1
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Vardhan S, Jordan T, Sakiyama-Elbert S. Stem cell engineering approaches for investigating glial cues in central nervous system disorders. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 87:103131. [PMID: 38599012 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Glial cells are important in maintaining homeostasis for neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). During CNS disease or after injury, glia react to altered microenvironments and often acquire altered functions that contribute to disease pathology. A major focus for research is utilizing stem cell (SC)-derived glia as a potential renewable source for cell replacement to restore function, including neuronal support, and as a model for disease states to identify therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on SC differentiation protocols for deriving three types of glial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. These SC-derived glia can be used to identify critical cues that contribute to CNS disease progression and aid in investigation of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangamithra Vardhan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tyler Jordan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shelly Sakiyama-Elbert
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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2
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Piscopo VEC, Chapleau A, Blaszczyk GJ, Sirois J, You Z, Soubannier V, Chen CXQ, Bernard G, Antel JP, Durcan TM. The use of a SOX10 reporter toward ameliorating oligodendrocyte lineage differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Glia 2024; 72:1165-1182. [PMID: 38497409 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are key players in the central nervous system, critical for the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheaths insulating axons, ensuring efficient neuronal communication. In the last decade, the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has become essential for recapitulating and understanding the differentiation and role of OLs in vitro. Current methods include overexpression of transcription factors for rapid OL generation, neglecting the complexity of OL lineage development. Alternatively, growth factor-based protocols offer physiological relevance but struggle with efficiency and cell heterogeneity. To address these issues, we created a novel SOX10-P2A-mOrange iPSC reporter line to track and purify oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Using this reporter cell line, we analyzed an existing differentiation protocol and shed light on the origin of glial cell heterogeneity. Additionally, we have modified the differentiation protocol, toward enhancing reproducibility, efficiency, and terminal maturity. Our approach not only advances OL biology but also holds promise to accelerate research and translational work with iPSC-derived OLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio E C Piscopo
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Chapleau
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriela J Blaszczyk
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julien Sirois
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhipeng You
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Soubannier
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carol X-Q Chen
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Pazzin DB, Previato TTR, Budelon Gonçalves JI, Zanirati G, Xavier FAC, da Costa JC, Marinowic DR. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Organoids in Advancing Neuropathology Research and Therapies. Cells 2024; 13:745. [PMID: 38727281 PMCID: PMC11083827 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the groundbreaking impact of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and three-dimensional organoid models in propelling forward neuropathology research. With a focus on neurodegenerative diseases, neuromotor disorders, and related conditions, iPSCs provide a platform for personalized disease modeling, holding significant potential for regenerative therapy and drug discovery. The adaptability of iPSCs, along with associated methodologies, enables the generation of various types of neural cell differentiations and their integration into three-dimensional organoid models, effectively replicating complex tissue structures in vitro. Key advancements in organoid and iPSC generation protocols, alongside the careful selection of donor cell types, are emphasized as critical steps in harnessing these technologies to mitigate tumorigenic risks and other hurdles. Encouragingly, iPSCs show promising outcomes in regenerative therapies, as evidenced by their successful application in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Bottega Pazzin
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Thales Thor Ramos Previato
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - João Ismael Budelon Gonçalves
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Gabriele Zanirati
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Fernando Antonio Costa Xavier
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
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4
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Marinova D, Ivanov M, Yamashima T, Tonchev A. Quantity, distribution and phenotype of newly generated cells in the intact spinal cord of adult macaque monkeys. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28856. [PMID: 38596108 PMCID: PMC11002253 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The existence of proliferating cells in the intact spinal cord, their distribution and phenotype, are well studied in rodents. A limited number of studies also address the proliferation after spinal cord injury, in non-human primates. However, a detailed description of the quantity, distribution and phenotype of proliferating cells at different anatomical levels of the intact adult non-human primate spinal cord is lacking at present. In the present study, we analyzed normal spinal cord tissues from adult macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata), infused with Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and euthanized at 2h, 2 weeks, 5 weeks and 10 weeks after BrdU. We found a significantly higher density of BrdU + cells in the gray matter of cervical segments as compared to thoracic or lumbar segments, and a significantly higher density of proliferating cells in the posterior as compared to the anterior horn of the gray matter. BrdU + cells exhibited phenotype of microglia or endothelial cells (∼50%) or astroglial and oligodendroglial cells (∼40%), including glial progenitor phenotypes marked by the transcription factors Sox9 and Sox10. BrdU + cells also co-expressed other transcription factors known for their involvement in embryonic development, including Emx2, Sox1, Sox2, Ngn1, Olig1, Olig2, Olig3. In the central canal, BrdU + cells were located along the dorso-ventral axis and co-labeled for the markers Vimentin and Nestin. These results reveal the extent of cellular plasticity in the spinal cord of non-human primates under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Marinova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Marin Drinov str. 55, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - M.N. Ivanov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Marin Drinov str. 55, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - T. Yamashima
- Departnent of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - A.B. Tonchev
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Marin Drinov str. 55, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
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5
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Zeldich E, Rajkumar S. Identity and Maturity of iPSC-Derived Oligodendrocytes in 2D and Organoid Systems. Cells 2024; 13:674. [PMID: 38667289 PMCID: PMC11049552 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes originating in the brain and spinal cord as well as in the ventral and dorsal domains of the neural tube are transcriptomically and functionally distinct. These distinctions are also reflected in the ultrastructure of the produced myelin, and the susceptibility to myelin-related disorders, which highlights the significance of the choice of patterning protocols in the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into oligodendrocytes. Thus, our first goal was to survey the different approaches applied to the generation of iPSC-derived oligodendrocytes in 2D culture and in organoids, as well as reflect on how these approaches pertain to the regional and spatial fate of the generated oligodendrocyte progenitors and myelinating oligodendrocytes. This knowledge is increasingly important to disease modeling and future therapeutic strategies. Our second goal was to recap the recent advances in the development of oligodendrocyte-enriched organoids, as we explore their relevance to a regional specification alongside their duration, complexity, and maturation stages of oligodendrocytes and myelin biology. Finally, we discuss the shortcomings of the existing protocols and potential future explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Zeldich
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sandeep Rajkumar
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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6
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Beghini DG, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Henriques-Pons A. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Drug Discovery and Neurodegenerative Disease Modelling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2392. [PMID: 38397069 PMCID: PMC10889263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from reprogrammed adult somatic cells. These adult cells are manipulated in vitro to express genes and factors essential for acquiring and maintaining embryonic stem cell (ESC) properties. This technology is widely applied in many fields, and much attention has been given to developing iPSC-based disease models to validate drug discovery platforms and study the pathophysiological molecular processes underlying disease onset. Especially in neurological diseases, there is a great need for iPSC-based technological research, as these cells can be obtained from each patient and carry the individual's bulk of genetic mutations and unique properties. Moreover, iPSCs can differentiate into multiple cell types. These are essential characteristics, since the study of neurological diseases is affected by the limited access to injury sites, the need for in vitro models composed of various cell types, the complexity of reproducing the brain's anatomy, the challenges of postmortem cell culture, and ethical issues. Neurodegenerative diseases strongly impact global health due to their high incidence, symptom severity, and lack of effective therapies. Recently, analyses using disease specific, iPSC-based models confirmed the efficacy of these models for testing multiple drugs. This review summarizes the advances in iPSC technology used in disease modelling and drug testing, with a primary focus on neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gois Beghini
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Tais Hanae Kasai-Brunswick
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil;
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Henriques-Pons
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
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7
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Shim G, Romero-Morales AI, Sripathy SR, Maher BJ. Utilizing hiPSC-derived oligodendrocytes to study myelin pathophysiology in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1322813. [PMID: 38273973 PMCID: PMC10808804 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1322813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes play a crucial role in our central nervous system (CNS) by myelinating axons for faster action potential conduction, protecting axons from degeneration, structuring the position of ion channels, and providing nutrients to neurons. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction and/or dysmyelination can contribute to a range of neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Leukodystrophy (LD), Schizophrenia (SCZ), and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Common characteristics identified across these disorders were either an inability of oligodendrocytes to remyelinate after degeneration or defects in oligodendrocyte development and maturation. Unfortunately, the causal mechanisms of oligodendrocyte dysfunction are still uncertain, and therapeutic targets remain elusive. Many studies rely on the use of animal models to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind these disorders, however, such studies face species-specific challenges and therefore lack translatability. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to model neurological diseases is becoming a powerful new tool, improving our understanding of pathophysiology and capacity to explore therapeutic targets. Here, we focus on the application of hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte model systems to model disorders caused by oligodendrocyte dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Shim
