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Rodríguez-Barniol M, Pujol-Busquets G, Bach-Faig A. Screen Time Use and Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in Adolescents: A Focus Group Qualitative Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024; 124:1336-1346. [PMID: 38697354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary lifestyles and ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption contribute to a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents. Screen time may be associated with higher UPF consumption and affect eating behaviors substantially. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore adolescents' perceptions, attitudes, and motivations concerning the consumption of UPF when using screens; investigate their perceived educational needs regarding nutrition; and explore their knowledge about UPF. DESIGN This was a qualitative study using focus groups. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Four focus groups with 30 adolescents aged 12 to 16 years at a Spanish high school were recruited in May 2022. Participants were chosen using purposive sampling based on a theoretical saturation criterion. ANALYSES Focus group discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Three themes emerged from the thematic analysis. Participants explained that most of their meals were eaten in front of screens. They confirmed more consumption of UPF at breakfast, as mid-afternoon snacks, on weekends, and during their main meals when alone. Participants reported that the high consumption of UPF during social gatherings was related to its easy availability, convenience, and palatability. Adolescents expressed that eating in front of screens and exposure to UPF advertising led to compulsive and impulsive consumption of these products. They described UPF as addictive and unhealthy. Although participants had little awareness of UPF health effects, they expressed interest in learning about healthy eating habits. Parental attitudes toward food were considered by the participants as relevant in establishing their eating behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Loneliness, social gatherings, and parental attitudes toward UPF consumption emerged as important influences on adolescents' dietary behaviors in front of screens. In addition, availability, palatability, and exposure to advertising were key factors reported to influence adolescents' UPF consumption in front of screens. Addressing these influences through nutritional and educational interventions, as well as regulating the adolescent obesogenic environment and managing screen time could help modulate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Rodríguez-Barniol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Open University of Catalonia), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Health, Institut Català de la Salut (Catalan Health Institute), Centre d'Atenció Primària (Primary Care Centre) Joanic, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Georgina Pujol-Busquets
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Open University of Catalonia), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Research Council, Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anna Bach-Faig
- FoodLab Research Group, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Open University of Catalonia), Barcelona, Spain
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Ruggles PR, Pasch KE, Poulos NS, Thomas JE. Comparing the number of outdoor sugar-sweetened beverage and caffeinated beverage advertisements near schools by school type and school-level economic advantage. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302048. [PMID: 38781217 PMCID: PMC11115223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sugar-sweetened beverage and caffeinated beverage consumption are associated with a variety of health issues among youth. Food and beverage marketing has been shown to affect youth's preferences, purchases, and consumption of marketed products. Previous research suggests that outdoor food and beverage marketing differs by community demographics, with more advertisements in lower-income communities and near schools. The purpose of this study is to examine the density of sugar-sweetened and caffeinated beverage advertisements near schools by school type (middle vs. high school) and by school-level SES. METHODS Data are from the Outdoor Measuring and Evaluating the Determinants and Influence of Advertising (MEDIA)study, which documented and described all outdoor food and beverage advertisements near 47 middle and high schools in 2012. Beverage advertisements were categorized as: sugar-sweetened/caffeinated, sugar-sweetened/non-caffeinated, non-sugar-sweetened/caffeinated, or non-sugar-sweetened/non-caffeinated. Schools were categorized by type (middle vs high) and by SES as determined by the percentage of students qualifying for free or reduced-price lunch. Bootstrapped non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests compared the number of advertisements in each category by school type and school-level SES (higher vs lower). RESULTS Compared to schools with higher SES, schools with lower SES had significantly more advertisements for sugar-sweetened/non-caffeinated beverages (Medianlow = 28.5 (IQR 17-69), vs Medianhigh = 10.5 (IQR 4-17) (p = 0.002)., sugar-sweetened non-caffeinated (Medianlow = 46 (IQR 16-99) vs Medianhigh = 13.5 (IQR 6-25), p = 0.002), -sugar-sweetened caffeinated (Medianlow = 12 (IQR 8-19) vs Medianhigh = 6 (IQR 2-8), p = 0.000), and non-sugar-sweetened non-caffeinated (Medianlow = 30 (IQR 13-65) vs Medianhigh = 14 (IQR 4-29), p = 0.045).There were no significant differences by school type. CONCLUSION This study adds to the literature demonstrating pervasive marketing of unhealthy products in lower-income communities. Disproportionate exposure to sugar-sweetened and caffeinated beverage advertisements in lower-income communities may contribute to the disparities in associated health outcomes by economic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe R. Ruggles
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Keryn E. Pasch
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Natalie S. Poulos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jacob E. Thomas
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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Matthes J, Binder A, Naderer B, Forrai M, Spielvogel I, Knupfer H, Saumer M. Effects of Food Depictions in Entertainment Media on Children's Unhealthy Food Preferences: Content Analysis Linked With Panel Data. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2024; 7:e51429. [PMID: 38778523 PMCID: PMC11133786 DOI: 10.2196/51429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Entertainment media content is often mentioned as one of the roots of children's unhealthy food consumption. This might be due to the high quantity of unhealthy foods presented in children's media environments. However, less is known about the role of the centrality of food placement, that is, whether foods are interacted with, consumed, verbally mentioned, or appear unobtrusively. We also lack longitudinal research measuring both children's unhealthy and healthy food consumption behaviors as outcomes. Objective The aim is to connect content analytical data based on children's actual media diet with panel data in order to explain children's food preferences. Moreover, this study not only focuses on the amount of healthy and unhealthy foods children are exposed to, but also on how these foods are presented (ie, centrally or not). Furthermore, we looked at the question of how parental coviewing can diminish (or enhance) the effects of unhealthy (or healthy) food depictions, and we measured healthy and unhealthy consumption as dependent variables. Methods We conducted a 2-wave panel study with children and one of their parents (of 2250 parents contacted, 829 responded, for a response rate of 36.84%; 648 valid cases, ie, parent-child pairs, were used for analysis), with 6 months between the 2 panel waves. We linked the 2-wave panel data for the children and their parents to content analytical data for movies (n=113) and TV series (n=134; 3 randomly chosen episodes per TV series were used) that children were exposed to over the course of 6 months. Results There was no significant relationship between exposure to unhealthy food presentation and unhealthy (b=0.008; P=.07) or healthy (b=-0.003; P=.57) food consumption over time. Also, healthy food presentation was unrelated to unhealthy (b=0.009; P=.18) or healthy (b=0.000; P=.99) food consumption over time. However, there was a significant, positive interaction between unhealthy food presentation and presentation centrality on unhealthy food consumption (b=0.000; P=.03), suggesting that the effects of unhealthy food presentation rise with increasing levels of centrality. There was no interaction between unhealthy food presentation and presentation centrality on the consumption of healthy foods (b=0.000; P=.10). Also, exposure to healthy food presentation interacted with centrality (b=-0.001; P=.003). That is, when a healthy product was presented at maximum centrality, it led to less unhealthy food consumption in children. Coviewing did not interact with exposure to unhealthy foods when explaining unhealthy (b=0.003; P=.08) or healthy (b=-0.001; P=.70) food consumption. Conclusions We conclude that simply presenting more healthy foods is not sufficient to combat children's unhealthy food preferences. Further regulations may be necessary with respect to representations of unhealthy foods in children's media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Matthes
- Department of Communication, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Binder
- Department of Communication, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Naderer
- Department for Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Forrai
- Department of Communication, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Spielvogel
- Department of Communication, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helena Knupfer
- Department of Communication, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Saumer
- Department of Communication, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Wells G, Trapp G, Wickens N, Heritage B. Powerful promotions: An investigation of the teen-directed marketing power of outdoor food advertisements located near schools in Australia. Health Promot J Austr 2024; 35:144-153. [PMID: 37012612 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Adolescents are heavily exposed to unhealthy outdoor food advertisements near schools, however, the marketing power of these advertisements among adolescents has not yet been explored. This study aimed to investigate the teen-directed marketing features present and quantify the overall marketing power of outdoor food advertisements located near schools to explore any differences by content (ie, alcohol, discretionary, core and miscellaneous foods) school type (ie, primary, secondary, K-12) and area-level socio-economic status (SES; ie, low vs high). METHODS This cross-sectional study audited every outdoor food advertisement (n = 1518) within 500m of 64 randomly selected schools in Perth, Western Australia, using a teen-informed coding tool to score the marketing power of each advertisement. RESULTS Outdoor alcohol advertisements around schools had the highest average marketing power score and number of advertising features present. Outdoor advertisements for alcohol and discretionary foods scored significantly higher in marketing power than core food advertisements (P < .001). Outdoor alcohol advertisements around secondary schools scored significantly higher in marketing power than around primary and K-12 schools (P < .001); and outdoor advertisements for discretionary foods in low SES areas scored significantly higher in marketing power than those in high SES areas (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study found outdoor advertisements for unhealthy products, such as alcohol and discretionary foods, were more powerful than advertisements for core foods around schools. SO WHAT?: These findings strengthen the need for policies which restrict outdoor advertisements for non-core foods near schools, to reduce adolescents' exposure to powerful alcohol and discretionary food advertisements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Wells
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gina Trapp
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole Wickens
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Brody Heritage
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
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Gajdzik B, Jaciow M, Wolniak R, Wolny R. Gastronomic Curiosity and Consumer Behavior: The Impact of Television Culinary Programs on Choices of Food Services. Foods 2023; 13:115. [PMID: 38201142 PMCID: PMC10778926 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In highly developed countries, more and more people use culinary services. Cooking at home, for the family, is giving way to culinary services. Consumers either order food home or use the offers of restaurants and bars. Consumers' choice of culinary form may be influenced by cooking television programs. Many TV stations broadcast cooking programs. This study examined the impact of television culinary programs on consumer behavior in the restaurant services market. The article examines the interplay of emotional responses, personality traits, and culinary preferences to understand how TV cooking programs influence dining decisions. The study was conducted using the CAWI method, which involved 742 respondents. The study, conducted between May 2021 and April 2022, was addressed to people who visited restaurants presented in the Polish culinary TV show titled "Kitchen Revolutions". The study revealed that almost 3/4 of the respondents chose restaurants based on the program's recommendations. Although there was a strong emotional connection with this program-nearly half of the respondents expressed delight in the taste of snacks and main courses-this did not always translate into an increased frequency of eating meals away from home. Only every third respondent said that the program influenced their gastronomic behavior. The research hypotheses examined the extent to which culinary TV shows influence the frequency of visits to restaurants, the perceived quality of life, and the influence on consumers with specific personality traits. The results partially supported the hypothesis that cooking programs on television encourage people to eat out more often, but the perceived impact on quality of life and on some personality traits was less clear. The article contributes to the understanding of consumer behavior in the food service market by highlighting the complex dynamics of emotional reactions, personality traits, and the impact of culinary television programs. The findings have practical implications for the restaurant industry, suggesting a focus on emotional impact, food quality and presentation, and targeting marketing strategies towards consumers who are open to new experiences and ready to experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Gajdzik
- Department of Industrial Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jaciow
- Department of Digital Economy Research, Faculty of Economics, University of Economics in Katowice, 40-287 Katowice, Poland; (M.J.); (R.W.)
