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Danso F, Iddrisu L, Lungu SE, Zhou G, Ju X. Effects of Heat Stress on Goat Production and Mitigating Strategies: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1793. [PMID: 38929412 PMCID: PMC11200645 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Goats, versatile creatures selectively bred for various purposes, have become pivotal in shaping the socioeconomic landscape, particularly in rural and economically challenged areas. Their remarkable ability to withstand and adapt to extreme heat has proven invaluable, allowing them to flourish and reproduce in even the harshest climates on Earth. Goat farming has emerged as a reliable and sustainable solution for securing food resources. However, despite its significance, the goat-producing industry has received less attention than other ruminants. Despite goats' inherent resilience to heat, their productivity and reproductive performance suffer under high ambient temperatures, leading to heat stress. This presents a significant challenge for goat production, necessitating a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to mitigating the adverse effects of heat stress. This review aims to explore the diverse impacts of heat stress on goats and propose effective measures to address the sector's challenges. By understanding and addressing these issues, we can enhance the resilience and sustainability of goat farming, ensuring its continued contribution to food security and socioeconomic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Danso
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (F.D.); (S.E.L.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Lukman Iddrisu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology, Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Shera Elizabeth Lungu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (F.D.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Guangxian Zhou
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (F.D.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Xianghong Ju
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (F.D.); (S.E.L.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Mushunje LH, Marandure T, Chikwanha OC, Bennett J, Hawkins HJ, Palmer AR, Wu L, M C M, Mapiye C. Supplementation of Acacia dealbata versus Acacia mearnsii leaf-meal has potential to maintain growth performance of lambs grazing low-quality communal rangelands in South Africa. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:152. [PMID: 38722369 PMCID: PMC11082017 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Supplementing livestock grazing communal rangelands with leaf-meals from Acacia trees, which are currently considered as problematic invasive alien plants globally, may be a sustainable way of exploiting their desirable nutritional and anthelmintic properties. The current study evaluated worm burdens and growth performance of lambs grazing low-quality communal rangelands supplemented with leaf-meals prepared from the invasive alien plant species; Acacia mearnsii or A. dealbata. Forty, three-month-old ewe lambs weighing an average of 18.9 ± 0.60 kg were randomly allocated to four supplementary diets: (1) rangeland hay only (control), (2) commercial protein supplement plus rangeland hay, (3) A. mearnsii leaf-meal plus rangeland hay and (4) A. dealbata leaf-meal plus rangeland hay. All the supplementary diets were formulated to meet the lambs' minimum maintenance requirements for protein. All the lambs were grazed on communal rangelands daily from 0800 to 1400 after which they were penned to allow them access to their respective supplementary diets until 08:00 the following morning. The respective supplementary diets were offered at the rate of 400 g ewe- 1 day- 1 for 60 days. Lambs fed the commercial protein supplement had the highest dry matter intake followed by those fed the Acacia leaf-meals and the control diet, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Relative to the other supplementary diets, lambs fed the commercial protein supplement and A. dealbata leaf-meal had higher (P ≤ 0.05) final body weight and average daily gains. Dietary supplementation did not affect lamb faecal worm egg counts over the study period (P > 0.05). There was no association between supplementary diets and lamb FAMACHA© scores (P > 0.05). It was concluded that supplementation of Acacia dealbata versus Acacia mearnsii has the potential to emulate commercial protein in maintaining growth performance of lambs grazing communal rangelands in the dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Mushunje
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - T Marandure
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton Gardens, Coventry, CV8 3LG, UK
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - O C Chikwanha
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - J Bennett
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton Gardens, Coventry, CV8 3LG, UK
| | - H J Hawkins
- Conservation South Africa, Forrest House, Belmont Park, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X1, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - A R Palmer
- Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - L Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Marufu M C
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - C Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Kazemi M, Mokhtarpour A, Saleh H. Toward making a high-quality silage from common reed (Phragmites australis). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:338-345. [PMID: 37882147 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the addition of molasses (5 and 10% of dry matter: DM basis; M5 and M10 respectively) with or without urea (2%; U2, U2 + M5 and U2 + M10) on chemical and mineral composition, silage quality, microbial populations, buffering capacity and fermentation/digestion characteristics of common reed (Phragmites australis) ensiled under anaerobic conditions were investigated. The additives changed the silage quality of common reed compared with the control. Crude protein content was significantly (p < 0.0001) increased in urea-containing silages, whereas ash-free neutral detergent fibre concentration decreased in M10 compared with the control (p = 0.05). Treatment with 2% urea (U2) resulted in the reduction of most measured minerals with a severe decrease in iron concentration. The amount of gas produced after 96 h of incubation was, respectively, higher for U2, M10, U2M10, U2M5 and M5 compared with the control (p < 0.0001). Although the greatest in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro organic matter digestibility (96 h) were observed in U2 (p < 0.0001), no significant differences were found between U2 and M10. Supplementation with 10% molasses (M10) significantly increased lactic acid concentration, aerobic stability and total bacteria compared with other treatments (p < 0.0001). Moreover, DM loss (p = 0.0004), total yeast and mould (p < 0.0001) were significantly decreased as a result of 10% molasses treatment. Overall, it can be suggested that treating silage with 10% molasses (M10) has the potential to efficiently improve the nutritive value of common reed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Kazemi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Torbat-e Jam, Torbat-e Jam, Iran
| | - Amir Mokhtarpour
- Special Domestic Animals Institute, Research Institute of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Hassan Saleh
- Department of Animal Science, Higher Education Complex of Saravan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Saravan, Iran
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da Silva JGM, da Silva AP, Lima GFDC, Rangel AHDN, da Silva GJAM, Santos LHDM, de Medeiros MR, Saraiva JPB, de Macedo MF, de Araújo TLAC, de Lima Júnior DM. Cactus species and tree forage hay in the diet of dairy goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:83. [PMID: 38376706 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the association of Opuntia stricta (OS) or Nopalea cochenillifera (NC) with Moringa hay (MY) or Leucaena hay (LY) on nutrient intake, ingestive behavior, serum biochemistry, and milk production and composition of dairy goat. Eight multiparous Saanen goats were used, with an average of 68 ± 8 days in milk and 48.5 ± 6 kg of initial weight, fed with the following treatment diets: OS + MY; OS + LY; NC + MY, and NC + LY. The treatments were distributed in a double Latin square, in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme (two varieties of cactus and two of hay). Goats fed with NC had higher (P < 0.05) intakes of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and non-fibrous carbohydrates. There was no influence (P > 0.05) on milk production, but goats fed with OS produced milk with higher (P < 0.05) fat content and presented higher (P < 0.05) feed efficiency. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of the hay type on the nutrient intake and milk production and composition of goats, but the animals fed with MY had higher (P < 0.05) serum cholesterol levels and greater efficiency of NDF rumination. Goats fed with OS showed greater feeding and rumination efficiency. Our results indicated that both cactus species could be successfully included in the diet of low yielding dairy goats fed 18.4% concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Geraldo Medeiros da Silva
- Department of Animal Production, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte, Eliza Branco Pereira dos Santos Street, Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Andresa Pereira da Silva
- Academic Unit in Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenue 160, Km 03, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ferreira da Costa Lima
- Department of Animal Production, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte, Eliza Branco Pereira dos Santos Street, Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo José Azevedo Medeiros da Silva
- Department of Animal Production, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte, Eliza Branco Pereira dos Santos Street, Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Henrique de Medeiros Santos
- Department of Animal Production, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte, Eliza Branco Pereira dos Santos Street, Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Márcio Raimundo de Medeiros
- Department of Animal Production, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte, Eliza Branco Pereira dos Santos Street, Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Bezerra Saraiva
- Academic Unit in Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenue 160, Km 03, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Michelly Fernandes de Macedo
- Academic Unit in Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenue 160, Km 03, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Thiago Luís Alves Campos de Araújo
- Academic Unit in Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenue 160, Km 03, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Dorgival Morais de Lima Júnior
- Academic Unit in Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenue 160, Km 03, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Torres-Cavazos Z, Rico-Costilla DS, Moreno-Degollado G, Hernández-Martínez SP, Mendez-Zamora G, Ramos-Zayas Y, Kawas JR. Nitrogen Utilization in Goats Consuming Buffelgrass Hay and Molasses-Based Blocks with Incremental Urea Levels. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3370. [PMID: 37958125 PMCID: PMC10648023 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of goats for meat production faces challenges from environmental and nutritional factors. Urea is an affordable non-protein nitrogen source commonly utilized in ruminant nutrition. The objective of this study was to investigate nitrogen utilization in goats fed low-quality hay supplemented with molasses blocks containing urea. Twenty Anglo-Nubian doelings were individually housed in metabolic cages and provided with chopped Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) hay ad libitum. Goats were randomly assigned to four urea levels (0, 2, 4, and 6%; n = 5 per treatment) in molasses blocks for a duration of 30 days. A negative nitrogen balance (-2.458 g/day) was observed in doelings consuming blocks without urea, compared with a positive balance (0.895 g/d) for those consuming the 6% urea blocks. Block nitrogen intake significantly increased with urea level, but urea supplementation did not affect dry matter (DM) or neutral detergent fiber (NDFom) intake or digestibility. A minimum crude protein (CP) requirement of 8% for maintenance in doelings consuming low-quality forage with a urea-based supplement was determined through regression analysis between CP intake (% of DM) and N balance (r2 = 0.479; p < 0.002). The value of 8% of CP obtained in this study is similar to several previous studies reported in the literature, but in this case, the increments in CP came exclusively from urea. In this study, increasing the urea content of molasses blocks up to 6% significantly increased nitrogen intake, retention, and balance in goats. These results contribute to a better understanding of nitrogen utilization in goats fed low-quality hay with urea supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Torres-Cavazos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Francisco Villa S/N, Colonia Ex-hacienda El Canadá, Escobedo 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico; (Z.T.-C.); (D.S.R.-C.); (G.M.-D.); (Y.R.-Z.)
| | - Daniela S. Rico-Costilla
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Francisco Villa S/N, Colonia Ex-hacienda El Canadá, Escobedo 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico; (Z.T.-C.); (D.S.R.-C.); (G.M.-D.); (Y.R.-Z.)
| | - Gustavo Moreno-Degollado
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Francisco Villa S/N, Colonia Ex-hacienda El Canadá, Escobedo 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico; (Z.T.-C.); (D.S.R.-C.); (G.M.-D.); (Y.R.-Z.)
| | - Sara P. Hernández-Martínez
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Francisco Villa S/N, Colonia Ex-hacienda El Canadá, Escobedo 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico; (S.P.H.-M.); (G.M.-Z.)
