate the structure and/or function of photoreceptors lead to visual impairment followed by blindness caused by loss of photoreceptors. In healthy retina, photoreceptors structurally and functionally interact with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Müller glia (MG) to maintain retinal homeostasis. Multiple IRD with photoreceptor degeneration as a major phenotype are caused by mutations of RPE- and/or MG-associated genes. Recent studies also reveal compromised MG and RPE caused by mutations in ubiquitously expressed ciliary genes. Therefore, photoreceptor degeneration could be a direct consequence of gene mutations and/or could be secondary to the dysfunction of their interaction partners in the retina. This review summarizes the mechanisms of photoreceptor-RPE/MG interaction in supporting retinal functions and discusses how the disruption of these processes could lead to photoreceptor degeneration, with an aim to provide a unique perspective of IRD pathogenesis and treatment paradigm. We will first describe the biology of retina and IRD and then discuss the interaction between photoreceptors and MG/RPE as well as their implications in disease pathogenesis. Finally, we will summarize the recent advances in IRD therapeutics targeting MG and/or RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Holly Y. Chen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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13
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McDonald A, Wijnholds J. Retinal Ciliopathies and Potential Gene Therapies: A Focus on Human iPSC-Derived Organoid Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2887. [PMID: 38474133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The human photoreceptor function is dependent on a highly specialised cilium. Perturbation of cilial function can often lead to death of the photoreceptor and loss of vision. Retinal ciliopathies are a genetically diverse range of inherited retinal disorders affecting aspects of the photoreceptor cilium. Despite advances in the understanding of retinal ciliopathies utilising animal disease models, they can often lack the ability to accurately mimic the observed patient phenotype, possibly due to structural and functional deviations from the human retina. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be utilised to generate an alternative disease model, the 3D retinal organoid, which contains all major retinal cell types including photoreceptors complete with cilial structures. These retinal organoids facilitate the study of disease mechanisms and potential therapies in a human-derived system. Three-dimensional retinal organoids are still a developing technology, and despite impressive progress, several limitations remain. This review will discuss the state of hiPSC-derived retinal organoid technology for accurately modelling prominent retinal ciliopathies related to genes, including RPGR, CEP290, MYO7A, and USH2A. Additionally, we will discuss the development of novel gene therapy approaches targeting retinal ciliopathies, including the delivery of large genes and gene-editing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Zhang Z, Moye AR, He F, Chen M, Agosto MA, Wensel TG. Centriole and transition zone structures in photoreceptor cilia revealed by cryo-electron tomography. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302409. [PMID: 38182160 PMCID: PMC10770417 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia mediate sensory signaling in multiple organisms and cell types but have structures adapted for specific roles. Structural defects in them lead to devastating diseases known as ciliopathies in humans. Key to their functions are structures at their base: the basal body, the transition zone, the "Y-shaped links," and the "ciliary necklace." We have used cryo-electron tomography with subtomogram averaging and conventional transmission electron microscopy to elucidate the structures associated with the basal region of the "connecting cilia" of rod outer segments in mouse retina. The longitudinal variations in microtubule (MT) structures and the lumenal scaffold complexes connecting them have been determined, as well as membrane-associated transition zone structures: Y-shaped links connecting MT to the membrane, and ciliary beads connected to them that protrude from the cell surface and form a necklace-like structure. These results represent a clearer structural scaffold onto which molecules identified by genetics, proteomics, and superresolution fluorescence can be placed in our emerging model of photoreceptor sensory cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Zhang
- https://ror.org/02pttbw34 Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abigail R Moye
- https://ror.org/02pttbw34 Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmic Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Feng He
- https://ror.org/02pttbw34 Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Muyuan Chen
- https://ror.org/02pttbw34 Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Melina A Agosto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Theodore G Wensel
- https://ror.org/02pttbw34 Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Wang W, Dai X, Li Y, Li M, Chi Z, Hu X, Wang Z. The miR-669a-5p/G3BP/HDAC6/AKAP12 Axis Regulates Primary Cilia Length. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305068. [PMID: 38088586 PMCID: PMC10853727 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are conserved organelles in most mammalian cells, acting as "antennae" to sense external signals. Maintaining a physiological cilium length is required for cilium function. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potent gene expression regulators, and aberrant miRNA expression is closely associated with ciliopathies. However, how miRNAs modulate cilium length remains elusive. Here, using the calcium-shock method and small RNA sequencing, a miRNA is identified, namely, miR-669a-5p, that is highly expressed in the cilia-enriched noncellular fraction. It is shown that miR-669a-5p promotes cilium elongation but not cilium formation in cultured cells. Mechanistically, it is demonstrated that miR-669a-5p represses ras-GTPase-activating protein SH3-domain-binding protein (G3BP) expression to inhibit histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) expression, which further upregulates A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) expression. This effect ultimately blocks cilia disassembly and leads to greater cilium length, which can be restored to wild-type lengths by either upregulating HDAC6 or downregulating AKAP12. Collectively, these results elucidate a previously unidentified miR-669a-5p/G3BP/HDAC6/AKAP12 signaling pathway that regulates cilium length, providing potential pharmaceutical targets for treating ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Wang
- School of Life SciencesInstitute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Xuyao Dai
- School of Life SciencesInstitute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Life SciencesInstitute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Mo Li
- School of Public HealthHebei UniversityBaoding071000China
| | - Zongqi Chi
- School of Public HealthHebei UniversityBaoding071000China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- School of Life SciencesInstitute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Zhenshan Wang
- School of Life SciencesInstitute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
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16
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Kruczek K, Swaroop A. Patient stem cell-derived in vitro disease models for developing novel therapies of retinal ciliopathies. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 155:127-163. [PMID: 38043950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized organelles on the surface of almost all cells in vertebrate tissues and are primarily involved in the detection of extracellular stimuli. In retinal photoreceptors, cilia are uniquely modified to form outer segments containing components required for the detection of light in stacks of membrane discs. Not surprisingly, vision impairment is a frequent phenotype associated with ciliopathies, a heterogeneous class of conditions caused by mutations in proteins required for formation, maintenance and/or function of primary cilia. Traditionally, immortalized cell lines and model organisms have been used to provide insights into the biology of ciliopathies. The advent of methods for reprogramming human somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells has enabled the generation of in vitro disease models directly from patients suffering from ciliopathies. Such models help us in investigating pathological mechanisms specific to human physiology and in developing novel therapeutic approaches. In this article, we review current protocols to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells into retinal cell types, and discuss how these cellular and/or organoid models can be utilized to interrogate pathobiology of ciliopathies affecting the retina and for testing prospective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kruczek
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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17
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Gopalakrishnan J, Feistel K, Friedrich BM, Grapin‐Botton A, Jurisch‐Yaksi N, Mass E, Mick DU, Müller R, May‐Simera H, Schermer B, Schmidts M, Walentek P, Wachten D. Emerging principles of primary cilia dynamics in controlling tissue organization and function. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113891. [PMID: 37743763 PMCID: PMC10620770 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia project from the surface of most vertebrate cells and are key in sensing extracellular signals and locally transducing this information into a cellular response. Recent findings show that primary cilia are not merely static organelles with a distinct lipid and protein composition. Instead, the function of primary cilia relies on the dynamic composition of molecules within the cilium, the context-dependent sensing and processing of extracellular stimuli, and cycles of assembly and disassembly in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Thereby, primary cilia dynamically integrate different cellular inputs and control cell fate and function during tissue development. Here, we review the recently emerging concept of primary cilia dynamics in tissue development, organization, remodeling, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Human Genetics, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversitätUniversitätsklinikum DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Anne Grapin‐Botton