| | - Radosław Wolniak
- Faculty of Organization and Management, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Robert Wolny
- Department of Digital Economy Research, Faculty of Economics, University of Economics in Katowice, 40-287 Katowice, Poland; (M.J.); (R.W.)
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Bourke M, Patterson L, Di Nardo F, Whittaker P, Verma A. Active video games and weight management in overweight children and adolescents-systematic review and meta-analysis. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023; 45:935-946. [PMID: 37496202 PMCID: PMC10788842 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing for several decades. Active video games (AVG) may be an effective intervention to help manage this rising health crisis. The aim of this review is to evaluate whether AVG are effective at reducing weight or improving body composition in overweight youths. METHOD Medline, Embase, SportDiscus, ASSIA, CINAHL Plus, CENTRAL, CDSR and PsychINFO databases were searched for studies assessing quantitative or qualitative impact of AVG in overweight adolescents published in English. Three authors screened the results using inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria; 11 reported a significant decrease in at least one weight outcome. Results from seven randomized controlled trials were pooled by meta-analysis, which compared with controls subjects in AVG groups demonstrated greater body mass index (BMI) Z-score reduction (mean difference: -0.09 (-0.12, -0.05) I2 = 34%, P < 0.0001). The mean weight reduction (-2.66 Kg (-5.67, +0.35) I2 = 0%, P = 0.08) and BMI (-2.29 (-4.81, +0.22) I2 = 49%, P = 0.07) were greater in AVG groups but results did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS BMI Z-score was significantly reduced in the AVG group and the majority of included studies reported significant results in at least one weight outcome, suggesting AVG can be used to reduce weight or improve body composition in overweight youths. Further studies investigating the long-term sustainability of this change in body composition are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bourke
- Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - L Patterson
- Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - F Di Nardo
- Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - P Whittaker
- Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - A Verma
- Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Lianbiaklal S, Rehman V. Revisiting 42 Years of literature on food marketing to children: A morphological analysis. Appetite 2023; 190:106989. [PMID: 37524244 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the preventive measures taken by the WHO, childhood obesity is still on the rise and is expected to increase by 100% between 2020 and 2035. Food marketing continues to permeate children's environments in numerous ways and influence the food behaviour of children, thus significantly contributing to the rise of obesity. Studies suggest that the literature on the effects of food marketing on children is complex and multidimensional. To fully understand these effects, a comprehensive and systematic approach is required. Nonetheless, existing reviews have focused only on specific aspects and have not comprehensively covered the literature on food marketing to children. Therefore, this review aims to navigate potential research gaps in the existing literature through a comprehensive examination of the literature by using morphological analysis (MA) methodology, the first time in this domain. Using PRISMA, 202 papers were considered eligible for inclusion and further analysed using MA. The articles were categorised into three dimensions to develop the MA framework: Stimuli (Food well-being), Organism, and Response, and 34 variants. The review has presented future research prospects by identifying at least 218 research gaps. With these findings, researchers can further explore the gaps and develop new research questions that could foster an understanding of the multifarious literature. Moreover, these findings can also provide marketers and practitioners with a better comprehension of the current state of the literature and develop more effective strategies for responsible marketing practices and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lianbiaklal
- Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
| | - Varisha Rehman
- Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
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Barker AB, Bal J, Ruff L, Murray RL. Exposure to tobacco, alcohol and 'Junk food' content in reality TV programmes broadcast in the UK between August 2019-2020. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023; 45:287-294. [PMID: 35512310 PMCID: PMC10273349 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to alcohol, tobacco and foods high in fat, sugar or salt (HFSS) content in media is a risk factor for smoking, alcohol use and HFSS consumption in young people. We report an analysis of tobacco, alcohol and HFSS content in a sample of reality TV programmes broadcast on TV and video-on-demand services throughout a 1-year period. METHODS We used 1-min interval coding to quantify content in all episodes of 20 different reality TV programmes between August 2019 and August 2020 and estimated population exposure to a sample of these programmes using viewing data and UK population estimates. RESULTS We coded 13 244 intervals from 264 episodes. Tobacco content appeared in 227 intervals (2%) across 43 episodes (2%), alcohol in 5167 intervals (39%) across 258 episodes (98%) and HFSS in 1752 intervals (13%) across 234 episodes (88%). A sample of 15 series delivered ~157.4 million tobacco, 3.5 billion alcohol and 1.9 billion HFSS gross impressions to the UK population, including 24 000, 12.6 million and 21.4 million, to children, respectively. CONCLUSION Tobacco, alcohol and HFSS content are common in reality TV programmes. These programmes deliver exposure to tobacco, alcohol and HFSS imagery, which are a potential driver of tobacco use, alcohol use and HFSS consumption in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Barker
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Jaspreet Bal
- Academic Unit of Lifespan and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Laura Ruff
- Academic Unit of Lifespan and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Rachael L Murray
- Academic Unit of Lifespan and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
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Evans R, Christiansen P, Masterson T, Pollack C, Albadri S, Boyland E. Recall of food marketing on videogame livestreaming platforms: Associations with adolescent diet-related behaviours and health. Appetite 2023; 186:106584. [PMID: 37127245 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Digital media has become an integral part of adolescents' lives. Mirroring this trend, food and non-alcoholic beverage (hereafter: food) brands increasingly promote products in digital media to maximise reach with young consumers. Videogame livestreaming platforms, where individuals can broadcast or watch streamed videogame footage, are a growing form of digital media. The top three platforms (market share by hours watched) are Twitch (72%), YouTube Gaming (13%), and Facebook Gaming Live (9%), with a combined 34.6 billion hours watched in 2021. These platforms represent a hybridisation of two popular digital trends amongst teenagers: viewing online video content and playing videogames. On these platforms, gaming influencers promote food brands and products, with energy drinks and fast-food restaurants representing the most frequently promoted categories. Evidence suggests that food marketing via Twitch is associated with food craving, purchasing and consumption in adults. Yet, despite the evident teenage appeal and prevalence of food marketing on these platforms, research is yet to explore its associations with adolescent eating behaviour. Adolescents (n = 490, Mage = 16.81, 30.2% female) completed an online cross-sectional questionnaire exploring their recall of food marketing on the top three videogame livestreaming platforms, and relevant behavioural (purchase, consumption) and health (Body Mass Index) outcomes. Structural equation modelling was used to explore hierarchical relationships between the key variables. Results showed that recall of unhealthy food marketing on these platforms was significantly associated with purchase and consumption of marketed food categories. Attitudes towards unhealthy foods mediated this relationship. Findings are the first to demonstrate the relationships between unhealthy food marketing via videogame livestreaming platforms and adolescent eating behaviours, which has implications for the design of policies to restrict digital food marketing to young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Evans
- Department of Psychology, The University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
| | - Paul Christiansen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Travis Masterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 226 Henderson, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Catherine Pollack
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Sondos Albadri
- School of Dentistry, The University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5PS, UK
| | - Emma Boyland
- Department of Psychology, The University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
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Sharma S, Matheson A, Lambrick D, Faulkner J, Lounsbury DW, Vaidya A, Page R. Dietary practices, physical activity and social determinants of non-communicable diseases in Nepal: A systemic analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281355. [PMID: 36745612 PMCID: PMC9901760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary habits and physical inactivity are major risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally. The objective of this paper was to describe the role of dietary practices and physical activity in the interaction of the social determinants of NCDs in Nepal, a developing economy. The study was a qualitative study design involving two districts in Nepal, whereby data was collected via key informant interviews (n = 63) and focus group discussions (n = 12). Thematic analysis of the qualitative data was performed, and a causal loop diagram was built to illustrate the dynamic interactions of the social determinants of NCDs based on the themes. The study also involved sense-making sessions with policy level and local stakeholders. Four key interacting themes emerged from the study describing current dietary and physical activity practices, influence of junk food, role of health system and socio-economic factors as root causes. While the current dietary and physical activity-related practices within communities were unhealthy, the broader determinants such as socio-economic circumstances and gender further fuelled such practices. The health system has potential to play a more effective role in the prevention of the behavioural and social determinants of NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Sharma
- DIYASU Community Development Centre, Biratnagar, Morang, Nepal,Massey University, Wellington, Wellington Region, New Zealand,* E-mail:
| | - Anna Matheson
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, Wellington Region, New Zealand
| | | | - James Faulkner
- University of Winchester, Winchester, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Lounsbury
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Rachel Page
- Massey University, Wellington, Wellington Region, New Zealand
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Amerzadeh M, Takian A, Pouraram H, Sari AA, Ostovar A. Policy analysis of nutrition stewardship for prevention and control of Non-communicable diseases in Iran. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:79. [PMID: 36694184 PMCID: PMC9873537 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non- communicable diseases (NCDs) are the main cause of death, which lead to over 73% of death and 62% of DALYs globally. As an unhealthy diet is the leading behavioral risk factor of NCDs, in line with the national action plan for the prevention and control of NCD, this study explored the nutrition-related stewardship problems to reduce the burden of NCDs in Iran. METHODS This is a qualitative study. We interviewed 30 purposefully identified key informants, i.e., stakeholders, policymakers, and academics, from December 2018 to August 2019. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. We analyzed data using qualitative content analysis facilitated by MAXQDA 11 software. RESULTS Ample policies and laws were identified, most of which were not or partially implemented. Despite some plausible efforts, NCDs do not seem to be a top priority for high-level managers and decision-makers. Besides, the role of non-state actors, i.e., the private sector, is marginal in NCD's planning and management. Whereas the government, e.g., the Food and Drug Organization (FDO), is the biggest player. Worse still, many harmful products are advertised and easily distributed across the country. CONCLUSION Iran's government has created a noticeable roadmap to battle NCDs despite imposing many sanctions and related socioeconomic problems. Nevertheless, more interventions are needed to strengthen the stewardship of NCDs by various stakeholders. We recommend the government to monitor the implementation of policies and advertisement of harmful products to prioritize prevention and control of NCDs. In addition, we advocate employing the capacity of non-state actors to reduce the consumption of unhealthy food and the burden of NCDs across the country, ultimately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amerzadeh
- grid.412606.70000 0004 0405 433XSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin university of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Takian