- MNA de México, Avenida Acapulco 770, Colonia La Fe, San Nicolás de los Garza 66477, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Mendez-Zamora
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Francisco Villa S/N, Colonia Ex-hacienda El Canadá, Escobedo 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico; (S.P.H.-M.); (G.M.-Z.)
| | - Yareellys Ramos-Zayas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Francisco Villa S/N, Colonia Ex-hacienda El Canadá, Escobedo 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico; (Z.T.-C.); (D.S.R.-C.); (G.M.-D.); (Y.R.-Z.)
- MNA de México, Avenida Acapulco 770, Colonia La Fe, San Nicolás de los Garza 66477, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jorge R. Kawas
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Francisco Villa S/N, Colonia Ex-hacienda El Canadá, Escobedo 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico; (S.P.H.-M.); (G.M.-Z.)
- MNA de México, Avenida Acapulco 770, Colonia La Fe, San Nicolás de los Garza 66477, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Matovu J, Alçiçek A. Feed resources used for small ruminant nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: a case study of Uganda. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:377. [PMID: 37878030 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Small ruminants are of great importance to the livelihoods of many people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since they act as a source of meat, income, hides and skins and for cultural identity. Despite their great importance, especially to rural smallholder farmers, their production in Africa is hindered by poor nutrition. The first stage of establishing development strategies to increase feed quality and quantity is to conduct a comprehensive inventory of the feed resources that are currently available, especially in SSA. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the availability and nature of the common feed resources that are used in the feeding of small ruminants in Uganda. This study involved a comprehensive review of various scientific, technical and economic literature that has been published up to date. Our results show that the available feed resources in Uganda can be grouped mainly into:- crop wastes and residues, agro-industrial by-products, conserved feeds, natural pastures and browse. The main feed resources for small ruminants in Uganda have been identified as natural pastures, which are generally characterised by a low nutritive value. However, browses are seen to have a high crude protein content and could be used as a supplement to grass forages and crop residues. It has been noted that farmers lack knowledge related to feed processing and management, in addition to a lack of policy governing feed quality. Therefore, there is a need to train farmers on how to process and utilise crop residues, in addition to proper feed management practices like pasture cultivation and conservation. It is also necessary to introduce widely new pasture species with better nutritional values that are suitable for the local production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Matovu
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Universidade de-Trás-Os-Montes E, Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Department of Zootechnics, Universidade de-Trás-Os-Montes E Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ahmet Alçiçek
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Alkhtib A, Muna M, Darag M, Alkhalid I, Al‐asa'ad Z, Mfeshi H, Zayod R, Burton E. Spineless cactus cladode is a viable replacement to barley and maize grains in the feed rations of dromedary camel calves. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2368-2375. [PMID: 37491017 PMCID: PMC10508542 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies determined the use of spineless cactus cladodes in camel diets. OBJECTIVES The effect of replacing the main energy source in camel diets with fresh spineless cactus cladodes on growth performance was determined. Furthermore, the ability of morphology to predict cladodes yield was determined. METHODS A prediction model of spineless cactus cladode weight based on cladode volume was developed. Three cladodes per plants were randomly selected from 100 plants. Weight and volume were then recorded for each cladode. Sixteen male camel calves (196 ± 18.2 kg live weight and 430 ± 5.55 days of age) were allotted to treatments, control (conventional camel fattening diet based on cotton seed hulls, cereal grains and agro-industrial by-products) or cactus (barley and maize grains in the control diet were replaced totally by fresh cactus cladode on dry matter basis). The study contained a 100-days growth trial and a 21-day digestibility trial (15 days of adaptation and 7 days of faeces collection). Blood samples were collected monthly from each animal. RESULTS Cactus cladode volume predicted the dry weight with a high accuracy (prediction error = 3.5%). Nutrient intake and nutrient digestibility did not significantly differ among the dietary treatments (p > 0.05). The treatment significantly decreased feed conversion ratio by 1.52 points (p < 0.05). All blood parameters were within the normal range of dromedary camels. CONCLUSIONS Spineless cactus cladode is a potential replacement to the conventional energy sources in dromedary camel diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Alkhtib
- Nottingham Trent University, School of AnimalRural and Environmental Sciences, Brackenhurst CampusSouthwellNottinghamshireUK
| | - Muhannad Muna
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Mohammad Darag
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Iyad Alkhalid
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Ziad Al‐asa'ad
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Hanaa Mfeshi
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Roba Zayod
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Emily Burton
- Nottingham Trent University, School of AnimalRural and Environmental Sciences, Brackenhurst CampusSouthwellNottinghamshireUK
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Washaya S, Ngorio U, Mudzengi CP. Effects of the breeding season, birth type and sex on growth and reproductive performances of sheep breeds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:188. [PMID: 37133612 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed at determining the effects of breed type, breeding season, sex and type of birth on the growth and reproductive traits of lambs. Two ewe breed types (Gellaper and Swakara) and four ram breed types (Damara, Dorper, GeDo and Swakara) were used. Two lambing seasons, spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November), were considered. Gellaper-based lambs born in autumn had higher (P < 0.05) mean birth weight (4.58 kg) compared to spring-born lambs (3.43 kg). Ram lambs were heavier (P < 0.05) than ewe lambs at weaning and post-weaning age. Singletons were heavier than twins (P < 0.05) at birth, weaning and breeding. Single and autumn-born lambs had a higher average daily gain (ADG) than spring-born lambs (P < 0.05). Ram lambs had a higher pre-weaning and overall ADG (P < 0.05) compared with ewe lambs. Swakara-based lambs gained more from weaning to mating compared to Gellaper-based lambs (P < 0.05). The conception, lambing and annual reproductive rate were all influenced by breed type and season (P < 0.05). Swakara-based lambs had higher reproductive capabilities, while Gellaper-based lambs grew faster but take longer to breed type; autumn lambing gave rise to low birth weights but heavier lambs at weaning and post-weaning, hence suitable for mutton production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soul Washaya
- Department of Livestock, Wildlife and Fisheries Great Zimbabwe University, P Bag, 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe.
| | - Uaipo Ngorio
- Kalahari Research Station RFWG+WPR, Omaseb, Namibia
| | - Clarice Princes Mudzengi
- Department of Livestock, Wildlife and Fisheries Great Zimbabwe University, P Bag, 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
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Effects of substituting sericea lespedeza for lucerne on nutrient digestibility and utilization in feedlot lambs. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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10
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Feeding strategy during growing phase on the performance and carcass traits in beef bulls finished on the pasture. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:302. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Shubeena S, Hai A, Hamdani SA, Akand AH, Amin I, Mahboob S, Nissa SSU, Rashid SM. Sustainability of the grazing and feeding resources for sheep during the non-migratory period in Jammu and Kashmir. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:292. [PMID: 36094539 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the sustainability of the grazing and feeding resources of the sheep in Kashmir, India. The study was conducted in the Ganderbal District of Kashmir to evaluate sustainability, along with the scenario of grazing pattern and feeding system of the sheep during the non-migratory period. The district was divided into three production zones based on altitude, i.e., zone I (high altitude), zone II (medium altitude), and zone III (low altitude). A total of 360 sheep farmers were interviewed from the three zones that consist of 9 blocks, with 40 sheep farmers interviewed from each block. Majority of the sheep farmers (75.00%) follow a semi-migratory type of production system, use forest, and low-mountain areas for grazing purposes (48.88%) and were having medium to high availability of grazing lands. The main feeding source available to majority of the sheep farmers (60.00%) was found to be crop residues and fodder grasses, with local markets (60.00%) and fellow farmers (71.11%) being the main source of procuring concentrates and fodders. Hybrid entropy and TOPSIS method were used for the evaluation of sustainability of grazing and feeding system in the area. The most influencing factors for sustainability of grazing pattern and feeding source were found to be production system followed and the major feed sources available respectively. Most of the variables included in the grazing system were ideally best in zone I and of feeding system were found to be ideally best in zone III. There is a need for improvement in the parameters of the grazing pattern in zone III, i.e., in low-altitude areas or planes where grazing lands are shrinking at an alarming rate. The parameters under the feeding system need due consideration in zone I, i.e., in the high altitudes where the socio-economic situation of the people is comparatively poor than the other two zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Shubeena
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Kashmir, India, 190006
| | - Abdul Hai
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Kashmir, India, 190006
| | - S A Hamdani
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Kashmir, India, 190006
| | - A H Akand
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Kashmir, India, 190006
| | - Insha Amin
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (SKUAST-K), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar Kashmir, India, 190006
| | - Subata Mahboob
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Kashmir,, India, 190006
| | - Shiasta Seedat-Un Nissa
- Department of Poultry Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Kashmir, India, 190006
| | - Shahzada Mudasir Rashid
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (SKUAST-K), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar Kashmir, India, 190006.