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alejandra I. Romero-Morales
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Srinidhi R. Sripathy
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brady J. Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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8
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Zhu Y, Burg T, Neyrinck K, Vervliet T, Nami F, Vervoort E, Ahuja K, Sassano ML, Chai YC, Tharkeshwar AK, De Smedt J, Hu H, Bultynck G, Agostinis P, Swinnen JV, Van Den Bosch L, da Costa RFM, Verfaillie C. Disruption of MAM integrity in mutant FUS oligodendroglial progenitors from hiPSCs. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:6. [PMID: 38170217 PMCID: PMC10764485 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by selective loss of motor neurons (MNs). A number of causative genetic mutations underlie the disease, including mutations in the fused in sarcoma (FUS) gene, which can lead to both juvenile and late-onset ALS. Although ALS results from MN death, there is evidence that dysfunctional glial cells, including oligodendroglia, contribute to neurodegeneration. Here, we used human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with a R521H or a P525L mutation in FUS and their isogenic controls to generate oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) by inducing SOX10 expression from a TET-On SOX10 cassette. Mutant and control iPSCs differentiated efficiently into OPCs. RNA sequencing identified a myelin sheath-related phenotype in mutant OPCs. Lipidomic studies demonstrated defects in myelin-related lipids, with a reduction of glycerophospholipids in mutant OPCs. Interestingly, FUSR521H OPCs displayed a decrease in the phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio, known to be associated with maintaining membrane integrity. A proximity ligation assay further indicated that mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) were diminished in both mutant FUS OPCs. Moreover, both mutant FUS OPCs displayed increased susceptibility to ER stress when exposed to thapsigargin, and exhibited impaired mitochondrial respiration and reduced Ca2+ signaling from ER Ca2+ stores. Taken together, these results demonstrate a pathological role of mutant FUS in OPCs, causing defects in lipid metabolism associated with MAM disruption manifested by impaired mitochondrial metabolism with increased susceptibility to ER stress and with suppressed physiological Ca2+ signaling. As such, further exploration of the role of oligodendrocyte dysfunction in the demise of MNs is crucial and will provide new insights into the complex cellular mechanisms underlying ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Zhu
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thibaut Burg
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Neyrinck
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vervliet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fatemeharefeh Nami
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Vervoort
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karan Ahuja
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Livia Sassano
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoke Chin Chai
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arun Kumar Tharkeshwar
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan De Smedt
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Haibo Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Hakka Medical Resources Branch, School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Fatima N, Saif Ur Rahman M, Qasim M, Ali Ashfaq U, Ahmed U, Masoud MS. Transcriptional Factors Mediated Reprogramming to Pluripotency. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:367-388. [PMID: 37073151 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230417084518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
A unique kind of pluripotent cell, i.e., Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), now being targeted for iPSC synthesis, are produced by reprogramming animal and human differentiated cells (with no change in genetic makeup for the sake of high efficacy iPSCs formation). The conversion of specific cells to iPSCs has revolutionized stem cell research by making pluripotent cells more controllable for regenerative therapy. For the past 15 years, somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency with force expression of specified factors has been a fascinating field of biomedical study. For that technological primary viewpoint reprogramming method, a cocktail of four transcription factors (TF) has required: Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), four-octamer binding protein 34 (OCT3/4), MYC and SOX2 (together referred to as OSKM) and host cells. IPS cells have great potential for future tissue replacement treatments because of their ability to self-renew and specialize in all adult cell types, although factor-mediated reprogramming mechanisms are still poorly understood medically. This technique has dramatically improved performance and efficiency, making it more useful in drug discovery, disease remodeling, and regenerative medicine. Moreover, in these four TF cocktails, more than 30 reprogramming combinations were proposed, but for reprogramming effectiveness, only a few numbers have been demonstrated for the somatic cells of humans and mice. Stoichiometry, a combination of reprogramming agents and chromatin remodeling compounds, impacts kinetics, quality, and efficiency in stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazira Fatima
