Perceived social support in African American breast cancer patients: Predictors and effects

Cancer Survivors' and Care Partners' Audio Diaries on Stress and Social Support Resources During the COVID-19 Pandemic

OBJECTIVES

To describe cancer survivors' and care partners' perceived stress and social support during the COVID-19 pandemic and assess the feasibility of audio diaries for assessing role-related needs and resources.

METHODS

Participants (N = 51; n = 28 survivors, n = 23 care partners) recorded three monthly audio diaries reporting stress and support experiences. Diaries were transcribed and content-analyzed using a hybrid approach. Stress-related content was inductively coded, and social support content was deductively coded by type (instrumental, information, emotional, companionship, appraisal; κ = 0.75) then inductively coded. Descriptive statistics summarized sociodemographic data and compared coding frequencies by role. We developed narrative summaries of stress and support categories and selected quotes for contextual detail.

RESULTS

Cancer-related stressors were most prevalent (28.8%), followed by work (26.8%), family (23.1%), social isolation (13.4%), and finances (8.0%). While no significant difference in reporting frequency was observed between roles, cancer-related stress was more prevalent for survivors while work-related stress was mentioned more by care partners. Emotional support was the most prevalent support type (32.1%), followed by companionship (25.3%), appraisal (17.9%), instrumental (16.67%), and informational support (8%). Survivors reported more appraisal support than care partners (χ2 = 6.48, df = 1, P = .011) and more support for self-care, while care partners expressed more other-oriented concerns and focused more on managing responsibilities and interactions outside the household.

CONCLUSIONS

The pandemic complicated and intensified role-based stressors already present in the survivorship context. Our findings highlight the importance of informal social support networks, particularly when access to formal services is limited, and suggest that audio diaries can be an effective tool for assessing support needs and resources.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

Nurses and healthcare providers should tailor social support assessments to address the distinct support needs and individual resources of cancer survivors and their care partners. This is especially critical in contexts that limit access to care and formal services.

Fear of Recurrence in Advanced Cancer Patients: Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Psychological Correlates

Fear of cancer recurrence significantly impacts advanced cancer patients, prompting emotional distress and increased healthcare utilization. This present study aims to analyze the fear of recurrence among patients with advanced cancer undergoing systemic treatment and its relationship with sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological factors. A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 15 oncology departments across Spain, involving patients with locally advanced, unresectable, or metastatic cancer eligible for systemic treatment. Participants provided demographic information and completed instruments such as the Cancer Worry Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale, and the Duke-UNC-11 Functional Social Support Questionnaire (DUFSSQ). A total of 1195 participants participated: median age 66, 56% male, mostly metastatic cancers (80%), and common tumor sites. Two fear groups emerged: 28% low and 72% high levels of fear. High fear was associated with being female, being younger, lower levels of education, and worse survival estimates. High fear correlated with more depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, uncertainty, and stronger social support. Multivariate analyses indicated that younger patients, those with shorter survival estimates, higher depression and anxiety scores, more uncertainty, and stronger social support had a greater likelihood of experiencing fear of recurrence, while the opposite was true for older patients. This study underscores distinct fear of recurrence profiles in advanced cancer patients, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and support. Future research should delve deeper into understanding their repercussions for improving patient care and well-being.

Supporting Underserved Communities for Health Care: US Immigrants' Experiences with Social Support

Background

Social support is associated with improved clinical outcomes but is understudied among US immigrants. We examined two types of social support, perceived health provider support and community support, and characterized perceptions of social support among US immigrants compared with nonimmigrants.

Methods

We conducted cross-sectional data analysis on self-reported data from Health Information National Trends Survey 5, Cycle 2. Population-level estimates were obtained using jack-knife replicate weights.

Results

Immigrant status was not associated with perceived health care provider support or community support. However, compared with nonimmigrants, US immigrants were more likely to report rarely (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=3.07) or never (aOR=3.18) having access to emotional support.

Conclusions

Further research that incorporates nuanced factors (eg, time since arrival) that may influence social support in diverse US immigrant groups is needed to determine the impact of social support on health outcomes in an underserved and often overlooked population.

Changes and predictors of social support in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors-Results of a 7-year longitudinal study

OBJECTIVE

As social support has been shown to have beneficial effects on coping with cancer, our study aims to close the research gap on perceived social support in adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors.

METHODS

AYAs evaluated their perceived positive social support (PS) and detrimental interactions (DI) by completing the Illness-Specific Social Support Scale (ISSS-8) upon completion of acute treatment (t1) as well as 1 year (t2) and 7 years (t6) later. Temporal changes of social support were examined. Sociodemographic, psychological and medical factors were investigated as predictors for PS and DI by using mixed effects models.

RESULTS

We analyzed data from 319 cancer survivors (74.9% women). At baseline, survivors reported an average score of 13.73 (SD = 2.52) for PS and 3.92 (SD = 2.85) for DI. Average perceived PS changed over time, while DI remained stable. Males, AYAs without a partner and AYAs with clinically meaningful anxiety or depression levels reported fewer PS. Higher effort to cope with the disease and clinically significant anxiety and depression levels were associated with more perceived DI.

CONCLUSIONS

Existing social networks and perceived social support should be evaluated regularly in AYA-cancer survivorship. The identification and discussion of mental health of AYAs should also be a standard component in survivor consultations both during treatment and follow-up care, as elevated depression and anxiety levels were associated with fewer PS and more perceived DI.

Global depression in breast cancer patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is known as one of the most common diseases among women, the psychological consequences of which are common in women and affect various aspects of their lives, so this study aims to investigate the prevalence of depression among women with breast cancer globally.

METHOD

The present meta-analysis was performed by searching for keywords related to breast cancer and depression in 4 main databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Sciences and Scopus in the period of January 2000 to November 2021 and the results of the study using R and CMA software were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 71 studies were selected in English and the results of the analysis showed that the prevalence of depression in women with breast cancer is 30.2%, with Pakistan having the highest (83%) prevalence of depression and Taiwan having the lowest (8.3%). And in the WHO regions, EMRO region had the highest (49.7%) rate and SEARO region had the lowest (23%) prevalence of depression. Also, with increasing age, the prevalence of depression among women with breast cancer increases.

CONCLUSION

Community and family support for women with breast cancer, holding psychology and psychotherapy courses, lifestyle modifications and training in this area can be effective in preventing the reduction of the prevalence of depression, and given the pivotal role of women in family affairs, this This can be in line with the work of health system policymakers.

Assessment of the level of social support and associated factors among cancer patients in the comprehensive cancer center at Ethiopia: Ordinal logistic regression analysis level of social support and associated factors among cancer patients

Introduction

Cancer is a serious and common disease, which had a substantial problem in the social status of patients. There was no empirical evidence on the effect of cancer on social support.

Objective

This study aimed to determine the level of social support among cancer patients in a comprehensive cancer center in Ethiopia.

Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional study was done. About 386 study participants who were selected through systematic random sampling involved in the study. Training and close supervision and monitoring were done. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-25. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were done. Ordinal bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were done to show the net effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. Model fitting information, the goodness of test, and the test of parallel line assumption test of the ordinal logistic regression model were carried out.

Results

A total of 386 study subjected were included in the final analysis. The poor, moderate, and strong levels of social support among cancer patients were found to be 45.3%, 34.2%, and 20.5% respectively. The mean score of social support among cancer patients was 10.4 ± 2.6SD. Age, Marital status, residence, educational status, stage III were found to be significant factors for the level of social support.

Conclusion

and recommendation: The level of poor, moderate, and strong social support was found to be 45.3%, 34.2 and 20.5 respectively. Emphasis should be given to those cancer patients who had poor social support, and frequent social status assessment should be done.