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Kraiprom T, Jantarat S, Yaemkong S, Cherdthong A, Incharoen T. Feeding Thai Native Sheep Molasses Either Alone or in Combination with Urea-Fermented Sugarcane Bagasse: The Effects on Nutrient Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Hematological Parameters. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080415. [PMID: 36006330 PMCID: PMC9412698 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to find out how adding molasses to fermented sugarcane bagasse (FSB) alone or in combination with urea affected sheep’s rumen fermentation, hematological parameters, and ability to digest nutrients. Four Thai native sheep with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.87 ± 1.95 kg and 11 ± 1.0 months old were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 periods of 14-d adaptation and 7 d of sample collection. Each treatment received a different combination of experimental roughage as follows: FSB without additives (T1), FSB + 10% molasses (T2), FSB + 20% molasses (T3), and FSB + 10% molasses + 3% urea (T4). The concentrate diet was fed twice daily at 2% BW, while roughage sources were provided ad libitum for each treatment. The crude protein (CP) digestibility in the T2 and T3 groups was higher (p < 0.05) than in the FSB group without additions, with the T4 group having the highest (p < 0.05). Although there were no significant differences in blood glucose, packed cell volume, ruminal pH, ammonia−nitrogen (NH3-N), propionic acid, or acetic acid, the plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) at 0 h was highest in the T4 group (p < 0.05) compared with the other groups. However, the proportion of butyric acid tended to be higher in all FSB groups with additives. Thus, the current experiment concluded that the addition of molasses alone or in combination with urea had positive effects on pH and LAB population, and including both together in FSB improved the CP digestibility of sheep. In conclusion, FSB with 10% molasses and 3% urea might be used as an alternate roughage source for ruminants without affecting the animal’s ruminal fermentation or hematological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaintip Kraiprom
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Pattani Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand
| | - Sitthisak Jantarat
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Pattani Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand
| | - Suphawadee Yaemkong
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Increase Production Efficiency and Meat Quality of Native Beef and Buffalo Research Group, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tossaporn Incharoen
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Ocak Yetisgin S, Önder H, Şen U, Piwczyński D, Kolenda M, Sitkowska B, Yucel C. Farmers’ Risk Perception on Climate Change: Transhumance vs. Semi-Intensive Sheep Production Systems in Türkiye. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151992. [PMID: 35953981 PMCID: PMC9367526 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Adaptation strategies developed by sheep breeders against climate change are essential for sustainable production. This study was designed to determine the effects of climate change on perception, the risks of sheep farmers and the actions taken to mitigate these impacts. Nearly all farmers in both production systems agreed on the increased use of drugs and chemicals in their farming activities due to the increase in unknown and known disease outbreaks. The current study showed that transhumance farmers focused mainly on selling livestock as an adaptive strategy. In contrast, semi-intensive farmers concentrated on modifying their farm management and feed operations. Our findings show that semi-intensive farmers do not take deliberated and consistent action against climate change but adapt spontaneously. Abstract Sheep farmers’ perceptions of climate change and its impacts and the adaptation strategies they consider to address these risks are of great importance in ensuring the resilience of farming practice. This study focused on sheep farmers’ perception of climate change and the risks and actions taken to mitigate these impacts. A total of 68 surveys were carried out among sheep farmers (39 transhumance and 29 semi-intensive farmers) by two different representative production systems in Türkiye. Variables regarding the socio-economic profile, climate change impacts, and adaptation strategies were identified and analyzed. Principal component analysis and a Pearson Chi-square test were used to evaluate the data. Both farmers’ groups accepted and perceived climate change, showing good awareness and perception. The farmers’ attitudes towards adaptation to climate change were associated with production systems. Transhumance farmers had limited adaptation and coping strategies compared to semi-intensive farmers. Transhumance farmers focused mainly on selling livestock (mostly to cope with degraded natural grassland/feed deficiency) as an adaptive strategy. In contrast, semi-intensive farmers focused on modifying their farm management and feed operations, such as changing the feed ratio and supplement use, improving water and feed storage, and considering crop feed production. The knowledge obtained from this study could be helpful for farmers and policymakers who develop long-term small ruminant production strategies that consider the effects of climate change and adapt them to different farming systems in the Türkiye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Ocak Yetisgin
- Department of Animal Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Türkiye
| | - Hasan Önder
- Department of Animal Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Türkiye
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-(555)-303-2437
| | - Uğur Şen
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Türkiye
| | - Dariusz Piwczyński
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetic, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kolenda
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetic, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Beata Sitkowska
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetic, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ceyhun Yucel
- Organic Agriculture Program, Graduate Education Institute, Taşlıçiftlik Campus, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat 60000, Türkiye
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14
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Malatji DP. Breeding of African sheep reared under low-input/output smallholder production systems for trypanotolerance. Vet World 2022; 15:1031-1043. [PMID: 35698514 PMCID: PMC9178589 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1031-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by unicellular protozoan parasites. Small ruminants succumb to trypanosomiasis in areas of high tsetse fly challenge, resulting in serious economic loss often to farmers in low-input smallholder systems. At present, trypanosomiasis is treated with trypanocidal drugs, but access to these can be limited, and increasing parasite resistance raises questions about their efficacy. The development of trypanotolerance in small ruminant flocks through targeted breeding strategies is considered a sustainable and economical option for controlling African trypanosomiasis. Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with trypanotolerance traits in sheep have been reported. The results of these studies form the basis for more studies to identify QTLs associated with trypanosomiasis resistance, particularly in African livestock species. For example, signatures of positive selection for trypanotolerance have been identified using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism data. However, there are several challenges in performing genetic analyses using data from low-input smallholder systems, including a lack of recorded pedigree and production records and the need for large sample sizes when flock sizes are often fewer than 50 animals. Breeding strategies to improve trypanotolerance should also preserve existing genetic diversity as well as minimize excessive genetic introgression by trypanosusceptible breeds. This review discusses the possibilities of breeding for trypanosome tolerance/resistance in low-input/low-output small ruminant production systems. Potential challenges are outlined, and potential available genetic resources are described as a foundation for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikeledi P. Malatji
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa
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15
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YS N, YT B, OS O, N M. “Smallholder sheep farmers’ perception of production constraints and competitiveness strategies in South Africa”. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Significance of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) as a feed resource towards small-ruminant animal production in Southern Africa: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:106. [PMID: 35178601 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sesamum indicum (sesame) is a small seed legume, which is of nutritional and medicinal value to livestock. Sesame is a legume with positive attributes that include drought tolerance (owing to its extensive rooting system), low input demand for growth, and reduction of soil nematodes (in crop rotation systems). Attention in research has been shifted towards usage of sesame as human food to exploitation as livestock feed because of its high levels in crude protein (CP), minerals, amino acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, it is underutilized as a livestock feed resource in Southern Africa. In recent years, there has been increasing interest to cultivate the crop in Southern African countries through non-governmental organizations (NGOs) initiatives. The focus of such initiatives has been mainly production without value addition of the seed. At present in Southern Africa, widespread adoption of feeding strategies based on sesame has been restricted mainly due to lack of knowledge on production, marketing and value addition, availability of the seed, and technology adoption. Technology adoption is often limited specifically when oil extraction is considered, where by-products such as the meal are useful in animal production. This paper reviews the potential use of sesame to improve growth rates, feed intake, carcass qualities, meat quality, milk quality, milk yield, and blood metabolite levels of small ruminants. Production potential, economic feasibility, and strategies of using sesame in small-ruminant feeding programs are also outlined.
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Typology and characteristics of indigenous goats and production systems in different agro-ecological zones of Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:70. [PMID: 35044535 PMCID: PMC8770372 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tanzania has a goat population of about 24.8 million most of which belong to the Small East African breed distributed in almost all agro-ecological zones. The different goat populations and the production system in which they are raised are not well characterized depriving animal breeders useful information in designing and running improvement and conservation programs. Therefore, the study was conducted in all agro-ecological zones in Tanzania to characterize the indigenous goats and the production system in which they are raised. Data on animals were collected from 688 randomly selected adult female goats and for production system description; 220 households were interviewed. Analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were used on quantitative data, while frequency analysis was used on qualitative data. Income generation and meat production were the primary goat rearing objectives. More than 55% of respondents grazed their animals freely in communal lands where natural pasture was the chief feed resource. Mating was mainly uncontrolled with apron and castration being used by goat keepers as mating control methods. Common diseases were contagious caprine pleural pneumonia and helminthiasis. Feed shortage, prevalence of diseases, and water scarcity were the major goat production constraints. There were morphological variations between and within these goat populations, and based on quantitative data, the goats were categorized into two groups. High twinning was observed in Ujiji and Lindi goats and low for Sukuma. The dominant coat color was plain white in Pare, Gogo, Maasai, and Tanga. Other coat color patterns were mixed black and white for Sukuma, reddish-brown for Lindi, black and reddish-brown for Ujiji, and white and reddish-brown for Pwani and Maasai. High within population variation is observed which is important as it can be used as a basis for genetic improvement through selection.