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Nathalie Jurisch‐Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Elvira Mass
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Developmental Biology of the Immune SystemUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - David U Mick
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland School of MedicineHomburgGermany
| | - Roman‐Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Helen May‐Simera
- Institute of Molecular PhysiologyJohannes Gutenberg‐UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Pediatric Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Peter Walentek
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Renal Division, Internal Medicine IV, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical FacultyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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18
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Luo S, Alwattar B, Li Q, Bora K, Blomfield AK, Lin J, Fulton A, Chen J, Agrawal PB. Genetic deficiency of ribosomal rescue factor HBS1L causes retinal dystrophy associated with Pelota and EDF1 depletion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.562924. [PMID: 37905068 PMCID: PMC10614867 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) encompass a genetically diverse group of conditions in which mutations in genes critical to retinal function lead to progressive loss of photoreceptor cells and subsequent visual impairment. A handful of ribosome-associated genes have been implicated in retinal disorders alongside neurological phenotypes. This study focuses on the HBS1L gene, encoding HBS1 Like Translational GTPase which has been recognized as a critical ribosomal rescue factor. Previously, we have reported a female child carrying biallelic HBS1L mutations, manifesting growth restriction, developmental delay, and hypotonia. In this study, we describe her ophthalmologic findings, compare them with the Hbs1ltm1a/tm1a hypomorph mouse model, and evaluate the underlying microscopic and molecular perturbations. The patient was noted to have impaired visual function observed by electroretinogram (ERG), with dampened amplitudes of a- and b-waves in both rod- and cone-mediated responses. Hbs1ltm1a/tm1a mice exhibited profound retinal thinning of the entire retina, specifically of the outer retinal photoreceptor layer, detected using in vivo imaging of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and retinal cross sections. TUNEL assay revealed retinal degeneration due to extensive photoreceptor cell apoptosis. Loss of HBS1L resulted in comprehensive proteomic alterations in mass spectrometry analysis, with169 proteins increased and 480 proteins decreased including many critical IRD-related proteins. GO biological process and GSEA analyses reveal that these downregulated proteins are primarily involved in photoreceptor cell development, cilium assembly, phototransduction, and aerobic respiration. Furthermore, apart from the diminished level of PELO, a known partner protein, HBS1L depletion was accompanied by reduction in translation machinery associated 7 homolog (Tma7), and Endothelial differentiation-related factor 1(Edf1) proteins, the latter of which coordinates cellular responses to ribosome collisions. This novel connection between HBS1L and ribosome collision sensor (EDF1) further highlights the intricate mechanisms underpinning ribosomal rescue and quality control that are essential to maintain homeostasis of key proteins of retinal health, such as rhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Luo
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children’s Hospital, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bilal Alwattar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qifei Li
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children’s Hospital, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kiran Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra K. Blomfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jasmine Lin
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Fulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pankaj B. Agrawal
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children’s Hospital, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Kerschensteiner D. Losing, preserving, and restoring vision from neurodegeneration in the eye. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1019-R1036. [PMID: 37816323 PMCID: PMC10575673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The retina is a part of the brain that sits at the back of the eye, looking out onto the world. The first neurons of the retina are the rod and cone photoreceptors, which convert changes in photon flux into electrical signals that are the basis of vision. Rods and cones are frequent targets of heritable neurodegenerative diseases that cause visual impairment, including blindness, in millions of people worldwide. This review summarizes the diverse genetic causes of inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) and their convergence onto common pathogenic mechanisms of vision loss. Currently, there are few effective treatments for IRDs, but recent advances in disparate areas of biology and technology (e.g., genome editing, viral engineering, 3D organoids, optogenetics, semiconductor arrays) discussed here enable promising efforts to preserve and restore vision in IRD patients with implications for neurodegeneration in less approachable brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Khan AO. Presumed uremic optic neuropathy in a patient with Senior-Loken syndrome. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2023; 37:310-312. [PMID: 38155683 PMCID: PMC10752282 DOI: 10.4103/sjopt.sjopt_140_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A patient who had been diagnosed with infantile retinal dystrophy developed renal failure in his twenties, at which time the diagnosis was revised to Senior-Loken syndrome. He was poorly compliant. At 36 years old, he experienced a sudden drop in visual acuity in the setting of cramping and fatigue and was found to be in uremic crisis. Six months after the event and its treatment, his vision failed to improved. Optic nerve pallor was out of proportion to the retinal dystrophy, and the presumed reason for his new visual loss was uremic optic neuropathy. The patient's younger sister also had been diagnosed with infantile retinal dystrophy, and metabolic screening confirmed subclinical renal dysfunction that was to be carefully followed going forward. Infantile retinal dystrophy can be associated with later systemic disease. Early detection of such disease can potentially decrease morbidity. Patients with retinal dystrophy can develop new visual loss from causes other than the retinopathy itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif O. Khan
- Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Wang B, Liang Z, Tan T, Zhang M, Jiang Y, Shang Y, Gao X, Song S, Wang R, Chen H, Liu J, Li J, Ren Y, Liu P. CRB3 navigates Rab11 trafficking vesicles to promote γTuRC assembly during ciliogenesis. eLife 2023; 12:RP86689. [PMID: 37737843 PMCID: PMC10516600 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium plays important roles in regulating cell differentiation, signal transduction, and tissue organization. Dysfunction of the primary cilium can lead to ciliopathies and cancer. The formation and organization of the primary cilium are highly associated with cell polarity proteins, such as the apical polarity protein CRB3. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CRB3 regulates ciliogenesis and the location of CRB3 remain unknown. Here, we show that CRB3, as a navigator, regulates vesicle trafficking in γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) assembly during ciliogenesis and cilium-related Hh and Wnt signaling pathways in tumorigenesis. Crb3 knockout mice display severe defects of the primary cilium in the mammary ductal lumen and renal tubule, while mammary epithelial-specific Crb3 knockout mice exhibit the promotion of ductal epithelial hyperplasia and tumorigenesis. CRB3 is essential for lumen formation and ciliary assembly in the mammary epithelium. We demonstrate that CRB3 localizes to the basal body and that CRB3 trafficking is mediated by Rab11-positive endosomes. Significantly, CRB3 interacts with Rab11 to navigate GCP6/Rab11 trafficking vesicles to CEP290, resulting in intact γTuRC assembly. In addition, CRB3-depleted cells are unresponsive to the activation of the Hh signaling pathway, while CRB3 regulates the Wnt signaling pathway. Therefore, our studies reveal the molecular mechanisms by which CRB3 recognizes Rab11-positive endosomes to facilitate ciliogenesis and regulates cilium-related signaling pathways in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Zheyong Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Tan Tan
- Center for Precision Medicine, Affiliated to the First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South ChinaChenzhouChina
| | - Miao Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Yina Jiang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Yangyang Shang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaoqian Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Shaoran Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - He Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Juan Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
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22