Psychosocial implications of rare genetic skin diseases affecting appearance on daily life experiences, emotional state, self-perception and quality of life in adults: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Since the beginning of human genetic research, there are very few publications sharing insights of the negative impact of rare genetic skin diseases (RGSD) on patients' experiences. This systematic review assessed the psychosocial implications of these conditions in terms of daily life experiences, emotional state, self-perception, and Quality of Life (QoL).

METHODOLOGY

A systematic review was carried out on albinism, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), birthmarks and inherited ichthyosis. The PubMed, Scopus, PsycArticle, PsychInfo, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and SOCindex databases were queried. Inclusion criteria were adult patients with one of these RGSDs. Simple descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis were conducted to summarize the main results reported by the authors.

RESULTS

Of the 9987 articles retrieved, 48 articles were included: albinism (16), NF1 (16), inherited ichthyosis (10), birthmarks (6). The majority of the studies on albinism were conducted in Africa. Twenty-seven studies quantitatively assessed diverse psychological parameters: 13 showed a significant impact of the disease on QoL, five on emotional state, two on self-representation and two others on psychiatric comorbidities. Disease severity and visibility were good predictors of QoL (except for albinism). Body image and appearance concerns were also associated with QoL and emotional state. The 19 qualitative studies highlighted recurring themes across each of these diseases: discrimination and stigma during childhood and adolescence, discomfort in social interactions, guilt of transmission, the importance of social support from family and friends, altered daily life functioning, altered romantic and sex life, limited academic and professional aspirations, lack of interest and support from the medical field, and the unpredictability of the evolution of the disease. The only two mixed-method studies in this review were unable to contribute to any inferential analyses but could corroborate some of the qualitative findings.

CONCLUSION

These results showed that RGSDs have a significant impact on different aspects of patients' lives. This review has demonstrated that there is a real need for support systems for patients with these diseases. Such systems should be developed to provide them with necessary information and to guide them through an appropriate care pathway.

Black and hispanic women have less support during cancer evaluation and treatment: results from a prospective patient reported outcomes program in gynecologic malignancy

OBJECTIVE

Race remains a significant predictor of poor outcomes in women with gynecologic cancer and minority patients consistently report worse quality of life during cancer treatment. Disparities between patients in strength of social and emotional supports may contribute to these outcomes. This study's objective was to describe the racial differences in patient reported outcomes of women being evaluated or treated for a gynecologic malignancy at a large tertiary cancer hospital.

METHODS

In this prospective cohort study, all patients presenting for care at a tertiary care gynecologic oncology clinic between January 2018 and September 2019 were evaluated for inclusion. All patients were administered validated patient reported outcome measure questionnaires at serial visits. Demographic data was gathered including self-reported race. Patients were characterized as White, Black, Asian, Hispanic/Latino, or Other. Patient reported outcomes were compared between respondents of different races using linear and logistic regression.

RESULTS

Between January 2018 to September 2019, 2022 patients with a known race completed questionnaires. Of these patients, 86.7% were White, 4.3% Black, and 4.9% Hispanic/Latino and 58.7% had a known cancer diagnosis. Non-White patients were significantly less likely to complete questionnaires (p<0.001). Non-White patients reported significantly lower levels of emotional support on all questions (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) emotional support: Q1 p<0.001, Q2 p<0.001, Q3 p=0.013, Q4 p=0.002), and lower overall emotional (p=0.005) and instrumental (p=0.005) support scores when compared with White patients. Hispanic/Latino patients reported the lowest levels of emotional and instrumental support and more cognitive (p=0.043) and financial (p=0.040) difficulties associated with treatment. Black women reported having less support with chores while sick (p=0.014) and being less likely to have someone to talk to (p=0.013).

CONCLUSIONS

Significant differences exist in patient reported outcomes between women of different racial backgrounds. Hispanic/Latino and Black women have less support during gynecologic cancer evaluation and treatment as compared with White women.

"We're in this together": Perceived effects of breast cancer on African American survivors' marital relationships

Objective

We examined married African American breast cancer survivors' perceptions of how cancer affected their marriage, social support from their spouses, and spouses' physical and mental health.

Method

We conducted a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 15 married African American breast cancer survivors who had participated in a larger randomized controlled trial. Interviews were professionally transcribed and then independently coded by two coders.

Results

Themes emerged related to the challenges of maintaining mutually supportive relationships. There was variability in the perceived effects of cancer on relationships, as well as uncertainty about cancer's effects on their husbands' emotional and physical health and the adequacy of emotional and tangible support from their husbands. Participants described husbands' key role in promoting wives' positive body image, as well as the challenges of negotiating sexual activity. Participants were receptive to help from medical professionals in dealing with relationship issues.

Conclusions

Findings show variability in couples' responses to cancer, with some patients and couples adapting well and others needing additional support. During treatment and at follow-up, oncology social workers can assess patients' and family members' social support needs, provide mental health services, and provide patient navigation to help patients and caregivers access health care and community resources.

Investigation of Acceptance of Illness and Religious Coping in Patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever in Turkey

This study aimed to determine the Acceptance of Illness and use of religious coping in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 209 FMF patients, who came to be examined in the Rheumatology outpatient clinic of a Training and Research Hospital in Turkey between June and October 2020. Data were obtained using a Patient Information Form, the Acceptance of Illness Scale, and the Religious Coping Styles Scale. The patients' mean Acceptance of Illness score was 21.14 ± 8.44 (moderate level), their mean positive religious coping score was 20.46 ± 5.97, and their mean negative religious coping score was 10.63 ± 5.01. There was a weak, negative correlation between the patients' Acceptance of Illness and their negative religious coping. Nurses should help patients to develop their Religious Coping Styles by taking into consideration their beliefs, values, cultural, and social backgrounds.

Alexithymia May Be Associated With Depression in Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients

Background

Depression, anxiety, or both are common in women with early-stage breast cancer (BC). A relationship is known between low perceived social support (PSS) and depression. We aimed to investigate the relationships between alexithymia, PSS, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score in patients diagnosed with early-stage BC.

Materials and methods

A demographic and medical information form, BDI, the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the Multidimensional Scale of PSS (MSPSS) were given to 200 early-stage BC patients to respond. Two subgroups were created as group A (BDI score < 17) and group B (BDI score ≥ 17) and compared in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, TAS-20, and MSPSS scores.

Results

Twenty-six (18.1%), 48 (33.3%), and 26 (18.1%) patients were with high BDI scores, in low PSS status, and alexithymic, respectively. The median ages of the participants in group A and group B were 53.4 (interquartile range (IQR): 46-60.7) and 46 (IQR: 41.5-59) years, respectively (p = 0.083). The rates of single participants (26.9% versus 11%, p = 0.055), alexithymic participants (42.3% versus 12.7%, p = 0.001), low PSS levels (57.7% versus 28%, p = 0.018), psychiatric treatment history (46.2% versus 22%, p = 0.025), and patients with low income (57.7% versus 22.9%, p = 0.001) were higher in group B than in group A. In the multivariate regression model that contains the parameters mentioned above, psychiatric treatment history (odds ratio (OR): 2.758, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.034-7.356, p = 0.043), low-income status (OR: 3.503, 95% CI: 1.336-9.182, p = 0.011), and alexithymia (OR: 3.482, 95% CI: 1.229-9.867, p = 0.019) were independent predictive factors for a high BDI.

Conclusion

Alexithymia and low PSS are significantly common in patients with prominent depressive symptoms in early-stage BC patients. Alexithymia may be associated with depression and may also have a role in depression pathogenesis in early-stage BC patients. New studies are needed to investigate whether there is a causal relationship between alexithymia and depression.

Social relationships and their associations with affective symptoms of women with breast cancer: A scoping review

Background

Problems in affective and cognitive functioning are among the most common concurrent symptoms that breast cancer patients report. Social relationships may provide some explanations of the clinical variability in affective-cognitive symptoms. Evidence suggests that social relationships (functional and structural aspects) can be associated with patients’ affective-cognitive symptoms; however, such an association has not been well studied in the context of breast cancer.