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18
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Teixeira ABM, Schuh BRF, Daley VL, Fernandes SR, Freitas JA. Effect of refeeding on growth performance, blood metabolites and physiological parameters of Dorper×Santa Ines lambs previously subjected to feed restriction. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Hernandez A, Galina CS, Geffroy M, Jung J, Westin R, Berg C. Cattle welfare aspects of production systems in the tropics. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Lima ASD, Silva JFDS, Souza MTDC, Vieira MSB, Praxedes RF, Ribeiro JDS, Cardoso DB, Rangel AHDN, Carvalho FFRD, Lima Júnior DMD. Carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs fed with cassava foliage hay and spineless cactus. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13519. [PMID: 33554410 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the total or partial replacement of Tifton 85 hay (TH) by cassava foliage hay (CH) and/or spineless cactus (SC) on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of confined lambs. Thirty-five Dorper x Santa Inês crossbred lambs were used, with an initial average weight of 16.0 ± 1.9 kg, fed with five treatment diets: 70% TH, 70% CH, 35% TH + 35% CH, 35% TH + 35% SC, and 35% CH + 35% SC. After 90 days of confinement, the animals were slaughtered and the carcass and meat data were compared using the Tukey test at 5%. The partial replacement of TH by SC increased the cold carcass weight by 3.9 kg (p < .05). The proportion of fat (%) increased (p < .05) when TH was replaced by CH + SC. The intensity of red (a*) was lower (p < .05) in the meat of animals fed with CH or CH + SC. It is recommended to partially replace TH with SC, or to replace totally with CH in association with SC.
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21
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Effect of nutritional stress on physiological parameters and seminal attributes of native-crossbred ram in semi-arid tropics. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:274. [PMID: 33880659 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A prolific three-breed (Malpura, Patanwadi, and Garole) cross Avishaan sheep has been developed in the semi-arid zone to improve farmer's income. Nutritional scarcity is a major limitation in animal husbandry during the dearth period of semi-arid tropics. Therefore, before the inaugural launch of the breed into the field, a study was designed to evaluate the effect of nutritional stress on physiological parameters and seminal attributes of native-crossbred rams in semi-arid tropics. Thus, 16 native adapted (Malpura) and 16 native-crossbred rams were equally distributed into four groups, namely, native control (G1), native nutritional stress (G2), native-crossbred control (G3), and native-crossbred nutritional stress (G4). Both the control groups (G1 and G3) were kept on their maintenance requirement as per their body weight, whereas the nutritional stress groups (G2 and G4) were provided 30% less than their maintenance requirement. The body weight of G4 decline (P<0.05) as compared to their initial weight. The plasma glucose level of G2 and G4 reduced (P<0.05) in comparison with G1 and G3, respectively. The total motile sperm percentage, rapid motile sperm percentage, and sperm viability decrease significantly (P<0.05) within the acceptable limit in native-crossbred rams (G4) under nutritional scarcity. However, the similar blood biochemical along with acceptable seminal attributes of all the rams reflected that native-crossbred rams can cope with the nutritional scarcity in semi-arid tropics and have the potential to contribute to the sustainable small ruminant production system for livelihood security in this region.
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22
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Rosales-Nieto CA, Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Santiago-Hernandez F, Cuevas-Reyes V, Flores-Najera MJ, Vázquez-García JM, Urrutia-Morales J, Ghaffari MH, Meza-Herrera CA, González-Bulnes A, Martin GB. Periconceptional nutrition with spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) improves metabolomic profiles and pregnancy outcomes in sheep. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7214. [PMID: 33785817 PMCID: PMC8010085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested whether periconceptional nutrition with cladodes from the cactus, Opuntia ficus-indica, with or without protein-enrichment, improved the metabolomic profile and reproductive outcomes of adult female sheep. Sixty Rambouillet ewes of similar body weight were randomly allocated among three nutritional treatments that were fed during the breeding period (34 days): Control (Control; n = 20), Opuntia (Opuntia; n = 20) and protein-enriched Opuntia (E-Opuntia; n = 20). There were no effects of treatment on body weight but assessment of urine samples indicated that, for 76 metabolites, the Control and Opuntia groups differed completely (P < 0.05), whereas there was overlap between the Control and E-Opuntia groups. It appears that, in Opuntia-fed and Control-fed sheep, different functional groups are activated leading to changes in the metabolism of glucose, tyrosine, methane, and glycerolipids. Fertility and reproductive rate tended to be higher in the Opuntia (70% and 95%) and E-Opuntia (90% and 110%) groups than in the Control (55% and 65%), and an orthogonal contrast revealed the difference between Control and Opuntia to be significant for both reproductive variables (P < 0.05). We conclude that nutritional supplementation with Opuntia cladodes, with or without protein enrichment, increased fertility rate and reproductive rate of female sheep, without any accompanying increases in body weight. Our observations suggest that the reproductive responses to Opuntia do not simply reflect a response to good nutrition, but might be caused by specific metabolites/metabolomic pathways, perhaps by an activation of the metabolism of glucose, methane, tyrosine and glycerolipids. There are few reports relating these metabolomic compounds with the metabolism of the sheep, let alone with reproductive efficiency. The novelty of these discoveries suggests that we need further research into the mechanisms through which nutrition affects the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A Rosales-Nieto
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78321, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Maribel Rodríguez-Aguilar
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Departamento de Farmacología, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Quintana Roo, 77039, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Francisco Santiago-Hernandez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental San Luis, 78431, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Venancio Cuevas-Reyes
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Valle de México, 56250, Texcoco, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel J Flores-Najera
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental la Laguna, 27440, Matamoros, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Juan M Vázquez-García
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78321, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Jorge Urrutia-Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental San Luis, 78431, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - César A Meza-Herrera
- Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Áridas, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, 35230, Bermejillo, Mexico
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115-Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Graeme B Martin
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Spineless cactus use management on microbiological quality, performance, and nutritional disorders in sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:168. [PMID: 33594501 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The physically effective neutral detergent fiber content alone has not been able to explain the appearance of diarrhea in ruminants fed diets with large volumes of spineless cactus, so the proliferation of enterobacteria in spineless cactus may be associated with cases of diarrhea in sheep. In the in vitro test, used two varieties of spineless cactus, both of which were chopped to particles of 4 and 2 cm2. For the in vivo test, 15 lambs were allocated to three treatment groups, namely, spineless cactus crushed and immediately supplied to the animals; spineless cactus crushed 8 h before supply; and silage of spineless cactus. The variables evaluated were dry matter intake, weight gain, fecal score, hemogram, and fecal colony count. In the in vitro test, higher Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria counts were found both at 12 h and 24 h when the spineless cactus was crushed to 2 cm2 in both varieties. The sheep fed the spineless cactus crushed 8 h prior to supply showed the highest Enterobacteriaceae count in the feces (8.48 CFU/g), compared to animals fed silage of spineless cactus (4.95 CFU/g). It can thus be concluded that the management of spineless cactus influences the development of total and fecal coliforms, especially when it is chopped to 2 cm2 and exposed to the environment for periods longer than 7 h, and that the bacterial population can be controlled by administering the spineless cactus in the form of silage.
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Alemayehu G, Mamo G, Alemu B, Desta H, Tadesse B, Benti T, Bahiru A, Yimana M, Wieland B. Causes and Flock Level Risk Factors of Sheep and Goat Abortion in Three Agroecology Zones in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:615310. [PMID: 33585619 PMCID: PMC7878554 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.615310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was conducted to estimate the incidence of small ruminant abortion and identify its major causes and potential risk factors in goat and sheep flocks in three agroecology and production systems of Ethiopia. Information on pregnancy outcomes and management risk factors were collected for 299 goat and 242 sheep flocks. Blood samples were collected from 133 sheep and 90 goat flocks and tested for Coxiella burnetii, Brucella spp., Chlamydia abortus, and Toxoplasma gondii. A causal diagram outlined relationships between potential predictor variables and abortion in the flock. The effect of management and exposure to infectious causes on the number of abortions in the flock across agroecology was tested using zero-inflated negative binomial regression. Results showed that 142 (58.68%) goats and 53 (17.73%) sheep flocks reported abortions in the 12 months before the survey. The mean annual flock abortion percentages were 16.1% (±26.23) for does and 12.6% (±23.5) for ewes. Farmers perceived infectious diseases, extreme weather conditions, feed shortage, physical traumas, and plant poisoning as the most important causes of abortion. A higher proportion of abortion was recorded during the short rainy season (March to May) and start of the short dry and cold season (June to August) in the lowland mixed crop-livestock and pastoral agroecology and production system, respectively. Overall, 65.41% sheep and 92.22% goat flocks tested positive for one or more abortion causing agents, namely, C. burnetti, C. abortus, Brucella spp., and T. gondii; mixed infection was found in 31.58% sheep and 63.33% goat flocks. Spending the night in a traditional house and providing supplementary feed for pregnant dams were important management factors which significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased the risk of abortion by 2.63 and 4.55 times, respectively. However, the presence of other livestock species and dogs in the household and exposure of the flock to Brucella spp. or anyone of the four tested infectious agents significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the risk of abortion in sheep and goat flocks. In general, abortion is a challenge for small ruminant production in the study area especially in lowland agroecology and calls for improvement in husbandry practices, health care and biosecurity practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gezahegn Alemayehu
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Biruk Alemu
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Desta
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Biniam Tadesse
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Teferi Benti
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Bahiru
- Sekota Dryland Agricultural Research Center, Sekota, Ethiopia
| | - Muhabaw Yimana
- Sekota District Livestock and Fish Development Office, Sekota, Ethiopia
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Diversity and nutritional values of leaves of trees and shrubs used as supplements for goats in the sub-humid areas of Benin (West Africa). Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:133. [PMID: 33474596 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify the most promising browse species for sustaining goat production, the nutritional characteristics of leaves of trees and shrubs and their use in farmers' feeding strategies were assessed in sub-humid areas of Benin. Two hundred and forty (240) goat farmers were surveyed and their uses of different leaves of trees and shrubs for supplementing their goats documented in two vegetation zones, namely the Sudano-Guinean and Guineo-Congolese zones. Then, samples of 32 leaves were collected at the end of rainy season in October-November, just before the long dry season and analyzed for their chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, and tannin content. Principal component and cluster analyses were performed to identify homogenous groups of leaves on the basis of their nutritional characteristics. Free grazing on natural perennial grasses with supplementation with leaves of trees and shrubs was the main goat feeding practice during the dry season in both zones. Agro-processing by-products were used as feed supplements mainly in the Guineo-Congolese zone. Most of the leaves of trees and shrubs elicited by the surveyed goat farmers had a crude protein content higher than 15%, sufficient for their use as feed supplements. However, this potential could be limited by their high tannin content. One non-native (Gliricidia sepium) and five native shrub species (Ficus thonningii, Antiaris africana, Phyllanthus discoideus, Morinda lucida, Mallotus oppositifolius) were identified as the most promising for supplementing goats during dry season in both zones. Our study was useful in identifying some underutilized and neglected leaves of trees and shrubs that could be recommended to smallholder goat farmers in agroforestry systems for enhancing animal productivities in small-scale farms.