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Health Management, Policy & Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Global Health and Public Policy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran ,Heath Equity Research Center (HERC) – TUMS, Tehran, Iran ,National Center for Health Insurance Research, The Iranian Health Insurance Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Pouraram
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Community Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbari Sari
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Health Management, Policy & Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Ostovar
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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12
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Barker AB, Parkin M, Sinha S, Wilson E, Murray RL. A content analysis of 'junk food' content in children's TV programmes: a comparison of UK broadcast TV and video-on-demand services. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022; 44:e506-e513. [PMID: 35731995 PMCID: PMC9715287 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exposure to high in fat, sugar or salt (HFSS) food imagery is associated with unhealthy consumption, and subsequently obesity, among young people. We report and compare the results of two content analyses, one of popular children's television channels in the UK and the other of a selection of children's programmes available on video-on-demand (VOD) services. METHODS Content analysis of 3 days' worth of programmes on two popular children's television channels broadcast on UK television (CBeebies and Milkshake as well as a sample of children's programmes available on the VOD platforms (Netflix and Amazon Prime) using 1-min interval coding. RESULTS In children's television channels, HFSS content was seen in 181 episodes (36%) and in 417 intervals (13%) on terrestrial television, 'Milkshake' had a significantly higher proportion of broadcasts, which contained HFSS content than 'CBeebies'. In VOD platforms, HFSS content was seen in 82 episodes (72% of the total number of episodes), across 459 intervals (19% of the total number of intervals), with no significant difference in the proportion of programmes containing HFSS content between Netflix and Amazon Prime. CONCLUSIONS HFSS content is common in both popular UK children's television channels and children programmes on VOD services and is likely having an effect on HFSS consumption in children. Legislative opportunities to prevent this exposure are being missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Barker
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Megan Parkin
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Shreesh Sinha
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Emma Wilson
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Rachael L Murray
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
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13
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Barrett B. Health and sustainability co-benefits of eating behaviors: Towards a science of dietary eco-wellness. Prev Med Rep 2022; 28:101878. [PMID: 35832638 PMCID: PMC9272027 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the greatest challenges of our times - climate change and the linked epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease - are fueled in part by the over-consumption of carbon-intensive high calorie foodstuffs. Converging evidence from hundreds of studies has confirmed that transitioning from diets high in meat and dairy to largely plant-based diets not only is necessary for climate change mitigation but will also lead to substantive reductions in morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, there are only the faintest beginnings of a robust science of behavioral eco-wellness, defined here as the study of how individual choices, behaviors, and habits impact both personal health and environmental sustainability. This paper focusses on the sub-field of dietary eco-wellness, which looks at health and sustainability impacts of food production, procurement, preparation, and consumption. To advance this crucial agenda, investigators will need to invent, develop, and assess approaches aimed at helping people transition towards healthier and more sustainable diets. In order to accurately and reliably assess appropriate outcomes, existing assessment methods will need to be refined, new techniques will need to be advanced, and all measurement methods will need to be validated. Local conditions will influence the effectiveness of various approaches, and so it is important that scientists and communities share their stories of success and challenge for others to learn from. This paper reviews emerging evidence from relevant studies in dozens of countries, suggesting next steps, potential pathways, and a framework for interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Barrett
- Dept Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, United States
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14
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Alfayad K, Murray RL, Britton J, Barker AB. Content analysis of Netflix and Amazon Prime Instant Video original films in the UK for alcohol, tobacco and junk food imagery. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022; 44:302-309. [PMID: 33675356 PMCID: PMC9234507 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to alcohol, tobacco and high fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) food imagery is a significant risk factor for the uptake and regular use of these products in young people, and imagery are more frequently portrayed in video-on-demand (VOD) than in terrestrial television programmes. This study compared alcohol, tobacco and HFSS imagery in original films on Amazon Prime Instant Video and Netflix. METHODS Content analysis of 11 original films released by Amazon Prime and Netflix in 2017 using 5-minute interval coding of alcohol, tobacco and HFSS content. Proportions of intervals containing alcohol, tobacco and HFSS imagery were compared between services using the chi-square test. RESULTS Alcohol content appeared in 200 (41.7%) out of the total of 479 intervals coded, whereas tobacco and HFSS appeared in 129 (26.9%) and 169 (35.24%), respectively. Proportions were similar between Amazon Prime Instant Video and Netflix original films and were unrelated to film age classification. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol, tobacco and HFSS content likely to promote consumption among young people occurs frequently in original films shown by VOD services in the UK. Further studies are needed to investigate effective regulatory frameworks for VOD services to protect viewers from harmful or unwanted contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoon Alfayad
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh Campus, Riyadh 13323, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachael L Murray
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - John Britton
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Alexander B Barker
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
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15
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Alfayad K, Murray RL, Britton J, Barker AB. Population exposure to alcohol and junk food advertising during the 2018 FIFA world cup: implications for public health. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:908. [PMID: 35524237 PMCID: PMC9078020 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advertising alcoholic drinks and food high in fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) is a driver of alcohol use and HFSS consumption, among children and young people. Whilst advertising legislation and broadcasting regulation protect children from alcohol and HFSS imagery, the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which attracted a global audience, was sponsored and partnered by alcohol and HFSS brands. This study investigated the exposure of viewers to HFSS and alcohol imagery in a selection of group matches, and the final match, of the FIFA 2018 World Cup. METHODS The frequency and duration of appearances (to the nearest second) of branding from two sponsors (McDonald's and Budweiser), one official partner (Coca-Cola) and the official sports drink (Powerade) were recorded during all active play in live coverage of a sample of 13 matches (Six in Group A, which included the host nation, Russia, which has stringent alcohol promotion regulations in place; six in Group G, which featured England; and the final) broadcast in the UK. We used census and viewing data to calculate gross and per capita impressions generated by this imagery in the UK population. RESULTS The 13 matches included 1262 min of active play and a total of 1806 appearances of alcohol and HFSS food advertisements, delivering approximately 7.5 billion branded HFSS impressions, including 759 million to children (age < 16 years), and 3.3 billion alcohol impressions, including 385 million to children, in the UK. Appearances of HFSS and alcohol brands were not statistically different between the games in either group. CONCLUSION UK advertising legislation and broadcasting regulations intended to prevent exposure to alcohol and HFSS imagery and advertising in UK television was circumvented completely by sponsorship arrangements in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Preventing this exposure therefore requires revision of existing advertising and broadcasting controls to include sponsorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoon Alfayad
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh Campus, Abi Bakr Siddiq Branch Rd, Riyadh, 13323, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rachael L Murray
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, London, UK
| | - John Britton
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, London, UK
| | - Alexander B Barker
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespear Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
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16
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Manca R, Bombillar F, Glomski C, Pica A. Obesity and immune system impairment: A global problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE 2022; 33:193-208. [PMID: 35147561 DOI: 10.3233/jrs-227007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of healthy and nutritious food, in an ecologically sustainable and safe way, has become one of the great ethical issues of our time. The recent G 20 urged the "promotion and work on the social determinants of health to address other critical health issues such as food and nutrition". OBJECTIVE The aim of this work is to analyze the current scientific literature regarding the role of obesity in the severe COVID-19 outcomes. In the light of the indications of the G20, the main causes of obesity are examined, and lifestyles are suggested with particular regard to proper nutrition in order to prevent/treat overweight since childhood. METHODS Multidisciplinary work, in which the biological and legal perspectives provide a meta-legal analysis of the obesity problem. RESULTS Unhealthy habits induce metabolic imbalance and increase in the body weight promoting obesity. This condition is the result of many factors (genetic predisposition, social position and "junk food" consumption) and is associated with a high risk of diseases, among them exacerbations from viral respiratory infections, including the current COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS The industrial food revolution changed our eating habits, leading to production of too much unhealthy food, absent in ancient diet, thus contributing to the onset of some disorders. The business of food industry should be downsized in favor of morally or ethically fair choices for consumers and for the well-being of society, together with an ethical food distribution, governmental food education programs, and balanced oversight of food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Manca
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chester Glomski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Alessandra Pica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between exposure to social media food messages and self-reported adolescent eating outcomes (including food intake, perceived norms and food literacy). DESIGN A cross-sectional survey was used to assess reported exposure to core and non-core food messages (including marketing messages) on social media, as well as reported food intake, perceived norms, food literacy, attitudes, self-regulation, among others. SETTING 18 secondary schools across Flanders, Belgium. PARTICIPANTS 1002 adolescents 11-19 years of age. RESULTS Self-reported exposure to food marketing and overall food messages on social media was positively associated with eating attitudes, behaviours, perceived norms and food literacy among adolescents. Interestingly, the relationship between food exposure and intake was shaped differently depending on food type; descriptive norms mediated the positive relationship between non-core food social media exposure and non-core food intake (e.g. indirect effect estimate on self-reported sweets consumption is 0·005, se 0·002, P < 0·01), while food literacy mediated the positive relationship between core food social media exposure and core food intake (e.g. indirect effect estimate on self-reported vegetable consumption is 0·01, se 0·003, P < 0·000). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the significance of social media in relation to adolescent eating. There is an opportunity for health professionals to use social media in the promotion of core food among adolescents. We call for relevant policy actions to regulate the marketing of non-core food to adolescents on social media.