Purpose

The purpose of this scoping review was to address the following question: What social relationships are associated with affective-cognitive symptoms of women with breast cancer?

Methods

This scoping review used the framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley and PRISMA-Sc. Studies published by February 2022 were searched using four databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Elsevier), PsycINFO (EBSCOhost), and Web of Science (Clarivate). All retrieved citations were independently screened and eligibility for inclusion was determined by study team members. Extracted data included research aims, design, sample, type and measures of social relationships (functional and structural), and the association between social relationships and affective-cognitive symptoms

Results

A total of 70 studies were included. Affective symptoms were positively associated with social support, family functioning, quality of relationships, social networks, and social integration, whereas the negative association was found with social constraints.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest positive social relationships may mitigate affective symptoms of women with breast cancer. Thus, health care providers need to educate patients about the importance of building solid social relationships and encourage them to participate in a supportive network of friends and family members.

A global health model integrating psychological variables involved in cancer through a longitudinal study

Objective

The literature has shown the relevance of certain psychological variables in adjustment to cancer. However, there is a great variability, and these features could be modified through the disease process. The aim of this study is to provide an integrated and global perspective of the importance of variables such as coping, resilience, emotional control, social support, affect, and others in cancer patients through a longitudinal study, with the objective of exploring their associations and underlying interactions.

Methods

The sample was composed of 71 people diagnosed with cancer who were attending psychological support at the Spanish Association Against Cancer (Biscay). We assessed the following variables in two periods of 6 months: perceived stress (PSS), emotional control (CECS), resilience (CD-RISC), coping strategies (CERQ), personality (NEOFFI), social support (MOSS), affect (PANAS), emotional distress (GHQ), quality of life (SF-12) and visual-analogic scales (EVA).

Results

Results showed predictive effects of perceived stress on physical health perception (β = −0.22; t = −3.26; p = 0.002). Mental health perception was influenced by almost all the psychological variables. Consciousness at baseline (βCo = 0.15; p = 0.003), change in Extraversion (βEx = 0.16; p = 0.001) and Resilience (βRe = 0.15; p = 0.002) had significant effects on perceived mental health.

Conclusion

This study provides a global health model that integrates and explores associations between psychological variables related to cancer disease. This information could be useful for guiding personalized psychotherapeutic interventions, with the aim of increasing adjustment to disease.

Race Moderates the Relationship Between Perceived Social Support and Self-care Confidence in Patients With Heart Failure

BACKGROUND

African Americans are at the highest risk of developing heart failure (HF) compared with other races and are hospitalized at 7 to 8 times the rate of Whites. Poor overall self-care, low self-care confidence, and lower levels of perceived social support are factors related to increased risk for hospitalizations in HF. Yet, limited evidence is available regarding the factors that may differentially impact self-care confidence by race in patients with HF.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to examine to what extent race moderates the relationship between perceived social support and self-care confidence.

METHOD

This is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from African American and White patients with HF in North America (n = 429). Patients completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Self-Care Confidence Scale of the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index. A moderation analysis was conducted using hierarchal linear regression.

RESULTS

Sample mean age was 60.8 ± 11.5 years, 22.4% were African American, and 54.7% were in New York Heart Association class I or II. Moderation analyses yielded a significant interaction of perceived social support and race, showing White patients, not African Americans, have significantly different self-care confidence scores depending on level of social support: White, b = 0.224, 95% confidence interval [0.046-0.094], t = 5.65, and P < .001; African American, b = -0.776, 95% confidence interval [-0.049 to 0.060], t = 0.212, and P = .832.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings show a variable effect of perceived social support on self-care confidence as a function of race, suggesting the need for further research to develop and test interventions tailored to race and levels of social support in HF.

The Importance of Social Support, Optimism and Resilience on the Quality of Life of Cancer Patients

Introduction

The aim of the present study is to carry out a multidimensional analysis on the relation between satisfaction with social support received, resilience and optimism in cancer patients and their quality of life.

Materials and Methods

Data were gathered through questionnaires fulfilled by 142 cancer patients. Data relate to sociodemographic, health, quality of life, social support, resilience and optimism.

Results

Satisfaction with the sources and types of support, resilience and optimism relates positively with quality of life. Predictive models show that informational support from friends is the variable that most increases patients' general health, while emotional support from the partner is the one that best improves how patients cope with the disease. In the same line, emotional support from the partner, together with informational support from family are the ones that most contribute to reduce patients' symptoms. Resilience improves general health and functioning, and reduces symptoms. Patients' optimism and resilience also reduce symptoms. Gender differences were found, with females showing lower quality of life than males, mainly in how they cope with cancer. Patients in the stage of treatment showed lower quality of life and higher symptoms. Such increase was observed in patients who received hormonotherapy or chemotherapy.

Discussion

Important practical implications can be drawn from results, which could help improve cancer patients' quality of life through intervention strategies aimed at increasing their resilience, optimism and the social support provided by their closer sources.

Social Support and Fear of Cancer Recurrence Among Chinese Breast Cancer Survivors: The Mediation Role of Illness Uncertainty

Objective

To examine the relations between social support, illness uncertainty (IU), and fear of cancer recurrence (FCR).

Methods

Using data from a convenience sample of 231 breast cancer survivors in China to perform structural equation modeling with bootstrapping estimation. Participants were recruited from a general hospital in Shenyang, China. Participants completed the Perceived Social Support Scale, Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale, and Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory- Shorter Form.

Results

The majority of breast cancer survivors have FCR (67.5%). FCR was significantly negatively associated with social support, and was significantly positively associated with IU (both P < 0.01). Moreover, IU was found to mediate the relationship between social support and FCR (standardized indirect effect = -0.18; bias-corrected 95% confidence interval: -0.255, -0.123).

Conclusion

The findings support the final model. Good social support can directly mitigate FCR, while illness uncertainty can play a mediation role between social support and FCR. Further studies should be conducted to explore effective interventions for social support and IU to ultimately mitigate FCR in cancer survivors.

Social support and outcomes in older adults with lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Insufficient social support is associated with increased mortality among older adults. Lung cancer is primarily a disease of older adults and is the leading cause of all cancer deaths. We assessed the association of social support with outcomes among older adults with lung cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adults age 65 and older with lung cancer with a completed geriatric assessment (GA) were assessed. Emotional social support (ES) and tangible (material, instrumental) support (TS) measures and patient characteristics were obtained from the GA. The electronic health record was used to extract clinical variables. Simple linear regression models evaluated the association between social support scales with patient and clinical factors.

RESULTS

79 adults were assessed. White race was positively associated with ES score (p=.04), while higher BMI (p=.03), depression (p=.03) and anxiety (p=.02) were associated with worse ES. Higher BMI was associated with higher/better TS score (p=.02) while living alone was associated with lower/worse TS score (p=.03). Completion of platinum-based doublet chemotherapy with immunotherapy as planned was associated with higher ES scores (p=.02) and higher TS scores (p=.02). Disease progression was associated with lower ES scores (p=.03).

CONCLUSION

Social support may influence clinical outcomes in older adults with lung cancer. As lung cancer often portends to poor prognosis, social support may be an important prognostic indicator.

Perceived social support associated with posttraumatic growth in liver transplant recipients: A cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION

There is almost no information about the role of perceived social support, one of the main variables facilitating posttraumatic growth, in liver transplant. For this reason, the issue requires further clarity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived social support and posttraumatic growth in individuals receiving liver transplants.