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Consequences of Increases in Ambient Temperature and Effect of Climate Type on Digestibility of Forages by Ruminants: A Meta-Analysis in Relation to Global Warming. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010172. [PMID: 33450884 PMCID: PMC7828355 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This work assessed how the digestion of feeds by cud-chewing animals (ruminants) is affected by animal and feed factors, ambient temperature (AT), and climatic region. The motive for this study was to simulate how forage quality and digestibility would respond under future climate change scenarios. This work allows for predictions to be made on the possible impacts of AT on the digestibility of feeds (viz. roughages, grains, leaves, stems, fruits, and concentrate formulations) consumed by ruminants. This would help farmers to plan and implement strategies for improving feed quality and to align feeding management to ensure improved growth response of ruminant livestock. Increasing AT reduced digestibility parameters consequent upon higher lignification of plant material. The amount of feed that can be potentially digested in a ruminants’ stomach (potential degradability (PD) were highest for concentrates and mixed diets compared to roughages. Potential degradability was lowest for studies carried out in tropical and arid climates compared to cold and temperate climates. Animals fed on diets classified as browse had similar PD compared to those fed on non-browses. Ensilaged feeds had similar PD compared to non-silages. A 1 °C increase in ambient temperature decreased PD by 0.55%, while the fibre content of feeds was projected to increase by approximately 0.4%. Abstract This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of ruminant feeding type, ambient temperature (AT), and climatic region on the rumen digestibility of feeds. A dataset on nylon bag degradability parameters bearing the chemical composition of roughages, grains, leaves, stems, fruits, concentrates and diets given to animals, climate type, and AT were compiled. Data were analysed using mixed model regression and simple linear regression methodologies. Negative correlations between AT and degradability parameters were observed. Potential degradability (PD) and slowly degradable fraction (‘b’) were higher for concentrates and mixed diets compared to roughages. Intermediate feeders had slower rates of degradation (‘c’) compared to grazers. Potential degradability was highest for studies carried out in cold and temperate climates compared to tropical and arid climates. A 1 °C increase in AT decreased PD by 0.39% (roughages), 0.76% (concentrates), and 2.41% (mixed diets), with an overall decrease of 0.55% for all feed types. The “b” fraction decreased by 0.1% (roughages), 1.1% (concentrates), 2.27% (mixed diets), and 0.35% (all feed types) for every 1 °C increase in AT. Increasing AT by 1 °C increased the neutral detergent fibre content of feeds by 0.4%. In conclusion, increases in AT increased the neutral detergent fibre content of feeds, lowering PD, “b”, and “c” of dry matter in the rumen.
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Alkhtib A, Muna M, Burton E, Wamatu J, Darag M, Alkhaled E, Al-Asa'ad Z, Almoufachi H, Zaeowd R. Effect of olive tree leaves and twigs on intake, digestibility, growth performance and blood variables of Shami goats. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:908-914. [PMID: 33399278 PMCID: PMC8136925 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of replacing wheat straw and a portion of commercial concentrate with olive twigs and leaves treated with urea and molasses on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and blood variables was determined. Forty‐two Shami goat kids (20 ± 2.47 kg live weight and 133 ± 5.44 days of age) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatment groups, control (75% commercial concentrate and 25% wheat straw), OTU (62.3% commercial concentrate + 37.7% olive twigs and leaves treated with 4% urea for 14 days), OTUM (51.5% concentrate mixture + 48.5% olive twigs and leaves treated with 4% urea for 14 days then sprayed by 10% molasses). Cost (SYP/t) of control, OUT and OTUM was 12,600, 10,066 and 10,106 respectively. The study consisted of a growth trial of 100 days and a digestibility trial of 12 days (7 days of adaptation and 5 days of urine and faeces collection). Serum urea, total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase activity, aspartate aminotransferase activity, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were determined. Daily dry matter intake, digestibility of crude protein, ether extract and nutrient detergent fibre did not significantly differ among the dietary treatments (p > .05). Nitrogen intake, nitrogen excretion in urine and faeces and nitrogen balance was not significantly affected (p > .05) by the dietary treatment. The dietary treatment did not have any significant effect on average daily gain, feed conversion ratio or blood variables (p > .05). Olive twigs treated with 4% urea and OTUM replaced 37.7% and 48.5% of conventional diets of growing Shami goat kids without negative effects on growth performance nor health and potentially reduced fattening costs for farmers in olive‐livestock mixed systems by 19.8 and 20%, respectively. OUT is technically simpler than OTUM, thus, it could replace the conventional fattening ration of Shami male goat. Shami goat were fed on Olive twigs treated with 4% urea and 10% Olive twigs treateb with 4% urea replaced 48.5% of the ration without negative effect on growth performance This replacement did not affect goat health but decreased feeding cost by 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Alkhtib
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Brackenhurst Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Muhannad Muna
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria
| | - Emily Burton
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Brackenhurst Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Jane Wamatu
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammad Darag
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria
| | - Eyad Alkhaled
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria
| | - Ziad Al-Asa'ad
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria
| | - Hana Almoufachi
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria
| | - Ruba Zaeowd
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria
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Mahachi LN, Chikwanha OC, Katiyatiya CL, Marufu MC, Aremu AO, Mapiye C. Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza juncea var. sericea) for sustainable small ruminant production: Feed, helminth suppressant and meat preservation capabilities. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Stocking Rate Has No Confounding Effect on the Use of Internal and Inert Markers to Predict Botanical Composition, Diet Quality, Degradability and Passage Rate Kinetics in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122232. [PMID: 33261158 PMCID: PMC7761088 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Internal markers are components of diets recovered to different degrees in faeces of animals. These feed components maybe helpful in predicting diet selection, nutrient intake and digestibility in animals. The development of sustainable grazing management and practices to prevent the depletion of natural grasslands as a result of overgrazing depends on the knowledge of feed intake, chemical and botanical composition of diets selected and consumed by ruminants. Determination of the botanical composition of diets selected by free ranging ruminants by visual observation is time consuming and tedious, while the use of oesophageal cannulated animals is invasive and impairs animal welfare. Therefore, it is imperative to use non-invasive methods, such as internal markers to predict feed preferences and composition of diets that ruminants consume. However, it is unclear if the accuracy of results obtained using internal markers is confounded by other factors, such as stocking rate, which is expected to determine the availability and botanical composition of pasture, which, in turn, may exert its influence on the diet selected and consumed by grazing animals. The findings of this study, however, showed that stocking rates did not affect diet selection and nutrient intake in sheep, while a combination of internal markers can be used to estimate the quality of diet selected by animals under cafeteria feeding conditions, regardless of the stocking rate used. Thus, the use of modified acid detergent fibre, acid insoluble ash and acid detergent lignin contents in feeds achieved high accuracy and precision in estimating diets selected by sheep. This approach serves as a proof of concept that these markers can be also used in free ranging animals. Abstract This study investigated if there is any confounding effect of stocking rate on the use of internal markers to determine and predict the dietary ingredient composition, dry matter intake (DMI) and digestibility of diets consumed by sheep. Fifteen sheep were randomly allocated to stocking rate treatments of one (SR1), two (SR2), four (SR4) and eight (SR8) sheep per pen (space allowance: 31.04 m2, 15.52 m2, 7.76 m2 and 3.88 m2 per sheep, respectively) and fed ad libitum maize stover, sorghum stover and veld hay by supplying 110% of previous day’s intake. Sheep were rotated across the treatments in four periods of 10 days. The proportion of feeds selected and total DMI were similar across all stocking rate treatments. However, diets selected by sheep in SR2 had the highest digestibility compared to other treatments. The prediction of the effective degradability of dry matter using acid detergent fibre content achieved an accuracy of 84.6%. A combination of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre contents achieved 63% accuracy in the prediction of the rate of degradation of feeds. The use of acid insoluble ash (AIA) as an internal marker to predict nutrient intake, digestibility, DMI and dietary ingredient intake accounted for 84.3%, 81.2%, 53.0% and 64.1% of the variation, respectively. The predictions of dietary feed proportions and nutrient quality selected obtained with least squares procedure using a combination of modified acid detergent fibre (MADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and AIA accounted for 81.0% and 72.4% of the variation, respectively. In conclusion, regardless of the different stocking rate tested in this study, a combination of MADF, ADL and AIA as internal markers can be used to estimate diet and nutrient selection by sheep using the least squares procedure. Hence, these markers can be used to predict ingredient composition of diet, diet and nutrient selection, nutrient intake and digestibility in free ranging animals.
