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Gyasi SF, Kumi W, Kwofie C. Factors influencing individual vaccine preferences for COVID-19 in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana: An observational study using discrete choice experiment analysis. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2263. [PMID: 39050907 PMCID: PMC11265991 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims There has been hesitancy among people with regard to accepting vaccines, especially that of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This hesitancy is aggravated by the different vaccine alternatives available and what one considers before choosing a particular vaccine. The aim of this article was to investigate some driving factors that can influence an individual's COVID-19 vaccine preference in the presence of other alternatives, using some specific vaccine characteristics. Methods Discrete choice questionnaire was designed using the attributes and their corresponding levels to collect data on participants' preference for a COVID vaccine over a period of 12 Weeks in Sunyani, Ghana, with the help of an observational study design. A total of 150 participants receiving Covid-19 vaccines at the University of Energy and Natural Resources Hospital were systematically selected and interviewed. Factors considered included: Efficacy of the vaccine, credibility of the manufacturing company, side effects of the vaccine, and availability of the vaccine. Data was analyzed using the conditional probit of the discrete choice experiment (DCE). Results Results from the study using the conditional probit of the discrete choice experiment (DCE) showed efficacy, side effects, and availability as significant attributes for preference. However, there was no preference with respect to the credibility of the manufacturing company. In addition, vaccine availability was not a dis-utility in comparison to the alternatives that are readily available. This disutility was however higher among males than females. Conclusion From the study, most respondents preferred a COVID-19 vaccine that is highly efficacious or a vaccine with milder side effect or a vaccine that may not necessarily be readily available. It was also observed that dis-utility is higher among males when it comes to vaccine not being readily available than females as the odds of a female choosing a vaccine that is readily available is much higher compared to their males counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fosu Gyasi
- Department of Biological ScienceUniversity of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyaniGhana
- Center for Research in Applied Biology (CeRAB)University of Energy of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyaniGhana
| | - Williams Kumi
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyaniGhana
| | - Charles Kwofie
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyaniGhana
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Morillon GF, Poder TG. Which factors drive the choice of the French-speaking Quebec population towards a COVID-19 vaccination programme: A discrete-choice experiment. Health Expect 2024; 27:e13963. [PMID: 39102733 PMCID: PMC10767688 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to elicit preferences about the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine campaign in the general French-speaking adult Quebec population and to highlight the characteristics of the vaccine campaign that were of major importance. METHODS A discrete-choice experiment (DCE) was conducted between April and June 2021, in Quebec, Canada. A quota sampling method by age, gender and educational level was used to achieve a representative sample of the French-speaking adult population. The choice-based exercise was described by seven attributes within a vaccine campaign scenario. A mixed logit (MXL) model and a latent class logit (LCL) model were used to derive utility values. Age, gender, educational level, income and fear of COVID-19 were included as independent variables in the LCL. RESULTS A total of 1883 respondents were included for analysis, yielding 22,586 choices. From these choices, 3425 (15.16%) were refusals. In addition, 1159 (61.55%) individuals always accepted any of the vaccination campaigns, while 92 individuals (4.89%) always refused vaccine alternatives. According to the MXL, relative weight importance of attributes was effectiveness (32.50%), risk of side effects (24.76%), level of scientific evidence (22.51%), number of shots (15.73%), priority population (3.60%), type of vaccine (0.61%), and vaccination location (0.28%). Four classes were derived from the LCL model and attributes were more or less important according to them. Class 1 (19.8%) was more concerned about the effectiveness (27.99%), safety (24.22%) and the number of shots (21.82%), class 2 (55.3%) wanted a highly effective vaccine (40.16%) and class 3 (17.6%) gave high value to the scientific evidence (42.00%). Class 4 preferences (7.4%) were more balanced, with each attribute having a relative weight ranging from 1.84% (type of vaccine) to 21.32% (risk of side effects). Membership posterior probabilities to latent classes were found to be predicted by individual factors such as gender, annual income or fear of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination acceptance relies on multiple factors. This study allowed assessment of vaccination-specific issues through a choice-based exercise and description of factors influencing this choice by segmenting the sample and drawing profiles of individuals. Moreover, besides effectiveness and safety, a major point of this study was to show the importance given by the general population to the level of scientific evidence surrounding vaccines. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION A small group of citizens was involved in the conception, design and interpretation of data. Participants of the DCE were all from the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabin F. Morillon
- Montpellier Recherche en ÉconomieUniversity of MontpellierAvenue Raymond DugrandMontpellierFrance
| | - Thomas G. Poder
- Department of Management, Evaluation and Health Policy, School of Public HealthUniversity of MontrealMontrealQuebecCanada
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Zeinab D, Shahin N, Fateme M, Saeed BF. Economic evaluation of vaccination against COVID-19: A systematic review. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1871. [PMID: 38332928 PMCID: PMC10850437 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Coronavirus has burdened considerable expenditures on the different health systems. Vaccination programs, the critical solution against pandemic diseases, are known as safe and effective interventions to prevent and control epidemics. We aimed to perform a systematic review to provide economic evidence of the value of different types of vaccines available to combat the Covid-19 to all health policymakers worldwide. Methods Electronic searches conducted on Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and other economic evaluation databases. Related and published articles searched up to March 2022 by using keywords such as "Vaccination," "Covid-19," "Cost-benefit," "Cost-utility," "Cost-effectiveness," "Economic Assessment," and "Economic evaluation." Followed by choosing the most suitable articles according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, data captured and the results extracted. The quality assessment of the articles performed by the checklist of CHEERS 2022. Finally, 13 articles included in the review. Results All messenger RNA vaccines were dominant with approximately 70% coverage against no vaccination in the primary vaccination program except in one study that looked at booster effects. From a payer's perspective, a dollar invested in a vaccine would be less profitable than from a societal perspective. Therefore, primary mass vaccination can be considered a cost-effective intervention in primary vaccination to save more lives and produce more positive externalities. However, the cost-benefit ratio for all vaccines increases when statistical lifetime value and global economic and educational disadvantages are considered. Conclusion The COVID-19 primary vaccination programs in regional outbreaks, from a long-term perspective, will demonstrate substantial cost-effectiveness. It is suggested that due to the positive externalities of vaccination, primary mass vaccination, with the help of COVAX-19TM, could be considered a reliable way to combat viral epidemics compared to the loss of individual lives and economic and educational disturbances around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolatshahi Zeinab
- Department of Health Policy, School of Health Management and Information SciencesIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nargesi Shahin
- Department of Health Management and Economics, Faculty of HealthIlam University of Medical SciencesIlamIran
| | - Mezginejad Fateme
- Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research CenterBirjand University of Medical SciencesBirjanIran
| | - Bagheri Faradonbeh Saeed
- Department of Health Services Management, School of HealthAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical ScienceAhvazIran
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Gazibara T, Cvjetkovic S, Milic M, Dotlic J, Maksimovic N, Jovanovic V, Jeremic Stojkovic V. Preferences of COVID-19 Vaccines in the General Population in Belgrade, Serbia: A Qualitative Study. Behav Med 2024; 50:16-25. [PMID: 35672260 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2022.2085652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Few countries provided multiple COVID-19 vaccines for their citizens right from the start of mass immunization. In Serbia, four vaccines were available. Circumstances in which people had several options to choose from are unique. The purpose of this study was to identify motivators behind COVID-19 vaccination and the choice of COVID-19 vaccine among people who were immunized against COVID-19. Qualitative interviews with 35 vaccinated people aged > 18 years were conducted in May 2021 at the Institute of Public Health of Serbia, a reference institution for vaccination. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Four topics emerged: 1) Decision to receive COVID-19 vaccine; 2) Sources of information about the vaccine; 3) Choice of the COVID-19 vaccine and 4) Anti-vaccination sentiment around the vaccinated people. Participants were classified in two groups: those who were determined to receive the vaccine and those who were hesitant. People who were hesitant decided to receive the vaccine after reviewing the information collected from various sources, especially physicians. Although some participants accepted any vaccine regardless of their characteristics, there were others who had explicit preferences. These preferences stemmed mainly from their beliefs about particular vaccine's efficacy and safety, COVID-19 status (previous infection), living or lifestyle circumstances (residence or travel abroad), doctor's recommendation (underlying health status) or trust in expertise of that particular manufacturer's country of origin. Opting for appropriate vaccine was motivated by reasons specific to various individuals, which enabled them to make choices in line with their preferences and values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Gazibara
- Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Smiljana Cvjetkovic
- Department of Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Milic
- Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut", Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina temporarily seated in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dotlic
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Maksimovic
- Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Jovanovic
- Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut", Belgrade, Serbia
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Pang Z, Ma X. What drives the vaccination intention against COVID-19? Application of EPPM, TAM, and theories of risk assessment. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2180969. [PMID: 36919459 PMCID: PMC10026910 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2180969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are widely used to fight against COVID-19. However, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy appears as some individuals are concerned with COVID-19 vaccines. This study investigates the vaccination intention against COVID-19 in China with the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and theories of risk information assessment. Results showed that the formation mechanism of vaccination intention could be considered a psychological process, as subjective knowledge was a primary influence on correspondents' weighting of both the potentially positive (usefulness) and negative effects (threat) of vaccination. This unequal consideration then resulted in different levels of fear arousal between subjects. Driven by usefulness/threat perception and fear, people conducted different decision strategies, so-called analytical assessment, and experiential assessment to make vaccination decision. In addition to the direct effects of experiential assessment on vaccination intention, two decision strategies and fear arousal also affected people's vaccination intention through the mediation role of vaccination attitude. For policymakers and stakeholders, this study provides a knowledge base for confidence-building, and emotional guidance concerning against COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjing Pang
- School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlin Ma
- School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Wagner AL, Zhang F, Kerekes S, Shih SF, Zhao L. COVID-19 vaccination preferences during a pause in Johnson & Johnson vaccine administration. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100373. [PMID: 37674932 PMCID: PMC10477674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In April 2021, the US paused Janssen (J&J) COVID-19 vaccination because of reported blood clots post vaccination. This paper explores how vaccine decision-making--receiving a J&J vaccine right away vs waiting for a Pfizer vaccine--changed during the pause. In an opt-in internet-based survey April 2021 with 915 participants, 37 % were not vaccinated. Of these, 18 % would accept a J&J vaccine, 5 % would wait 1 month for a Pfizer vaccine, 25 % would wait 3 months, and 52 % would not want any vaccine. Among the unvaccinated, 56 % had heard of blood clots; 61 % of these did not want any vaccine, compared to 41 % of those who had not heard of blood clots. Moreover, among those vaccine hesitant in general, 11 % would still obtain a J&J vaccine if offered right away. These findings may suggest spillover of brand-specific adverse event concerns to the vaccine product as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abram L. Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Felicia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stefania Kerekes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Faculty of European Studies, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, 400090 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Shu-Fang Shih
- Department of Health Administration, College of Health Professions, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Motta M, Callaghan T, Lunz Trujillo K. "The CDC Won't Let Me Be": The Opinion Dynamics of Support for CDC Regulatory Authority. JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLITICS, POLICY AND LAW 2023; 48:829-857. [PMID: 37497881 DOI: 10.1215/03616878-10852592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The CDC's ability to respond to communicable disease threats has recently met significant political and legal opposition. The authors unpack the influence of political ideology on support for CDC authority, and they experimentally assess whether highlighting ideology's role in responding to health threats might bolster CDC support. METHODS The authors fielded a demographically representative online survey experiment to 5,483 US adults. They assessed the sociopolitical correlates of CDC attitudes via multivariate regression analyses limited to a study-wide treatment group. Additionally, they tested the effectiveness of their experimental treatments via multivariate models that interact indicators of stimulus exposure with political ideology. FINDINGS Although most Americans support the CDC's role in responding to health crises, self-identified conservatives are significantly less likely to do so. This effect holds when accounting for respondents' limited government and anti-expert attitudes, which the authors replicated in nationally representative data. Encouragingly, though, emphasizing the CDC's role in combating the spread of COVID-19 is associated with significantly stronger levels of support on the ideological right. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to communicate the CDC's importance in responding to health threats can help bridge existing ideological divides and might create an incentive for policy makers to codify the agency's regulatory powers.