METHOD

This cross-sectional study was carried out with liver transplant recipients at a hospital in eastern Turkey (N = 117). The data collection instruments included a Descriptive Characteristics Form, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and hierarchical linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

It was revealed that the participants had high levels of posttraumatic growth (73.05 ± 16.82) and perceived social support (67.75 ± 14.33). A moderate and positive relationship was determined between the mean perceived social support total score and the mean posttraumatic growth total score of the participants (p < 00.01). Perceived social support explained 25.6% of the variance in posttraumatic growth (F = 39.600; p < 0.05; Adjusted R²=0.256), while perceived social support together with primary school-level education and low economic status explained 32.3% of the variance in posttraumatic growth (F = 17.954; p < 0.05; Adjusted R²=0.323).

CONCLUSION

The results on perceived social support revealed that liver transplant recipients had a subjective feeling of being understood, respected and supported by their families more than friends and significant other in a social environment. This study showed that high perceived social support contributes to posttraumatic growth in liver transplant recipients. Apart from perceived social support, other factors affecting posttraumatic growth included individuals' perceptions of their education level and economic situation.

Life after breast cancer: 'Being' a young African American survivor

Objective: In the United States, 26,534 young women (≤45 years) were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2017. Young African American (AA) women have higher incidence and mortality rates than Whites and Hispanics. Yet, few published studies describe survivorship (life after breast cancer diagnosis) experiences among this group. Here, we explore the lived experience of young AA breast cancer survivorship (via quality of life [QOL]).Design: This phenomenological study was framed by the QOL Applied to Breast Cancer model. Fifteen young AA survivors from the Southern U. S. participated in two semi-structured interviews. Methods of transcendental phenomenology were used for data collection and analysis.Results: Five themes emerged from participants' (mean age = 35 years; survivorship = 4 years) descriptions of survivorship experience: (1) actively managing spiritual self, (2) actively managing physical self, (3) actively managing psychological self, (4) actively managing social self, and (5) seeking survivorship knowledge. Participants perceived survivorship as a labile 'new normal' and 'ongoing struggle,' in which spirituality and survivorship knowledge were key to restructuring their lives.Conclusions: Survivorship among young AA survivors was more fluid and complex than the QOL model explained. Findings describe young AA breast cancer survivorship and indicate areas of potential strengths and distress. Healthcare providers and ancillary staff must exercise cultural competence to assess and anticipate young AA survivors' needs and concerns. Implementing targeted survivorship interventions, accounting for cultural contexts (e.g. high spirituality) and need for age-specific survivorship information, may improve QOL among young AA survivors.

A longitudinal cohort study on benefit finding evolution in Chinese women breast cancer survivals

Even though the prevalence of benefit finding (BF) has been empirically shown to exist among breast cancer (BC) survivals, how does benefit finding evolve over time remains inadequately investigated. The objective of this cohort study is to examine how BF evolves over time among Chinese breast cancer survivals and determine the demographic, medical and psychosocial factors that can sustain BF increase over time. Participants were 486 women with different stages of breast cancer (stages I, II and III) followed from completion of primary treatment. Analysis were performed on the data collected during 2014–2019. During the assessment, each participant completed self-report questionnaires of characteristics and benefit finding at six time points with the interval of 6 months since BC diagnosis. The relationships between demographic, medical and psychosocial characteristics and benefit finding evolution over time were examined using mixed models. Participants reported mixed results on the evolving patterns of benefit finding: 28% reported an upward trend in BF scoring over time, 49% instead reported an downward trend, and the remaining 23% reported no obvious change. Our study has shown that some well-known covariates of benefit finding, e.g. education, income, and social support, are not associated with BF trends. In comparison, levels of spirituality and disease coping at diagnosis can more reliably predict BF evolution over time. Identifying the sustaining factors of benefit finding in the experience of breast cancer is the key to design effective psycho clinical solutions for patients’ long-term post-traumatic growth. As time goes by, breast cancer patients may experience less benefit finding. Our results strongly indicate that benefit finding can be sustained and increased by encouraging attempts at meaning-making and active disease coping during breast cancer treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this study is among the first to examine the evolution trends of benefit finding over time on breast cancer survivals and determine their psychosocial predictors in developing countries.

Delays in breast cancer care by race and sexual orientation: Results from a national survey with diverse women in the United States

BACKGROUND

Despite known differences in breast cancer by both race and sexual orientation, data on the intersectional experiences of Black sexual minority women (BSMW) along the care continuum are scant. This study sought to understand delays in breast cancer care by examining the intersection of race and sexual orientation.

METHODS

This online, cross-sectional survey enrolled racially and sexually diverse women aged ≥ 35 years who had been diagnosed with breast cancer within the prior 10 years or had an abnormal screening in the prior 24 months. The authors calculated summary statistics by race/sexual orientation categories, and they conducted univariate and multivariable modeling by using multiple imputation for missing data.

RESULTS

BSMW (n = 101) had the highest prevalence of care delays with 5.17-fold increased odds of a care delay in comparison with White heterosexual women (n = 298) in multivariable models. BSMW reported higher intersectional stigma and lower social support than all other groups. In models adjusted for race, sexual orientation, and income, intersectional stigma was associated with a 2.43-fold increase in care delays, and social support was associated with a 32% decrease in the odds of a care delay.

CONCLUSIONS

Intersectional stigma may be an important driver of breast cancer inequities for BSMW. Reducing stigma and ensuring access to appropriate social support that addresses known barriers can be an important approach to reducing inequities in the breast cancer care continuum.

Coping, social support, and anxiety in people with mast cell disorders

BACKGROUND

Mast cell disorders (MCDs) are rare, chronic, debilitating diseases with a varied and complex clinical trajectory that creates challenges to physical and mental health. Reliable estimates of the prevalence of anxiety in this population are largely nonexistent. Furthermore, very little is known on how sufferers' coping efforts affect their emotions and adjustment. Because a person with an MCD cannot eliminate the stressors associated with their chronic illness, it is important to understand what helps them adjust.

OBJECTIVE

To document the magnitude of anxiety in those with MCD, their physical symptoms, levels of social support, and ways of coping with the stress of the disease and to evaluate the extent to which symptoms, social support, and coping are associated with anxiety.

METHODS

Individuals with MCDs completed an anonymous Internet-based survey (N = 157).

RESULTS

More than half of individuals with MCDs in this study found their illness to be very stressful, and nearly a third were experiencing moderate levels of anxiety. Participants who had more frequent and severe physical symptoms reported higher levels of anxiety. Those who reported coping with their problems by using planning strategies and those who felt they had more social support available to them were less anxious; those who used more avoidant strategies to cope were more anxious.

CONCLUSION

Based on the current results, and intervention work in other chronic illness groups, it seems likely that coping behaviors are a fruitful target of intervention for patients with MCD to reduce their emotional distress.

The perceived social support by Iranian women with breast cancer: a qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Social support has an important role in improving health outcomes and is considered as one of the crucial aspects of the modern care in cancer patients. Therefore, this article aims to explain the perceived experiences of women suffering from breast cancer towards social support.

METHODS

In this qualitative study, 22 women with breast cancer were selected through purposive sampling from 5 hospitals affiliated to Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed by the Conventional Qualitative Content Analysis and Graneheim's and Lundman's approach, using MAXQDA software, version 10.

RESULTS

After completion of the analyzing process, 6 categories were appeared including "creating an empathic atmosphere by family and community," "being in relationship with others," "adaption to disease," "giving meaning to life," "satisfaction with the role of healthcare providers," and "the impact of others support in fighting with the disease."

CONCLUSION

According to the findings, good social support during the illness can result in the spiritual, mental, and physical well-being of the patients and is one of the most effective factors in fighting the disease and feeling of recovery. The findings of this study can be used to develop plans to help the patients to achieve more support from the family, healthcare providers, and the community and even providing the required supportive care for this group of women.