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Saito M, Otsu W, Miyadera K, Nishimura Y. Recent advances in the understanding of cilia mechanisms and their applications as therapeutic targets. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1232188. [PMID: 37780208 PMCID: PMC10538646 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1232188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a single immotile microtubule-based organelle that protrudes into the extracellular space. Malformations and dysfunctions of the cilia have been associated with various forms of syndromic and non-syndromic diseases, termed ciliopathies. The primary cilium is therefore gaining attention due to its potential as a therapeutic target. In this review, we examine ciliary receptors, ciliogenesis, and ciliary trafficking as possible therapeutic targets. We first discuss the mechanisms of selective distribution, signal transduction, and physiological roles of ciliary receptors. Next, pathways that regulate ciliogenesis, specifically the Aurora A kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways are examined as therapeutic targets to regulate ciliogenesis. Then, in the photoreceptors, the mechanism of ciliary trafficking which takes place at the transition zone involving the ciliary membrane proteins is reviewed. Finally, some of the current therapeutic advancements highlighting the role of large animal models of photoreceptor ciliopathy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Pathology, School of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keiko Miyadera
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Mie University Research Center for Cilia and Diseases, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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23
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Orosz F. The Unicellular, Parasitic Fungi, Sanchytriomycota, Possess a DNA Sequence Possibly Encoding a Long Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP) but Not a Fungal-Type One. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2029. [PMID: 37630588 PMCID: PMC10459994 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The unicellular, parasitic fungi of the phylum Sanchytriomycota (sanchytrids) were discovered a few years ago. These unusual chytrid-like fungi parasitize algae. The zoospores of the species of the phylum contain an extremely long kinetosome composed of microtubular singlets or doublets and a non-motile pseudocilium (i.e., a reduced posterior flagellum). Fungi provide an ideal opportunity to test and confirm the correlation between the occurrence of flagellar proteins (the ciliome) and that of the eukaryotic cilium/flagellum since the flagellum occurs in the early-branching phyla and not in terrestrial fungi. Tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP)-like proteins, which contain a p25alpha domain, were also suggested to belong to the ciliome and are present in flagellated fungi. Although sanchytrids have lost many of the flagellar proteins, here it is shown that they possess a DNA sequence possibly encoding long (animal-type) TPPP, but not the fungal-type one characteristic of chytrid fungi. Phylogenetic analysis of p25alpha domains placed sanchytrids into a sister position to Blastocladiomycota, similarly to species phylogeny, with maximal support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Orosz
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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24
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Chu S, Xie X, Payan C, Stochaj U. Valosin containing protein (VCP): initiator, modifier, and potential drug target for neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:52. [PMID: 37545006 PMCID: PMC10405438 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The AAA+ ATPase valosin containing protein (VCP) is essential for cell and organ homeostasis, especially in cells of the nervous system. As part of a large network, VCP collaborates with many cofactors to ensure proteostasis under normal, stress, and disease conditions. A large number of mutations have revealed the importance of VCP for human health. In particular, VCP facilitates the dismantling of protein aggregates and the removal of dysfunctional organelles. These are critical events to prevent malfunction of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. In line with this idea, VCP mutants are linked to the onset and progression of neurodegeneration and other diseases. The intricate molecular mechanisms that connect VCP mutations to distinct brain pathologies continue to be uncovered. Emerging evidence supports the model that VCP controls cellular functions on multiple levels and in a cell type specific fashion. Accordingly, VCP mutants derail cellular homeostasis through several mechanisms that can instigate disease. Our review focuses on the association between VCP malfunction and neurodegeneration. We discuss the latest insights in the field, emphasize open questions, and speculate on the potential of VCP as a drug target for some of the most devastating forms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Chu
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, HG3 1Y6, Canada
| | - Xinyi Xie
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, HG3 1Y6, Canada
| | - Carla Payan
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, HG3 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ursula Stochaj
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, HG3 1Y6, Canada.
- Quantitative Life Sciences Program, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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25
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Brücker L, Becker SK, Maissl V, Harms G, Parsons M, May-Simera HL. The actin-bundling protein Fascin-1 modulates ciliary signalling. J Mol Cell Biol 2023; 15:mjad022. [PMID: 37015875 PMCID: PMC10485897 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based cell organelles important for cellular communication. Since they are involved in the regulation of numerous signalling pathways, defects in cilia development or function are associated with genetic disorders, collectively called ciliopathies. Besides their ciliary functions, recent research has shown that several ciliary proteins are involved in the coordination of the actin cytoskeleton. Although ciliary and actin phenotypes are related, the exact nature of their interconnection remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that the protein BBS6, associated with the ciliopathy Bardet-Biedl syndrome, cooperates with the actin-bundling protein Fascin-1 in regulating filopodia and ciliary signalling. We found that loss of Bbs6 affects filopodia length potentially via attenuated interaction with Fascin-1. Conversely, loss of Fascin-1 leads to a ciliary phenotype, subsequently affecting ciliary Wnt signalling, possibly in collaboration with BBS6. Our data shed light on how ciliary proteins are involved in actin regulations and provide new insight into the involvement of the actin regulator Fascin-1 in ciliogenesis and cilia-associated signalling. Advancing our knowledge of the complex regulations between primary cilia and actin dynamics is important to understand the pathogenic consequences of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Brücker
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kornelia Becker
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanessa Maissl
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregory Harms
- Imaging Core Facility, Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Helen Louise May-Simera
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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26
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Zufiaurre-Seijo M, García-Arumí J, Duarri A. Clinical and Molecular Aspects of C2orf71/PCARE in Retinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10670. [PMID: 37445847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the photoreceptor-specific C2orf71 gene (also known as photoreceptor cilium actin regulator protein PCARE) cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa type 54 and cone-rod dystrophy. No treatments are available for patients with C2orf71 retinal ciliopathies exhibiting a severe clinical phenotype. Our understanding of the disease process and the role of PCARE in the healthy retina significantly limits our capacity to transfer recent technical developments into viable therapy choices. This study summarizes the current understanding of C2orf71-related retinal diseases, including their clinical manifestations and an unclear genotype-phenotype correlation. It discusses molecular and functional studies on the photoreceptor-specific ciliary PCARE, focusing on the photoreceptor cell and its ciliary axoneme. It is proposed that PCARE is an actin-associated protein that interacts with WASF3 to regulate the actin-driven expansion of the ciliary membrane during the development of a new outer segment disk in photoreceptor cells. This review also introduces various cellular and animal models used to model these diseases and provides an overview of potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalen Zufiaurre-Seijo
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José García-Arumí
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Duarri
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Liang X, Yadav SP, Batz ZA, Nellissery J, Swaroop A. Protein kinase CK2 modulates the activity of Maf-family bZIP transcription factor NRL in rod photoreceptors of mammalian retina. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:948-958. [PMID: 36226585 PMCID: PMC9991000 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maf-family basic motif leucine zipper protein NRL specifies rod photoreceptor cell fate during retinal development and, in concert with homeodomain protein CRX and other regulatory factors, controls the expression of most rod-expressed genes including the visual pigment gene Rhodopsin (Rho). Transcriptional regulatory activity of NRL is modulated by post-translational modifications, especially phosphorylation, and mutations at specific phosphosites can lead to retinal degeneration. During our studies to elucidate NRL-mediated transcriptional regulation, we identified protein kinase CK2 in NRL-enriched complexes bound to Rho promoter-enhancer regions and in NRL-enriched high molecular mass fractions from the bovine retina. The presence of CK2 in NRL complexes was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation from developing and adult mouse retinal extracts. In vitro kinase assay and bioinformatic analysis indicated phosphorylation of NRL at Ser117 residue by CK2. Co-transfection of Csnk2a1 cDNA encoding murine CK2 with human NRL and CRX reduced the bovine Rho promoter-driven luciferase expression in HEK293 cells and mutagenesis of NRL-Ser117 residue to Ala restored the reporter gene activity. In concordance, overexpression of CK2 in the mouse retina in vivo by electroporation resulted in reduction of Rho promoter-driven DsRed reporter expression as well as the transcript level of many phototransduction genes. Thus, our studies demonstrate that CK2 can phosphorylate Ser117 of NRL. Modulation of NRL activity by CK2 suggests intricate interdependence of transcriptional and signaling pathways in maintaining rod homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulong Liang