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Yue PHR, Lau HPB, Ng SM, Chan LWC, Yuen S. When to be vaccinated? What to consider? Modelling decision-making and time preference for COVID-19 vaccine through a conjoint experiment. Vaccine 2023; 41:6300-6308. [PMID: 37679277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
How do citizens choose COVID-19 vaccines, and when do they wish to be vaccinated? A choice-based conjoint experiment was conducted in Hong Kong to examine factors that shape citizens' preference toward COVID-19 vaccines and their time preference to be vaccinated, which is overlooked in extant literature. Results suggest people are most concerned about vaccines' efficacy and severe side-effects, and that cash incentives are not useful in enhancing vaccine appeal. The majority of respondents show low intention for immediate vaccination, and many of them want to delay their vaccination. Further analysis shows that their time preference is shaped more by respondent characteristics than vaccine attributes. In particular, confidence in the vaccine, trust in government, and working in high-risk professions are associated with earlier timing for vaccine uptake. Meanwhile, forced COVID testing would delay vaccination. The findings offer a novel view in understanding how people decide whether and when to receive new vaccines, which have pivotal implications for a head start of any mass vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Samson Yuen
- Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR.
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Daziano R, Budziński W. Evolution of preferences for COVID-19 vaccine throughout the pandemic - The choice experiment approach. Soc Sci Med 2023; 332:116093. [PMID: 37515953 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we employ a choice experiment to study individual preferences for COVID-19 vaccines in the US. A unique characteristic of the microdata (N = 5671) is that the survey was conducted in five distinct waves from October 2020 to October 2021. Because of this dynamic feature, it is possible to control for evolving pandemic conditions such as the number of COVID-19 active cases, vaccination uptake, and the frequency of Google searches related to the vaccines. Furthermore, we employ a hybrid choice model to incorporate respondents' attitudes related to their perceived vulnerability to diseases, as well as their perceived health status. The hybrid choice model was extended to incorporate latent classes as well as random effects. We find that the rate of vaccinated individuals in the population actually increases the probability of vaccine hesitancy, and therefore may discourage people to get vaccinated. This may be evidence of free-riding behavior. On the other hand, the number of COVID-19 cases has a positive effect on the probability of getting vaccinated, suggesting that individuals react to the pandemic conditions by taking some protective measures. Google trend data do not seem to have a straightforward effect on the vaccination demand, but it increases consumers' willingness to pay for several vaccine characteristics. With respect to the analyzed attitudes, we find that perceived uninfectability is a significant driver of vaccine hesitancy, probably related to the frequent "natural immunity" argument. In turn, germ aversion has a positive effect on the probability of getting vaccinated as well as on the marginal willingness to pay. Finally, health status has a limited effect on whether the individual will decide to vaccinate or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Daziano
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA.
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Hosogaya N, Takazono T, Kurazono K, Hiroi S, Iwasaki K, Takeshima T, Ha C, Mukae H. Estimation of Intangible Costs for Factors Associated with Oral Antiviral Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment: A Conjoint Analysis in Japan. Adv Ther 2023; 40:3525-3542. [PMID: 37303032 PMCID: PMC10258079 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, preferences for factors associated with vaccines have been evaluated. Three oral antiviral drugs have been approved in Japan for patients with mild-to-moderate I COVID-19 symptoms. Although preferences for the drugs may also depend on various factors, these have not been fully evaluated. METHODS A conjoint analysis was performed based on an online survey in August 2022 to estimate the intangible costs of factors associated with oral antiviral drugs for COVID-19. Respondents were individuals aged 20-69 across Japan. The attributes included the company (Japanese/foreign) that developed the drug, formulation and size of the drug, frequency of administration per day, number of tablets/capsules per dose, number of days until no longer infectious to others, and out-of-pocket expenses. A logistic regression model was applied to estimate the utility of each level for each attribute. The intangible costs were calculated by comparing the utility to the out-of-pocket attribute. RESULTS Responses were collected from 11,303 participants. The difference between levels was the largest for companies that developed a drug; the intangible costs were JPY 5390 higher for the foreign company than for the Japanese company. The next largest difference was in the number of days until one is no longer infectious. For the same formulation, the intangible cost was lower for small sizes than large sizes. For similar-sized tablets and capsules, the intangible cost was lower for tablets than capsules. These tendencies were similar regardless of COVID-19 infection history and the presence of risk factors for severe COVID-19 in the respondents. CONCLUSION Intangible costs for factors associated with oral antiviral drugs among the Japanese population were estimated. The results may change as the number of people with a history of COVID-19 infection increases and significant progress is made regarding treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hosogaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
| | | | - Shinzo Hiroi
- Medical Affairs, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Adiyoso W, Wilopo W, Mondry, Nurbaiti B, Suprapto FA. The use of Health Belief Model (HBM) to explain factors underlying people to take the COVID-19 vaccine in Indonesia. Vaccine X 2023; 14:100297. [PMID: 37063303 PMCID: PMC10081936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) has severely impacted people's health worldwide. Vaccines are one of the health measures taken to reduce the impact of COVID-19, but recent reports have revealed that some people are reluctant to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Understanding the factors underlying an individual's decision to take the COVID-19 vaccine is critical to designing an immunisation programme. This study examines factors that influence the intention to take a COVID-19 vaccine using the modified Health Belief Model (HBM) framework and analysing demographic factors. METHOD A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from 10 January to 20 January 2021. Five hundred thirty-seven respondents above 17 years old and residing in Indonesia voluntarily completed an online survey. Survey questions addressed sociodemographic factors; perception of susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers; cues to action; and intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine. A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach with SmartPLS software was used to analyse the measurements and model construct. FINDINGS The results showed that the perception of susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers, as well as cues to action, predicted people's intention to take a COVID-19 vaccine. Model structure explained a large proportion of variance in people's intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 (R2 = 66.8 %). Some demographic factors affected the key variables of the HBM. People with low and middle income negatively influence feeling severity, beneficial and barrier in intending to take vaccine. Other demographic factors such as sex, age, marriage and living areas did not affect the components of the HBM, except for females influencing severity and people living in urban areas associated with benefits variable. These findings imply that COVID-19 vaccination programmes should focus on providing accurate information about the severity of COVID-19 and the benefits of taking the vaccine. Building people's confidence in their ability to eliminate barriers to taking the vaccine and involving family members and community and religious leaders will increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake. CONCLUSION Despite limitations to the study, such as respondent demographics that are unrepresentative of the wider Indonesian population, inadequate survey timing and an exclusive focus on vaccine intention as the outcome variable, the present study contributes to explaining individuals' intentions to take a COVID-19 vaccine in a Eastern country context. This study is valuable to providing public health policy recommendations that focus on effectively designing immunisation programme interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wignyo Adiyoso
- National Development Planning Agency/BAPPENAS, Jl. Proklamasi No. 70, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
| | - Wilopo Wilopo
- Research Centre for Conflict and Policy (RCCP), Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Jl. MT. Haryono 163, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mondry
- Faculty of Social and Political Science, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Beti Nurbaiti
- Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya University, Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Firre An Suprapto
- Regional and Rural Development Planning Department, Faculty of Economics and Management, IPB University, Jl. Raya Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
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Kreps S, George J, Lushenko P, Rao A. Exploring the artificial intelligence "Trust paradox": Evidence from a survey experiment in the United States. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288109. [PMID: 37463148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) are poised to transform society, national defense, and the economy by increasing efficiency, precision, and safety. Yet, widespread adoption within society depends on public trust and willingness to use AI-enabled technologies. In this study, we propose the possibility of an AI "trust paradox," in which individuals' willingness to use AI-enabled technologies exceeds their level of trust in these capabilities. We conduct a two-part study to explore the trust paradox. First, we conduct a conjoint analysis, varying different attributes of AI-enabled technologies in different domains-including armed drones, general surgery, police surveillance, self-driving cars, and social media content moderation-to evaluate whether and under what conditions a trust paradox may exist. Second, we use causal mediation analysis in the context of a second survey experiment to help explain why individuals use AI-enabled technologies that they do not trust. We find strong support for the trust paradox, particularly in the area of AI-enabled police surveillance, where the levels of support for its use are both higher than other domains but also significantly exceed trust. We unpack these findings to show that several underlying beliefs help account for public attitudes of support, including the fear of missing out, optimism that future versions of the technology will be more trustworthy, a belief that the benefits of AI-enabled technologies outweigh the risks, and calculation that AI-enabled technologies yield efficiency gains. Our findings have important implications for the integration of AI-enabled technologies in multiple settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kreps
- Cornell University Tech Policy Institute, Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
| | - Julie George
- Cornell University Tech Policy Institute, Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
- Stanford Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Paul Lushenko
- Cornell University Tech Policy Institute, Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
| | - Adi Rao
- Cornell University Tech Policy Institute, Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
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Shanahan EA, DeLeo RA, Albright EA, Li M, Koebele EA, Taylor K, Crow DA, Dickinson KL, Minkowitz H, Birkland TA, Zhang M. Visual policy narrative messaging improves COVID-19 vaccine uptake. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad080. [PMID: 37096197 PMCID: PMC10122412 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
In the face of vaccine hesitancy, public health officials are seeking more effective risk communication approaches to increase vaccination rates. We test the influence of visual policy narratives on COVID-19 vaccination behavior through a panel survey experiment conducted in early 2021 (n = 3,900) and then 8 weeks later (n = 2,268). We examine the effects of three visual policy narrative messages that test the narrative mechanism of character selection (yourself, your circle, and your community) and a nonnarrative control on COVID-19 vaccine behavior. Visual risk messages that use narratives positively influence COVID-19 vaccination through serial mediation of affective response to the messages and motivation to get the COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, character selection matters, as messages focusing on protecting others (i.e. your circle and your community) perform stronger than those of yourself. Political ideology moderated some of the effects, with conservative respondents in the nonnarrative control condition having a higher probability of vaccination in comparison to the protect yourself condition. Taken together, these results suggest that public health officials should use narrative-based visual communication messages that emphasize communal benefits of vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Shanahan
- Department of Political Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Rob A DeLeo
- Department of Global Studies, Bentley University, Waltham, MA 02452, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Albright
- Division of Environmental Science and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Meng Li
- School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80217, USA
| | | | - Kristin Taylor
- Department of Political Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | | - Honey Minkowitz
- Department of Public Administration, School of Public and International Affairs, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Thomas A Birkland
- Department of Public Administration, School of Public and International Affairs, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Manli Zhang
- School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80217, USA
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14
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The political component of COVID-19 vaccine choice: Results from a conjoint experiment. Public Health 2023; 217:33-40. [PMID: 36848795 PMCID: PMC9868381 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prior research highlights the role of efficacy, vaccine safety, and availability in vaccine hesitancy. Research is needed to better understand the political driving forces behind COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We examine the effects of the origin of a vaccine, and approval status within the EU on vaccine choice. We also test if these effects differ by party affiliation among Hungarians. STUDY DESIGN We use a conjoint experimental design to assess multiple causal relationships. Respondents choose between two hypothetical vaccine profiles randomly generated from 10 attributes. The data were gathered from an online panel in September 2022. We applied a quota for vaccination status and party preference. Three hundred twenty-four respondents evaluated 3888 randomly generated vaccine profiles. METHODS We analyse the data using an OLS estimator with standard errors clustered by respondents. To further nuance our results, we test for task, profile, and treatment heterogeneity effects. RESULTS By origin, respondents prefer German (MM 0.55; 95% CI 0.52-0.58) and Hungarian (0.55; 0.52-0.59) vaccines over US (0.49; 0.45-0.52) and Chinese vaccines (0.44; 0.41-0.47). By approval status, vaccines approved by the EU (0.55, 0.52-0.57) or pending authorization (0.5, 0.48-0.53) are preferred over unauthorised ones (0.45, 0.43-0.47). Both effects are conditional on party affiliation. Government voters especially prefer Hungarian vaccines (0.6; 0.55-0.65) over others. CONCLUSIONS The complexity of vaccination decisions calls for the usage of information shortcuts. Our findings demonstrate a strong political component that motivates vaccine choice. We demonstrate that politics and ideology have broken into fields of individual-level decisions such as health.