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Nyamukanza CC, Sebata A. Effect of leaf type on browse selection by free-ranging goats in a southern African savanna. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242231. [PMID: 33175912 PMCID: PMC7657486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad- and fine-leaved woody species respond to seasonal changes from wet to dry season differently. For example, broad-leaved species shed their leaves earlier, while fine-leaved species, especially acacias retain green foliage well into the dry season. These differences are expected to result in variation in selection of broad- and fine-leaved woody species as browse by free-ranging goats. We tested the hypothesis that free-ranging goats select broad-leaved woody species more than fine-leaved species during wet (growth) season and fine-leaved woody species more than broad-leaved species during dry season. In addition, we tested if broad- and fine-leaved woody species had different foliar dry matter digestibility and chemical composition (crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, total phenolics and condensed tannins concentration). Free-ranging goats were observed foraging on broad- and fine-leaved woody species over a two-year period (2014 and 2015) during three seasons: early wet (October/November), late wet (February/March) and dry (May/June). Ivlev's selectivity or Jacob's index (Ei) was calculated for five woody species (two broad-leaved and three fine-leaved) browsed by goats during wet and dry season. Jacob's selectivity index was higher for broad-leaved (Ziziphus mucronata and Searsia (Rhus) tenuinervis) than fine-leaved woody species (Acacia nilotica, Acacia karroo and Dichrostachys cinerea) during wet season. However, the trend was reversed during dry season with fine-leaved species having higher Jacob's selectivity index than broad-leaved species. Leaf dry matter digestibility and chemical composition was similar between broad- and fine-leaved woody species throughout the year. We conclude that goats selected broad-leaved woody species during wet season when browse was plentiful and then switched to fine-leaved species which retained leaves during dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper C Nyamukanza
- Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Allan Sebata
- Department of Forest Resources and Wildlife Management, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
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Balehegn M, Duncan A, Tolera A, Ayantunde AA, Issa S, Karimou M, Zampaligré N, André K, Gnanda I, Varijakshapanicker P, Kebreab E, Dubeux J, Boote K, Minta M, Feyissa F, Adesogan AT. Improving adoption of technologies and interventions for increasing supply of quality livestock feed in low- and middle-income countries. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2020; 26:100372. [PMID: 33324534 PMCID: PMC7726233 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The global increase in the demand for and production of animal-source foods (four-to five-fold increase between 1960 and 2015), which has been mostly concentrated in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), provides smallholder livestock producers with an opportunity for improving their livelihoods and food and nutrition security. However, across livestock production systems in many LMIC, limited supplies and high cost of good quality feed severely constrains exploitation of this opportunity. In many of such countries, feeds and feeding-related issues are often ranked as the primary constraint to livestock production and increased consumption of animal-source foods. Here we review the complex biophysical, socio-economic and technological challenges related to improving quality feed supply and the reasons for generally low adoption of apparently proven feed enhancement technologies. We describe also successful interventions and conclude by recommending strategies for improving quality feed supply in LMIC that account for and overcome the prevailing challenges. Livestock production in developing countries is constrained by limited supply of quality feeds. There are many technologies that can improve supply of quality feed for small holder producers. Complex set of bio-physical and socio-economic factors limit the adoption of technologies and thus limit the improvement in supply of quality feed. The failures of adoption of feed improvement technologies result from systemic constraints and inadequate attention to sociocultural and economic factors. Success is often driven either by market incentives and or an innovative affordable approach that provides solutions to multiple problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulubrhan Balehegn
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Drive, Bldg 459, Room 125, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Animal, Rnageland and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia
| | - Alan Duncan
- International Livestock Research Institute, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Tolera
- School of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Salissou Issa
- L'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger/National Institute of Agricultural Research, Niger
| | | | | | - Kiema André
- Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Burkina Faso
| | - Isidore Gnanda
- Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Jose Dubeux
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth Boote
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 2250 Shealy Drive, Bldg 459, Room 125, University of Florida, USA
| | - Muluneh Minta
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adegbola T Adesogan
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Drive, Bldg 459, Room 125, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 2250 Shealy Drive, Bldg 459, Room 125, University of Florida, USA
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Qokweni L, Marufu MC, Chimonyo M. Attitudes and practices of resource-limited farmers on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats foraging in grasslands and forestlands. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3265-3273. [PMID: 32776269 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infestations remain one of the main constraints to goat productivity. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the perceptions of goat farmers on the infestation and control of gastrointestinal nematode infestation. A total of 282 goat farmers from two villages of Mbizana local municipality in Alfred Nzo district were interviewed. Higher prevalence of diseases, parasites and feed availability were among the major constraints to goat productivity. Gastrointestinal parasites were ranked as the major constraint by farmers in the grassland than those in the forestland. Ordinal logistic regression analyses revealed that farmers in the grassland were 3.2 times more likely to experience gastrointestinal nematode infestation than those in the forestland (P < 0.05). On both vegetation types, tethered goats were perceived to have higher (P < 0.05) GIN infestation compared with free browsing goats. Poor farmers were 3.1 times more (P < 0.05) likely to experience high GIN infestation compared with less poor farmers. Farmers in the grassland were 2.1 times more likely to control GI nematode infestation than to those in the forestland (P < 0.05). Intervention strategies to control gastrointestinal nematodes should mainly target farmers from the grassland vegetation since they experience higher infestation rates of gastrointestinal nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxolo Qokweni
- Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Munyaradzi Christopher Marufu
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Michael Chimonyo
- Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Cuevas Reyes V, Santiago Hernandez F, Flores Najera MDJ, Vazquez Garcia JM, Urrutia Morales J, Hosseini-Ghaffari M, Chay-Canul A, Meza-Herrera CA, Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Martin GB, Rosales Nieto CA. Intake of Spineless Cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica During Late Pregnancy Improves Progeny Performance in Underfed Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060995. [PMID: 32517317 PMCID: PMC7341186 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Plants in the Opuntia genus are abundant and can be used as a feed supplement because they are highly digestible and can provide water and energy. We fed sheep during late gestation with alfalfa (Control), Opuntia (Opuntia) or protein-enriched Opuntia (E-Opuntia) and measured milk yield and postnatal growth in the progeny. Birth weight did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05) but progeny from E-Opuntia grew faster (p < 0.01) and were heavier at weaning (p < 0.05), despite the fact that Control ewes produced more milk (p < 0.05). Feeding ewes with Opuntia (protein enriched or not) during the last third of gestation is an option for reducing production costs in underfed females managed under extensive conditions in arid and semiarid regions. Abstract The present study tested whether feeding ewes during the last third of pregnancy with cladodes of Opuntia (untreated or protein-enriched), as an alternative to alfalfa hay, would improve milk yield as well as the pre- and post-natal growth of their lambs. Sixty mature Rambouillet ewes and their progeny were randomly allocated among three nutritional treatments: (i) Control, fed alfalfa; (ii) Opuntia, fed untreated cladodes; (iii) E-Opuntia, fed protein-enriched cladodes (pre-treated with urea and ammonium sulphate). Birth weight did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05) but Control ewes produced more milk than both groups of Opuntia-fed ewes (p < 0.05). However, milk yield was not related to the growth of the progeny (p > 0.05) because lambs from E-Opuntia-fed ewes grew faster (p < 0.01) and were heavier at weaning (p < 0.05) than lambs from the other two groups. We conclude that Opuntia (with or without protein enrichment) can be used as an alternative to alfalfa hay for feeding ewes during the last third of pregnancy and therefore reduce production costs under extensive conditions in arid and semiarid regions. Moreover, protein-enriched Opuntia appears to improve postnatal lamb growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venancio Cuevas Reyes
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Valle de México, Texcoco 56250, Ciudad de México, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Santiago Hernandez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental San Luis, San Luis Potosí 78431, Mexico; (F.S.H.); (J.U.M.)
| | - Manuel de Jesus Flores Najera
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental La Laguna, Matamoros 27440, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Juan Manuel Vazquez Garcia
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78321, Mexico;
| | - Jorge Urrutia Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental San Luis, San Luis Potosí 78431, Mexico; (F.S.H.); (J.U.M.)
| | | | - Alfonso Chay-Canul
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carr. Villahermosa-Teapa, km 25, Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico;
| | - César A. Meza-Herrera
- Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Áridas, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Ciudad Juárez 35230, Bermejillo, Mexico;
| | | | - Graeme B. Martin
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Cesar A. Rosales Nieto
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental La Laguna, Matamoros 27440, Coahuila, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-4448261314
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Performance, Body Water Balance, Ingestive Behavior and Blood Metabolites in Goats Fed with Cactus Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller) Silage Subjected to An Intermittent Water Supply. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12072881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the performance, body water balance, ingestive behavior and blood metabolites in goats fed with cactus pear silage subjected to an intermittent water supply. Thirty-six goats were distributed in a randomized block design arranged as a 3 × 3 factorial with cactus pear silage in the goats’ diet (on a 0%, 21% and 42% dry matter-DM basis) and water offer frequency (ad libitum, and 24 and 48 h water restrictions). There was an interaction only between the cactus pear silage level and water offerings for drinking water. Goats fed 42% cactus pear silage had greater intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates, energy, Ca, Mg and Na minerals, water intake, urinary water excretion, body water retention and nutrient digestibility. Cactus pear silage inclusion up to a 42% rate reduced eating and ruminating time and increased the time spent idling as well as the eating and the ruminating efficiency rate. Water restriction at 48 h reduced drinking water intake. Performance and blood metabolites were not affected by cactus silage inclusion or water offering. Cactus pear silage inclusion at up to 42% for goats is recommended during periods of water shortage in semiarid and arid regions because it improves eating, the ruminating efficiency rate, and body water retention; cactus pear silage inclusion at this rate reduces water consumption and it does not affect the performance or health of the animals.