Clinical and genetic factors associated with anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Despite the progress in assessment and treatment of breast cancer, being diagnosed with it or receiving chemotherapy treatment is still conceived as a traumatic experience. Women develop negative thoughts about life and death with detrimental effects on their daily physical functioning/activities, emotional state and overall quality of life. The aim of our study was to evaluate the level of anxiety and depression among breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and explore the correlation between these psychological disorders, clinical, sociodemographic and genetic factors.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted among breast cancer patients undergoing intravenous chemotherapy at the oncology outpatient unit of Hôtel-Dieu de France hospital (November 2017-June 2019; Ethical approval number: CEHDF1016). All patients gave their written informed consent and completed several validated scales, including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) for the assessment of anxiety and depression. Sleep quality, insomnia, cognitive function, fatigue and pain were also evaluated. Genotyping for certain gene polymorphisms (CLOCK, PER2, CRY2, OPRM1, ABCB1, COMT, DRD2) was performed using the Lightcycler® (Roche).

RESULTS

A total of 112 women was included. The prevalence of depression was 43.4%, and 56.2% of the patients reported anxiety (based on the HADS classification). Multivariable analysis showed that higher cognitive scores and taking fosaprepitant were significantly associated with lower depression and anxiety scores. Moreover, being married compared to single was also associated with lower depression scores, whereas higher PSQI scores (worse sleep quality) and having the PER2 AA variant genotype compared to GG were significantly associated with higher depression scores. Finally, reporting a more severe insomnia and having the COMT Met/Met genotype were significantly associated with a higher anxiety score.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrated a strong relationship between depression scores and cognitive impairment, sleep quality, marital status, fosaprepitant intake, and PER2 polymorphism, while anxiety scores were correlated to cognitive impairment, insomnia severity, fosaprepitant intake, and COMT polymorphism. The association with PER polymorphism was not previously reported. Identification of genetic and clinical risk factors for anxiety and depression would help clinicians implement an individualized management therapy aiming at preventing and alleviating the burden of these symptoms in breast cancer patients, hence improving their overall quality of life.

Factors Related to Resilience, Anxiety/Depression, and Quality of Life in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy in Japan

Objective:

This study clarifies the relationship between resilience and anxiety and depression, quality of life (QOL), and other related factors that influence colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study focused on outpatients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy. A questionnaire including the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the MOS 12-item Short-Form Health Survey, and items based on a literature review was administered between August 2019 and August 2020. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. Correlation analysis and t-test were applied. In addition, Amos version 26 was used and structural equation modeling was applied to create a causal model.

Results:

A total of 121 participants (94.5%) were included in the study. The goodness of fit (GFI) of the causal model was GFI = 0.94, adjusted GFI = 0.906, comparative fit index = 0.997, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.011. Resilience had a negative effect on anxiety and depression and a positive effect on QOL. Depression had a negative effect on QOL.

Conclusions:

The results of this study indicate that resilience is a predictor of anxiety, depression, and QOL in colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Therefore, I believe that it is important to enhance resilience in order to maintain and improve patients’ mental health and QOL. In addition, since resilience was affected by cancer metastasis and the presence of metastasis was a predictor of resilience, it is a challenge to explore interventions to enhance resilience, especially in patients with metastasis.

Depression, psychosocial correlates, and psychosocial resources in individuals with mast cell activation syndrome

Individuals with Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), a rare chronic disease, experience unpredictable physical symptoms and diagnostic challenges resulting in poor emotional states. The prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms were examined among 125 participants who completed the CES-D and relevant instruments. The majority reported a clinically-significant level of depression which was especially common among younger participants and those who reported greater loneliness or more disease-specific stressors. Greater magnitude of depressive symptoms was associated with greater illness intrusiveness, less social support, and lower optimism. Results highlight the value of interventions targeting loneliness and stressors unique to this population.

What mediates the racial/ethnic disparity in psychosocial stress among breast cancer patients?

BACKGROUND

Prior studies have observed greater levels of psychosocial stress (PSS) among non-Hispanic (nH) African American and Hispanic women when compared to nH White patients after a breast cancer diagnosis. We aimed to determine the independent and interdependent roles of socioeconomic position (SEP) and unmet support in the racial disparity in PSS among breast cancer patients.

METHODS

Participants were recruited from the Breast Cancer Care in Chicago study (n = 989). For all recently diagnosed breast cancer patients, aged 25-79, income, education, and tract-level disadvantage and affluence were summed to create a standardized socioeconomic position (SEP) score. Three measures of PSS related to loneliness, perceived stress, and psychological consequences of a breast cancer diagnosis were defined based on previously validated scales. Five domains of unmet social support needs (emotional, spiritual, informational, financial, and practical) were defined from interviews. We conducted path models in MPlus to estimate the extent to which PSS disparities were mediated by SEP and unmet social support needs.

RESULTS

Black and Hispanic patients reported greater PSS compared to white patients and greater unmet social support needs (p = 0.001 for all domains). Virtually all of the disparity in PSS could be explained by SEP. A substantial portion of the mediating influence of SEP was further transmitted by unmet financial and practical needs among Black patients and by unmet emotional needs for Hispanic patients.

CONCLUSIONS

SEP appeared to be a root cause of the racial/ethnic disparities in PSS within our sample. Our findings further suggest that different interventions may be necessary to alleviate the burden of SEP for nH AA (i.e., more financial support) and Hispanic patients (i.e., more emotional support).

Anxio-depressive symptoms in Moroccan women with gynecological cancer: Relief factors

INTRODUCTION

Psychosocial determinants can affect the mental health of women who have been diagnosed with gynecological cancer. The aim of this study was to examine how social support and self-esteem are associated with anxiety and depression symptoms in women with gynecological cancer, and who are treated by radical surgery.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was performed, within the oncology department of Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, on 100 Moroccan women. They all had undergone radical surgery for gynecological cancer, hysterectomy and/or oophorectomy.

RESULTS

Our results showed that patients with gynecological cancer treated by radical surgery exhibited high prevalence rates of anxiety (66%) and depression symptoms (59%). Associations showed that age, having children, medical coverage system, area of residence, working status and socioeconomic status were significantly related to the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms (P<0.05). The general social support, family support and significant other support besides high self-esteem reduce significantly the risk of getting anxiety and depression symptoms (P-values<0.05).

DISCUSSION

Among patients with gynecological cancer treated by radical surgery, high prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms was found. Social support and high self-esteem could help improve mental health issues related to this type of cancer.

Which Domains of Social Support Better Predict Quality of Life of Women with Breast Cancer? A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives:

The study aimed at investigating the specific role of social support types (SSTs) on quality of life (QoL) and its domains of women with breast cancer in Iran.

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, a number of 223 women with breast cancer visiting three cancer centers of Tehran, Iran, participated from October 2014 to May 2015. Medical Outcome Study-Social Support Scale and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer were used for data gathering. Backward multiple regression was utilized, adjusted by age, education, and family size.

Results:

The study indicated positive correlations between all SSTs and QoL domains, whereas only positive social interaction (PSI) showed a significant association with physical well-being. PSI showed the only predictive performance in terms of all QoL outcomes, beyond the covariates.

Conclusions:

The study revealed the PSI as the most influential support type to enhance all domains of QoL of women with breast cancer.

A randomised controlled trial comparing internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) with and without main carer access versus treatment-as-usual for depression and anxiety among breast cancer survivors: Study protocol

BACKGROUND

Depression and anxiety are common problems among breast cancer survivors. Carer support is one of the most important determinants of women's psychological wellbeing. Survivors' distress can be alleviated by giving carers access to survivors' evidence-based treatment, which will help carers understand what survivors have been going through and help survivors feel more supported. Given the limited access to evidence-based treatments, an adapted internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) intervention for breast cancer survivors, but also open for carers' access, has the potential to decrease survivors' depression and anxiety symptoms and improve cancer-related communication and relationship quality between survivors and carers.