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15
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Stamm TA, Partheymüller J, Mosor E, Ritschl V, Kritzinger S, Alunno A, Eberl JM. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine fatigue. Nat Med 2023; 29:1164-1171. [PMID: 36973410 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern that Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine fatigue will be a major obstacle in maintaining immunity in the general population. In this study, we assessed vaccine acceptance in future scenarios in two conjoint experiments, investigating determinants such as new vaccines, communication, costs/incentives and legal rules. The experiments were embedded in an online survey (n = 6,357 participants) conducted in two European countries (Austria and Italy). Our results suggest that vaccination campaigns should be tailored to subgroups based on their vaccination status. Among the unvaccinated, campaign messages conveying community spirit had a positive effect (0.343, confidence interval (CI) 0.019-0.666), whereas offering positive incentives, such as a cash reward (0.722, CI 0.429-1.014) or voucher (0.670, CI 0.373-0.967), was pivotal to the decision-making of those vaccinated once or twice. Among the triple vaccinated, vaccination readiness increased when adapted vaccines were offered (0.279, CI 0.182-0.377), but costs (-0.795, CI -0.935 to -0.654) and medical dissensus (-0.161, CI -0.293 to -0.030) reduced their likelihood to get vaccinated. We conclude that failing to mobilize the triple vaccinated is likely to result in booster vaccination rates falling short of expectations. For long-term success, measures fostering institutional trust should be considered. These results provide guidance to those responsible for future COVID-19 vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A Stamm
- Institute of Outcomes Research, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Erika Mosor
- Institute of Outcomes Research, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Ritschl
- Institute of Outcomes Research, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alessia Alunno
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila and Internal Medicine and Nephrology Division, ASL1 Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
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16
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Lohiniva AL, Nurzhynska A, Mueed A, Ali A, Ahmed K, Ayiku P, Amo-Adjei J, Kawakatsu Y, Shetye M, Greiner K, McIntosh R. Strengthening polio vaccine demand in Ghana: Understanding the factors influencing uptake of the vaccine and the effectiveness of different message frames. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279809. [PMID: 36763581 PMCID: PMC9916648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghana has experienced recent polio outbreaks. Behavioral insights can be used to understand behavior and create demand for the polio vaccine. METHODS This cross-sectional study is based on an interactive mobile phone survey that explored factors influencing the uptake of the polio vaccine among Ghanaian mothers with children younger than five years old. The survey also explores the mothers' intention to vaccinate their children in the future as well as an experiment with short polio vaccine voice message nudges to identify the most effective message frames in encouraging vaccination. The study sample was drawn from volunteers from a mobile service platform. Linear probability model regressions with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimates were used to analyze the data. RESULTS In total, data from 708 caregivers was assessed. Out of the sample, 35% (n = 250) had not vaccinated their children against polio, around 8% (n = 53) of respondents stated they did not plan to do so, while 28% expressed intent to do so during the next polio vaccination campaign. Higher vaccination of children against polio, i.e. better uptake of the polio vaccine, appeared to be associated with children's caregivers knowing that polio causes paralysis (with a coefficient of 0.13 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.24), i.e. 13% more likely than not to have their child vaccinated). Higher vaccine uptake also appeared to be associated with the perception that the polio vaccine is safe (with a coefficient of 0.11 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.22), i.e. 11% more likely than not to have their child vaccinated). Another factor in increasing vaccine uptake is whether caregivers receive support from healthcare workers with a coefficient of 0.11 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.20), i.e. 11% more likely than not to have their child vaccinated. Crucially, difficulty accessing the polio vaccine appeared to be associate with a negative change in vaccine uptake (with a coefficient of -0.16 (95% CI: -0.23, -0.08), i.e. 16% less likely to have their child vaccinated). Satisfaction with the information provided by vaccinators was also associated with better vaccine uptake (with a coefficient of 0.12 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.20) i.e. 12% more likely than not to have their child vaccinated); and having seen or heard something negative about the polio vaccine with a coefficient of 0.10 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.17), i.e. 10% more likely than not to have their child vaccinated. The social norms message frame was statistically significant with a coefficient of 0.06 (95% CI: -0.004, 012). CONCLUSION The findings from this study suggest that most women with children under the age of 5 appear to have vaccinated their children against polio. Many more caregivers express an intention to vaccinate their children, never having done so before. The behavior and the intention to vaccinate are both driven by a number of factors that must be addressed to create demand for the polio vaccine. Targeted message frames appeared to be statistically significant drivers of vaccine uptake. However, more research is required to understand how they impact vaccine behavior and future intention for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Leena Lohiniva
- Social and Behaviour Change Section, UNICEF Ghana Country Office, Accra, Ghana,* E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joshua Amo-Adjei
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Yoshito Kawakatsu
- Department of Data and Analytics, UNICEF HQ, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mrunal Shetye
- Health Section, UNICEF Ghana Country Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Karen Greiner
- Social and Behaviour Change Section, UNICEF West and Central Africa, Dagar, Senegal
| | - Ross McIntosh
- UNICEF Polio, UNICEF HQ, New York, New York, United States of America
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Bughin J, Cincera M, Kiepfer E, Reykowska D, Philippi F, Żyszkiewicz M, Ohme R, Frank D. Vaccination or NPI? A conjoint analysis of German citizens' preferences in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2023; 24:39-52. [PMID: 35467175 PMCID: PMC9035377 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-022-01450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This research uses discrete choice-based conjoint analysis that elicits the preference structure of German citizens when it comes to their timely intention to vaccinate. The focus is on the trade-offs between pharmaceuticals (vaccine) and "non-pharmaceutical interventions" (NPIs) such as lock-downs and social distancing measures, as well as the value of voluntary versus mandatory compliance to the citizens. Our results highlight three critical insights: (a) value of waiting: at 70% effective vaccine, 1/3 of citizens still would prefer to be vaccinated in the next 6 months rather than immediately; (b) costs of NPI constraints: an effective vaccine may come as a solution to compensate for the costs induced by invasive NPI imposed for an extended period; (c) freedom of choice: voluntary compliance is preferred by citizens over imposed measures whether it relates to vaccination choice, lock-down measures, or work location choice during the pandemic. Backing up those findings in monetary value, a quick shot of a 100% effective vaccination is estimated to be worth in the range of 11,400€. Still, the value of the shot quickly falls to no value when effectiveness drops below 50. At the same time, the cost of imposing protective rules lies in the range of 1500-2500€, depending on the rule analyzed. In comparison, the burden of extra complete lock-down and social distancing is about 775€ per citizen per month. As most current vaccines are being proven to have high efficacy, a strategy that selects the most effective vaccine candidates while emphasizing how the vaccine may stop the pain of lasting lock-downs will be appropriate to nudge the population towards vaccination. Control measures that are too restrictive may be welfare-deteriorating, but enough NPI measures must be recommended as long as vaccination adoption is not sufficiently large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Bughin
- Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, iCite and ECARES, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- MachaonAdvisory, Brussels, Belgium
- FortinoCapital, Brussels, Belgium
- Antler, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Portulans Institute, Washington, USA
| | - Michele Cincera
- Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, iCite and ECARES, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafal Ohme
- Neurohm, Warsaw, Poland
- WSB University, Torun, Poland
| | - Dirk Frank
- ISM Global Dynamics, Bad Homburg, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Pforzheim, Pforzheim, Germany
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18
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Wang K, Wong ELY, Cheung AWL, Dong D, Yeoh EK. Loss-framing of information and pre-vaccination consultation improve COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: A survey experiment. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1063444. [PMID: 36761145 PMCID: PMC9902910 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1063444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Vaccination remains one of the most effective ways to protect populations from COVID-19 infection, severe conditions, and death. This study aims to examine whether the gain/loss-framing of information, provision of subsidized pre-vaccination physician consultation, and cash incentives can improve COVID-19 acceptance amongst adults. Methods A survey experiment was conducted within a broader cross-sectional survey of people aged 18-64 years in Hong Kong, China. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the eight groups derived from full-factorial design of the three strategies with stratification by age and sex. The vaccine acceptance rate was compared between people with and without any of the strategies. The heterogeneous effects of these strategies were identified for those with different perceptions of the pandemics and vaccine in multiple logistic regressions. Results The survey experiment collected 1,000 valid responses. It found that loss-framed information and provision of subsidized physician consultation to assess suitability to be vaccinated, can improve vaccine acceptance, while cash incentives did not make a difference. The improvement effect of loss-framing information and physician consultation is stronger among those with higher perceived infection risk and severity of condition, as well as unvaccinated people with lower confidence in vaccine safety. Conclusions The findings indicated that individualized loss-framing messages and equitable provision of subsidized pre-vaccination physician consultations can be incorporated in efforts to promote vaccine acceptance and vaccination roll-out speed. However, it remains inconclusive whether and how universal cash incentives may be deployed to support vaccination promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailu Wang
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eliza Lai-Yi Wong
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Annie Wai-Ling Cheung
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eng-Kiong Yeoh
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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19
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Ademu LO, Gao J, de Assis JR, Uduebor A, Atawodi O. Taking a Shot: The Impact of Information Frames and Channels on Vaccination Willingness in a Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010137. [PMID: 36679982 PMCID: PMC9862311 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The reluctance of people to receive safe and recommended available vaccines is a well-documented public health challenge. As information and communication technologies evolve, this challenge gets more complex and even harder to manage during complex public health situations. In this experimental study, we examine the relationship between vaccine information frames (with scientific information vs. without scientific information) and channels (through government vs. religious organizations) and vaccination willingness in the U.S. in the context of a pandemic. Additionally, we evaluate the interaction between vaccine skepticism, vaccine information frames, and vaccine information channels on vaccination willingness. This experimental study uses data from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTURK) to evaluate the relationships between vaccine skepticism, vaccine information frames, and channels on vaccination willingness. We find that contrary to our hypothesis, a vaccine advisory framed with scientific information decreases people's vaccination willingness compared to one framed without scientific information. Additionally, the impact of framing on vaccination willingness is conditioned on participants' skepticism-participants who hold skepticism toward the vaccine but received information framed with scientific information score significantly higher in vaccination willingness compared to participants who do not hold skepticism toward a vaccine. The results suggest that the factors impacting vaccination willingness are complex and nuanced. Thus, policymakers should be more strategic with the delivery of vaccination information, especially during complex health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian O. Ademu