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18
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Xian J, Zeng M, Cai Z, Xie C, Xie Y, Sharma M, Zhao Y, Shi Z. Influence of the request and purchase of television advertised foods on dietary intake and obesity among children in China. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1130. [PMID: 34118901 PMCID: PMC8199678 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to examine the effects of the request and purchase of Television (TV) advertised foods on children’s dietary intake, overweight and obesity in China. Methods Data from 1417 children (aged 6–17 years) in the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey were analysed. The request and purchase of TV advertised foods were assessed through the frequency of children’s requests to purchase TV advertised foods and the frequency of parents’ purchases of these advertised foods, as well as the frequency of children’s purchases of TV advertised foods. The height and weight of children were measured. Logistic regression models were used to identify the associations between the request and purchase of TV advertised foods and overweight/obesity of children. Results The request and purchase of TV advertised foods were positively associated with children’s dietary intake of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, children’s request and purchase of TV advertised foods and parent’s purchase of TV advertised foods were positively associated with children’s overweight/obesity: odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for overweight/obesity were: 1.46 (1.01–2.11) for children purchasing advertised foods ≥1 time/week, 1.59 (1.15–2.18) for parents purchasing advertised foods for their children ≥1 time/week and 1.39 (1.00–1.95) for children requesting advertised foods ≥1 time/week. Conclusions The request and purchase of TV advertised foods are associated with children’s dietary intake. Moreover, the request and purchase of TV advertised foods can increase the risk of overweight and obesity of children. Health education involving children’s request and purchase of TV advertised foods and parents’ purchase of TV advertised foods should be considered in China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11191-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Xian
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Mao Zeng
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhengjie Cai
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Changxiao Xie
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuqian Xie
- The Second Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89119, USA
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Zumin Shi
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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19
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Ngqangashe Y, Backer CJSD. The differential effects of viewing short-form online culinary videos of fruits and vegetables versus sweet snacks on adolescents' appetites. Appetite 2021; 166:105436. [PMID: 34119561 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Social media culinary videos are a prominent feature across various social media platforms and constitute one of many media platforms that expose audiences to food. Given that there is a link between exposure to food content through food media and nutrient intake, our study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to social media culinary videos on adolescents' appetites. We conducted a pre- and posttest study with 126 middle school children (Mage = 13.9, SD = 1.2). Participants saw a social media culinary video either demonstrating the preparation of a sweet snack (n = 50) or a fruit and vegetable snack (n = 76). As dependent variables, we examined hunger, general desire to eat, liking of the foods portrayed, intentions to eat and prepare the portrayed foods, and actual food choice behavior. The findings showed that the videos had no effects on hunger or general desire to eat but influenced food choice behavior, liking of the foods, and intentions to eat and prepare the foods portrayed. The sweet snacks video reduced the liking of fruits and vegetables and indirectly reduced the odds of choosing a fruit over a cookie, through intentions to eat sweet snacks. The fruits and vegetables video reduced the liking of sweet snacks and resulted in higher intentions to prepare healthy snacks. In conclusion, a single exposure to short-form culinary videos had effects on various food-related outcomes. While the positive effects of the fruits and vegetable video frame these videos as potential platforms to stimulate healthy eating and food preparation, the effects of the sweet snacks video warn of negative influences. Further research on prolonged repetitive exposure is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandisa Ngqangashe
- The Australian National University, School of Regulation and Governance, 3.36, HC Coombs Extension Building, 8 Fellows Road Acton, 2601, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Charlotte J S De Backer
- Department Communication Sciences, University of Antwerp, SM486- 2 Sint-Jacobstraat, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
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20
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Benito-Ostolaza JM, Echavarri R, Garcia-Prado A, Oses-Eraso N. Using visual stimuli to promote healthy snack choices among children. Soc Sci Med 2021; 270:113587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Health Advertising during the Lockdown: A Comparative Analysis of Commercial TV in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031054. [PMID: 33504002 PMCID: PMC7908092 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During the lockdown declared in Spain to fight the spread of COVID-19 from 14 March to 3 May 2020, a context in which health information has gained relevance, the agenda-setting theory was used to study the proportion of health advertisements broadcasted during this period on Spanish television. Previous and posterior phases were compared, and the period was compared with the same period in 2019. A total of 191,738 advertisements were downloaded using the Instar Analytics application and analyzed using inferential statistics to observe the presence of health advertisements during the four study periods. It was observed that during the lockdown, there were more health advertisements than after, as well as during the same period in 2019, although health advertisements had the strongest presence during the pre-lockdown phase. The presence of most types of health advertisements also changed during the four phases of the study. We conclude that, although many differences can be explained by the time of the year—due to the presence of allergies or colds, for instance—the lockdown and the pandemic affected health advertising. However, the effects were mostly visible after the lockdown, when advertisers and broadcasters had had time to adapt to the unexpected circumstances.
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22
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Ogden J, Biliraki C, Ellis A, Lammyman F, May E. The impact of active or passive food preparation versus distraction on eating behaviour: An experimental study. Appetite 2020; 160:105072. [PMID: 33347874 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates a role for attention in the perception of hunger and food intake. The present experimental study aimed to explore the impact of attention to food cues through either active or passive food preparation, versus attention away from food cues through a non-food distraction task on eating behaviour using a preload/taste test design. Female participants (n = 80) were randomly allocated to one of four conditions: active food preparation (making a wrap); passive video preparation (watching video of researcher making a wrap); distraction (a non-food colouring task); no time control. Measures of desire to eat (hunger, fullness, motivation) were taken before and after the interventions. Food intake was measured in terms of mass of wrap consumed and snacks consumed at a subsequent taste test. The results showed greater wrap consumption for active and passive food preparation and the control groups compared to the distraction intervention. Further, the results showed that active food preparation resulted in increased hunger and motivation to eat and that passive food preparation resulted in increased motivation to eat. No changes were found following distraction. To conclude, attention to food cues through both active and passive food preparation can increase both food intake and the desire to eat. The implications for promoting changes in eating behaviour are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ogden
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Christina Biliraki
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Abbie Ellis
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Frances Lammyman
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Ellie May
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
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23
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Fernández-Escobar C, Monroy-Parada DX, Ordaz Castillo E, Lois D, Royo-Bordonada MÁ. Effect of health-promoting messages in television food commercials on adolescents' attitudes and consumption: A randomized intervention study. Appetite 2020; 158:105014. [PMID: 33132112 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The HAVISA plan is a Spanish government's policy for the promotion of healthy lifestyles via health messages in television food advertisements. This study evaluated the positive or negative impact (health halo effect) of health messages on food choices and predisposition towards healthy habits of Spanish adolescents. METHODS Randomized controlled study in 11-14 years old adolescents. The intervention group watched television advertisements for unhealthy foods with HAVISA health messages, while the control group watched the same advertisements without them. A self-administered questionnaire measured participants' attitudes towards the products advertised, to diet and physical activity, and recognition of messages. Afterwards they chose between fruit and unhealthy snacks. The differences between the two groups were then compared. RESULTS A total of 27.2% of the control group versus 29.6% of the intervention group chose fruit (p = 0.54). Both groups displayed high desire for (7.24 vs. 7.40, p = 0.29) and intention to consume (6.67 vs. 6.73, p = 0.63) the unhealthy products advertised. There were no differences in perceived healthiness of these foods (4.11 vs. 4.19, p = 0.74), or perceived importance of a healthy diet (3.17 vs. 3.12, p = 0.55) or physical activity (4.53 vs. 4.51, p = 0.73). Desire for vegetables (2.49 vs. 2.66, p = 0.08) and fruit (3.15 vs. 3.30, p = 0.09) were higher in the intervention group, but the differences were not significant. Only 47.6% of participants noticed the presence of health messages; of these, 31% correctly recalled their content. CONCLUSION HAVISA health messages changed neither the attitudes nor immediate eating behaviors of adolescents. There was no immediate healthy-lifestyle promoter or adverse health halo effect, probably due to the messages' low prominence. Further research should evaluate the long-term effect of repeated exposure to health messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Escobar
- Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Calle Sinesio Delgado 10, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Elena Ordaz Castillo
- Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Calle Sinesio Delgado 10, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Lois