OBJECTIVES

This study evaluates (1) the effectiveness of a guided iCBT intervention for depression and/or anxiety symptoms among breast cancer survivors with and without main carer access, and (2) the acceptability and satisfaction with the iCBT programme.

METHOD

In this pilot study comparing the effectiveness of an adapted 7-week iCBT without main carer access against the iCBT with main carer access and treatment-as-usual control, 108 breast cancer survivors will be recruited and then randomised to either (1) treatment (n = 72) or (2) treatment-as-usual control group (n = 36) with a 2:1 ratio. The participants in the treatment group will be assigned to either iCBT alone or iCBT with the main carer also having access to the same content based on their preference. The primary outcome measure is the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and alongside secondary measures such as Cancer-Related Quality of Life, Breast Cancer Worry Scale, Brief COPE, and Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey will be completed by the survivors at baseline, post-treatment, and 2-month follow-up. Survivors who have carers will also complete Survivor-Carer Cancer Communication and Relationship Quality measures to provide insights into the effects of carer access. To assess the acceptability and satisfaction with the programme, survivors and their main carers will fill out the Helpful Aspects of Therapy Form (HAT) and Satisfaction with Online Treatment (SAT). Programme effectiveness and the effects of carer access on primary and secondary outcome measures will be evaluated on intention-to-treat and per-protocol basis using Linear-Mixed-Models.

DISCUSSION

This is the first trial comparing the effectiveness and acceptability of iCBT with and without carer access for depression and anxiety among breast cancer survivors. The findings of this study will provide novel data on the acceptability of iCBT programmes for breast cancer survivors and the impact of carer access on them and their carers.

Randomized controlled trial of a breast cancer Survivor Stories intervention for African American women

RATIONALE

Video-based interventions hold promise for improving quality of life (QoL) among African American breast cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE

An interactive, cancer-communication intervention using African American breast cancer survivors' narratives was tested in a randomized controlled trial to determine whether viewing survivor stories improved newly diagnosed African American breast cancer patients' QoL.

METHOD

Participants were 228 African American women with non-metastatic breast cancer interviewed five times over two years; 120 controls received standard medical care, and 108 intervention-arm participants also received a tablet-computer with survivor stories three times in 12 months. Growth curve models were used to analyze differences between arms in change in eight RAND 36-Item Health Survey subscales, depressive symptoms, and concerns about recurrence. Additional models explored the effects of intervention usage and other intervention-related variables on QoL among patients in the intervention arm.

RESULTS

Models showed no effect of study arm on QoL, depressive symptoms, or concerns about recurrence. Longer use of the intervention was associated with an increase in concerns about recurrence and decline in three QoL subscales: emotional wellbeing, energy/fatigue, and role limitations due to physical health.

CONCLUSION

Although no significant impact of the intervention on QoL was observed when comparing the two study arms, in the intervention arm longer intervention use was associated with declines in three QoL subscales and increased concerns about recurrence. Women with improving QoL may have interacted with the tablet less because they felt less in need of information; it is also possible that encouraging patients to compare themselves to survivors who had already recovered from breast cancer led some patients to report lower QoL. Future work is warranted to examine whether adding different stories to this cancer-communication intervention or using stories in conjunction with additional health promotion strategies (e.g., patient navigation) might improve QoL for African American breast cancer patients.

Building research in diet and cognition (BRIDGE): Baseline characteristics of older obese African American adults in a randomized controlled trial to examine the effect of the Mediterranean diet with and without weight loss on cognitive functioning

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The MedDiet is correlated with slower cognitive decline in longitudinal studies.

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Self-reported MedDiet adherence positively associated with select cognitive domains.

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Women outperformed men across verbal tasks, including learning and memory.

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Younger participants outperformed older participants on cognitive assessments.

In the United States, >5.4 million people age 65 and older are affected by cognitive impairment and dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. African Americans are more likely than non-Hispanic whites to suffer from these disorders. Obesity is linked to accelerated age-related cognitive decline, and weight loss through caloric restriction is a potential strategy to prevent this cognitive impairment. Adherence to a healthful dietary pattern, such as the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet), has also shown positive effects on reducing risk for dementia. African Americans are disproportionately affected by obesity and have less healthful diets than non-Hispanic whites. We present baseline characteristics from a three-arm randomized controlled trial that randomized 185 obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² and ≤ 50 kg/m²) healthy older adults (55–85 years of age) to: 1) Typical Diet Control (TDC); 2) MedDiet alone (MedDiet-A) intervention; or 3) MedDiet caloric restricted intervention to promote weight loss (MedDiet-WL). The majority of the sample was African American (91.4%) and female (85.9%). The two active interventions (MedDiet-A and MedDiet-WL) met once weekly for 8 months, and the TDC received weekly general health newsletters. Baseline data were collected between January 2017 and July 2019 in Chicago, IL. In our sample, closer adherence to a MedDiet pattern was associated with higher attention and information processing (AIP) and higher executive functioning (EF). Consistent with the literature, we saw that older participants performed more poorly on the cognitive assessments than younger participants, and women outperformed men across verbally mediated tasks, especially ones related to learning and memory.

A Pantheoretical Framework to Optimize Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and Medication Adherence: The Use of Personalized Approaches to Overcome Barriers and Optimize Facilitators to Achieve Adherence

Patient nonadherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors and medical treatments (like medication adherence) accounts for a significant portion of chronic disease burden. Despite the plethora of behavioral interventions to overcome key modifiable/nonmodifiable barriers and enable facilitators to adherence, short- and long-term adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors and medical treatments is still poor. To optimize adherence, we aimed to provide a novel mobile health solution steeped in precision and personalized population health and a pantheoretical approach that increases the likelihood of adherence. We have described the stages of a pantheoretical approach utilizing tailoring, clustering/profiling, personalizing, and optimizing interventions/strategies to obtain adherence and highlight the minimal engineering needed to build such a solution.

Social support in the healthcare of women submitted to breast cancer treatment

This study aimed to verify the prevalence of low social support (LSS) and associated factors in women submitted to breast cancer (BC) treatment. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 101 female residents of the municipality of Natal (Northeast Brazil), diagnosed with BC and submitted to oncological treatment. Data collection took place between July/2015 and May/2016 from medical records and individuals' interviews, and from the Medical Outcome Study-Social Support Survey. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistics were carried out through Poisson's regression with robust variance and significance level 0.05. Prevalence of LSS in women with BC was 22.8% with confidence interval 14.6-39.94. Type of access to public services (p < .03), prevalence ratio (PR) 1.84 and negative self-rated health (p < .001), PR 4.47 were associated with LSS. These results were obtained after adjustments by the variables age and presence of chronic diseases. The associations established herein could have been mostly related to fragilities of the Brazilian health system, and can contribute to the planning of actions directed to the studied population.

A Review and Considerations on Palliative Care Improvements for African Americans With Cancer

Hospice and Palliative care benefits are infrequently realized by African American patients with cancer. With the increasing recognition of the critical role of early utilization of palliative services for optimal and quality patient care, it is important to acknowledge disparities and barriers to access that minority patients may face. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the status of palliative care delivery for African American patients within the structure and framework of the clinical practice guideline domains established by the National Consensus Project for Palliative Care. This perspectives paper describes the different aspects of palliative care and the interplay with African American culture. Here, we also attempt to identify the multilevel barriers (health care system and provider level) to palliative care among African Americans as a required step toward decreasing the disparities in access, coverage, utilization, and benefit of palliative care. Furthermore, this paper may serve as an educational guide for health care workers who care for African American patients with cancer.