- Public Policy Program, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA
| | - Jingjing Gao
- Texas A&M AgriLife Center in El Paso, Texas A&M University, El Paso, TX 79927, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Janine Rangel de Assis
- Public Policy Program, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA
| | - Aanuoluwapo Uduebor
- Public Policy Program, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA
| | - Ojonoka Atawodi
- Department of Computer Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
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20
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Michelle Driedger S, Capurro G, Tustin J, Jardine CG. "I won't be a guinea pig": Rethinking public health communication and vaccine hesitancy in the context of COVID-19. Vaccine 2023; 41:1-4. [PMID: 36460532 PMCID: PMC9691450 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of 2021, when Canada started distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, the unprecedented scope and severity of the pandemic led to very high levels of public awareness and attention, with Canadians actively seeking information. We argue that while there was continuous public health communication about COVID-19 and the newly available vaccines, these messages did not address the specific anxieties elicited by the novel vaccines, even as vaccination guidelines changed. Instead, public health messages about COVID-19 vaccines resembled those aimed at reducing vaccine hesitancy for routine immunization and did not sufficiently address the constant changes to COVID-19 vaccine recommendations. In a context of heightened public concern and significant public attention, it is crucial for communicators to acknowledge that hesitancy is vaccine-specific, and that novel diseases and new vaccines produce specific concerns. Long-term strategies should address the novelty of the technology and of the risk, thoroughly explain the reasons for shifting vaccination guidelines, and leverage trusted sources, such as community leaders. Further, as COVID-19 vaccines become less effective against some of the more recent variants of the virus, vaccine messaging needs to be tailored to evolve with shifting realities to not lose productive gains in the COVID-19 vaccination campaign to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Michelle Driedger
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, S113-750 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada,Corresponding author
| | - Gabriela Capurro
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, S113-750 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Jordan Tustin
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Cindy G. Jardine
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fraser Valley, 45190 Caen Ave, Chilliwack, BC V2R 0N3, Canada
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21
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Teymoorzadeh M, Daneshfar N, Yazdanparast R. Biochemical and histopathological evaluation of ChAdOx1-S and BBIBP-CorV vaccination in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284601. [PMID: 37141219 PMCID: PMC10159162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Covid-19 has been associated with some medical complications namely diabetes, thrombosis, and hepatic and renal dysfunction among others. This situation has created some concern about the use of relevant vaccines which might cause similar complications. In that regard, we planned to evaluate the impact of two of the relevant vaccines namely ChAdOx1-S and BBIBP-CorV on some of the blood biochemical factors and also on liver and kidneys functions following the immunization of healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Evaluation of the level of neutralizing antibody among the rats indicated that immunization with ChAdOx1-S induced a higher level of neutralizing antibody among both the healthy and diabetic rats compared to the BBIBP-CorV vaccine. Furthermore, the neutralizing antibody levels against both types of vaccines were significantly lower in diabetic rats than in healthy ones. On the other hand, no alterations were observed in the rats' sera biochemical factors, coagulation values and histopathological images of the liver and kidneys. Altogether these data besides of confirming the effectiveness of both vaccines, indicate that both vaccines have no hazardous side effects on rats and probably humans though clinical investigations are required to validate our present data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Teymoorzadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Daneshfar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Yazdanparast
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Mishra V. Analysis of systemic and behavioral barriers to COVID-19 vaccination in rollout phase. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2022.2157934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinaytosh Mishra
- College of Healthcare Management and Economics, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
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23
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Kreps SE, Kriner DL. How do COVID-19 vaccine mandates affect attitudes toward the vaccine and participation in mandate-affected activities? Evidence from the United States. Vaccine 2022; 40:7460-7465. [PMID: 35249774 PMCID: PMC8888038 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The spread of COVID-19 has prompted many governments, schools, and companies to institute vaccine mandates. Proponents suggest that mandates will enhance public health and increase vaccination rates. Critics suggest that evidence of mandates' effectiveness is unclear and warn that mandates risk increasing societal inequalities if unvaccinated minority groups opt out of educational, commercial, and social activities where mandates are required. We conduct an original survey experiment on a nationally representative sample of 1,245 Americans to examine the efficacy and effect of COVID-19 mandates. Our findings suggest that mandates are unlikely to change vaccination behavior overall. Further, they may increase the likelihood that sizable percentages of the population opt out of activities where vaccines are mandated. We conclude that mandates that do go into effect should be accompanied by persuasive communications targeted to specific information needs and identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Kreps
- Cornell University, Department of Government, White Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - D L Kriner
- Cornell University, Department of Government, White Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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24
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Chiang CF, Kuo J, Liu JT. Cueing quality: Unpacking country-of-origin effects on intentions to vaccinate against COVID-19 in Taiwan. Soc Sci Med 2022; 314:115403. [PMID: 36244227 PMCID: PMC9534538 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While existing studies have reported and recognized country-of-origin effects on the intentions to vaccinate against COVID-19 among individual citizens in some countries, the causal mechanism behind such effects to inform public health policymakers remain unexplored. Adding up a quality cue explanation for such effects to the existing literature, the authors argue that individual consumers are less willing to get a vaccine designed and manufactured by a country with a significantly lower quality perception than other countries. A survey experiment that recruited a nationally representative sample of Taiwanese adults (n = 1951) between December 13, 2020 and January 11, 2021 was designed and conducted to test the argument. We find that all else equal, Taiwanese respondents were on average less likely to express stronger willingness to take a vaccine from China than from the US, Germany, and Taiwan. Furthermore, even when the intrinsic quality of the vaccine was held constant by the experimental design, respondents still had a significantly lower quality perception of the vaccine from China, both in terms of perceived protection and severe side effects. Further evidence from casual mediation analyses shows that about 33% and 11% of the total average causal effects of the "China" country-of-origin label on vaccine uptake intention were respectively mediated through the perceived efficacy of protection and perceived risk of experiencing severe side effects. We conclude that quality cue constitutes one of many casual mechanisms behind widely reported country-of-origin effects on intention to vaccinate against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Kuo
- Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan,Corresponding author
| | - Jin-Tan Liu
- Department of Economics, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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Panchalingam T, Shi Y. Parental refusal and hesitancy of vaccinating children against COVID-19: Findings from a nationally representative sample of parents in the U.S. Prev Med 2022; 164:107288. [PMID: 36228873 PMCID: PMC9549707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The uptake rate of COVID-19 vaccines among children remains low in the U.S. This study aims to 1) identify sociodemographic and behavioral factors influencing parental refusal of vaccinating children, and 2) quantify the relative importance of vaccine characteristics in parental hesitancy of vaccinating children. An online survey was conducted from October to November 2021 among a probability-based, representative sample of 1456 parents with children under age 18. The survey included a discrete choice experiment asking parents to choose between two hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine alternatives with varying levels of characteristics in 10 hypothetical scenarios. Logistic regressions were used to estimate parental refusal (refused to choose any vaccine alternatives in all hypothetical scenarios) and random parameter logit regressions were used to estimate parental hesitancy (choice of vaccine alternatives depended on vaccine characteristics) of vaccinating children. About 20% parents refused to vaccinate children. The refusal is predicted by parents' sociodemographic characteristics, political orientation, vaccination status, and parents' and children's previous exposure with COVID-19. Among parents who were willing to consider vaccinating children, the most important vaccine characteristics are risk of severe side effects (31.2% relative importance) and effectiveness (30.7%), followed by protection duration (22.6%), local coverage (9.4%), and hospitalization rate of unvaccinated children (6.1%). Our findings imply that policymakers and public health professionals could develop outreach programs at community level to encourage specific subgroups and focus on vaccination depoliticization. Effectively communicating the low risk of severe side effects and high effectiveness of the vaccines may relieve some of the parental hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thadchaigeni Panchalingam
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuyan Shi
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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The Correlates & Public Health Consequences of Prospective Vaccine Hesitancy among Individuals Who Received COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters in the U.S. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111791. [PMID: 36366300 PMCID: PMC9698316 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental “booster” vaccines may prove vital in combating variant waves of endemic COVID-19. Given relatively low levels of booster vaccine uptake, Americans’ willingness to receive a second booster shot is unclear. In a demographically representative survey of N = 3950 US adults (limited to a “boosted” subsample of N = 1551 who had not yet received a second booster), 49% [95% CI: 47, 51] of Americans report having received an initial booster shot, while just 34% [33, 36] report that they would be “very likely” to do so again. Concerns about missing work to vaccinate (−10%; B = 0.53, p = 0.05) and being unconvinced that additional boosters will be necessary (−47%; B = 2.24, p < 0.01) are significantly and negatively associated with being very likely to receive a second COVID-19 booster. These findings can help inform discussions about policies aimed at increasing vaccine uptake in the U.S., and broaden researchers’ understanding of vaccine reluctance among those who might otherwise hold positive views toward vaccination.