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Abstract
Internet of things (IoT) and data-driven techniques are creating greater opportunities for smart dairy farming. The demand for milk is continuously increasing due to increasing population of the world. The consumption of the dairy products is more in developed countries as compared to developing countries. To meet this increased demand for milk products, better technological techniques for improving milk yield are required. It is expected that the use of IoT and different AI techniques can assist a farmer to overcome different traditional farming challenges and increase the milk production. In this research, the authors address different challenges that a dairy farmer has to face in daily life. Brief introduction of smart dairy farming (SDF) is presented with respect to the innovation in production and the processes of smart dairy farming. This review focuses on different aspects of smart dairy farming, and finally a state-of-the-art framework that can assist the farmers to increase the milk yield by using different latest technologies has been proposed. These technological methods can decrease the factors negatively affecting milk production and increase those positively affecting production with minimal resources.
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Godber OF, Chentouf M, Wall R. Sustainable goat production: modelling optimal performance in extensive systems. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Strategies for achieving greater ruminant livestock productivity are essential to meet the food demands of growing populations, but sustainable changes are difficult to identify given the inherent complexity of such systems. Systems models can address this issue by allowing the impact of potential changes to be explored.
Aims
To develop a holistic systems model for goat production in an extensive Mediterranean environment which could allow changes in key management factors influencing the system to be investigated.
Methods
Initially, a conceptual comprehensive stock-and-flow model of a representative Mediterranean goat production system was constructed. This was used to identify informative indicators that would represent the overall technical and economic performance of the system. Sub-models were then assembled to build the full systems model. The model was parameterised with data collected over 3 years for goat holdings in northern Morocco. Scenario analysis techniques are used to explore the strategies that optimise performance under climate and feed price challenges.
Key results
Meat production is particularly important during periods of drought when increased meat yields can counteract the expected reduction in milk yields, to protect human food security, prevent excessive rangeland degradation and preserve natural nutritional resources. Feed price shocks during drought can have significant negative impacts on the system and zero feed input is shown to be a more sustainable strategy than reliance on high price feed during drought. Any alternative feed sources need to have a high forage component to reduce grazing periods significantly and promote rangeland preservation.
Implications
A diverse management strategy with a mixed meat and dairy semi-intensive production is more stable than specialised dairy systems and allows goat production and financial viability of intensification to be maintained under climatic stress; maintaining meat production was necessary to optimise performance.
Conclusions
The model allows improved insight into management strategies which could optimise animal husbandry performance in goat subsistence systems. However, the work also demonstrates the difficulty of constructing a truly holistic model since, to be practical, such constructs must necessarily be bounded; parameter selection and the limits to the boundaries imposed are inevitably critical.
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Bateki CA, Cadisch G, Dickhoefer U. Modelling sustainable intensification of grassland-based ruminant production systems: A review. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Belhadj Slimen I, Chniter M, Najar T, Ghram A. Meta-analysis of some physiologic, metabolic and oxidative responses of sheep exposed to environmental heat stress. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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da Silva TGF, Santos GCL, Duarte AMC, Turco SHN, Cruz Neto JFD, Jardim AMDRF, Dos Santos TS. Black globe temperature from meteorological data and a bioclimatic analysis of the Brazilian Northeast for Saanen goats. J Therm Biol 2019; 85:102408. [PMID: 31657748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The black globe temperature (BGT) is not a common measurement for weather station networks, despite having great relevance to bioclimatic studies. The aim of this study was to propose equations for estimating the BGT, using meteorological data for different time scales and a bioclimatic evaluation of the Brazilian Northeast for breeding Saanen dairy goats. The data used in elaborating the equations were collected between 1 November 2014 and 31 October 2017. Data for BGT, incident global solar radiation (SR), air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH) and wind speed were handled on a daytime, night-time, daily and monthly scale. One half of the database was used to adjust the equations and the other half in the evaluation. The bioclimatic diagnosis of the Brazilian Northeast was carried out based on mean monthly values of the black globe temperature and humidity index (BGHI) estimated for the four seasons of the year. For the daytime scale, an equation based on AT (BGT = 1.3897.AT-5.4421, r2 = 0.80) and a multiplicative model combining the effects of AT and SR (BGT = [1.3897.AT-5.4421] (0.0384.ln(SR)+0.7935], r2 = 0.91) were obtained. AT adjusted well for BGT on the night-time scale (BGT = 0.995.AT-0.6964, r2 = 0.99), daily scale (BGT = 1.1641.AT-1.5941, r2 = 0.97) and monthly scale (BGT = 1.1550.AT-1.3498, r2 = 0.98). The BGT can therefore be calculated from AT and/or SR for the daytime scale, and from AT only for the night-time, daily and monthly scales. In general, the west and centre-south of the state of Bahia offer the animals the most thermal comfort during each season of the year. In the state of Maranhão, heat stress occurs throughout the year, with the BGTI predominately in the range of 85-95. As such, strategies to combat heat stress should be encouraged to minimise the negative effects of climate on milk production in Saanen goats, and favour the milk-production chain in the northeast of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thieres George Freire da Silva
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Maria Cabral Duarte
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Sílvia Helena Nogueira Turco
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of the São Francisco Valley, Juazeiro, Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Thalyta Soares Dos Santos
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of the São Francisco Valley, Juazeiro, Bahia, Brazil.
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Meza-Herrera CA, Romero-Rodríguez CA, Nevárez-Dominguez A, Flores-Hernández A, Cano-Villegas O, Macías-Cruz U, Mellado M, Calderón-Leyva G, Carrillo-Moreno D, Véliz-Deras FG. The Opuntia effect and the Reactivation of Ovarian Function and Blood Metabolite Concentrations of Anestrous Goats Exposed to Active Males. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080550. [PMID: 31412654 PMCID: PMC6719177 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We evaluated the potential supplementation effect of protein enriched Opuntia cladodes, the flat leaf-like steam of cactus species (PEO), upon changes of blood metabolites, estrus induction, estrus latency, and ovulation rate in anestrous goats exposed to sexually active males. We observed that PEO positively influenced reproductive outcomes without changes in blood metabolites. Our results highlight the importance that bio-fortified Opuntia cladodes supplementation exerts on anestrous goats exposed to the male effect as an option to improve not only the out-of-season reproductive efficiency of goats but to enhance the sustainability of marginal, extensive and semi-arid goat production systems. Abstract The effect of protein enriched Opuntia cladodes supplementation upon changes of serum total protein, urea, cholesterol, glucose as related to estrus induction (EI%), estrus latency (EL, h), and ovulation rate (OR, units) in adult anestrous goats exposed to the male effect was evaluated. In late April, anestrus goats (n = 45, 25° N) homogeneous regarding live weight (LE; 43.8 ± 1.6 kg) and body condition score (BCS; 2.3 ± 0.1 units) were randomly assigned to: (1). Protein-enriched Opuntia (PEO; n = 15; 29.8% CP, 2.2 Mcal ME kg−1), (2). Non-enriched Opuntia (NEO; n = 15; 6.4% CP, 2.1 Mcal ME kg−1), and (3). Control (CON; n = 15). NEO and PEO goats were individually supplemented with cladodes (160 g d−1; 0900–1000 h), thereafter all groups grazed in a marginal rangeland (1000–1800 h). Neither LW (p > 0.05) nor BCS (p > 0.05) differed among groups, yet an increased (p < 0.05) EI % (100, 57, 42 ± 0.16%), EL h (62, 60, 32 ± 4.2 h), and OR (1.33, 0.71, 0.43 ± 0.23 units) occurred in PEO and NEO vs. CONT, respectively. However, neither blood metabolites differed among groups nor a treatment x time interaction occurred. Peri-breeding protein enriched Opuntia cladodes supplementation of anestrous goats exposed to active males increased (p < 0.01) reproductive outcomes during the non-breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Meza-Herrera
- Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Áridas, Programa de Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico.
| | - Carlos A Romero-Rodríguez
- Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Áridas, Programa de Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico
- Instituto de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Adrian Nevárez-Dominguez
- Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Áridas, Programa de Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico
| | - Arnoldo Flores-Hernández
- Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Áridas, Programa de Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico
| | - Omag Cano-Villegas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango 35010, Mexico
| | - Ulises Macías-Cruz
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21705, Mexico
| | - Miguel Mellado
- Departamento de Ciencias Médico Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, Torreón, Coahuila 27054, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Calderón-Leyva
- Departamento de Ciencias Médico Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, Torreón, Coahuila 27054, Mexico
| | - Dalia Carrillo-Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Médico Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, Torreón, Coahuila 27054, Mexico
| | - Francisco G Véliz-Deras
- Departamento de Ciencias Médico Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, Torreón, Coahuila 27054, Mexico
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Small Ruminants: Farmers' Hope in a World Threatened by Water Scarcity. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070456. [PMID: 31323882 PMCID: PMC6680725 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Water is one of the most important nutrients to livestock. It is so essential that more than half the volume of the animal's body is water. However, its availability is threatened by the irreversible changes in climate, which has culminated into reduced rainfall in most regions of the world. Such an increasing threat to regular water supply, and by extension to food security and livelihood has forced a shift from large to small ruminant production, especially in regions experiencing low rainfall, with farmers taking advantage of their adaptive process and efficiency of water use. Small ruminants, especially desert goats, can adaptively survive in water-limited areas while trekking long distance in search of feed and they will regain any weight loss at the next watering point. Further research is needed on adaptive indigenous breeds of small ruminants since tolerance to water scarcity is breed dependent, so that improvements can be made through effective selection and breeding program. Abstract The availability and sustainability of suitable and good quality drinking water is a global concern. Such uncertainties threaten livestock production with an attendant ripple effect on food security. Small ruminants, including sheep and goats, appear to be promising to smallholder farmers in solving this problem because of their ability to survive in water-limited areas and harsh environment when compared with large ruminants. Their small body size is also seen as an advantage, because less water will be required for proper digestion and feed utilization. Therefore, this review will provide information regarding the adaptive responses of small ruminants on thermoregulation, blood metabolites, immune status, drug pharmacokinetics, reproduction and hormonal indices during the period of water stress. Adaptable and indigenous breeds are known to be more tolerant to water stress than selected breeds. A drop in feed intake and weight reduced respiratory rate and increased concentration of blood metabolites are the general effects and/or observations that are encountered by small ruminants during the period of water stress. The concept of water tolerance either as deprivation and/or restriction of indigenous and adaptable breeds of small ruminants is gaining ground in research studies around the world. However, more research, however, seeking to explore water tolerance capacity of adaptable breeds especially in arid and water limiting areas are still needed.