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, MSC0610, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharda P Yadav
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, MSC0610, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zachary A Batz
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, MSC0610, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jacob Nellissery
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, MSC0610, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, MSC0610, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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28
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Ma D, Wang F, Teng J, Huang N, Chen J. Structure and function of distal and subdistal appendages of the mother centriole. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286880. [PMID: 36727648 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are composed of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material. The two centrioles in G1 phase are distinguished by the localization of their appendages in the distal and subdistal regions; the centriole possessing both types of appendage is older and referred to as the mother centriole, whereas the other centriole lacking appendages is the daughter centriole. Both distal and subdistal appendages in vertebrate cells consist of multiple proteins assembled in a hierarchical manner. Distal appendages function mainly in the initial process of ciliogenesis, and subdistal appendages are involved in microtubule anchoring, mitotic spindle regulation and maintenance of ciliary signaling. Mutations in genes encoding components of both appendage types are implicated in ciliopathies and developmental defects. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in knowledge regarding the composition and assembly of centriolar appendages, as well as their roles in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junlin Teng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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29
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Nagel-Wolfrum K, Fadl BR, Becker MM, Wunderlich KA, Schäfer J, Sturm D, Fritze J, Gür B, Kaplan L, Andreani T, Goldmann T, Brooks M, Starostik MR, Lokhande A, Apel M, Fath KR, Stingl K, Kohl S, DeAngelis MM, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Kim IK, Owen LA, Vetter JM, Pfeiffer N, Andrade-Navarro MA, Grosche A, Swaroop A, Wolfrum U. Expression and subcellular localization of USH1C/harmonin in human retina provides insights into pathomechanisms and therapy. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:431-449. [PMID: 35997788 PMCID: PMC9851744 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common form of hereditary deaf-blindness in humans. USH is a complex genetic disorder, assigned to three clinical subtypes differing in onset, course and severity, with USH1 being the most severe. Rodent USH1 models do not reflect the ocular phenotype observed in human patients to date; hence, little is known about the pathophysiology of USH1 in the human eye. One of the USH1 genes, USH1C, exhibits extensive alternative splicing and encodes numerous harmonin protein isoforms that function as scaffolds for organizing the USH interactome. RNA-seq analysis of human retinae uncovered harmonin_a1 as the most abundant transcript of USH1C. Bulk RNA-seq analysis and immunoblotting showed abundant expression of harmonin in Müller glia cells (MGCs) and retinal neurons. Furthermore, harmonin was localized in the terminal endfeet and apical microvilli of MGCs, presynaptic region (pedicle) of cones and outer segments (OS) of rods as well as at adhesive junctions between MGCs and photoreceptor cells (PRCs) in the outer limiting membrane (OLM). Our data provide evidence for the interaction of harmonin with OLM molecules in PRCs and MGCs and rhodopsin in PRCs. Subcellular expression and colocalization of harmonin correlate with the clinical phenotype observed in USH1C patients. We also demonstrate that primary cilia defects in USH1C patient-derived fibroblasts could be reverted by the delivery of harmonin_a1 transcript isoform. Our studies thus provide novel insights into PRC cell biology, USH1C pathophysiology and development of gene therapy treatment(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin R Fadl
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mirjana M Becker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Wunderlich
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jessica Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Sturm
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacques Fritze
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Burcu Gür
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lew Kaplan
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tommaso Andreani
- Computational Biology and Data Mining, Institute of Organismic & Molecular Evolution Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Goldmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthew Brooks
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margaret R Starostik
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anagha Lokhande
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melissa Apel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl R Fath
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Biology, Queens College of CUNY, Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Katarina Stingl
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tubingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tubingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY 14209, USA
| | | | - Ivana K Kim
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Leah A Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jan M Vetter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Miguel A Andrade-Navarro
- Computational Biology and Data Mining, Institute of Organismic & Molecular Evolution Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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30
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Delvallée C, Dollfus H. Retinal Degeneration Animal Models in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome and Related Ciliopathies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:13/1/a041303. [PMID: 36596648 PMCID: PMC9808547 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration due to photoreceptor ciliary-related proteins dysfunction accounts for more than 25% of all inherited retinal dystrophies. The cilium, being an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitous organelle implied in many cellular functions, can be investigated by way of many models from invertebrate models to nonhuman primates, all these models have massively contributed to the pathogenesis understanding of human ciliopathies. Taking the Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) as an emblematic example as well as other related syndromic ciliopathies, the contribution of a wide range of models has enabled to characterize the role of the BBS proteins in the archetypical cilium but also at the level of the connecting cilium of the photoreceptors. There are more than 24 BBS genes encoding for proteins that form different complexes such as the BBSome and the chaperone proteins complex. But how they lead to retinal degeneration remains a matter of debate with the possible accumulation of proteins in the inner segment and/or accumulation of unwanted proteins in the outer segment that cannot return in the inner segment machinery. Many BBS proteins (but not the chaperonins for instance) can be modeled in primitive organisms such as Paramecium, Chlamydomonas reinardtii, Trypanosoma brucei, and Caenorhabditis elegans These models have enabled clarifying the role of a subset of BBS proteins in the primary cilium as well as their relations with other modules such as the intraflagellar transport (IFT) module, the nephronophthisis (NPHP) module, or the Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS)/Joubert syndrome (JBTS) module mostly involved with the transition zone of the primary cilia. Assessing the role of the primary cilia structure of the connecting cilium of the photoreceptor cells has been very much studied by way of zebrafish modeling (Danio rerio) as well as by a plethora of mouse models. More recently, large animal models have been described for three BBS genes and one nonhuman primate model in rhesus macaque for BBS7 In completion to animal models, human cell models can now be used notably thanks to gene editing and the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). All these models are not only important for pathogenesis understanding but also very useful for studying therapeutic avenues, their pros and cons, especially for gene replacement therapy as well as pharmacological triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Delvallée
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale UMRS1112, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale de Strasbourg, CRBS, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, IGMA, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale UMRS1112, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale de Strasbourg, CRBS, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, IGMA, Strasbourg 67000, France
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31