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Wong JC, Yang JZ. Misinformation, Anticipated Regret, and Vaccine-Related Behaviors. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 27:644-653. [PMID: 36416112 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2022.2148022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A national survey (N = 1025) conducted in August 2021 reveals that Americans' belief in misinformation about COVID-19 was negatively associated with vaccine acceptance. Importantly, the more participants believe in misinformation, the less anticipated regret they experience for not getting vaccinated. Reduced anticipated regret is associated with lower levels of vaccination intention and vaccine acceptance. To counteract the negative impact of misinformation, this study reveals the potential of an under-researched emotion in overcoming vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Cs Wong
- Behavioral and Policy Sciences, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janet Z Yang
- Department of Communication, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York
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Iida T, Kawata K, Nakabayashi M. The citizen preferences-positive externality trade-off: A survey study of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in Japan. SSM Popul Health 2022; 19:101191. [PMID: 35992967 PMCID: PMC9381943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Medicine is a scarce resource and a public good that benefits others by bettering patients’ health. COVID-19 vaccines in shortage are, 1) a scarce resource and 2) a public good with the positive externality of building herd immunity. These features are expected to drive citizens’ attitudes in opposite directions, exclusionist and inclusionist, respectively. Scarcity would drive citizens’ exclusionism, while the positive externality might mitigate exclusionism. Setting and design We recruited 15,000 Japanese adults and asked them to rank, in the context of a COVID-19 vaccine shortage, the deservingness of hypothetical vaccine recipients who differed according to 1) citizenship status, 2) visa type and duration of stay (if foreign), 3) occupation, 4) age, 5) whether they lived with a child, and 6) whether they lived with an elderly individual. Citizenship options were Japanese, Chinese, Taiwanese, South Korean, American, or European. The occupations were healthcare, education, other employed, self-employed, or not employed. The 6 attributes were randomly combined, and respondents were shown 3 hypothetical vaccine recipients: one was Japanese, and the others were foreigners. Treatments First, through a conjoint design, we created hypothetical vaccine recipients whose attributes were randomized except for the benchmark citizenship, Japanese national. Second, we randomly presented two scenarios for vaccination payments: 1) billed at cost or 2) fully subsidized by the government. Results 1) Whether the vaccines were billed at cost or fully subsidized did not affect the rankings of deservingness. 2) Japanese citizenship was prioritized. 3) The penalty for being a foreigner was higher for individuals from nations with which Japan has geopolitical tensions. 4) Working in health or education reduced the penalty on foreigners, indicating that the positive externality related to occupation amplifies the positive externality associated with vaccination and mitigates exclusionist attitudes. Conclusions The positive occupational externalities that amplify the positive externality of vaccination substantially allay the foreigner penalty.
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Barceló J, Sheen GCH, Tung HH, Wu WC. Vaccine nationalism among the public: A cross-country experimental evidence of own-country bias towards COVID-19 vaccination. Soc Sci Med 2022; 310:115278. [PMID: 35994879 PMCID: PMC9376148 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
What types of vaccines are citizens most likely to accept? We argue that citizens' identification with their nation may lead them to prefer vaccines developed and produced within their national borders, to the exclusion and/or detriment of vaccines from other nations. We administered a conjoint experiment requesting 15,000 adult citizens across 14 individual countries from around the world to assess 450,000 profiles of vaccines that randomly varied on seven attributes. Beyond vaccine fundamentals such as efficacy rate, number of doses, and duration of the protection, we find that citizens systematically favor vaccines developed and produced in their own country of residence. The extent of preference in favor of vaccines developed and produced within the national borders is particularly large among citizens who identify more strongly with their nation, suggesting nationalism plays a role in explaining the bias in favor of vaccines developed and produced locally. This public opinion bias on vaccine preferences has significant theoretical and practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Barceló
- Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Hans H Tung
- Department of Political Science and Center for Research in Econometric Theory and Applications, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Wu
- Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
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South African University Staff and Students’ Perspectives, Preferences, and Drivers of Hesitancy Regarding COVID-19 Vaccines: A Multi-Methods Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081250. [PMID: 36016138 PMCID: PMC9412872 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy poses a threat to the success of vaccination programmes currently being implemented. Concerns regarding vaccine effectiveness and vaccine-related adverse events are potential barriers to vaccination; however, it remains unclear whether tailored messaging and vaccination programmes can influence uptake. Understanding the preferences of key groups, including students, could guide the implementation of youth-targeted COVID-19 vaccination programmes, ensuring optimal uptake. This study examined university staff and students’ perspectives, preferences, and drivers of hesitancy regarding COVID-19 vaccines. A multi-methods approach was used—an online convenience sample survey and discrete choice experiment (DCE)—targeting staff and students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The survey and DCE were available for staff and students, and data were collected from 18 November to 24 December 2021. The survey captured demographic characteristics as well as attitudes and perspectives of COVID-19 and available vaccines using modified Likert rating questions adapted from previously used tools. The DCE was embedded within the survey tool and varied critical COVID-19 vaccine programme characteristics to calculate relative utilities (preferences) and determine trade-offs. A total of 1836 staff and students participated in the study (541 staff, 1262 students, 33 undisclosed). A total of 1145 (62%) respondents reported that they had been vaccinated against COVID-19. Vaccination against COVID-19 was less prevalent among students compared with staff (79% of staff vs. 57% of students). The vaccine’s effectiveness (22%), and its safety (21%), ranked as the two dominant reasons for not getting vaccinated. These concerns were also evident from the DCE, with staff and students being significantly influenced by vaccine effectiveness, with participants preferring highly effective vaccines (90% effective) as compared with those listed as being 70% or 50% effective (β = −3.72, 95% CI = −4.39 to −3.04); this characteristic had the strongest effect on preferences of any attribute. The frequency of vaccination doses was also found to have a significant effect on preferences with participants deriving less utility from choice alternatives requiring two initial vaccine doses compared with one dose (β = −1.00, 95% CI = −1.42 to −0.58) or annual boosters compared with none (β = −2.35, 95% CI = −2.85 to −1.86). Notably, an incentive of ZAR 350 (USD 23.28) did have a positive utility (β = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.76 to 1.53) as compared with no incentive. Given the slow take-up of vaccination among youth in South Africa, this study offers valuable insights into the factors that drive hesitancy among this population. Concerns have been raised around the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, although there remains a predilection for efficient services. Respondents were not enthusiastic about the prospect of having to take boosters, and this has played out in the roll-out data. Financial incentives may increase both the uptake of the initial dose of vaccines and see a more favourable response to subsequent boosters. Universities should consider tailored messaging regarding vaccine effectiveness and facilitate access to vaccines, to align services with the stated preferences of staff and students.
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Rayhan MA, Mudatsir M, Nurjannah N, Ichsan I, Amir-Behghadami M, Khader YS, Koyanagi A, Sah R, Viveiros-Rosa SG, Mamun MA, Lemu YK, Bouchra A, Linguissi LSG, Ikram A, Sallam DE, Parperis K, Wollina U, Rademaker M, Vento S, Usman S. Acceptance and willingness to purchase a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine in a region under Shariah law: A cross-sectional study in Aceh, Indonesia. NARRA J 2022; 2:e85. [PMID: 38449698 PMCID: PMC10914119 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v2i2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are urgently needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to determine the acceptance of and willingness to purchase a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine in the general population of Aceh, a holistic Shariah law implementation province in Indonesia. An online cross-sectional study was conducted using a quota sampling technique between 1 to 24 September 2021. To determine hypothetical vaccine acceptance, respondents were asked if they were willing to accept vaccines with combinations of either 50% or 95% effectiveness and either 5% or 20% risk of adverse effects. Willingness to purchase was assessed by asking whether the participants would pay for such vaccines at certain price points. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the associated determinants. Out of 377 respondents included in the final analysis, 86.5% were willing to accept a COVID-19 vaccine with 95% effectiveness and 5% adverse effects. The acceptance rate dropped to 45.1% if the risk of adverse effects was 20%. Vaccines with 50% effectiveness and 5% adverse effects were acceptable to 42.2% but the acceptance went down to 17.2% if the risk of adverse effects increased to 20%. Multivariate analysis found that men were twice as likely to accept a vaccine with 95% effectiveness and 5% adverse effects compared to females (aOR: 2.01; 95% CI 1.05-3.86). We found that 156/377 (41.3%) of respondents were willing to purchase a COVID-19 vaccine and of these participants 71.1% were willing to pay between Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) 50,000-150,000 (US$ 3.33-10.00). In conclusion, the acceptance rate of a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine varied based on effectiveness and the risk of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mudatsir Mudatsir
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Nurjannah Nurjannah
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Ichsan Ichsan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMR), Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Department of Health Service Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, ICREA, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Sandro G. Viveiros-Rosa
- Pharmacy Division, Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mohammed A. Mamun
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yohannes K. Lemu
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Ethiopia
| | | | - Laure SG. Linguissi
- Institut National de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Brazzaville, Republique of Congo
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institutes of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Dina E. Sallam
- Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Konstantinos Parperis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cyprus Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sandro Vento
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Said Usman
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Mouter N, Boxebeld S, Kessels R, van Wijhe M, de Wit A, Lambooij M, van Exel J. Public Preferences for Policies to Promote COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake: A Discrete Choice Experiment in The Netherlands. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 25:1290-1297. [PMID: 35527162 PMCID: PMC9069307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic forms an unprecedented public health, economic, and social crisis. Uptake of vaccination is critical for controlling the pandemic. Nevertheless, vaccination hesitancy is considerable, requiring policies to promote uptake. We investigate Dutch citizens' preferences for policies that aim to promote vaccination through facilitating choice of vaccination, profiling it as the norm, making vaccination more attractive through rewards, or punishing people who reject vaccination. METHODS We conducted a discrete choice experiment in which 747 respondents were asked to choose between policies to promote vaccination uptake and their impacts on the number of deaths, people with permanent health problems, households with income loss, and a tax increase. RESULTS Respondents generally had a negative preference for policies that promote vaccination. They particularly disliked policies that punish those who reject the vaccine and were more favorable toward policies that reward vaccination, such as awarding additional rights to vaccinated individuals through vaccination passports. Respondents who reject vaccination were in general much more negative about the policy options than respondents who consider accepting the vaccine. Nevertheless, vaccination passports are supported by both respondents who accept the vaccine, those who reject vaccination, and those who are unsure about vaccination. CONCLUSIONS This study provides concrete directions for governments attempting to increase the vaccination uptake in ways that are supported by the public. Our results could encourage policy makers to focus on policy options that make vaccination easier and reward people who take the vaccine, as especially the implementation of vaccination passports was supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek Mouter
- Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Transport and Logistics Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander Boxebeld