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rahman
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Uzair Ahmed
- EMBL Partnership Institute for Genome Editing Technologies, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Muhammad Shareef Masoud
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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10
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Wallace JL, Pollen AA. Human neuronal maturation comes of age: cellular mechanisms and species differences. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:7-29. [PMID: 37996703 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The delayed and prolonged postmitotic maturation of human neurons, compared with neurons from other species, may contribute to human-specific cognitive abilities and neurological disorders. Here we review the mechanisms of neuronal maturation, applying lessons from model systems to understand the specific features of protracted human cortical maturation and species differences. We cover cell-intrinsic features of neuronal maturation, including transcriptional, epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms, as well as cell-extrinsic features, including the roles of activity and synapses, the actions of glial cells and the contribution of the extracellular matrix. We discuss evidence for species differences in biochemical reaction rates, the proposed existence of an epigenetic maturation clock and the contributions of both general and modular mechanisms to species-specific maturation timing. Finally, we suggest approaches to measure, improve and accelerate the maturation of human neurons in culture, examine crosstalk and interactions among these different aspects of maturation and propose conceptual models to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenelle L Wallace
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Alex A Pollen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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11
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Falkai P, Rossner MJ, Raabe FJ, Wagner E, Keeser D, Maurus I, Roell L, Chang E, Seitz-Holland J, Schulze TG, Schmitt A. Disturbed Oligodendroglial Maturation Causes Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A New Hypothesis. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:1614-1624. [PMID: 37163675 PMCID: PMC10686333 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Cognitive impairment is a hallmark of schizophrenia, but no effective treatment is available to date. The underlying pathophysiology includes disconnectivity between hippocampal and prefrontal brain regions. Supporting evidence comes from diffusion-weighted imaging studies that suggest abnormal organization of frontotemporal white matter pathways in schizophrenia. STUDY DESIGN Here, we hypothesize that in schizophrenia, deficient maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes substantially contributes to abnormal frontotemporal macro- and micro-connectivity and subsequent cognitive deficits. STUDY RESULTS Our postmortem studies indicate a reduced oligodendrocyte number in the cornu ammonis 4 (CA4) subregion of the hippocampus, and others have reported the same histopathological finding in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Our series of studies on aerobic exercise training showed a volume increase in the hippocampus, specifically in the CA4 region, and improved cognition in individuals with schizophrenia. The cognitive effects were subsequently confirmed by meta-analyses. Cell-specific schizophrenia polygenic risk scores showed that exercise-induced CA4 volume increase significantly correlates with OPCs. From animal models, it is evident that early life stress and oligodendrocyte-related gene variants lead to schizophrenia-related behavior, cognitive deficits, impaired oligodendrocyte maturation, and reduced myelin thickness. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we propose that pro-myelinating drugs (e.g., the histamine blocker clemastine) combined with aerobic exercise training may foster the regeneration of myelin plasticity as a basis for restoring frontotemporal connectivity and cognition in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz J Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian J Raabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Elias Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Maurus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Roell
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Emily Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Seitz-Holland
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute for Psychiatric Phenomic and Genomic (IPPG), Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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12
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Janowska J, Gargas J, Sypecka J. Pearls and Pitfalls of Isolating Rat OPCs for In Vitro Culture with Different Methods. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3705-3722. [PMID: 37407878 PMCID: PMC10477124 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
There are several in vitro models to study the biology of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). The use of models based on induced pluripotent stem cells or oligodendrocyte-like cell lines has many advantages but raises significant questions, such as inaccurate reproduction of neural tissue or genetic instability. Moreover, in a specific case of studying the biology of neonatal OPCs, it is particularly difficult to find good representative model, due to the unique metabolism and features of these cells, as well as neonatal brain tissue. The following study evaluates two methods of isolating OPCs from rat pups as a model for in vitro studies. The first protocol is a modification of the classical mixed glial culture with series of shakings applied to isolate the fraction of OPCs. The second protocol is based on direct cell sorting and uses magnetic microbeads that target the surface antigen of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell-A2B5. We compared the performance of these methods and analyzed the purity of obtained cultures as well as oligodendrocyte differentiation. Although the yield of OPCs collected with these two methods is similar, both have their advantages and disadvantages. The OPCs obtained with both methods give rise to mature oligodendrocytes within a few days of culture in ITS-supplemented serum-free medium and a 5% O2 atmosphere (mimicking the endogenous oxygen conditions of the nervous tissue). Methods for isolating rat OPCs In the following study we compared methods for isolating neonatal rat oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, for the studies on the in vitro model of neonatal brain injuries. We evaluated the purity of obtained cell cultures and the ability to maturate in physiological normoxia and serum-free culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Janowska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Gargas