- Social Psychology Department, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Calle de Juan Del Rosal, 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Correa T, Reyes M, Taillie LS, Corvalán C, Dillman Carpentier FR. Food Advertising on Television Before and After a National Unhealthy Food Marketing Regulation in Chile, 2016-2017. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1054-1059. [PMID: 32437274 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To study changes in food advertising on television after Chile's food marketing restriction was implemented in June 2016.Methods. Food advertisements shown between 6 am and 12 am on the 4 primary broadcast and 4 cable channels with the largest Chilean youth audiences during 2 random weeks in April and May 2016 and 2017 were analyzed for product nutrition and child-directed marketing.Results. The percentage of ads for foods high in energy, saturated fats, sugars, or sodium (HEFSS) decreased from 41.9% before the regulation to 14.8% after the regulation (P < .001). This decrease occurred in programs intended for children (from 49.7% to 12.7%; P < .001) as well as general audiences (from 38.5% to 15.7%; P < .001). The largest declines were seen for sodas, desserts, breakfast cereals and industrialized fruit- and vegetable-flavored drinks. Fewer HEFSS ads featured child-directed content (a decrease from 44.0% to 12.0%; P < .001), and the remaining child-directed HEFSS ads primarily aired on internationally owned cable channels.Conclusions. The significant postregulation decrease in the prevalence of HEFSS television ads suggests that children in Chile are now less exposed to unhealthy food advertising. However, television originating from national and international outlets should still be monitored for compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Correa
- Teresa Correa is with the School of Communication, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile. Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán are with the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago. Lindsey Smith Taillie is with the Carolina Population Center and the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Francesca R. Dillman Carpentier is with the Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Marcela Reyes
- Teresa Correa is with the School of Communication, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile. Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán are with the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago. Lindsey Smith Taillie is with the Carolina Population Center and the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Francesca R. Dillman Carpentier is with the Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Lindsey Smith Taillie
- Teresa Correa is with the School of Communication, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile. Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán are with the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago. Lindsey Smith Taillie is with the Carolina Population Center and the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Francesca R. Dillman Carpentier is with the Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Camila Corvalán
- Teresa Correa is with the School of Communication, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile. Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán are with the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago. Lindsey Smith Taillie is with the Carolina Population Center and the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Francesca R. Dillman Carpentier is with the Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Francesca R Dillman Carpentier
- Teresa Correa is with the School of Communication, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile. Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán are with the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago. Lindsey Smith Taillie is with the Carolina Population Center and the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Francesca R. Dillman Carpentier is with the Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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KANBUR BN. Görsel Medyanın ve Subliminal Mesajların Çocuk Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri. İSTANBUL GELIŞIM ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.38079/igusabder.665516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Gearhardt AN, Yokum S, Harris JL, Epstein LH, Lumeng JC. Neural response to fast food commercials in adolescents predicts intake. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:493-502. [PMID: 31940031 PMCID: PMC7049532 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food advertising is a major contributor to obesity, and fast food (FF) restaurants are top advertisers. Research on the impact of food advertising in adolescents is lacking and no prior research has investigated neural predictors of food intake in adolescents. Neural systems implicated in reward could be key to understanding how food advertising drives food intake. OBJECTIVES To investigate how neural responses to both unhealthy and healthier FF commercials predict food intake in adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 171 adolescents (aged 13-16 y) who ranged from normal weight to obese completed an fMRI paradigm where they viewed unhealthy and healthier FF and nonfood commercials. Adolescents then consumed a meal in a simulated FF restaurant where foods of varying nutritional profiles (unhealthy compared with healthier) were available. RESULTS Greater neural activation in reward-related regions (nucleus accumbens, r = 0.29; caudate nucleus, r = 0.27) to unhealthy FF commercials predicted greater total food intake. Greater responses to healthier FF relative to nonfood commercials in regions associated with reward (i.e., nucleus accumbens, r = 0.24), memory (i.e., hippocampus, r = 0.32), and sensorimotor processes (i.e., anterior cerebellum, r = 0.33) predicted greater total food and unhealthier food intake, but not healthier food intake. Lower activation in neural regions associated with visual attention and salience (e.g., precuneus, r = -0.35) to unhealthy relative to healthier FF commercials predicted healthier food intake. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that FF commercials contribute to overeating in adolescents through reward mechanisms. The addition of healthier commercials from FF restaurants is unlikely to encourage healthier food intake, but interventions that reduce the ability of unhealthy FF commercials to capture attention could be beneficial. However, an overall reduction in the amount of FF commercials exposure for adolescents is likely to be the most effective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Address correspondence to ANG (e-mail: )
| | | | - Jennifer L Harris
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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The political construction of public health nutrition problems: a framing analysis of parliamentary debates on junk-food marketing to children in Australia. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:2041-2052. [PMID: 31948503 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019003628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Junk-food marketing contributes significantly to childhood obesity, which in turn imposes major health and economic burdens. Despite this, political priority for addressing junk-food marketing has been weak in many countries. Competing interests, worldviews and beliefs of stakeholders involved with the issue contribute to this political inertia. An integral group of actors for driving policy change are parliamentarians, who champion policy and enact legislation. However, how parliamentarians interpret and portray (i.e. frame) the causes and solutions of public health nutrition problems is poorly understood. The present study aimed to understand how Australian parliamentarians from different political parties frame the problem of junk-food marketing. DESIGN Framing analysis of transcripts from the Australian Government's Parliamentary Hansard, involving development of a theoretical framework, data collection, coding transcripts and thematic synthesis of results. SETTINGS Australia. PARTICIPANTS None. RESULTS Parliamentarian framing generally reflected political party ideology. Liberal parliamentarians called for minimal government regulation and greater personal responsibility, reflecting the party's core values of liberalism and neoliberalism. Greens parliamentarians framed the issue as systemic, highlighting the need for government intervention and reflecting the core party value of social justice. Labor parliamentarians used both frames at varying times. CONCLUSIONS Parliamentarians' framing was generally consistent with their party ideology, though subject to changes over time. This project provides insights into the role of framing and ideology in shaping public health policy responses and may inform communication strategies for nutrition advocates. Advocates might consider using frames that resonate with the ideologies of different political parties and adapting these over time.
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Smith R, Kelly B, Yeatman H, Moore C, Baur L, King L, Boyland E, Chapman K, Hughes C, Bauman A. Advertising Placement in Digital Game Design Influences Children's Choices of Advertised Snacks: A Randomized Trial. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019; 120:404-413. [PMID: 31892500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are inhabitants of a media-rich environment rife in extensive, sophisticated, and persistent techniques that are used to market unhealthy food. Exposure is known to influence children's attitudes, choices, and consumption, yet further research is required to explore the influence of contemporary techniques within online games. OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of modern advertising on children's attitudes, choices, and consumption, techniques (ie, banner advertising, advergame, and rewarded video advertising) were used to promote an unfamiliar confectionery brand within an online game. DESIGN A between-subjects randomized experimental study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Children (aged 7 to 12 years [n=156]) were recruited in New South Wales, Australia, between September and November 2017. INTERVENTION Children were required to play a 4-minute online game, complete some questionnaires, and choose one snack to consume afterward. Children were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: a control group with no advertising, and three experimental conditions that promoted an unfamiliar confectionery brand via a banner advertisement, advergame, or rewarded video advertisement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Questionnaires included the assessment of attitudes to the test brand before and after the game, enjoyment of the game, and children's awareness of advertising. Food choice was recorded and food consumption was measured by weighing the snack in grams, which was translated into kilocalories. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Statistical tests included analyses of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, and χ2 test. RESULTS Attitudes toward the perception of fun (P=0.06) and taste (P=0.21) of the test brand were not influenced by condition. Children who were exposed to the rewarded video advertising chose the test brand significantly more than children in the other three conditions (P<0.002). Condition did not influence overall energy intake measured in grams (P=0.78) or kilocalories (P=0.46). CONCLUSIONS Children's choice of the test brand was significantly influenced by the rewarded video advertising condition (compared with control, banner advertising, and advergame conditions). This technique is prevalent across online and application games that children play yet the effects of using rewarded video advertising to promote food brands have not been explored from a public health perspective. This study contributes to the understanding of modern strategies used to market unhealthy foods to children.