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Schroeder A, Samuels M, Swarts M, Morris C, Cupido C, Engelbrecht A. Diet selection and preference of small ruminants during drought conditions in a dryland pastoral system in South Africa. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Moutik S, Lakram N, Bendaou M, Maadoudi EH, Kabbour MR, Douaik A, Zouahri A, El Housni A, Es-Safi NE. The effect of including argane by-products (meal and pulp) in dairy ewe diet on milk quality and production, and lamb growth performance. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2437-2445. [PMID: 31187409 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the effect of the incorporation of argane by-products (meal and pulp) in ewe's diet on the production and quality of milk and the performance of lambs in the lactation phase. Twenty ewes were divided into two equal groups. The first one has been fed with argane by-product diet (AD), and the second with a control diet (CD). The results showed an improvement in milk production with an average of 26.3% for AD compared with the CD group. AD group lambs showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with the CD group during lactation phase. The ash and protein levels were not affected by treatments; however, fat, lactose, density, and fusion point content show more fluctuations for both treatments (p < 0.05). The physicochemical parameters of sheep milk showed high (p < 0.01) to very high (p < 0.001) significant change, along the lactation weeks. Except the Zn which showed no significant difference (p > 0.05), the mineral composition of both milks (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, and Fe) was significant (p < 0.05). It is concluded that, in terms of performances, argane by-products could replace the conventional diet for ewes without substantial detrimental effects. Therefore, argane by-product could be used as a cost-effective feed for sheep in dry areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Moutik
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, LPCMIO, Materials Science Center (MSC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Rabat, Morocco.
- Rabat Institutes, INRA, CRRA-Rabat, P.O. Box 6570, 10101, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Nazha Lakram
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Ibn Battuta 4 Avenue, P.O. Box 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bendaou
- Rabat Institutes, INRA, CRRA-Rabat, P.O. Box 6570, 10101, Rabat, Morocco
| | - El Haj Maadoudi
- Rabat Institutes, INRA, CRRA-Rabat, P.O. Box 6570, 10101, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Ahmed Douaik
- Rabat Institutes, INRA, CRRA-Rabat, P.O. Box 6570, 10101, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelmajid Zouahri
- Rabat Institutes, INRA, CRRA-Rabat, P.O. Box 6570, 10101, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdellah El Housni
- Rabat Institutes, INRA, CRRA-Rabat, P.O. Box 6570, 10101, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nour Eddine Es-Safi
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, LPCMIO, Materials Science Center (MSC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Rabat, Morocco.
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Trapanese C, Robira B, Tonachella G, di Gristina S, Meunier H, Masi S. Where and what? Frugivory is associated with more efficient foraging in three semi-free ranging primate species. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181722. [PMID: 31218025 PMCID: PMC6549983 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Foraging in seasonal environments can be cognitively challenging. Comparative studies have associated brain size with a frugivorous diet. We investigated how fruit distribution (where) and preference (what) affect foraging decisions in three semi-free ranging primate species with different degrees of frugivory: Macaca tonkeana (N indiv = 5; N trials = 430), M. fascicularis (N indiv = 3; N trials = 168) and Sapajus apella (N indiv = 6; N trials = 288). We used 36 boxes fixed on trees and filled with highly and less preferred fruits with different (weekly) spatio-temporal distributions. Individuals were tested in two conditions: (1) same fruit provided concurrently in the same quantity but in a scattered and in a clumped distribution, (2) highly preferred fruit was scattered while the less preferred was clumped. Generally, primates preferred feeding first on the boxes of the clumped distribution in both conditions, with the more frugivorous species at a higher degree than the less frugivorous species in condition (1), but not (2). Therefore, what fruit was available changed the foraging decisions of the more frugivorous species who also engaged more in goal-directed travel. When feeding on preferred fruit, primates probably maximized foraging efficiency regardless of their degree of frugivory. Our findings emphasize that the food type and distribution may be a preponderant driver in cognitive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Trapanese
- École Doctorale Frontières du Vivant, Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires, 8-8bis Rue Charles V, Paris, 75004, France
- UMR 7206 Éco-anthropologie (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-CNRS-Univ. Paris 7), Musée de l'Homme, 17 place Trocadéro, Paris, 75116, France
- Centre de Primatologie de l'Université de Strasbourg, Fort Foch, Niederhausbergen, 67207, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS et Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Benjamin Robira
- UMR 7206 Éco-anthropologie (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-CNRS-Univ. Paris 7), Musée de l'Homme, 17 place Trocadéro, Paris, 75116, France
- Institut de biologie de l’École normale supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Giordana Tonachella
- UMR 7206 Éco-anthropologie (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-CNRS-Univ. Paris 7), Musée de l'Homme, 17 place Trocadéro, Paris, 75116, France
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia di Gristina
- UMR 7206 Éco-anthropologie (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-CNRS-Univ. Paris 7), Musée de l'Homme, 17 place Trocadéro, Paris, 75116, France
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Hélène Meunier
- Centre de Primatologie de l'Université de Strasbourg, Fort Foch, Niederhausbergen, 67207, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS et Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Shelly Masi
- UMR 7206 Éco-anthropologie (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-CNRS-Univ. Paris 7), Musée de l'Homme, 17 place Trocadéro, Paris, 75116, France
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Sustainability of feeding plant by-products: A review of the implications for ruminant meat production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Alhanafi F, Kaysi Y, Muna M, Alkhtib A, Wamatu J, Burton E. Spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) and saltbush (Atriplex halimus L.) as feed supplements for fattening Awassi male lambs: effect on digestibility, water consumption, blood metabolites, and growth performance. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1637-1644. [PMID: 30835037 PMCID: PMC6597597 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The effect of replacing 13.6% and 20.3% of a total ration of fattening Awassi lambs by two combinations of fresh saltbush (Atriplex halimus) and fresh spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) cladodes at a ratio of 1.9:1 (TRT1) and 1.7:1 (TRT2) on water intake, digestibility, blood metabolites, and fattening performance was evaluated. Thirty-six lambs with average initial live weight 34.5 ± 4.18 kg were randomly assigned to three diets (control, TRT1, and TRT2). The control received a diet containing 166 g/kg barley straw and 834 g/kg of commercial concentrate mixture; TRT1 comprised 126 g barley straw, 739 g/kg concentrate mixture, 47 g/kg spineless cactus, and 89 g saltbush; TRT2 comprised 67 g/kg barley straw, 704 g/kg commercial concentrate mixture, 86 g/kg spineless cactus, and 144 g saltbush. A growth trial of 100 days (10 days of adaptation and 90 days of collection) followed by a metabolism trial of 17 days (10 days of adaptation and 7 days of a total feces and urine collection) was carried out. Daily dry matter intake, digestibility of crude protein, ether extract and nutrient detergent fiber, nitrogen balance, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and blood metabolites were not significantly affected by the treatment. Water consumption in TRT2 was significantly 16% less compared with the control. A combination of saltbush and spineless cactus at a ratio of 1.7:1 (TRT2) replaced 60% of barley straw and 16% of concentrate mixture without adverse effects on health and growth performance of Awassi male lambs. This represents a potential reduction in feed costs for smallholder farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faysal Alhanafi
- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Animal Production, University of Damascus, P.O Box 5735, Damascus, Syria
| | - Yahia Kaysi
- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Animal Production, University of Damascus, P.O Box 5735, Damascus, Syria
| | - Muhannad Muna
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research, P.O Box 113, Damascus, Syria
| | - Ashraf Alkhtib
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Science, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Lane, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, NG25 0QF, UK.
| | - Jane Wamatu
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emily Burton
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Science, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Lane, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, NG25 0QF, UK
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Quality of meat from sheep fed diets containing spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck). Meat Sci 2019; 148:229-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cardoso DB, Carvalho FFRD, Medeiros GRD, Guim A, Cabral AMD, Véras RML, Santos KCD, Dantas LCN, Nascimento AGDO. Levels of inclusion of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck) in the diet of lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Farmers’ perception to change and adaptation strategies of small ruminant systems in the West Bekaa of Lebanon. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Effects of Lactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 and forage: Concentrate ratio on the growth performance of finishing feedlot lambs fed maize silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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