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sypecka
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Muñoz EM, Martínez Cerdeño V. Editorial: Transcription regulation - Brain development and homeostasis - A finely tuned and orchestrated scenario in physiology and pathology, volume II. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1280573. [PMID: 37736114 PMCID: PMC10509287 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1280573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Estela M. Muñoz
- Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Verónica Martínez Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, and MIND Institute at the UC Davis Medical Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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14
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Martinez-Curiel R, Jansson L, Tsupykov O, Avaliani N, Aretio-Medina C, Hidalgo I, Monni E, Bengzon J, Skibo G, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z, Palma-Tortosa S. Oligodendrocytes in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical grafts remyelinate adult rat and human cortical neurons. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1643-1656. [PMID: 37236198 PMCID: PMC10444570 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal loss and axonal demyelination underlie long-term functional impairments in patients affected by brain disorders such as ischemic stroke. Stem cell-based approaches reconstructing and remyelinating brain neural circuitry, leading to recovery, are highly warranted. Here, we demonstrate the in vitro and in vivo production of myelinating oligodendrocytes from a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived long-term neuroepithelial stem (lt-NES) cell line, which also gives rise to neurons with the capacity to integrate into stroke-injured, adult rat cortical networks. Most importantly, the generated oligodendrocytes survive and form myelin-ensheathing human axons in the host tissue after grafting onto adult human cortical organotypic cultures. This lt-NES cell line is the first human stem cell source that, after intracerebral delivery, can repair both injured neural circuitries and demyelinated axons. Our findings provide supportive evidence for the potential future use of human iPSC-derived cell lines to promote effective clinical recovery following brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martinez-Curiel
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Jansson
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Oleg Tsupykov
- Department of Cytology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology; Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, Strazhesko National Scientific Center of Cardiology, Clinical and Regenerative Medicine, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Constanza Aretio-Medina
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Isabel Hidalgo
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Bengzon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, University Hospital, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Galyna Skibo
- Department of Cytology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology; Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, Strazhesko National Scientific Center of Cardiology, Clinical and Regenerative Medicine, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sara Palma-Tortosa
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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15
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Nie L, Yao D, Chen S, Wang J, Pan C, Wu D, Liu N, Tang Z. Directional induction of neural stem cells, a new therapy for neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic stroke. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:215. [PMID: 37393356 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the limited capacity of the adult mammalian brain to self-repair and regenerate, neurological diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders and stroke, characterized by irreversible cellular damage are often considered as refractory diseases. Neural stem cells (NSCs) play a unique role in the treatment of neurological diseases for their abilities to self-renew and form different neural lineage cells, such as neurons and glial cells. With the increasing understanding of neurodevelopment and advances in stem cell technology, NSCs can be obtained from different sources and directed to differentiate into a specific neural lineage cell phenotype purposefully, making it possible to replace specific cells lost in some neurological diseases, which provides new approaches to treat neurodegenerative diseases as well as stroke. In this review, we outline the advances in generating several neuronal lineage subtypes from different sources of NSCs. We further summarize the therapeutic effects and possible therapeutic mechanisms of these fated specific NSCs in neurological disease models, with special emphasis on Parkinson's disease and ischemic stroke. Finally, from the perspective of clinical translation, we compare the strengths and weaknesses of different sources of NSCs and different methods of directed differentiation, and propose future research directions for directed differentiation of NSCs in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Nie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Dabao Yao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shiling Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Dongcheng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Wuhan Hamilton Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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16