- Department of Health Economics, Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam, and Erasmus Choice Modelling Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roselinde Kessels
- Department of Data Analytics and Digitalization, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Economics, City Campus, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten van Wijhe
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ardine de Wit
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs Lambooij
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Job van Exel
- Department of Health Economics, Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam, and Erasmus Choice Modelling Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Li H. To vaccinate or not: The relationship between conscientiousness and individual attitudes toward vaccination in real-life contexts. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:376-382. [PMID: 35325488 PMCID: PMC9115340 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine being well-recognized as a critical tool to end the COVID-19 pandemic, many individuals remain vaccine hesitant for various reasons. In the literature, one well-established finding is that skeptical attitudes towards vaccination are higher amongst individuals low in conscientiousness. However, no research is available to corroborate whether the relationship between conscientiousness and intention to vaccinate has force in real life. The present research investigated whether, in addition to self-reported conscientiousness, objectively observable index of conscientiousness behaviors is related to individual perception of vaccination. Based on self-reported data, Study 1 fully replicated prior findings that higher levels of conscientiousness are associated with more positive attitudes towards vaccination in a Chinese student sample. Using the time of arrival for an appointment as a proxy measure for conscientiousness behaviors, Study 2 revealed that non-student adults who arrived early to appointments showed stronger COVID-vaccine uptake intentions than those who arrived late to appointments. Moving beyond vaccination intention to actual behavior, Study 3 found that the arrival punctuality rates of vaccinated participants were higher than those of unvaccinated participants. Overall, our research highlights the important role of conscientiousness-related traits in individuals' COVID-19 vaccination attitudes and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- College of International StudiesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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Morbée S, Waterschoot J, Yzerbyt V, Klein O, Luminet O, Schmitz M, Van den Bergh O, Van Oost P, De Craene S, Vansteenkiste M. Personal and contextual determinants of COVID-19 vaccination intention: a vignette study. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1475-1485. [PMID: 35876102 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This vignette study explores which factors contribute to higher COVID-19 vaccination intentions. METHODS Between the 4th-11 January 2021, we recruited 15,901 Belgian citizens (Mage = 50.11 years, range 18-100) through convenience sampling to participate in a vignette study. In each vignette, we manipulated contextual determinants consisting of different factors. Each participant rated six vignettes in terms of the outcomes 'vaccination intention' and 'recommendation to others.' Finally, we explored the benefits of tailored communication by examining whether these ratings depended upon citizens' initial motives for vaccination. RESULTS Participants are most likely to accept a vaccine when they expect no or only small side effects, when the vaccine offers a 95% protection, and when people can no longer infect others (p < 0.001). The possibility to receive the vaccine at home or at the GP's office, highlighting that most citizens are willing to get vaccinated, and emphasizing the protective benefits for others yielded additional positive effects (p < 0.001). Results showed that tailored communication has a small but significant effect, especially for individuals high on distrust-based amotivation (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION In addition to vaccine characteristics, there is room for policymakers to respond to those determinants that fall under their control and can thus be highlighted within communication campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Morbée
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joachim Waterschoot
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent Yzerbyt
- Institute for Research in Psychological Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Klein
- Faculty of Psychological Sciences and Education, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Institute for Research in Psychological Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mathias Schmitz
- Institute for Research in Psychological Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Pascaline Van Oost
- Institute for Research in Psychological Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Silke De Craene
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vansteenkiste
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Ong AKS, Prasetyo YT, Lagura FC, Ramos RN, Salazar JML, Sigua KM, Villas JA, Chuenyindee T, Nadlifatin R, Persada SF, Thana K. Young adult preference analysis on the attributes of COVID-19 vaccine in the Philippines: A conjoint analysis approach. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2022; 4:100300. [PMID: 35874794 PMCID: PMC9293378 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2022.100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Vaccines are utilized to prevent the severity of illnesses like the COVID-19 virus. Currently, there are a lot of COVID-19 vaccines available in the market like Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Johnson and Johnson, and Sinovac. This research aimed to analyze the preference on the existing vaccine attributes of COVID-19. Study design Specifically, this study considered 7 attributes such as cost, brand, recommendations, efficacy, side effects, vaccine type, and dose. Methods A conjoint analysis with orthogonal design was utilized and 865 respondents were participated. Results The result showed that consumers considered brand as the highest attribute, specifically Pfizer and Moderna among other brands. Moreover, the efficacy of 90% and higher were the preferred vaccine with 1 in 100 patient side effects reported. It was seen that safety and effectiveness is the priority in choosing a COVID-19 vaccine. Interestingly, the knowledge and understanding of the COVID-19 vaccine was found to drive consumer's preference for the vaccines available. Conclusions The findings of this study could be utilized by the government to increase the willingness to be vaccinated. Lastly, the result of this study would pave a way to promote herd immunity to help fight the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardvin Kester S. Ong
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Yogi Tri Prasetyo
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, 32003, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines.
| | - Fae Coleen Lagura
- Young Innovators Research Center, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla, St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Rochelle Nicole Ramos
- Young Innovators Research Center, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla, St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Jose Ma Luis Salazar
- Young Innovators Research Center, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla, St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Keenan Mark Sigua
- Young Innovators Research Center, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla, St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Jomy Anne Villas
- Young Innovators Research Center, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla, St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Thanatorn Chuenyindee
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Aviation Management, Navaminda Kasatriyadhiraj Royal Air Force Academy, Bangkok, 10220, Thailand
| | - Reny Nadlifatin
- Department of Information Systems, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Satria Fadil Persada
- Entrepreneurship Department, BINUS Business School Undergraduate Program, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
| | - Kriengkrai Thana
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Aviation Management, Navaminda Kasatriyadhiraj Royal Air Force Academy, Bangkok, 10220, Thailand
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES While the development of vaccines against the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) brought hope of establishing herd immunity and ending the global pandemic, vaccine hesitancy can hinder the progress towards herd immunity. In this study, by analysing the data collected when citizens undergo public health restrictions due to the pandemic, we assess the determinants of vaccine hesitancy, reasons for hesitation and potential effectiveness of vaccine passports used to relax public health restrictions on mitigating vaccine hesitancy. DESIGN Cross-sectional study, longitudinal study and conjoint experimental design. SETTING An online survey conducted in Japan in July 2021. PARTICIPANTS A demographically representative sample of 5000 Japanese adults aged 20-74. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES COVID-19 vaccination intention RESULTS: We found that about 30% of respondents did not intend to get vaccinated or had not yet decided, with major reasons for vaccine hesitancy relating to concerns about the safety and side effects of the vaccine. In line with previous findings, younger age, lower socioeconomic status, and psychological and behavioural factors such as weaker COVID-19 fear were associated with vaccine hesitancy. Easing of public health restrictions such as travel, wearing face masks and dining out at night was associated with an increase in vaccine acceptance by 4%-10%. Moreover, we found that more than 90% of respondents who intended to get vaccinated actually received it while smaller proportions among those undecided and unwilling to get vaccinated did so. CONCLUSION With a major concern about vaccine safety and side effects, interventions to mitigate against these may help to reduce vaccine hesitancy. Moreover, when citizens are imposed with restrictions, vaccine passports that increase their freedom may be helpful to increase vaccination rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Okamoto
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Financial Gerontology, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kamimura
- Research Center for Financial Gerontology, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Hirao School of Management, Konan University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kohei Komamura
- Research Center for Financial Gerontology, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Economics, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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S Ong AK, Prasetyo YT, Chuenyindee T, Young MN, Doma BT, Caballes DG, Centeno RS, Morfe AS, Bautista CS. Preference analysis on the online learning attributes among senior high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A conjoint analysis approach. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2022; 92:102100. [PMID: 35487051 PMCID: PMC9023093 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the shift from face-to-face to fully online learning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preference of senior high school students on online learning attributes during the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing a conjoint analysis approach. Six attributes which consist of delivery type, assigned tasks, evaluation, virtual laboratory, interface layout, and delivery platform were simultaneously analyzed through orthogonal design. A total of 1189 senior high school students were collected via purposive sampling approach through the social media platform. The respondents voluntarily participated and answered 29 stimuli with 2 holdouts generated by using SPSS 25 utilizing a 7-point Likert scale. The results indicated that evaluation was found to be the most significant attribute and followed by virtual laboratory, delivery type, and delivery platform. Interestingly, multiple choice evaluation, not requiring virtual laboratories, mixed delivery type (synchronous with recorded lectures), and MS Teams as delivery platform were considered as the keys for the preference. This study is the first study that utilized a conjoint approach to analyze the senior high school students' preference on the online learning attributes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the conjoint approach can be applied and extended to evaluate the online learning attributes globally by utilizing the attributes and design created in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardvin Kester S Ong
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, Manila, Philippines, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines.
| | - Yogi Tri Prasetyo
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, Manila, Philippines, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines.
| | - Thanatorn Chuenyindee
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, Manila, Philippines, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines; School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila, Philippines. 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines; Department of Industrial Engineering and Aviation Management, Navaminda Kasatriyadhiraj Royal Air Force Academy, Bangkok 10220, Thailand.
| | - Michael Nayat Young
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, Manila, Philippines, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines.
| | - Bonifacio T Doma
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila, Philippines. 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines.
| | - Dennis G Caballes
- Graduate Program School of Teacher Education, The National Teachers College, Philippines, 629 Nepomuceno St, Quiapo, Manila, 1001 Metro, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Raffy S Centeno
- High School Department, Malayan Colleges Mindanao, Philippines, Gen. Douglas MacArthur Hwy, Talomo, Davao City 8000, Davao del Sur, Philippines.
| | - Anthony S Morfe
- College of Arts and Sciences, Malayan Colleges Laguna, Philippines, Pulo-Diezmo Road, Cabuyao, 4025 Laguna, Philippines.
| | - Christine S Bautista
- College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Nueva Caceres, Philippines. J. Hernandez Ave, Naga, Camarines Sur, Philippines.