Primary breast cancer and health related quality of life in Spanish women: The EpiGEICAM case-control study

This study evaluates the impact of breast cancer (BC) in health related quality of life (HRQL) and in psychological distress (PD) during the initial phases of the disease and looks for contributing factors. A multicentric case-control study, EpiGEICAM, was carried out. Incident BC cases and age- and residence- matched controls were included. Clinical, epidemiological, HRQL (SF-36) and PD information (GHQ-28) was collected. We used multivariable logistic regression models to estimate OR of low HRQL and of PD in cases compared to controls, and to identify factors associated with low HRQL and with PD. Among 896 BC cases and 890 control women, cases had poorer scores than both, the reference population and the control group, in all SF-36 scales. BC women with lower education, younger, active workers, never smokers, those with comorbidities, in stage IV and with surgical treatment had lower physical HRQL; factors associated with low mental HRQL were dissatisfaction with social support, being current smoker and having children. Cases had a fivefold increased odds of PD compared to controls. Managing comorbidities and trying to promote social support, especially in younger and less educated women, could improve well-being of BC patients.

Effects of stigma, hope and social support on quality of life among Chinese patients diagnosed with oral cancer: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Improving quality of life (QoL) has been one of the goals of health care for people living with oral cancer. This study aimed to assess QoL and investigate the effects of stigma, hope, and social support on QoL among Chinese oral cancer patients.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Stomatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University and Stomatology Hospital of China Medical University in Liaoning Province, China, between May 2016 and October 2017. A total of 230 oral cancer patients were recruited to complete a questionnaire including the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck (FACT-H&N), the Social Impact Scale (SIS), the Herth Hope Index (HHI) and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Univariate one-way ANOVA/t-test, Person's r and hierarchical linear regression analysis were conducted to explore the factors influencing QoL and the relationships between stigma, hope, perceived social support and QoL.

RESULTS

The mean QoL score was 90.85 ± 20.15 among the patients with oral cancer. Stigma was negatively related to QoL, explaining 39.3% of the variance. In addition, hope and perceived social support were positively associated with QoL, explaining 8.1% of the variance.

CONCLUSION

Overall, Chinese patients with oral cancer suffer from low QoL. Stigma was significantly and negatively associated with QoL, while hope and perceived social support were positively associated with QoL. Oral cancer patients' psychological states should be addressed, and adequate intervention based on positive psychological resources should be provided to improve the QoL of patients with oral cancer.

Patterns and covariates of benefit finding in young Black breast cancer survivors: A longitudinal, observational study

OBJECTIVE

To examine the patterns and covariates of benefit finding over time among young Black breast cancer (BC) survivors.

METHODS

Black women (N = 305) with invasive BC diagnosed ≤50 years were recruited an average of 1.9 years post-BC diagnosis. Participants completed self-report questionnaires of benefit finding, social support, and illness intrusions at three time points (M time since BC diagnosis: T2 = 3.1 years, T3 = 4.0 years). Relationships between posttraumatic growth constructs (social support, illness intrusions) and benefit finding over time were examined using mixed models. Models controlled for cultural variables (religiosity, time orientation, and collectivism), receipt of chemotherapy, general health status, and partner status.

RESULTS

Participants reported high levels of benefit finding (M = 2.99, SE = 0.04 on a 0-4 scale). When accounting for covariates, benefit finding did not change over time since BC diagnosis (P = .21). Benefit finding scores at BC diagnosis were associated with more illness intrusions, greater religiosity, and having received chemotherapy (all Ps < .04). Social support was associated with change in benefit finding scores over time, such that a 1-point increase in social support was associated with a 0.05 increase in benefit finding per year (P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS

This study addresses key gaps in knowledge regarding benefit finding among Black cancer survivors. Consistent with findings from majority White samples, social support and illness intrusions appear to play a key role in benefit finding in Black BC survivors. Cultural constructs-including religiosity-must also be considered in future studies of benefit finding among minority populations.

Availability, accessibility, and impact of social support on breast cancer treatment among breast cancer patients in Kumasi, Ghana: A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is one of the top types of cancer affecting women both in the developed and developing countries. Breast cancer is a chronic and debilitating condition for anybody diagnosed of it and as well as their family. Social support has been shown to offset or moderate the impact of stress caused by the illness and other related negative outcomes.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to assess the availability, accessibility, and impact of social support on treatment for breast cancer patients at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Ashanti Region in Ghana.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A phenomenological study was employed. An in-depth interview guide was used to collect data on socio-demographic variables and social support availability and accessibility from 15 breast cancer patients. Thematic analysis was employed.

RESULTS

Majority of the women who participated in the study were postmenopausal women with an average age of 55 years. The study also revealed that all the participants in this study received one kind of support or another including informational, financial, emotional, and tangible support and reported varying positive impacts on their lives as a result of the support received. For those who received support, the prognosis and general quality of life appeared promising and well-adjusted than those who reported not having received any form of support.

CONCLUSION

Social support is critical for the survival and quality of life of chronic disease patients including breast cancer patients who were the focus of this study. The availability and/or accessibility of social support or otherwise significantly determines the prognosis and quality of life of breast cancer patients. Healthcare professionals and family members or significant others are major players in organizing social support for chronic disease patients.

Applying theory to characterize impediments to dissemination of community-facing family health history tools: a review of the literature

Uptake of community-facing family health history (FHH) tools to identify those at highest risk of disease and target prevention efforts has been consistently low. This review uses the diffusion of innovations (DOI) as a framework to organize the FHH evidence base and identify potential strategies to improve uptake of community-facing FHH tools. Methods for this literature review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. We completed systematic searches in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for studies from 2009 to 2017 and hand searched bibliographies of relevant literature to identify additional articles. We abstracted and synthesized results, which were then organized by the DOI including the innovation-decision making process and characteristics of the innovation likely to influence diffusion (e.g., compatibility, relative advantage, complexity, trialability, observa/bility). Of the 290 unique articles identified, 65 were eligible for full-text review after title and abstract screening; a total of 27 were included in the final abstraction. Eleven unique tools were identified. The most commonly used tool was the Surgeon General's My Family Health Portrait (n =9/27). Only six studies directly evaluated participant perceptions shown to be associated with tool uptake. Studies tended to focus on improving compatibility by customizing tools to the target population's needs and use of educational interventions. Results from this review suggest the need to evaluate strategies to increase the pace of uptake of community-facing FHH tools. These include pragmatic trials that compare different approaches to engage and evaluate participant perceptions of the relative advantage and complexity of tools. Ancillary support strategies may include collaborations with community networks to facilitate use and implementation study designs for rigorous evaluation.

Social support as predictor of anxiety and depression in cancer caregivers six months after cancer diagnosis: A longitudinal study

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To establish the predictive utility of specific social support domains for emotional well-being in cancer caregivers, six months after their partner's cancer diagnosis.

BACKGROUND

In cancer caregivers, social support has been consistently related to anxiety and depression. There is little information, however, about the predictive utility of specific social support domains for psychological well-being in the first six months after a partner's cancer diagnosis.

DESIGN

Longitudinal research study.

METHODS

Sixty-seven caregivers of recently diagnosed cancer patients were recruited from the Reina Sofia University Hospital in Cordoba (Spain). Participants completed a set of questionnaires including the Berlin Social Support Scale (BSSS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Data were collected at two time points: T1 (30-45 days after diagnosis) and T2 (180-200 days after). TRIPOD checklist was used.

RESULTS

Most of the caregivers were female (65%) and the partner of the patient (58%), with an average age of 51.63 years (SD = 13.25). Statistical differences were observed between the two assessment points for the social support domains of perceived emotional support, satisfaction with support and protective buffering. Logistic regression analysis showed that less physical and sports activity, more support seeking and less informational support received at T1 predicted anxiety at T2, while less perceived available support predicted depression.

CONCLUSIONS

Accurate information and support from other members of the community and the promotion of physical and sports routines for cancer caregivers may help to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression in the first months after a partner's cancer diagnosis.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Clinicians must pay attention to the social support needs and physical activity of caregivers in the first days after diagnosis, in order to prevent anxiety and depression.