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Park K, Leroux MR. Composition, organization and mechanisms of the transition zone, a gate for the cilium. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55420. [PMID: 36408840 PMCID: PMC9724682 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium evolved to provide the ancestral eukaryote with the ability to move and sense its environment. Acquiring these functions required the compartmentalization of a dynein-based motility apparatus and signaling proteins within a discrete subcellular organelle contiguous with the cytosol. Here, we explore the potential molecular mechanisms for how the proximal-most region of the cilium, termed transition zone (TZ), acts as a diffusion barrier for both membrane and soluble proteins and helps to ensure ciliary autonomy and homeostasis. These include a unique complement and spatial organization of proteins that span from the microtubule-based axoneme to the ciliary membrane; a protein picket fence; a specialized lipid microdomain; differential membrane curvature and thickness; and lastly, a size-selective molecular sieve. In addition, the TZ must be permissive for, and functionally integrates with, ciliary trafficking systems (including intraflagellar transport) that cross the barrier and make the ciliary compartment dynamic. The quest to understand the TZ continues and promises to not only illuminate essential aspects of human cell signaling, physiology, and development, but also to unravel how TZ dysfunction contributes to ciliopathies that affect multiple organ systems, including eyes, kidney, and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangjin Park
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and DiseaseSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Present address:
Terry Fox LaboratoryBC CancerVancouverBCCanada
- Present address:
Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Michel R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and DiseaseSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
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32
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Aleman TS, O'Neil EC, Uyhazi KE, Parchinski KM, Santos AJ, Weber ML, Colclough SP, Billek AS, Zhu X, Leroy BP, Bedoukian EC. Fleck-like lesions in CEP290-associated leber congenital amaurosis: a case series. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 43:824-833. [PMID: 36469661 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2147960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a detailed ophthalmic phenotype of a small cohort of patients with Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) caused by mutations in CEP290 (CEP290-LCA) with a focus on elucidating the origin of yellow-white lesions observed in 30% of patients with this condition. METHODS This is a retrospective review of records of five patients with CEP290-LCA. Patients had comprehensive ophthalmic evaluations. Visual function was assessed with full-field electroretinograms (ffERGs) and full-field sensitivity testing (FST). Multimodal imaging was performed with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) with short- (SW) and near-infrared (NIR) excitation wavelengths. RESULTS All patients showed relative structural preservation of the foveal and near midperipheral retina separated by a pericentral area of photoreceptor loss. Yellow-white, fleck-like lesions in an annular distribution around the near midperiphery co-localized with hyperreflective lesions on SD-OCT. The lesions located between the inner segment ellipsoid signal and the apical retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The inner retina was normal. Longitudinal observations in one of the patients indicates the abnormalities may represent an intermediate stage in the degenerative process between the near normal appearing retina previously documented in young CEP290-LCA patients and the pigmentary retinopathy observed along the same region in older individuals. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that fleck-like lesions in CEP290-LCA correspond to malformed, rudimentary or degenerated, including shed, photoreceptor outer segments. The topography and possible origin of the abnormalities may inform the planning of evolving genetic therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas S Aleman
- Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin C O'Neil
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Division of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine E Uyhazi
- Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelsey M Parchinski
- Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arlene J Santos
- Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mariejel L Weber
- Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sherice P Colclough
- The Division of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew S Billek
- Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaosong Zhu
- The Division of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bart P Leroy
- The Division of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Head & Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emma C Bedoukian
- The Division of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Individualized Medical Genetics Center of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Amack JD. Structures and functions of cilia during vertebrate embryo development. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:579-596. [PMID: 36367893 PMCID: PMC9805515 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like structures that project from the surface of cells. In vertebrates, most cells have an immotile primary cilium that mediates cell signaling, and some specialized cells assemble one or multiple cilia that are motile and beat synchronously to move fluids in one direction. Gene mutations that alter cilia structure or function cause a broad spectrum of disorders termed ciliopathies that impact virtually every system in the body. A wide range of birth defects associated with ciliopathies underscores critical functions for cilia during embryonic development. In many cases, the mechanisms underlying cilia functions during development and disease remain poorly understood. This review describes different types of cilia in vertebrate embryos and discusses recent research results from diverse model systems that provide novel insights into how cilia form and function during embryo development. The work discussed here not only expands our understanding of in vivo cilia biology, but also opens new questions about cilia and their roles in establishing healthy embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA,,BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse, New York, USA
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34
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Berber P, Bondarenko S, Michaelis L, Weber BHF. Transient Retention of Photoreceptor Outer Segments in Matrigel-Embedded Retinal Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314893. [PMID: 36499228 PMCID: PMC9739155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal organoids (ROs) are three-dimensional retinal tissues, which are differentiated in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), ultimately forming all main retinal cell types under defined culture conditions. ROs show several highly specialized retinal features, including the outgrowth of photoreceptor outer segments (OSs). In vivo, the photoreceptor OSs are enveloped and maintained by protrusions of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, the so-called apical microvilli, while ROs fail to recapitulate this critical interaction in culture development. Here, we define specific co-culture conditions aiming to compensate for the missing physical proximity of RPE and OSs in RO development. Accordingly, functional RPE cells and ROs were differentiated simultaneously from the same iPSC clone, the former resulting in byproduct RPE or bRPE cells. While some co-culture approaches indicated a temporary functional interaction between bRPE and RO photoreceptors, they did not improve the photoreceptor histoarchitecture. In contrast, embedding ROs in a basement membrane extract without bRPE cells showed a robust improvement in the rate of photoreceptor OS retention. RO embedding is a quick and easy method that greatly enhances the preservation of photoreceptor OSs, an important structure for modelling retinal diseases with the involvement of photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Berber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sofiia Bondarenko
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Michaelis
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Heinrich Friedrich Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Human Genetics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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35
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The inner junction protein CFAP20 functions in motile and non-motile cilia and is critical for vision. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6595. [PMID: 36329026 PMCID: PMC9633640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33820-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile and non-motile cilia are associated with mutually-exclusive genetic disorders. Motile cilia propel sperm or extracellular fluids, and their dysfunction causes primary ciliary dyskinesia. Non-motile cilia serve as sensory/signalling antennae on most cell types, and their disruption causes single-organ ciliopathies such as retinopathies or multi-system syndromes. CFAP20 is a ciliopathy candidate known to modulate motile cilia in unicellular eukaryotes. We demonstrate that in zebrafish, cfap20 is required for motile cilia function, and in C. elegans, CFAP-20 maintains the structural integrity of non-motile cilia inner junctions, influencing sensory-dependent signalling and development. Human patients and zebrafish with CFAP20 mutations both exhibit retinal dystrophy. Hence, CFAP20 functions within a structural/functional hub centered on the inner junction that is shared between motile and non-motile cilia, and is distinct from other ciliopathy-associated domains or macromolecular complexes. Our findings suggest an uncharacterised pathomechanism for retinal dystrophy, and potentially for motile and non-motile ciliopathies in general.