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Stamm TA, Partheymüller J, Mosor E, Ritschl V, Kritzinger S, Eberl JM. Coronavirus vaccine hesitancy among unvaccinated Austrians: Assessing underlying motivations and the effectiveness of interventions based on a cross-sectional survey with two embedded conjoint experiments. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2022; 17:100389. [PMID: 35475036 PMCID: PMC9023089 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background To date, Austria is among the countries with the lowest coronavirus vaccination rates in Western Europe. It has announced the introduction of a general vaccine mandate but is experiencing an increasing societal polarization over this issue. We, therefore, aimed to provide evidence on the underlying motivations of vaccine hesitancy and evaluate what kinds of interventions - information, incentives, and rules - might increase vaccination readiness. Method We conducted a cross-sectional survey with a sample of 1,543 unvaccinated Austrian residents in October 2021, including two embedded conjoint experiments. Findings We screened 8,190 individuals to recruit the sample matching the Austrian micro-census. In experiment 1, easing rather than tightening of societal restrictions, a fixed monetary reward compared to a lottery and physicians' recommendations were associated with significantly higher intentions to get vaccinated. In experiment 2, standard approval by European or national authorities and simple information had a significant positive effect on vaccination propensity. Among the unvaccinated, fear of side effects, beliefs that comorbidities or the desire to have children would not allow vaccination, the assumption that the own immune system would provide sufficient protection, conspirational thinking (e.g., the refusal to participate in a 'large genetic experiment'), low trust in societal institutions, and spiritual beliefs were very common. Interpretation While many unvaccinated showed a low propensity to become vaccinated, we identified a cluster of 195 (23% of the participants without missing values) that could potentially be reached by information and incentives, including people with heightened comorbidity rates or a desire for children. Funding Vienna Science and Technology Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A. Stamm
- Institute for Outcomes Research, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Erika Mosor
- Institute for Outcomes Research, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Valentin Ritschl
- Institute for Outcomes Research, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jakob-Moritz Eberl
- Department of Communication, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Media and Communication, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
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Assessing the impact of novelty and conformity on hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines using mRNA technology. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:61. [PMID: 35664455 PMCID: PMC9156695 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Public hesitancy towards Covid-19 vaccines remains a major hurdle for mass vaccination programs today. While mRNA vaccines are more efficacious than conventional vaccines, it is unknown how much the novelty of this technology increases hesitancy. Methods We quantify this “novelty penalty” in a large online experiment with 35,173 adults in nine countries. Subjects were randomly selected and assigned to one of two vaccine groups (conventional or mRNA), and one of five hypothetical inoculation rate groups (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, or 80%). Subjects reported their willingness to accept the Covid-19 vaccine on a five-point Likert scale. Results The novelty of the mRNA vaccine technology reduces the odds of a higher level of vaccine acceptance by 14.2% (odds ratio 0.858; p < 0.001). On the other hand, we find that social conformity reduces vaccine hesitancy. At a 0% inoculation rate, 31.7% report that they are “very likely” to get a mRNA vaccine while at a 20% inoculation rate, willingness jumps to 49.6%. Conclusions The novelty of the mRNA vaccine increases hesitancy, but social conformity reduces it. A small group of early adopters can provide momentum for vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite these being available. The hesitancy of the general public towards Covid-19 vaccines remains a challenge for mass vaccination programs. While Covid-19 vaccines using mRNA technology are more effective than vaccines produced using conventional technology, it is unknown how the novelty of the mRNA technology affects vaccine hesitancy among members of the public. Here, we surveyed over 35,000 adults from nine countries and found that the new mRNA vaccine technology leads to greater vaccine hesitancy. However, people are much more willing to accept the vaccine if at least 20% of the population has already received it. These findings show that while the novelty of the mRNA vaccine increases hesitancy, this hesitancy can be reduced by the presence of a small group of early adopters. Leong et al. surveyed more than 35,000 participants in nine countries to assess the impact of novelty and conformity on mRNA Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy. They show that the use of mRNA vaccine technology increases the odds of vaccine hesitancy significantly while social conformity reduces it.
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40
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Stöckli S, Spälti AK, Phillips J, Stoeckel F, Barnfield M, Thompson J, Lyons B, Mérola V, Szewach P, Reifler J. Which vaccine attributes foster vaccine uptake? A cross-country conjoint experiment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266003. [PMID: 35507554 PMCID: PMC9067644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Why do people prefer one particular COVID-19 vaccine over another? We conducted a pre-registered conjoint experiment (n = 5,432) in France, Germany, and Sweden in which respondents rated the favorability of and chose between pairs of hypothetical COVID-19 vaccines. Differences in effectiveness and the prevalence of side-effects had the largest effects on vaccine preferences. Factors with smaller effects include country of origin (respondents are less favorable to vaccines of Chinese and Russian origin), and vaccine technology (respondents exhibited a small preference for hypothetical mRNA vaccines). The general public also exhibits sensitivity to additional factors (e.g. how expensive the vaccines are). Our data show that vaccine attributes are more important for vaccine preferences among those with higher vaccine favorability and higher risk tolerance. In our conjoint design, vaccine attributes–including effectiveness and side-effect prevalence–appear to have more muted effects among the most vaccine hesitant respondents. The prevalence of side-effects, effectiveness, country of origin and vaccine technology (e.g., mRNA vaccines) determine vaccine acceptance, but they matter little among the vaccine hesitant. Vaccine hesitant people do not find a vaccine more attractive even if it has the most favorable attributes. While the communication of vaccine attributes is important, it is unlikely to convince those who are most vaccine hesitant to get vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Stöckli
- Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SS); (MB)
| | | | - Joseph Phillips
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Stoeckel
- Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Barnfield
- Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SS); (MB)
| | - Jack Thompson
- Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Lyons
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Vittorio Mérola
- Department of Political Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Paula Szewach
- Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Reifler
- Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Lee SL. Facilitating free and paid vaccine acceptance in Malaysia: effectiveness of vaccine and fear of COVID-19. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/jpmh-06-2021-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to examine how demographic and psychological predictors of free and paid vaccine acceptance operate within an infectious environment. The psychological predictors were derived from the protection motivation theory (PMT), including the appraised effectiveness of vaccine in containing the pandemic and the fear of COVID-19.
Design/methodology/approach
A representative data set that consists of responses from 2,850 Malaysians was used in this study. Multi-level modelling was used to analyse the data.
Findings
Results indicated that the acceptance of free and paid vaccination did not differ by region. This suggests that the effects of the included psychological predictors on vaccine acceptance are independent from the environment. Malaysians are more likely to endorse both free and paid vaccination when it is perceived as effective in controlling the pandemic. When the vaccine is deemed as an effective preventive of COVID-19, Malaysians tend to seek free vaccination. Although fear of COVID-19 did significantly predict the endorsement of vaccination, it is a weaker predictor than the perceived effectiveness of vaccine.
Originality/value
This research used a large representative data set and the PMT framework in addressing vaccine acceptance in Malaysia.
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Aci OS, Kackin O, Karaaslan S, Ciydem E. Qualitative examination of the attitudes of healthcare workers in Turkey regarding COVID-19 vaccines. Int J Nurs Knowl 2022; 33:136-146. [PMID: 34357685 PMCID: PMC8441789 DOI: 10.1111/2047-3095.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The attitudes of healthcare workers toward COVID-19 vaccines ensure that health services are able to run without interruption and potentially have a role in the messaging about vaccination that they convey to the public. Hence, healthcare workers' attitudes ultimately have a significant role in controlling the pandemic. This study aimed to qualitatively investigate the attitudes of healthcare workers in Turkey in relation to COVID-19 vaccines. METHODS The study used the phenomenological approach. The sample consisted of 36 healthcare workers who were employed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected online using focus group interviews. A total of four focus group interviews were conducted. FINDINGS Following analysis of the data, the attitudes of healthcare workers in Turkey toward the COVID-19 vaccine were divided into three themes: "influencing factors," "priority group" and "trust." CONCLUSIONS Vaccination was found to create negative emotions among some of the healthcare workers. Their opinions about the COVID-19 vaccines were affected by the negative emotions and burnout they experienced during the pandemic. In addition, they saw the vaccination process as impacted by contraindications and uncertainty about the duration of the protection, the balance of the benefits and harm of the vaccines, and by vaccine myths and prejudices about the country where the vaccine was developed. Healthcare professionals expressed the need for trust to be established in the whole vaccination process. They suggested that different vaccine options should be offered, that the appointment and process notification system for vaccination should be improved, that evidence-based information about vaccines should be provided and that a safe environment should be created. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Vaccine hesitancy can be addressed by careful attention to the application of vaccination programs, correct and effective use of social media, transparent, and precise management of political processes, and the provision of evidence-based information about the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Sema Aci
- PhD in Mental Health and Psychiatric NursingIndependent ResearcherAtasehirIstanbulTurkey
| | - Ozlem Kackin
- Research Assistant, Istanbul University‐Cerrahpasa, Florence Nightingale Nursing Faculty, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric NursingOffice Istanbul University‐Cerrahpasa, Florence Nightingale Faculty of NursingSisliIstanbulTurkey
| | - Selver Karaaslan
- Assistant Professor, Faculty of Health SciencesVan Yuzuncu Yil University, School of Health, Department of NursingVanTurkey
| | - Emre Ciydem
- Research Assistant, Florence Nightingale Nursing Faculty, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric NursingIstanbul University‐Cerrahpasa, Florence Nightingale Faculty of NursingSisliIstanbulTurkey
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Hess S, Lancsar E, Mariel P, Meyerhoff J, Song F, van den Broek-Altenburg E, Alaba OA, Amaris G, Arellana J, Basso LJ, Benson J, Bravo-Moncayo L, Chanel O, Choi S, Crastes Dit Sourd R, Cybis HB, Dorner Z, Falco P, Garzón-Pérez L, Glass K, Guzman LA, Huang Z, Huynh E, Kim B, Konstantinus A, Konstantinus I, Larranaga AM, Longo A, Loo BPY, Oehlmann M, O'Neill V, de Dios Ortúzar J, Sanz MJ, Sarmiento OL, Moyo HT, Tucker S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Webb EJD, Zhang J, Zuidgeest MHP. The path towards herd immunity: Predicting COVID-19 vaccination uptake through results from a stated choice study across six continents. Soc Sci Med 2022; 298:114800. [PMID: 35287066 PMCID: PMC8848547 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite unprecedented progress in developing COVID-19 vaccines, global vaccination levels needed to reach herd immunity remain a distant target, while new variants keep emerging. Obtaining near universal vaccine uptake relies on understanding and addressing vaccine resistance. Simple questions about vaccine acceptance however ignore that the vaccines being offered vary across countries and even population subgroups, and differ in terms of efficacy and side effects. By using advanced discrete choice models estimated on stated choice data collected in 18 countries/territories across six continents, we show a substantial influence of vaccine characteristics. Uptake increases if more efficacious vaccines (95% vs 60%) are offered (mean across study areas = 3.9%, range of 0.6%-8.1%) or if vaccines offer at least 12 months of protection (mean across study areas = 2.4%, range of 0.2%-5.8%), while an increase in severe side effects (from 0.001% to 0.01%) leads to reduced uptake (mean = -1.3%, range of -0.2% to -3.9%). Additionally, a large share of individuals (mean = 55.2%, range of 28%-75.8%) would delay vaccination by 3 months to obtain a more efficacious (95% vs 60%) vaccine, where this increases further if the low efficacy vaccine has a higher risk (0.01% instead of 0.001%) of severe side effects (mean = 65.9%, range of 41.4%-86.5%). Our work highlights that careful consideration of which vaccines to offer can be beneficial. In support of this, we provide an interactive tool to predict uptake in a country as a function of the vaccines being deployed, and also depending on the levels of infectiousness and severity of circulating variants of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fangqing Song
- University of Leeds, United Kingdom; University College London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - Gloria Amaris
- University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Luis Bravo-Moncayo
- Universidad de Las Américas, Ecuador; Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Malte Oehlmann
- Chair of Marketing and Consumer Research, TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - María José Sanz
- BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change, Spain; Ikerbasque Foundation, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Jiaotong University, China
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Kreps S, Kriner DL. Communication about vaccine efficacy and COVID-19 vaccine choice: Evidence from a survey experiment in the United States. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265011. [PMID: 35353846 PMCID: PMC8967042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While mass vaccination campaigns against COVID-19 have inoculated almost 200 million Americans and billions more worldwide, significant pockets of vaccine hesitancy remain. Research has firmly established that vaccine efficacy is an important driver of public vaccine acceptance and choice. However, current vaccines offer widely varying levels of protection against different adverse health outcomes of COVID-19. This study employs an experiment embedded on a survey of 1,194 US adults in June 2021 to examine how communications about vaccine efficacy affect vaccine choice. The experiment manipulated how vaccine efficacy was defined across four treatments: (1) protection against symptomatic infection; (2) protection against severe illness; (3) protection against hospitalization/death; (4) efficacy data on all three metrics. The control group received no efficacy information. Subjects were asked to choose between a pair of vaccines-a one-dose viral vector vaccine or two-dose mRNA vaccine-whose efficacy data varied across the four experimental treatment groups. Efficacy data for each vaccine on each dimension were adapted from clinical trial data on the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines. Among all respondents, only modest preference gaps between the two vaccines emerged in the control group and when the two vaccines' roughly equivalent efficacy data against hospitalization and death were reported. Strong preferences for a two-dose mRNA vaccine emerged in treatments where its higher efficacy against symptomatic or severe illness was reported, as well as in the treatment where data on all three efficacy criteria were reported. Unvaccinated respondents preferred a one-dose viral vector vaccine when only efficacy data against hospitalization or death was presented. Black and Latino respondents were significantly more likely to choose the one-shot viral vector vaccine in the combined efficacy treatment than were whites. Results speak to the importance of understanding how communications about vaccine efficacy affect public preferences in an era of increasing uncertainty about efficacy against variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kreps
- Department of Government, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Douglas L. Kriner
- Department of Government, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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Hao F, Shao W. Understanding the influence of political orientation, social network, and economic recovery on COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Americans. Vaccine 2022; 40:2191-2201. [PMID: 35227522 PMCID: PMC8860708 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic poses unprecedented risks to the well-being of Americans. To control the pandemic, a sufficient proportion of the population needs to be vaccinated promptly. Despite the proven efficacy and widespread availability, vaccine distribution and administration rates remain low. Thus, it is important to understand the public behavior of COVID-19 vaccination. This study aims to identify determinants at multiple levels that promote or inhibit one's vaccine uptake. We combine individual-level data from a national survey conducted in the summer of 2021 with corresponding state-level indicators. Findings of multilevel logistic regression show that political orientation, social network, and economic recovery altogether have significant influence. We articulate that individual decision to take the vaccine are a function of their personal characteristics and are also rooted in their home state's political, public health, and economic contexts. These findings contribute to the literature and have policy implications. Knowledge of the profiles among people who take/refuse the vaccine provides essential information to leverage certain factors and maximize vaccine uptake to mitigate the pandemic's devastating impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hao
- Department of Sociology, University of South Florida, United States.