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Dwivedi S, Choudhary P, Gupta A, Singh S. Therapeutical growth in oligodendroglial fate induction via transdifferentiation of stem cells for neuroregenerative therapy. Biochimie 2023; 211:35-56. [PMID: 36842627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The merits of stem cell therapy and research are undisputed due to their widespread usage in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and demyelinating disorders. Cell replacement therapy especially revolves around stem cells and their induction into different cell lineages both adult and progenitor - belonging to each germ layer, prior to transplantation or disease modeling studies. The nervous system is abundant in glial cells and among these are oligodendrocytes capable of myelinating new-born neurons and remyelination of axons with lost or damaged myelin sheath. But demyelinating diseases generate tremendous deficit between myelin loss and recovery. To compensate for this loss, analyze the defects in remyelination mechanisms as well as to trigger full recovery in such patients mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been induced to transdifferentiate into oligodendrocytes. But such experiments are riddled with problems like prolonged, tenuous and complicated protocols that stretch longer than the time taken for the spread of demyelination-associated after-effects. This review delves into such protocols and the combinations of different molecules and factors that have been recruited to derive bona fide oligodendrocytes from in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and MSCs with special focus on MSC-derived oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrey Dwivedi
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India
| | - Princy Choudhary
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India
| | - Ayushi Gupta
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India.
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17
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Khamis ZI, Sarker DB, Xue Y, Al-Akkary N, James VD, Zeng C, Li Y, Sang QXA. Modeling Human Brain Tumors and the Microenvironment Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041253. [PMID: 36831595 PMCID: PMC9954701 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain cancer is a group of diverse and rapidly growing malignancies that originate in the central nervous system (CNS) and have a poor prognosis. The complexity of brain structure and function makes brain cancer modeling extremely difficult, limiting pathological studies and therapeutic developments. Advancements in human pluripotent stem cell technology have opened a window of opportunity for brain cancer modeling, providing a wealth of customizable methods to simulate the disease in vitro. This is achieved with the advent of genome editing and genetic engineering technologies that can simulate germline and somatic mutations found in human brain tumors. This review investigates induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based approaches to model human brain cancer. The applications of iPSCs as renewable sources of individual brain cell types, brain organoids, blood-brain barrier (BBB), and brain tumor models are discussed. The brain tumor models reviewed are glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. The iPSC-derived isogenic cells and three-dimensional (3D) brain cancer organoids combined with patient-derived xenografts will enhance future compound screening and drug development for these deadly human brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa I. Khamis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Drishty B. Sarker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Nancy Al-Akkary
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Viviana D. James
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-850-644-8683; Fax: +1-850-644-8281
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18
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McCaughey-Chapman A, Connor B. Cell reprogramming for oligodendrocytes: A review of protocols and their applications to disease modeling and cell-based remyelination therapies. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1000-1028. [PMID: 36749877 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cells that produce a lipid-rich membrane called myelin. Myelin assembles into a sheath and lines neuronal axons in the brain and spinal cord to insulate them. This not only increases the speed and efficiency of nerve signal transduction but also protects the axons from damage and degradation, which could trigger neuronal cell death. Demyelination, which is caused by a loss of myelin and oligodendrocytes, is a prominent feature of many neurological conditions, including Multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injuries (SCI), and leukodystrophies. Demyelination is followed by a time of remyelination mediated by the recruitment of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells, their migration to the injury site, and differentiation into myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Unfortunately, endogenous remyelination is not sufficient to overcome demyelination, which explains why there are to date no regenerative-based treatments for MS, SCI, or leukodystrophies. To better understand the role of oligodendrocytes and develop cell-based remyelination therapies, human oligodendrocytes have been derived from somatic cells using cell reprogramming. This review will detail the different cell reprogramming methods that have been developed to generate human oligodendrocytes and their applications to disease modeling and cell-based remyelination therapies. Recent developments in the field have seen the derivation of brain organoids from pluripotent stem cells, and protocols have been devised to incorporate oligodendrocytes within the organoids, which will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McCaughey-Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Singh A, Tiwari VK. Transcriptional networks of transient cell states during human prefrontal cortex development. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1126438. [PMID: 37138706 PMCID: PMC10150774 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1126438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain is divided into various anatomical regions that control and coordinate unique functions. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a large brain region that comprises a range of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types, sharing extensive interconnections with subcortical areas, and plays a critical role in cognition and memory. A timely appearance of distinct cell types through embryonic development is crucial for an anatomically perfect and functional brain. Direct tracing of cell fate development in the human brain is not possible, but single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets provide the opportunity to dissect cellular heterogeneity and its molecular regulators. Here, using scRNA-seq data of human PFC from fetal stages, we elucidate distinct transient cell states during PFC development and their underlying gene regulatory circuitry. We further identified that distinct intermediate cell states consist of specific gene regulatory modules essential to reach terminal fate using discrete developmental paths. Moreover, using in silico gene knock-out and over-expression analysis, we validated crucial gene regulatory components during the lineage specification of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Our study illustrates unique intermediate states and specific gene interaction networks that warrant further investigation for their functional contribution to typical brain development and discusses how this knowledge can be harvested for therapeutic intervention in challenging neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Singh
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay K. Tiwari
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Vijay K. Tiwari, ;
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20
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Nishihara H, Perriot S, Gastfriend BD, Steinfort M, Cibien C, Soldati S, Matsuo K, Guimbal S, Mathias A, Palecek SP, Shusta EV, Pasquier RD, Engelhardt B. Intrinsic blood-brain barrier dysfunction contributes to multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Brain 2022; 145:4334-4348. [PMID: 35085379 PMCID: PMC10200307 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and immune cell infiltration into the CNS are early hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). The mechanisms leading to BBB dysfunction are incompletely understood and generally thought to be a consequence of neuroinflammation. Here, we have challenged this view and asked if intrinsic alterations in the BBB of MS patients contribute to MS pathogenesis. To this end, we made use of human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from healthy controls and MS patients and differentiated them into brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC)-like cells as in vitro model of the BBB. MS-derived BMEC-like cells showed impaired junctional integrity, barrier properties and efflux pump activity when compared to healthy controls. Also, MS-derived BMEC-like cells displayed an inflammatory phenotype with increased adhesion molecule expression and immune cell interactions. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in MS-derived endothelial progenitor cells enhanced barrier characteristics and reduced the inflammatory phenotype. Our study provides evidence for an intrinsic impairment of BBB function in MS patients that can be modelled in vitro. Human iPSC-derived BMEC-like cells are thus suitable to explore the molecular underpinnings of BBB dysfunction in MS and will assist in the identification of potential novel therapeutic targets for BBB stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nishihara
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Perriot
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin D Gastfriend
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marel Steinfort
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Celine Cibien
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kinya Matsuo
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Guimbal
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Mathias
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Limone F, Klim JR, Mordes DA. Pluripotent stem cell strategies for rebuilding the human brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1017299. [PMID: 36408113 PMCID: PMC9667068 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1017299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have been extremely challenging to treat with traditional drug-based approaches and curative therapies are lacking. Given continued progress in stem cell technologies, cell replacement strategies have emerged as concrete and potentially viable therapeutic options. In this review, we cover advances in methods used to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells into several highly specialized types of neurons, including cholinergic, dopaminergic, and motor neurons, and the potential clinical applications of stem cell-derived neurons for common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ataxia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, we summarize cellular differentiation techniques for generating glial cell populations, including oligodendrocytes and microglia, and their conceivable translational roles in supporting neural function. Clinical trials of specific cell replacement therapies in the nervous system are already underway, and several attractive avenues in regenerative medicine warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Limone
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joseph R. Klim
- Faze Medicines, Cambridge, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Joseph R. Klim,
| | - Daniel A. Mordes
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Daniel A. Mordes,
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22