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36
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Sánchez-Bellver L, Férriz-Gordillo A, Carrillo-Pz M, Rabanal L, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Marfany G. The Deubiquitinating Enzyme USP48 Interacts with the Retinal Degeneration-Associated Proteins UNC119a and ARL3. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012527. [PMID: 36293380 PMCID: PMC9603860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins related to the ubiquitin-proteasome system play an important role during the differentiation and ciliogenesis of photoreceptor cells. Mutations in several genes involved in ubiquitination and proteostasis have been identified as causative of inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) and ciliopathies. USP48 is a deubiquitinating enzyme whose role in the retina is still unexplored although previous studies indicate its relevance for neurosensory organs. In this work, we describe that a pool of endogenous USP48 localises to the basal body in retinal cells and provide data that supports the function of USP48 in the photoreceptor cilium. We also demonstrate that USP48 interacts with the IRD-associated proteins ARL3 and UNC119a, and stabilise their protein levels using different mechanisms. Our results suggest that USP48 may act in the regulation/stabilisation of key ciliary proteins for photoreceptor function, in the modulation of intracellular protein transport, and in ciliary trafficking to the photoreceptor outer segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Bellver
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Férriz-Gordillo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Carrillo-Pz
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Rabanal
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc R. Garcia-Gonzalo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina-Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- DBGen Ocular Genomics, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Kruczek K, Qu Z, Welby E, Shimada H, Hiriyanna S, English MA, Zein WM, Brooks BP, Swaroop A. In vitro modeling and rescue of ciliopathy associated with IQCB1/NPHP5 mutations using patient-derived cells. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2172-2186. [PMID: 36084637 PMCID: PMC9561628 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the IQ calmodulin-binding motif containing B1 (IQCB1)/NPHP5 gene encoding the ciliary protein nephrocystin 5 cause early-onset blinding disease Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), together with kidney dysfunction in Senior-Løken syndrome. For in vitro disease modeling, we obtained dermal fibroblasts from patients with NPHP5-LCA that were reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal organoids. Patient fibroblasts and RPE demonstrated aberrantly elongated ciliary axonemes. Organoids revealed impaired development of outer segment structures, which are modified primary cilia, and mislocalization of visual pigments to photoreceptor cell soma. All patient-derived cells showed reduced levels of CEP290 protein, a critical cilia transition zone component interacting with NPHP5, providing a plausible mechanism for aberrant ciliary gating and cargo transport. Disease phenotype in NPHP5-LCA retinal organoids could be rescued by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated IQCB1/NPHP5 gene augmentation therapy. Our studies thus establish a human disease model and a path for treatment of NPHP5-LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kruczek
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zepeng Qu
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily Welby
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hiroko Shimada
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Suja Hiriyanna
- Ocular Gene Therapy Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Milton A English
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wadih M Zein
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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38
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Demais V, Pohl A, Wunderlich KA, Pfaller AM, Kaplan L, Barthélémy A, Dittrich R, Puig B, Giebel B, Hauck SM, Pfrieger FW, Grosche A. Release of VAMP5-positive extracellular vesicles by retinal Müller glia in vivo. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12254. [PMID: 36043482 PMCID: PMC9428896 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions in the central nervous system are based on the release of molecules mediating signal exchange and providing structural and trophic support through vesicular exocytosis and the formation of extracellular vesicles. The specific mechanisms employed by each cell type in the brain are incompletely understood. Here, we explored the means of communication used by Müller cells, a type of radial glial cells in the retina, which forms part of the central nervous system. Using immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and molecular analyses, we provide evidence for the release of distinct extracellular vesicles from endfeet and microvilli of retinal Müller cells in adult mice in vivo. We identify VAMP5 as a Müller cell-specific SNARE component that is part of extracellular vesicles and responsive to ischemia, and we reveal differences between the secretomes of immunoaffinity-purified Müller cells and neurons in vitro. Our findings suggest extracellular vesicle-based communication as an important mediator of cellular interactions in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Demais
- Plateforme Imagerie In Vitro, CNRS UAR 3156, Neuropôle, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Pohl
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center BMC, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Wunderlich
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center BMC, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna M Pfaller
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center BMC, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lew Kaplan
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center BMC, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Amelie Barthélémy
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Robin Dittrich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core and Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Frank W Pfrieger
- Plateforme Imagerie In Vitro, CNRS UAR 3156, Neuropôle, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center BMC, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Khan AO. A Stargardt disease-like phenotype in GAS8-related primary ciliary dyskinesia. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 43:713-715. [PMID: 35736137 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2090012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ciliopathies are broadly classified as non-motile or motile (primary ciliary dyskinesia). Early-onset retinal dystrophy is common in non-motile ciliopathy, but retinal dystrophy is not considered a feature of primary ciliary dyskinesia. The subject of this report is woman referred as a case of Stargardt disease who in fact had retinal dystrophy apparently related to GAS8-related primary ciliary dyskinesia. METHODS Retrospective case report. RESULTS A 43-year-old Emirati woman was referred for further evaluation of Stargardt disease. Her only ophthalmic complaints were related to dry eye disease. Past ocular history was significant for refractive surgery in her early 30's. Past medical history was significant for primary ciliary dyskinesia, which included recurrent bronchiectasis and sino-pulmonary infections since childhood. Clinical examination confirmed retinopathy resembling Stargardt disease. Electroretinography revealed cone-rod dysfunction. Whole exome sequencing with attention to ABCA4 was unrevealing for retinal dystrophy genes but did uncover a homozygous GAS8 deletion, molecularly confirming the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Literature review revealed a report of a 34-year-old North African male with GAS8-related primary ciliary dyskinesia who also had been diagnosed with Stargardt disease in the absence of pathogenic ABCA4 variants. DISCUSSION Longer follow-up of individuals with primary ciliary dyskinesia may reveal findings more typically associated with non-motile ciliopathy such as retinal dystrophy. GAS8-related retinal dystrophy can resemble Stargardt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif O Khan
- Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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40
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Martín-Salazar JE, Valverde D. CPLANE Complex and Ciliopathies. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060847. [PMID: 35740972 PMCID: PMC9221175 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile organelles associated with the cell cycle, which can be found in most vertebrate cell types. Cilia formation occurs through a process called ciliogenesis, which involves several mechanisms including planar cell polarity (PCP) and the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Some gene complexes, such as BBSome or CPLANE (ciliogenesis and planar polarity effector), have been linked to ciliogenesis. CPLANE complex is composed of INTU, FUZ and WDPCP, which bind to JBTS17 and RSG1 for cilia formation. Defects in these genes have been linked to a malfunction of intraflagellar transport and defects in the planar cell polarity, as well as defective activation of the Hedgehog signalling pathway. These faults lead to defective cilium formation, resulting in ciliopathies, including orofacial-digital syndrome (OFDS) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). Considering the close relationship, between the CPLANE complex and cilium formation, it can be expected that defects in the genes that encode subunits of the CPLANE complex may be related to other ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Valverde
- CINBIO, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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41
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Ren ZL, Zhang HB, Li L, Yang ZL, Jiang L. Characterization of two novel knock-in mouse models of syndromic retinal ciliopathy carrying hypomorphic Sdccag8 mutations. Zool Res 2022; 43:442-456. [PMID: 35503560 PMCID: PMC9113982 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in serologically defined colon cancer autoantigen protein 8 ( SDCCAG8) were first identified in retinal ciliopathy families a decade ago with unknown function. To investigate the pathogenesis of SDCCAG8-associated retinal ciliopathies in vivo, we employed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed recombination (HDR) to generate two knock-in mouse models, Sdccag8Y236X/Y236X and Sdccag8E451GfsX467/E451GfsX467 , which carry truncating mutations of the mouse Sdccag8, corresponding to mutations that cause Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) and Senior-Løken syndrome (SLS) (c.696T>G p.Y232X and c.1339-1340insG p.E447GfsX463) in humans, respectively. The two mutant Sdccag8 knock-in mice faithfully recapitulated human SDCCAG8-associated BBS phenotypes such as rod-cone dystrophy, cystic renal disorder, polydactyly, infertility, and growth retardation, with varied age of onset and severity depending on the hypomorphic strength of the Sdccag8 mutations. To the best of our knowledge, these knock-in mouse lines are the first BBS mouse models to present with the polydactyly phenotype. Major phototransduction protein mislocalization was also observed outside the outer segment after initiation of photoreceptor degeneration. Impaired cilia were observed in the mutant photoreceptors, renal epithelial cells, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from the knock-in mouse embryos, suggesting that SDCCAG8 plays an essential role in ciliogenesis, and cilium defects are a primary driving force of SDCCAG8-associated retinal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lin Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Hou-Bin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Zheng-Lin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China. E-mail:
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China . E-mail:
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Nandamuri SP, Lusk S, Kwan KM. Loss of zebrafish dzip1 results in inappropriate recruitment of periocular mesenchyme to the optic fissure and ocular coloboma. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265327. [PMID: 35286359 PMCID: PMC8920261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are essential for the development and function of many different tissues. Although cilia machinery is crucial in the eye for photoreceptor development and function, a role for cilia in early eye development and morphogenesis is still somewhat unclear: many zebrafish cilia mutants retain cilia at early stages due to maternal deposition of cilia components. An eye phenotype has been described in the mouse Arl13 mutant, however, zebrafish arl13b is maternally deposited, and an early role for cilia proteins has not been tested in zebrafish eye development. Here we use the zebrafish dzip1 mutant, which exhibits a loss of cilia throughout stages of early eye development, to examine eye development and morphogenesis. We find that in dzip1 mutants, initial formation of the optic cup proceeds normally, however, the optic fissure subsequently fails to close and embryos develop the structural eye malformation ocular coloboma. Further, neural crest cells, which are implicated in optic fissure closure, do not populate the optic fissure correctly, suggesting that their inappropriate localization may be the underlying cause of coloboma. Overall, our results indicate a role for dzip1 in proper neural crest localization in the optic fissure and optic fissure closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Pratima Nandamuri
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Sarah Lusk
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Kwan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
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Turn RE, Hu Y, Dewees SI, Devi N, East MP, Hardin KR, Khatib T, Linnert J, Wolfrum U, Lim MJ, Casanova JE, Caspary T, Kahn RA. The ARF GAPs ELMOD1 and ELMOD3 act at the Golgi and cilia to regulate ciliogenesis and ciliary protein traffic. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar13. [PMID: 34818063 PMCID: PMC9236152 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ELMODs are a family of three mammalian paralogues that display GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward a uniquely broad array of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family GTPases that includes ARF-like (ARL) proteins. ELMODs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, highly conserved across eukaryotes, and ancient in origin, being present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. We described functions of ELMOD2 in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in the regulation of cell division, microtubules, ciliogenesis, and mitochondrial fusion. Here, using similar strategies with the paralogues ELMOD1 and ELMOD3, we identify novel functions and locations of these cell regulators and compare them to those of ELMOD2, allowing the determination of functional redundancy among the family members. We found strong similarities in phenotypes resulting from deletion of either Elmod1 or Elmod3 and marked differences from those arising in Elmod2 deletion lines. Deletion of either Elmod1 or Elmod3 results in the decreased ability of cells to form primary cilia, loss of a subset of proteins from cilia, and accumulation of some ciliary proteins at the Golgi, predicted to result from compromised traffic from the Golgi to cilia. These phenotypes are reversed upon activating mutant expression of either ARL3 or ARL16, linking their roles to ELMOD1/3 actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305
| | - Yihan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China
| | - Skylar I. Dewees
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Narra Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Katherine R. Hardin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tala Khatib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Michael J. Lim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - James E. Casanova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Richard A. Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Lewandowski D, Sander CL, Tworak A, Gao F, Xu Q, Skowronska-Krawczyk D. Dynamic lipid turnover in photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium throughout life. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101037. [PMID: 34971765 PMCID: PMC10361839 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium-photoreceptor interphase is renewed each day in a stunning display of cellular interdependence. While photoreceptors use photosensitive pigments to convert light into electrical signals, the RPE supports photoreceptors in their function by phagocytizing shed photoreceptor tips, regulating the blood retina barrier, and modulating inflammatory responses, as well as regenerating the 11-cis-retinal chromophore via the classical visual cycle. These processes involve multiple protein complexes, tightly regulated ligand-receptors interactions, and a plethora of lipids and protein-lipids interactions. The role of lipids in maintaining a healthy interplay between the RPE and photoreceptors has not been fully delineated. In recent years, novel technologies have resulted in major advancements in understanding several facets of this interplay, including the involvement of lipids in phagocytosis and phagolysosome function, nutrient recycling, and the metabolic dependence between the two cell types. In this review, we aim to integrate the complex role of lipids in photoreceptor and RPE function, emphasizing the dynamic exchange between the cells as well as discuss how these processes are affected in aging and retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lewandowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christopher L Sander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aleksander Tworak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qianlan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Stemm-Wolf AJ, O’Toole ET, Sheridan RM, Morgan JT, Pearson CG. The SON RNA splicing factor is required for intracellular trafficking structures that promote centriole assembly and ciliogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar4. [PMID: 34406792 PMCID: PMC8684746 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-06-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of centrosome assembly is critical for cell division, intracellular trafficking, and cilia. Regulation of centrosome number occurs through the precise duplication of centrioles that reside in centrosomes. Here we explored transcriptional control of centriole assembly and find that the RNA splicing factor SON is specifically required for completing procentriole assembly. Whole genome mRNA sequencing identified genes whose splicing and expression are affected by the reduction of SON, with an enrichment in genes involved in the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton, centrosome, and centriolar satellites. SON is required for the proper splicing and expression of CEP131, which encodes a major centriolar satellite protein and is required to organize the trafficking and MT network around the centrosomes. This study highlights the importance of the distinct MT trafficking network that is intimately associated with nascent centrioles and is responsible for procentriole development and efficient ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Stemm-Wolf
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | - Ryan M. Sheridan
- RNA Biosciences Initiative (RBI), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jacob T. Morgan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Chad G. Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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Ttc30a affects tubulin modifications in a model for ciliary chondrodysplasia with polycystic kidney disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106770118. [PMID: 34548398 PMCID: PMC8488674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106770118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are tubulin-based cellular appendages, and their dysfunction has been linked to a variety of genetic diseases. Ciliary chondrodysplasia is one such condition that can co-occur with cystic kidney disease and other organ manifestations. We modeled skeletal ciliopathies by mutating two established disease genes in Xenopus tropicalis frogs. Bioinformatic analysis identified ttc30a as a ciliopathy network component, and targeting it replicated skeletal malformations and renal cysts as seen in patients and the amphibian models. A loss of Ttc30a affected cilia by altering posttranslational tubulin modifications. Our findings identify TTC30A/B as a component of ciliary segmentation essential for cartilage differentiation and renal tubulogenesis. These findings may lead to novel therapeutic targets in treating ciliary skeletopathies and cystic kidney disease. Skeletal ciliopathies (e.g., Jeune syndrome, short rib polydactyly syndrome, and Sensenbrenner syndrome) are frequently associated with nephronophthisis-like cystic kidney disease and other organ manifestations. Despite recent progress in genetic mapping of causative loci, a common molecular mechanism of cartilage defects and cystic kidneys has remained elusive. Targeting two ciliary chondrodysplasia loci (ift80 and ift172) by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we established models for skeletal ciliopathies in Xenopus tropicalis. Froglets exhibited severe limb deformities, polydactyly, and cystic kidneys, closely matching the phenotype of affected patients. A data mining–based in silico screen found ttc30a to be related to known skeletal ciliopathy genes. CRISPR/Cas9 targeting replicated limb malformations and renal cysts identical to the models of established disease genes. Loss of Ttc30a impaired embryonic renal excretion and ciliogenesis because of altered posttranslational tubulin acetylation, glycylation, and defective axoneme compartmentalization. Ttc30a/b transcripts are enriched in chondrocytes and osteocytes of single-cell RNA-sequenced embryonic mouse limbs. We identify TTC30A/B as an essential node in the network of ciliary chondrodysplasia and nephronophthisis-like disease proteins and suggest that tubulin modifications and cilia segmentation contribute to skeletal and renal ciliopathy manifestations of ciliopathies in a cell type–specific manner. These findings have implications for potential therapeutic strategies.