| | - Wanyun Shao
- Department of Geography, University of Alabama, United States
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46
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Patzina A, Dietrich H. The social gradient in COVID-19 vaccination intentions and the role of solidarity beliefs among adolescents. SSM Popul Health 2022; 17:101054. [PMID: 35229013 PMCID: PMC8865935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines against COVID-19 play a prominent role in the policies enacted to combat the pandemic. However, vaccination rates are lowest among adolescents and young adults. Therefore, research on younger individuals is needed to provide a deeper understanding of social disparities and the motives behind vaccination intentions. METHODS This study draws on a sample (N = 4079) of German high school students and graduates. Based on cross-sectional data from March to July 2021 and linear regression models, which are conditioned on personality, risk preferences, and trust, the study analyses social disparities (i.e., gender, parental education and migration background) in vaccination intentions. RESULTS We do not find heterogeneity by gender. Individuals with low-educated parents and a migration background indicate below-average levels of vaccination intention. Differences in solidarity beliefs entirely explain the heterogeneity between individuals with low-educated parents and those with high-educated parents. While differences in beliefs explain a substantial part of the heterogeneity in vaccination intentions, cultural and monetary resources also constitute an important source of difference in vaccination intentions between individuals with and without a migration background. These results are important because our data indicate higher infection risks among individuals with a migration and low education background. Additionally, individuals from lower social origins and with migration backgrounds report higher levels of perceived burdens associated with COVID-19-related policies. The migration results differ between first- and second-generation migrants and by region of origin. CONCLUSION Polarization in solidarity explains social gradients in vaccination intention. A solidarity narrative may not motivate a significant share of young individuals to be vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Dietrich
- Institute for Employment Research, Germany (IAB), Germany
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Morillon GF, Poder TG. Public Preferences for a COVID-19 Vaccination Program in Quebec: A Discrete Choice Experiment. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2022; 40:341-354. [PMID: 35048317 PMCID: PMC8769946 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-021-01124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to elicit preferences of the French-speaking Quebec population regarding a COVID-19 vaccination program and to characterize individuals with respect to their vaccination behaviors. METHODS A discrete choice experiment was conducted in Autumn 2020 via a web-based survey. Its design included seven attributes: vaccine origin, vaccine effectiveness, side effects, protection duration, priority population, waiting time to get vaccinated, and recommender of the vaccine. Utilities were estimated using a mixed-logit model and a latent class logit model. RESULTS Our sample included 1599 individuals. From this total, 119 always chose the opt-out option (7.4%). According to the mixed-logit model, the relative weights of attributes were as follows: effectiveness (28.48%), side effects (23.68%), protection duration (17.41%), vaccine origin (12.75%), recommender (11.96%), waiting time to get vaccinated (3.62%), and priority population (2.11%). Five classes were derived from the latent class logit model. Class 1 (9.13%) wanted to get vaccinated as fast as possible and was composed of uncertain and more vulnerable individuals. Class 5 (25.14%) was similar to the full sample, mostly favoring vaccination. Classes 2 (7.69%) and 4 (15.82%) included "vaccine hesitant and demanding" individuals but were different in their sociodemographic profiles. Finally, "anti-vaccine" and other "vaccine hesitant" individuals were in class 3 (42.21%). CONCLUSIONS This study showed the vaccine characteristics that are likely to improve vaccine uptake, which may more easily lead to herd immunity. Different profiles of respondents also showed various levels of acceptance toward a COVID-19 vaccination program, which may help to better understand vaccine hesitancy behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabin F Morillon
- Department of Management, Evaluation and Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, 7101 Parc Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3N 1X9, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, CIUSSS de l'Est de l'île de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en analyse des organisations, 1130 Rue Sherbrooke O #1400, Montreal, QC, H3A 2M8, Canada
| | - Thomas G Poder
- Department of Management, Evaluation and Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, 7101 Parc Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3N 1X9, Canada.
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, CIUSSS de l'Est de l'île de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en analyse des organisations, 1130 Rue Sherbrooke O #1400, Montreal, QC, H3A 2M8, Canada.
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48
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Garofoli GK, Peralta MG, Barrickman AL, Goodhart AL, Johnson H, McMillan AN, Elswick BM, Newmeyer ES, Burrell CN, Capehart KD, Petros WP. Establishment and Evaluation of Scalable COVID-19 Vaccine Clinics at a Large University. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 62:1430-1437. [PMID: 35461778 PMCID: PMC8969292 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous large-scale vaccination clinics have been successful before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; however, owing to the strict storage requirements and pharmaceutical preparation needed for the COVID-19 vaccines, careful thought and planning were necessary to successfully deploy these clinics immediately after vaccine availability. The focus of this manuscript is to describe the development and implementation of COVID-19 vaccination clinics in a large public university, using professionals from within and outside of its health sciences schools. Objectives The primary objective of this project was to (1) implement COVID-19 vaccination clinics for university faculty, staff, students, and community members. Additional objectives of the clinics were to (2) actively incorporate pharmacy, nursing, and medical students into the clinic workflow; (3) promote interprofessional collaboration among faculty and students; and (4) assess patient satisfaction. Practice description The School of Pharmacy faculty, in conjunction with the Office of Strategic Initiatives, planned and coordinated COVID-19 vaccination clinics from December 2020 to July 2021. Students and faculty from schools of pharmacy, nursing, and medicine were used. COVID-19 vaccinations were offered to university faculty, staff, and students and community members based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention priority groups. The clinic processes were designed such that they could be scaled from 100 to 2,000 participants per day. Practice innovation The School of Pharmacy led approach was adjustable depending on the number of patients, continuously monitored and adaptable. The importance of pharmacists as part of the interprofessional health care team was exemplified by faculty and students involved. Evaluation methods All patients receiving COVID-19 vaccinations at the clinics were e-mailed anonymous surveys for assessment of the quality of the vaccination encounter after completion of their primary vaccine series. Results More than 15,000 COVID-19 vaccinations were provided through the clinics from December 2020 to July 2021. Professional staffing totaled 3352 hours for the 48 clinics. Thirty-eight percent of the vaccinated patients responded to the clinic satisfaction survey with predominately excellent ratings. Conclusion COVID-19 vaccination clinics can be successfully planned and implemented in a scalable fashion in a large university setting using an interprofessional team approach.
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Abstract
In bioethics vaccine refusal is often discussed as an instance of free riding on the herd immunity of an infectious disease. However, the social science of vaccine refusal suggests that the reasoning behind refusal to vaccinate more often stems from previous negative experiences in healthcare practice as well as deeply felt distrust of healthcare institutions. Moreover, vaccine refusal often acts like an exit mechanism. Whilst free riding is often met with sanctions, exit, according to Albert Hirschman's theory of exit and voice is most efficiently met by addressing concerns and increasing the quality and number of feedback channels. If the legitimate grievances responsible for vaccine refusal are not heard or addressed by healthcare policy, further polarization of attitudes to vaccines is likely to ensue. Thus, there is a need in the bioethics of vaccine refusal to understand the diverse ethical questions of this inflammable issue in addition to those of individual responsibility to vaccinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Kärki
- Practical Philosophy, University of Helsinki, PL 24, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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50
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Donin G, Erfányuková A, Ivlev I. Factors Affecting Young Adults' Decision Making to Undergo COVID-19 Vaccination: A Patient Preference Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:265. [PMID: 35214722 PMCID: PMC8878672 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Young adults are a substantial driver of lagging vaccination against COVID-19 worldwide. We aimed to understand what vaccine or vaccination environment attributes may affect young adults' vaccine inclination. We contacted a convenience sample of 1415 students to recruit a minimum of 150 individuals for a web-based discrete choice experiment. The respondents were asked to choose one of two hypothetical vaccines, defined by six attributes-vaccine efficacy, risk of mild side effects, protection duration, administration route, recommender, and travel time to the vaccination site. Individual preferences were calculated with the Markov chain Monte Carlo hierarchical Bayes estimation. A total of 445 individuals (mean age 24.4 years, 272 (61.1%) women) completed the survey between 22 March and 3 May 2021. Vaccine protection duration (28.3 (95% CI, 27.0-29.6)) and vaccine efficacy in preventing COVID-19 (27.5 (95% CI, 26.3-28.8)) were the most important, followed by the risk of vaccine side effects (17.3 (95% CI, 16.2-18.4)). Individuals reluctant or unsure about vaccination (21.1%) prioritized the potential for mild side effects higher and vaccine efficacy lower than the vaccine-inclined individuals. New vaccination programs that target young adults should emphasize the protection duration, low risk of vaccine side effects, and high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Donin
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic;
| | - Anna Erfányuková
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic;
| | - Ilya Ivlev
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR 97227, USA;
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