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Qutteina Y, De Backer C, Smits T. Media food marketing and eating outcomes among pre-adolescents and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1708-1719. [PMID: 31468652 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The media marketing's effect on child and adult eating has been extensively researched, yet, little is known about its effect on adolescents. The aim of this review is to synthesize available research on the relation between media food marketing and eating-related cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors among pre-adolescents (8-11) and adolescents (12-19). We systematically screened and retrieved 9324 articles, of which 28 were included in the review-analysis and 19 in the meta-analysis. Robust variance estimation with random effect weights indicated a positive small standard effect size (d = 0.26, P < .001) of media food marketing on all unhealthy eating outcomes, and a subgroup analysis revealed a small effect size (d = 0.26, P < .001) on unhealthy eating behaviors specifically. Another subgroup analysis among adolescents revealed an effect of marketing (d = 0.22, P < .05) on unhealthy eating outcomes. This review demonstrates the significance of media marketing on eating in pre-adolescents and adolescents, and highlights limitations in the food marketing and adolescent eating literature specific to eating outcomes and marketing media studied and research designs utilized. We call for properly designed food marketing research exploring digital media's effect on eating attitudes and cognitions, especially among older adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Qutteina
- Institute for Media Studies, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Backer
- Department of Communication Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Smits
- Institute for Media Studies, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Bissell K, Baker K, Pember SE, Zhang X, Yang Y. Changing the Face of Health Education via Health Interventions: Social Ecological Perspectives on New Media Technologies and Elementary Nutrition Education. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 34:1575-1584. [PMID: 30142279 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2018.1507659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between media use, family dynamics, and school environments on a child's likelihood to be overweight or obese is an area of research with limited empirical evidence; however, reports have indicated that children are increasingly developing more negative habits related to their health. The purpose of the present study was to employ a social ecological perspective in determining the effectiveness of a longitudinal health literacy/health intervention program on children's nutritional knowledge, attitudes toward healthy eating and exercise, food preferences, and eating behavior. Using a sample of elementary school children initially in Grades 2 and 3 and then in Grades 3 and 4, a field experiment was conducted using a new media technology to record their food intake at home and at school. Results from the study suggest that the health literacy program was successful with positive increases observed for cognition, attitudes, and behavior. From a perspective of social ecological model, the findings suggest that children's eating behaviors need to be considered at the intersection of children's health literacy/attitudes, community efforts, and media/screen time use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Bissell
- Institute for Communication & Information Research, Health Communication Lab, University of Alabama
| | - Kim Baker
- Department of Communication, Alabama State University
| | - Sarah E Pember
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Department of Journalism & Mass Communication, North Carolina A&T State University
| | - Yiyi Yang
- University of North Carolina , Wilmington
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Pesch MH, Munzer T, Pont CM, Lauer CS, Appugliese DP. Donuts on our daughters: Gender differences in food categories on children's apparel. Eat Behav 2019; 34:101303. [PMID: 31154152 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent trends in children's fashion have featured food-graphics on children's apparel. Little attention has been paid to the food-graphic content of children's apparel. The objectives of this study were to describe and quantify food-graphics appearing on children's apparel, to examine characteristics of children's apparel items associated with the presence versus absence of food-graphics, and to examine gender differences in food-graphics. METHODS A content analysis of food-graphics on children's apparel from major apparel retailer websites was performed. Images of food-graphic apparel were reliably coded for food-graphic categories. Multivariable analyses examined the association of apparel item characteristics with food-graphic presence. Bivariate analyses tested the association of presence or absence of each food category with gender of apparel item. RESULTS Of the 3870 apparel items coded, 8.2% (318) had food-graphics. In multivariable analysis, food-graphics were more likely to be present on girls' (versus boys') apparel (RR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.34-2.12). Content analysis of food-graphic items revealed categories including "pastries", "frozen desserts", "pizza", "fast food", "fruit", and "love of food". Girls' (versus boys') food-graphic apparel was more likely to have categories of "pastries" (33% versus 12%), "frozen desserts" (20% versus 9%), and "fruit" (30% versus 11%) and less likely to have categories of "pizza" (9% versus 30%), and "fast food" (3% versus 23%). The "love of food" category did not differ by gender. All p-values ≤.01. CONCLUSIONS Food-graphics on children's apparel are fairly common, especially on apparel marketed for girls. Children's apparel may represent a novel cultural influence on children's eating and food perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Pesch
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Tiffany Munzer
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Cassidy M Pont
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Clare S Lauer
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Wood CT, Skinner AC, Brown JD, Brown CL, Howard JB, Steiner MJ, Perrin AJ, Levine C, Ravanbakht SN, Perrin EM. Concordance of Child and Parent Reports of Children's Screen Media Use. Acad Pediatr 2019; 19:529-533. [PMID: 30981024 PMCID: PMC6612580 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the concordance of parent and child reports of children's media consumption, even though parents are often asked to report for their children in clinical care settings. Our objective was to understand how parent and child reports of children's media consumption differ in an era of changing screen media consumption via personal devices. METHODS As part of a larger study about the reception of health-related cues from children's media, children ages 9 to 11 years (N = 114) and their parents independently completed identical questionnaires about specific media use and health behaviors. To examine concordance between child and parent reports of children's screen media use, we calculated the mean number of minutes per day and proportions reported by the child and parent and assessed concordance with t-tests and chi-square tests. RESULTS On a typical day, children reported nearly an hour each of video and app game use, computer use, and television exposure. Overall, child and parent reports were similar, usually within 10 minutes of each other; however, among 3 measures of TV use, parents consistently reported less TV exposure than children. There was significant discordance in the percentages of parents and children reporting the presence of a TV in the child's room. CONCLUSIONS Parent and child reports of children's media use were generally concordant; however, there were important disagreements, such as TV use in the child's room and during meals. We discuss possible causes of discrepancies and implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Wood
- Division of Primary Care Pediatrics and Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Department of Pediatrics (CT Wood, JB Howard, and EM Perrin),; Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (CT Wood, CL Brown, JB Howard, MJ Steiner, and EM Perrin),.
| | - Asheley Cockrell Skinner
- Department of Population Health Sciences (AC Skinner), Duke University School of Medicine; Duke Clinical Research Institute (AC Skinner), Durham, NC
| | | | - Callie L Brown
- School of Media and Journalism (JD Brown),; Department of Pediatrics (CL Brown), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Janna B Howard
- Division of Primary Care Pediatrics and Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Department of Pediatrics (CT Wood, JB Howard, and EM Perrin),; Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (CT Wood, CL Brown, JB Howard, MJ Steiner, and EM Perrin)
| | - Michael J Steiner
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (CT Wood, CL Brown, JB Howard, MJ Steiner, and EM Perrin)
| | | | - Cary Levine
- Department of Art and Art History (C Levine)
| | - Sophie N Ravanbakht
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health (SN Ravanbakht), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Eliana M Perrin
- Division of Primary Care Pediatrics and Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Department of Pediatrics (CT Wood, JB Howard, and EM Perrin),; Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (CT Wood, CL Brown, JB Howard, MJ Steiner, and EM Perrin)
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Thomas F, Thomas C, Hooper L, Rosenberg G, Vohra J, Bauld L. Area deprivation, screen time and consumption of food and drink high in fat salt and sugar (HFSS) in young people: results from a cross-sectional study in the UK. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027333. [PMID: 31256025 PMCID: PMC6609085 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate associations between deprivation in young people and consumption of foods high in fat, salt and sugar (HFSS), screen time exposure and health knowledge. DESIGN An online cross-sectional survey with people aged 11-19 years in the UK, where participants reported consumption behaviours across 13 HFSS and two non-HFSS groups; screen time for commercial television and streaming services; and knowledge of health conditions and their links to obesity. SETTING UK PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3348 young people aged 11-19 years across the UK. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The study assessed the consumption behaviours, commercial screen time exposure and the health knowledge of 3348 people aged 11-19 years. Multivariate binary regression analysis, controlling for age and gender, was performed. RESULTS Deprivation level was associated with increases in consumption of six of the HFSS products including energy drinks (OR: 2.943, p<0.001) and sugary drinks (OR: 1.938, p<0.001) and a reduction in consumption in the two non-HFSS products included in the study, fruit (OR: 0.668, p=0.004) and vegetables (OR: 0.306, p<0.001). Deprivation was associated with high weekly screen time of both television (OR: 2.477, p<0.001) and streaming (OR: 1.679, p=0.001). Health knowledge was also associated with deprivation. There was lower awareness of the association of obesity and cancer (OR: 0.697, p=0.003), type 2 diabetes (OR: 0.64, p=0.004) and heart disease (OR: 0.519, p<0.001) in the most deprived. CONCLUSIONS Young people from the more deprived areas of the UK were more likely to consume a range of HFSS products, report increased exposure to HFSS advertising and have a poorer awareness of health conditions associated with overweight and obesity. The findings suggest that population-level measures addressing childhood obesity should account for consumption patterns among different groups of children and young people and the factors that may influence these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Thomas
- Cancer Policy Research Centre, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | | | - Lucie Hooper
- Cancer Policy Research Centre, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | | | - Jyotsna Vohra
- Cancer Policy Research Centre, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Smith R, Kelly B, Yeatman H, Boyland E. Food Marketing Influences Children's Attitudes, Preferences and Consumption: A Systematic Critical Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:E875. [PMID: 31003489 PMCID: PMC6520952 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a widely acknowledged risk factor for the development of childhood obesity and noncommunicable diseases. Food marketing involves the use of numerous persuasive techniques to influence children's food attitudes, preferences and consumption. This systematic review provides a comprehensive contemporary account of the impact of these marketing techniques on children aged 0-18 years and critically evaluates the methodologies used. Five electronic academic databases were searched using key terms for primary studies (both quantitative and qualitative) published up to September 2018; 71 eligible articles were identified. Significant detrimental effects of food marketing, including enhanced attitudes, preferences and increased consumption of marketed foods were documented for a wide range of marketing techniques, particularly those used in television/movies and product packaging. Together, these studies contribute strong evidence to support the restriction of food marketing to children. However, the review also signposted distinct gaps: Firstly, there is a lack of use of qualitative and physiological methodologies. Secondly, contemporary and sophisticated marketing techniques used in new media warrant increased research attention. Finally, more research is needed to evaluate the longer-term effects of food marketing on children's weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Smith
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Heather Yeatman
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Emma Boyland
- Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