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A girl with a mutation of the ciliary gene CC2D2A presenting with FSGS and nephronophthisis. CEN Case Rep 2021; 11:116-119. [PMID: 34435324 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-021-00640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ciliary gene TTC21B, NPHP4, and CRB2 cause familial focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). We report a girl with a mutation of the ciliary gene CC2D2A presenting with FSGS and nephronophthisis. The patient had mental retardation, postaxial polydactyly, and ataxic breathing, and was diagnosed as having compound heterozygous CC2D2A missense mutations at age 5. Retrospectively, azotemia at 1 year and proteinuria at 5 years were recorded but not investigated. At age 6, she was referred to the pediatric nephrology service because of hypertension, pretibial pitting edema, heavy proteinuria, and hematuria. eGFR was 66 ml/min/1.73 m2, total protein 5.3 g/dl, albumin 2.4 g/dl, and cholesterol 317 mg/dl. Ultrasonography showed normal-sized kidneys with a cyst in the right. Losartan was started. On renal biopsy, 8 out of 24 glomeruli were globally sclerosed, and three showed segmental sclerosis and/or hyalinosis with no immune deposits. Mild tubular dilatation, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were observed. On electron microscopy, glomeruli showed focal foot process effacement with no electron dense deposits. Since losartan did not exert an obvious effect, treatment with prednisolone was tried. Urine protein decreased from 6.6 to 3.7 g/gCr. Prednisolone was discontinued after 10 days, however, because she developed duodenal ulcer perforation that necessitated omentoplasty. Subsequently, she was treated with losartan only. Her renal function deteriorated and peritoneal dialysis was initiated 8 months later. FSGS in this patient could be primary glomerular associated with CC2D2A mutation, rather than the consequences of tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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Ciliary Signalling and Mechanotransduction in the Pathophysiology of Craniosynostosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071073. [PMID: 34356089 PMCID: PMC8306115 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS) is the second most prevalent inborn craniofacial malformation; it results from the premature fusion of cranial sutures and leads to dimorphisms of variable severity. CS is clinically heterogeneous, as it can be either a sporadic isolated defect, more frequently, or part of a syndromic phenotype with mendelian inheritance. The genetic basis of CS is also extremely heterogeneous, with nearly a hundred genes associated so far, mostly mutated in syndromic forms. Several genes can be categorised within partially overlapping pathways, including those causing defects of the primary cilium. The primary cilium is a cellular antenna serving as a signalling hub implicated in mechanotransduction, housing key molecular signals expressed on the ciliary membrane and in the cilioplasm. This mechanical property mediated by the primary cilium may also represent a cue to understand the pathophysiology of non-syndromic CS. In this review, we aimed to highlight the implication of the primary cilium components and active signalling in CS pathophysiology, dissecting their biological functions in craniofacial development and in suture biomechanics. Through an in-depth revision of the literature and computational annotation of disease-associated genes we categorised 18 ciliary genes involved in CS aetiology. Interestingly, a prevalent implication of midline sutures is observed in CS ciliopathies, possibly explained by the specific neural crest origin of the frontal bone.
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Broadening INPP5E phenotypic spectrum: detection of rare variants in syndromic and non-syndromic IRD. NPJ Genom Med 2021; 6:53. [PMID: 34188062 PMCID: PMC8242099 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in INPP5E cause Joubert syndrome (JBTS), a ciliopathy with retinal involvement. However, despite sporadic cases in large cohort sequencing studies, a clear association with non-syndromic inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) has not been made. We validate this association by reporting 16 non-syndromic IRD patients from ten families with bi-allelic mutations in INPP5E. Additional two patients showed early onset IRD with limited JBTS features. Detailed phenotypic description for all probands is presented. We report 14 rare INPP5E variants, 12 of which have not been reported in previous studies. We present tertiary protein modeling and analyze all INPP5E variants for deleteriousness and phenotypic correlation. We observe that the combined impact of INPP5E variants in JBTS and non-syndromic IRD patients does not reveal a clear genotype-phenotype correlation, suggesting the involvement of genetic modifiers. Our study cements the wide phenotypic spectrum of INPP5E disease, adding proof that sequence defects in this gene can lead to early-onset non-syndromic IRD.
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Duong Phu M, Bross S, Burkhalter MD, Philipp M. Limitations and opportunities in the pharmacotherapy of ciliopathies. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107841. [PMID: 33771583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a family of rather diverse conditions, which have been grouped based on the finding of altered or dysfunctional cilia, potentially motile, small cellular antennae extending from the surface of postmitotic cells. Cilia-related disorders include embryonically arising conditions such as Joubert, Usher or Kartagener syndrome, but also afflictions with a postnatal or even adult onset phenotype, i.e. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The majority of ciliopathies are syndromic rather than affecting only a single organ due to cilia being found on almost any cell in the human body. Overall ciliopathies are considered rare diseases. Despite that, pharmacological research and the strive to help these patients has led to enormous therapeutic advances in the last decade. In this review we discuss new treatment options for certain ciliopathies, give an outlook on promising future therapeutic strategies, but also highlight the limitations in the development of therapeutic approaches of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Duong Phu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bross
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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