Exploring perceptions and practices of cancer care among caregivers and care recipients of breast cancer in India

OBJECTIVE

Cancer care is physically and psychologically challenging for both care recipients and caregivers. Caregiving in cancer is an area that needs urgent attention in India. Much of caregiving literature in India is limited to mental illnesses. This study thus examines the perceptions and practices of psychological caregiving among caregivers and care recipients of breast cancer in India.

METHODS

Participants were interviewed with the aid of a semistructured qualitative interview guide. Participants included 39 caregivers and 35 care recipients in different breast cancer stages. Interviews were transcribed, translated to English, and coded, and themes were derived for further analysis. Informed consent from participants and ethical clearance and permission from a tertiary hospital were obtained prior to data collection.

RESULTS

Psychological caregiving as perceived by the participants included actions such as encouraging, convincing care recipients, companionship, and maintaining a stress-free environment. Caregivers in particular felt that psychological caregiving meant reacting calmly to sensitive queries of nonfamily members, providing emotional support to other family members, and involvement in religious activities. Taking on such diverse responsibilities gave rise to several unmet psychological needs such as motivation and support in decision making from other family members.

CONCLUSIONS

Irrespective of the status (caregiver or care recipient), participants in this study felt the need for structured counselling services to be incorporated into the standard care protocol. This is an area that needs to be further explored in the context of the breast cancer caregiver and care recipient dyad.

Construct validity of the Brazilian version of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS) in a sample of elderly users of the primary healthcare system

OBJECTIVE

To assess the psychometric properties of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS) considering a sample of elderly users of the primary healthcare facilities of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, southeast Brazil.

METHODS

The MOS-SSS is a widely used measurement of social support in different contexts, consisting of 19 items with answer categories that range on a 7-point rating scale. Data collection regarding the psychometric properties of the MOS-SSS was performed in a stratified sample of elderly users of primary healthcare facilities of Ribeirão Preto. Data were collected at five district basic health units located in the city through face-to-face interviews. Polychoric correlation matrix and exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses were performed.

RESULTS

A total of 357 elderly subjects aged 60 years or older participated in the study (62.7% females). According to the polychoric correlation matrix, higher coefficients of correlation (> 0.90) were detected among 12 pairs of items and grouped into four factors, as suggested for EFA. The results of the CFA confirmed the construct validity of the four-factor structure of the MOS-SSS when applied to our sample, as well as the stability of this model in distinct subsamples.

CONCLUSION

The four-factor structure of the MOS-SSS was found to be suitable and presented adequate construct validity for the assessment of social support in elderly users of primary healthcare facilities.

Depression and social support among breast cancer patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Depression is a common co-morbid, disabling disorder that affects 10-25% of cancer patients. It causes substantial functional impairment and lowers survival rate of breast cancer patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the magnitude of depression and its association with social support among breast cancer patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study which included 428 breast cancer patients was conducted in seven health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Depression and Social Support were assessed using standard tools Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ 9) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) respectively. Descriptive statistics were done based on the standard PHQ9 cut off points (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and ≥ 20). Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests were employed to compare MSPSS score among depressed and non-depressed patients and across the different levels of depression. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was done to identify factors associated with depression.

RESULT

The prevalence of depression among breast cancer patients was 25% (107/428), andaccording to the PHQ9 score categorization, 70/428 (16.4%), 30/428 (7.01%) and 7/428 (1.64%) of these patients were having moderate, moderately severe and severe depression respectively. Age, occupation, type of health facility treated, severity of pain, hormonal therapy and having problem with employer/ family were significantly associated with depression. The participants' MSPSS total score was overall found to be high (70.35 ± 16.81). Those women who had moderate and severe depression had lower mean MSPSS scores compared to women with none/ minimal depression (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

This study found that one in four breast cancer patients had depression. Depression is associated with poor social support given by family, friends and significant others. Therefore, screening for depression and psychosocial service should be integrated in the routine breast cancer care in Ethiopia.

The role of social support in the psychological illness of women

OBJECTIVE

to analyze the relationship between perception of social support and emotional and physical symptoms associated with psychiatric conditions among women.

METHOD

a cross-sectional, quantitative study was carried out with a randomized random sample of 141 women attended at a Family Health Unit of the city of Ribeirão Preto/SP. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Social Support Questionnaire and the Self-Report Questionnaire were used.

RESULTS

there was no association between sociodemographic characteristics and mental disorder, but between aspects such as low income and schooling. The exercise of professions culturally considered as of low prestige gave rise to some reflections related to gender inequality. There was a significant difference in the satisfaction scores between the women who reported or not the symptoms of tiredness and sadness and the number of supporters among those who reported or not the symptom of fatigue. Spouses and children were the most mentioned supporters, and having mental disorder was significantly associated with having no friends in the support network.

CONCLUSION

issues related to gender equity and satisfaction with social support are important aspects of care. For the promotion of mental health, efforts must be made to make women feel more connected and supported by the supporters available in their social environment.

The buffering effect of social support on the relationship between discrimination and psychological distress among church-going African-American adults

Discrimination is a pervasive stressor among African-American adults. Social support is an important protective factor for psychological distress, especially among minority populations. Although a number of studies have examined social support in relation to discrimination, little research has examined how social support may serve as an important protective factor against both physical and psychological symptoms related to overall psychological distress within this group. The current study examined social support as a moderator of the relationship between discrimination and overall psychological distress as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory among a community sample of 122 African-American church-going adults. Results indicated that social support buffered the associations of discrimination and overall psychological distress (p < 0.0001) in expected directions. Findings highlight the importance of cultivating strong social relationships to attenuate the effects of this social determinant on mental health disparities among this group.

Received and perceived support subscales of the Berlin Social Support Scales in women diagnosed with breast cancer attending the breast clinic at Tygerberg hospital: structure and correlates

Research in the field of psycho-oncology in South Africa is increasing, and there is a need for validated measures that assess factors associated with cancer, such as social support. The Berlin Social Support Scales are a battery of instruments that measure various types and functions of social support. The measure was originally developed for use among adult cancer patients, and their partners but has also been used among other clinical populations and healthy adults. We investigated the psychometric properties of the English version of the perceived and received sub-scales, Berlin Social Support Scales. Our sample included South African women ( N = 201) who were diagnosed with breast cancer and receiving treatment at a public health care facility. We administered several measures, including a demographic questionnaire, the Berlin Social Support subscales, the Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire, and The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy to participants. Validity and reliability analyses were conducted. Factor analysis resulted in the retention of 17 items that clustered on two factors, namely received support and perceived support. The 17-item version of the Berlin Social Support Scale demonstrated strong reliability and validity in the sample. The two subscales are quick to administer, easy to interpret, and are a reliable measure of social support among breast cancer patients in South Africa.

A Step toward Understanding Diet Quality in Urban African-American Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-sectional Analysis of Baseline Data from the Moving Forward Study

PURPOSE

Little is known about the dietary behaviors of African-American breast cancer survivors (AABCS). We sought to describe dietary intake and quality in AABCS and examine associations with demographic, social, lifestyle, and body composition factors to potentially inform the development of effective dietary interventions.

METHODS

Baseline data from a prospective weight loss trial of 210 AABCS were assessed. A food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate dietary intake and diet quality via the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) and Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010). Linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the most influential variables on diet quality.

RESULTS

Mean HEI- and AHEI-2010 total scores were 65.11 and 56.83 indicating that diet quality needs improvement. Women were the least adherent to recommendations for intake of whole grains, dairy, sodium, empty calories, sugary beverages, red/processed meats, and trans-fat. Increased self-efficacy for healthy eating behaviors, more years of education (AHEI only), negative smoking status, smaller waist circumference, and increased physical activity (HEI only) were significantly associated with higher diet quality scores.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest the diet quality of AABCS needs improvement. Intervention programs may achieve higher diet quality in AABCS by focusing on increasing self-efficacy for healthy eating behaviors.