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Binder A, Naderer B, Matthes J. Do children's food choices go with the crowd? Effects of majority and minority peer cues shown within an audiovisual cartoon on children's healthy food choice. Soc Sci Med 2019; 225:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Arora A, Bowman CM, Chow SJP, Thepsourinthone J, Bhole S, Manohar N. A content analysis of Australian television advertising: focus on child and adolescent oral health. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:384. [PMID: 30526559 PMCID: PMC6286588 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children’s preferences for cariogenic foods and/or drinks has been proven to be associated with exposure to advertisements. This study aimed to assess and compare the proportion of cariogenic food and /or drink advertisements aired on three metropolitan Sydney commercial television channels at different broadcast times during school term and school holidays. Methods Three Sydney free-to-air television channels (Channels Seven, Nine, and Ten) were recorded between June 2016 and January 2017. Two weekdays and one weekend day were recorded for a week for each channel during the school term and school holidays, respectively. All channels were recorded from 0630 h until 2300 h. Food and/or drink advertisements were categorised according to the time they were aired and their sugar and acid content. For each channel, school holiday data was compared with school term data. Pearson chi-squared testing was used to determine the difference in advertisements rates across TV channels and broadcast times including school holidays and school term. Results The proportion of food and/or drink advertisements for all networks was less than 10% of all advertisements. Overall, Channel Ten had the most food and/or drink advertisements (39.74%) and Channel Seven had the lowest (28.60%). Channel Ten aired the largest proportion of food and/or drink advertisements (27.18%) during school term Channel Nine aired the highest number of food and/or drink adverts (15.50%) during school holidays. There were more food and/or drink advertisements during children’s viewing hours compared to overlap, adult, and other viewing periods respectively, with Channel Ten airing the highest advertisements (15.72%) and Channel Seven airing the least (11.35%) food and/or drink advertisements. For all analyses, Pearson chi-square tests had a p-value < 0.001. Conclusion Although the overall proportion of food and/or drink advertisements aired on Sydney television is low, the advertisements containing high sugar and /or acid were broadcasted more during children’s viewing times than other times and during school term compared to school holidays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, NSW Health, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Caroline M Bowman
- Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Stephanie J P Chow
- Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Jack Thepsourinthone
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Sameer Bhole
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, NSW Health, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Narendar Manohar
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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The prevalence and audience reach of food and beverage advertising on Chilean television according to marketing tactics and nutritional quality of products. Public Health Nutr 2018; 22:1113-1124. [PMID: 30486917 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018003130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the light of Chile's comprehensive new restriction on unhealthy food marketing, we analyse food advertising on Chilean television prior to the first and final phases of implementation of the restriction. DESIGN Content analysis of marketing strategies of 6976 advertisements, based on products' nutritional quality. Statistical analysis of total and child audience reached using television ratings data. SETTING Advertising from television aired between 06.00 and 00.00 hours during two random composite weeks across April-May 2016 from the four broadcast and four cable channels with the largest youth audiences. RESULTS Food ads represented 16 % of all advertising; 34 % of food ads featured a product high in energy, saturated fats, sugars and/or salt (HEFSS), as defined by the initial regulation. HEFSS ads were seen by more children and contained more child-directed marketing strategies than ads without HEFSS foods. If HEFSS advertising was restricted only in programmes where 20 % are children aged 4-12 years, 31 % of children's and 8 % of the general audience's HEFSS advertising exposure would be reduced. The newest 06.00-22.00 hours restriction captures 80 % of all audience exposure. CONCLUSIONS HEFSS advertising was seen by a large proportion of children before Chile's regulation. Chile's first implementation based on audience composition should reduce a third of this exposure and its second restriction across the television day should eliminate most of the exposure. The current study is a crucial first step in evaluating how Chile's regulation efforts will impact children's diets and obesity prevalence.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food marketing is an important factor influencing children's food preferences. In Slovenia the use of magazines is widespread among children. We investigated food advertising in children's and teens' magazines (CTM) in 2013 and 2017. The penetration of food advertising was compared with magazines targeting the adult population. DESIGN A repeated cross-sectional study. Magazines were searched for branded food references (BFR). All BFR were categorised and evaluated using the WHO Europe nutrient profile model. SETTING Slovenia. SUBJECTS All issues of CTM and a selected sample of issues of adult-targeting magazines and newspapers published in Slovenia in 2013 and 2017. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-five issues of CTM (ninety-two in 2013, eighty-three in 2017) and 675 issues of adult-targeted magazines and newspapers were analysed (345 in 2013, 330 in 2017). In 2017, food advertising in CTM dropped notably but the opposite was found for adult-targeted magazines. Regular advertisements dominated in 2017 in CTM, while in 2013, 83 % of BFR types were games/puzzles, competitions and product placements. Chocolate and confectionery were the most advertised in CTM and food supplements in adults' magazines. Most foods in CTM were classed as 'not permitted' in both years (98 % in 2013 and 100 % in 2017). CONCLUSIONS The advertisements in CTM still mostly refer to unhealthy foods. The extent of food advertising has dropped considerably since 2013. On the contrary, food advertising in printed media targeting adults has increased, chiefly referring to food supplements and foods that do not pass the WHO Europe nutrient profile model criteria.
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Goodman W, McFerran E, Purves R, Redpath I, Beeken RJ. The Untapped Potential of the Gaming Community: Narrative Review. JMIR Serious Games 2018; 6:e10161. [PMID: 30274962 PMCID: PMC6231821 DOI: 10.2196/10161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Video gamers are a population at heightened risk of developing obesity due to the sedentary nature of gaming, increased energy intake, and the disruption caused to their sleep. This increases their risk of developing a number of noncommunicable diseases. To date, research seeking to improve health behaviors has focused on developing novel video games to promote behavior change. Although positive results have emerged from this research, large-scale success has been limited due to the lack of transferability to mainstream games and the focus on children and adolescents. The gaming community has a number of unique aspects, which have received comparatively less attention than the development of new video games. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to highlight under-researched areas that have the potential to encourage positive health behavior among this community. METHODS A narrative review of the lay and academic literature was conducted to provide context and support to our claims that further research could be beneficial in this area. RESULTS Research has found that advertising can have implicit effects on an individual's memories, which could influence later decisions. However, the effect of the exponential growth of in-game advertisements and the brand sponsorship of gaming events and professional gamers have not been explored in the gaming community. The possibility of using advertising techniques to encourage positive health behaviors within games or at these events has also not been explored. Research suggests that virtual communities can be effective at disseminating health information, but the efficacy of this needs to be explored using known community influencers within the gaming community. CONCLUSIONS This paper has highlighted a number of potential avenues for the development of interventions within the gaming community. Further research must be conducted alongside game developers to ensure that any in-game developed interventions do not deter gameplay and gamers to ensure that potential approaches are acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Goodman
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ethna McFerran
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Purves
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rebecca J Beeken
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Leeds University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Senior Secondary School Food Literacy Education: Importance, Challenges, and Ways of Improving. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091316. [PMID: 30227683 PMCID: PMC6164333 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food literacy education at senior secondary school can provide both immediate and long-term benefits for adolescents. The exploration of multiple stakeholder groups’ opinions regarding the importance, roles, and challenges of school food literacy education, and their suggestions for its improvement, will help the design and execution of future food literacy-related curricula and programmes. This study explored a broad range of Australian and international food, health, and education professionals’ opinions regarding senior secondary school food literacy education through an online survey. One hundred and fifty-five food, health, and education professionals completed this survey between April and October 2017. Overall, the respondents strongly supported the need for food literacy education for senior secondary school students. Their suggestions for improving this form of education included: incorporation of relevant and up-to-date content, the presence of strong practical components, offering food literacy as compulsory subjects or the incorporation of food literacy concepts into compulsory core subjects. Moreover, they proposed the active contribution of both internal and external stakeholders in the planning and delivery of this education to upgrade its quality and relevance. Overall, the findings suggest that a wide range of food, health, and education professionals are highly supportive of senior secondary school food literacy education and their constructive suggestions should be considered in school food literacy education enhancement efforts. Education authorities should seek ways of involving different stakeholders, including food-related professionals, in the design and delivery of food literacy education, and future studies should explore the best mechanisms for such involvement.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the (1) time trends in body mass index (BMI) and (2) relationship between media use and body weight status among adult women in Nigeria. We hypothesise that higher frequency of media use is associated with higher likelihood of being overweight and obesity among adult women. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Urban and rural settings in Nigeria. PARTICIPANTS Adult non-pregnant women aged between 15 and 49 years. METHODS Data were derived from Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2003, 2008 and 2013. The outcome variable was excess body weight (overweight and obesity), and main explanatory variables were frequency of reading newspaper, listening to radio and television (TV) viewing. Datasets were merged to perform pooled analysis, and were analysed using bivariate and multivariable regression techniques. RESULTS Of the 69 401 participants, 16.2% had a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 (95% CI 15.8 to 16.6) and 6.6% had >30 kg/m2 (95% CI 6.3 to 6.9). Between 2003 and 2013, the prevalence of overweight women increased by 4.1%, and that of obesity by 2.2%. Overall, radio was the most popular media followed by TV and newspaper. Respectively, 15.6% and 11.7% of the women reported using radio and TV almost every day and 30.6% and 25.1% at least once a week. In multivariable analysis, watching TV almost every day and at least once a week were associated with, respectively, 1.6 and 1.2 times higher odds of being overweight, and 2.7 and 1.5 times higher odds of being obese compared with those who never used radio. Similarly, significant associations were observed for newspaper and radio use as well. CONCLUSION The prevalence of overweight and obesity is noticeably high among Nigerian women and has been increasing steadily over the past decade. A statistically significant association exists between BMI and the use of newspaper, radio and TV. Further studies are required to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwajit Ghose
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanni Yaya
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Parakou, Parakou, Benin
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The Frequency and Healthfulness of Food and Beverages Advertised on Adolescents' Preferred Web Sites in Canada. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:102-107. [PMID: 30060846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to document the frequency and healthfulness of pop-up and banner food advertisements displayed on third-party Web sites preferred by adolescents in Canada. METHODS Syndicated Internet advertising exposure data licensed from comScore was used to identify adolescents' (ages 12-17) 10 most popular Web sites and determine the frequency of food and beverage display advertisements on these Web sites from June 2015 to May 2016. The nutrition information for all advertised products was collected, and the healthfulness of all food and beverage ads was assessed using the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) and the U.K. Nutrient Profile Models (NPM). RESULTS In total, there were 14.4 million food advertisements on all 10 Web sites from June 2015 to May 2016. The most frequently advertised food categories were cakes, cookies, and ice cream (32.5%); cold cereal (20.5%); restaurants (18.0%); and sugar-sweetened beverages (12.0%). Most advertised products (93.3%) were categorized as excessive in either fat, sodium, or free sugars according to the PAHO NPM, and 83.5% of ads were categorized as "less healthy" according to the U.K. NPM. Specifically, 81.3% of ads were excessive in free sugars, 22.1% were excessive in sodium, 14.1% were excessive in saturated fat, and 11.8% were excessive in total fat according to the PAHO NPM. CONCLUSIONS Canadian adolescents are potentially exposed to a high frequency of unhealthy food and beverage display advertisements on their preferred Web sites. Regulations restricting food and beverage marketing to children need to include digital media and should consider protecting adolescents up to the age of 17.
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Jaichuen N, Vandevijvere S, Kelly B, Vongmongkol V, Phulkerd S, Tangcharoensathien V. Unhealthy food and non-alcoholic beverage advertising on children's, youth and family free-to-air and digital television programmes in Thailand. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:737. [PMID: 29902986 PMCID: PMC6003000 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food advertising is a key factor which influences children’s food preferences. This study assessed the rates, nutritional quality and contents of food and beverage advertising in children’s, youth and family television programmes in Thailand. Methods Free TV was recorded for two weeks in March 2014 from six to ten am and three to eight pm on weekends and three to eight pm on weekdays across all four channels; a total of 344 h recorded. Digital TV was recorded across three channels for one week for 24 h per day in October 2014; a total 504 h recorded. Results For Free TV, 1359 food advertisements were identified, with on average 2.9 non-core food advertisements per hour per channel. The most frequently advertised food products on free TV were sugar-sweetened drinks. The rates of advertisements containing promotional characters and premium offers were significantly higher for non-core than core foods, 1.2 versus 0.03 and 0.6 versus 0.0 per hour respectively. For Digital TV, 693 food advertisements were identified, with an average of one non-core food advertisement per hour per channel. The most frequently advertised food products on digital TV were baby and toddler milk formulae. Conclusions Food and beverage advertising on Thai television is predominantly unhealthy. Therefore, the Government and related agencies should introduce and enforce policies to address this issue. Current regulations should be adapted to control both the frequency and nature of unhealthy on-air food marketing to protect the health of Thai children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongnuch Jaichuen
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand. .,Health Promotion Policy Research Center (HPR), International Health Policy Program (IHPP), Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
| | | | - Bridget Kelly
- University of Wollongong, Early Start Research Institute, School of Health and Society, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Vuthiphan Vongmongkol
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sirinya Phulkerd
- Institute for Population and Social Research Mahidol University Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Culture and food security. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gonçalves S, Ferreira R, Conceição EM, Silva C, Machado PPP, Boyland E, Vaz A. The Impact of Exposure to Cartoons Promoting Healthy Eating on Children's Food Preferences and Choices. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 50:451-457. [PMID: 29478953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored whether a cartoon show with healthy eating messages positively affected children's food choices and food preferences. DESIGN Experimental between-subjects design. SETTING Four elementary schools in Portugal were investigated. PARTICIPANTS Children (aged 4-8 years; n = 142) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: a comparison group (n = 73) was exposed to cartoons with no reference to food and an intervention group (n = 69) was exposed to cartoons with healthy eating messages. After viewing, each child was given the opportunity to eat ad libitum for 10 minutes from a small selection of snack foods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Number of healthy and unhealthy food items chosen. Food preferences were measured using an adapted version of the Leeds Food Preference Checklist. ANALYSIS Generalized linear models were used to test for differences between groups. Results were considered significant at P ≤ .05. RESULTS Children in the experimental group chose significantly more healthy food items than did those in the comparison group (B = -.600; SE = .19; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Future studies may address the effect of prolonged exposure to healthy eating cartoons. Cartoons can be used to promote healthy food choices and can be a part of health promotion campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Gonçalves
- Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Eva M Conceição
- Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cátia Silva
- Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo P P Machado
- Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Emma Boyland
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Vaz
- Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Naderer B, Matthes J, Binder A, Marquart F, Mayrhofer M, Obereder A, Spielvogel I. Shaping children's healthy eating habits with food placements? Food placements of high and low nutritional value in cartoons, Children's BMI, food-related parental mediation strategies, and food choice. Appetite 2018; 120:644-653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cauchi D, Reiff S, Knai C, Gauci C, Spiteri J. Television food advertising to children in Malta. Health Promot Int 2018; 32:419-429. [PMID: 26497587 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dav105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To undertake a cross-sectional survey of the extent and nature of food and beverage advertising to children on Maltese national television stations. Seven national free-to-air channels were recorded for seven consecutive days in March 2014 between 07:00 and 22:00 h. Advertisements were coded according to predefined categories, with a focus on advertisements aired during 'peak' children's viewing times, defined as periods during which more than 25% of children were likely to be watching television on any channel. Food and beverage advertisements were classified as core (healthy), non-core (unhealthy) or miscellaneous foods. Malta. Whole population, with a focus on children. Food and drinks were the most heavily advertised product category (26.9% of all advertisements) across all channels. The proportion of non-core food/drink advertisements was significantly greater during peak compared with non-peak children's viewing times (52 vs 44.6%; p ≤ 0.001). A majority of advertisements aimed at children are for non-core foods, and are typically shown during family-oriented programmes in the late evening rather than being restricted to children's programmes. 'Taste', 'enjoyment' and 'peer status' were the primary persuasive appeals used in adolescent and child-focused advertisements. This first content analysis of television advertising in Malta suggests that there is scope for the implementation of statutory regulation regarding advertising of foods high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) during times when children are likely to watch television, rather than during children's programmes only. Ongoing, systematic monitoring is essential for evaluation of the effectiveness of regulations designed to reduce children's exposure to HFSS food advertising on television.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cauchi
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sascha Reiff
- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Directorate, Msida, Malta
| | - Cecile Knai
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Charmaine Gauci
- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Directorate, Msida, Malta
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The impact of social inequalities on children's knowledge and representation of health and cancer. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:1219-1230. [PMID: 29808238 PMCID: PMC6061049 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reducing inequalities in the field of cancer involves studying the knowledge and mental representations of cancer among children. A qualitative study was conducted on 191 children aged 9 to 12 using the "write and draw" technique to get spontaneous mental representations of "healthy things", "unhealthy things" and "cancer". We grouped the voluntary schools according to two deprivation levels. In response to the request to "write or draw anything you think keeps you healthy", the main responses categories were physical activity, healthy food and basic needs. Smoking, drinking alcohol, sedentary lifestyles/lack of sport were identified as "unhealthy". The first theme associated with "cancer" is the "cancer site" implying children have a segmented perception of cancer. Deprived children have radically different views about the key items representing cancer: they are more likely to believe the illness is systematically deadly. They are less likely to believe it is a treatable illness. They are less likely to associate cancer with risky behaviors, particularly alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION Social inequalities affect representations of cancer and health literacy from early childhood. Prevention programs taking into account these representations need to be introduced at school. What is Known: • Social inequalities for cancer mortality are observed in all European countries and are particularly pronounced in France. • Reducing these inequalities in prevention programs implies studying the knowledge and mental representations of cancer among children. What is New: • This study identified representations of cancer in young children according to social level. • At age 9, children living in deprived areas are less able to produce content in discussions about cancer and have narrower mental representations and a more fatalistic view.
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Mandoura N, Al-Raddadi R, Abdulrashid O, Shah HBU, Kassar SM, Adel Hawari AR, Jahhaf JM. Factors Associated with Consuming Junk Food among Saudi Adults in Jeddah City. Cureus 2017; 9:e2008. [PMID: 29507856 PMCID: PMC5832402 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Junk food (JF) consumption trend is increasing in all parts of the world. The transition in lifestyle and dietary habits is leading to many non-communicable diseases. The objectives of this study are twofold: (1) To examine the prevalence of junk food consumption and factors associated with consuming junk food among Saudi adults in Jeddah; and (2) to compare the trends of junk food consumption among males and females in Jeddah. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted in five different Primary Health Care centers (PHCCs) of Jeddah working under Ministry of Health. The subjects were men (n = 146) and women (n = 254) aged 18-67 years visiting these centers. Structured validated close ended questionnaire was filled by all the participants. Data analysis was done using SPSS. Chi-square was applied to analyze the difference between male and female JF consumption and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to examine the risk factors. Results Overall the JF consumption in subjects with mean age 33.69 ± 12.29 years was highly prevalent in both genders (86.5%); (men = 85.6% and women = 87.4%). Controlling for some demographic and socioeconomic variables, increased junk food consumption was independently associated with education (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.088-5.605, p = 0.031), individuals who had limited time (OR = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.690-8.642, p < 0.001), for the change of routine and taste (OR = 7.64, 95% CI: 3.145-18.563, p < 0.001 and OR = 11.031, 95% CI: 4.219-28.843, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion The study findings provide evidence on the high prevalence of junk food consumption among Saudi adults. Junk food has influence in the dietary patterns of Saudi adults and this trend is likely to rise. This growing widespread use of junk food is of concern which may cause obesity-related non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najlaa Mandoura
- Research Department, Directorate of Health Affairs for Public Health Division, Jeddah
| | - Rajaa Al-Raddadi
- Consultant Preventive Medicine, Joint Program for Preventive Medicine, Jeddah
| | - Ola Abdulrashid
- Head of Research Unit, Directorate of Health Affairs for Public Health Division, Jeddah
| | - Hassan Bin Usman Shah
- Research Department, Directorate of Health Affairs for Public Health Division, Jeddah
| | | | | | - Jana M Jahhaf
- Final Year Mbbs Student, King Abdul Aziz Medical College, Jeddah
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