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Clark IH, Roman A, Fellows E, Radha S, Var SR, Roushdy Z, Borer SM, Johnson S, Chen O, Borgida JS, Steevens A, Shetty A, Strell P, Low WC, Grande AW. Cell Reprogramming for Regeneration and Repair of the Nervous System. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2598. [PMID: 36289861 PMCID: PMC9599606 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A persistent barrier to the cure and treatment of neurological diseases is the limited ability of the central and peripheral nervous systems to undergo neuroregeneration and repair. Recent efforts have turned to regeneration of various cell types through cellular reprogramming of native cells as a promising therapy to replenish lost or diminished cell populations in various neurological diseases. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the current viral vectors, genes of interest, and target cellular populations that have been studied, as well as the challenges and future directions of these novel therapies. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which cellular reprogramming could be optimized as treatment in neurological diseases and a review of the most recent cellular reprogramming in vitro and in vivo studies will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac H. Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alex Roman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emily Fellows
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Swathi Radha
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Susanna R. Var
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zachary Roushdy
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samuel M. Borer
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samantha Johnson
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Olivia Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jacob S. Borgida
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Aleta Steevens
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Anala Shetty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Molecular, Cell, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Phoebe Strell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Comparative and Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Walter C. Low
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Molecular, Cell, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Comparative and Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew W. Grande
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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23
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Ahlenius H. Past, Present, and Future of Direct Cell Reprogramming. Cell Reprogram 2022; 24:205-211. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2022.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Ahlenius
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration, Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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24
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Habibey R, Rojo Arias JE, Striebel J, Busskamp V. Microfluidics for Neuronal Cell and Circuit Engineering. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14842-14880. [PMID: 36070858 PMCID: PMC9523714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of microfluidic devices among the neuroscience and neurobiology communities has enabled addressing a broad range of questions at the molecular, cellular, circuit, and system levels. Here, we review biomedical engineering approaches that harness the power of microfluidics for bottom-up generation of neuronal cell types and for the assembly and analysis of neural circuits. Microfluidics-based approaches are instrumental to generate the knowledge necessary for the derivation of diverse neuronal cell types from human pluripotent stem cells, as they enable the isolation and subsequent examination of individual neurons of interest. Moreover, microfluidic devices allow to engineer neural circuits with specific orientations and directionality by providing control over neuronal cell polarity and permitting the isolation of axons in individual microchannels. Similarly, the use of microfluidic chips enables the construction not only of 2D but also of 3D brain, retinal, and peripheral nervous system model circuits. Such brain-on-a-chip and organoid-on-a-chip technologies are promising platforms for studying these organs as they closely recapitulate some aspects of in vivo biological processes. Microfluidic 3D neuronal models, together with 2D in vitro systems, are widely used in many applications ranging from drug development and toxicology studies to neurological disease modeling and personalized medicine. Altogether, microfluidics provide researchers with powerful systems that complement and partially replace animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Habibey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesús Eduardo Rojo Arias
- Wellcome─MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Striebel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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25
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Promoting Oligodendrocyte Differentiation from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Activating Endocannabinoid Signaling for Treating Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:3033-3049. [PMID: 35725998 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) at the injury site is being developed as a potential therapeutic strategy for promoting remyelination and locomotor function recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). To this end, the development of expandable and functional human OPCs is crucial for testing their efficacy in SCI. In mice and rats, the endocannabinoid signaling system is crucial for the survival, differentiation, and maturation of OPCs. Similar studies in humans are lacking currently. Endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids exert their effects mainly via cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R). We demonstrated that these receptors were differentially expressed in iPSC-derived human NSCs and OPCs, and they could be activated by WIN55212-2 (WIN), a potent CB1R/CB2R agonist to upregulate the endocannabinoid signaling during glial induction. WIN primed NSCs generated more OLIG2 + glial progenitors and migratory PDGFRα + OPC in a CB1/CB2 dependent manner compared to unprimed NSCs. Furthermore, WIN-induced OPCs (WIN-OPCs) robustly differentiated into functional oligodendrocytes and myelinate in vitro and in vivo in a mouse spinal cord injury model. RNA-Seq revealed that WIN upregulated the biological process of positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mechanistically, WIN could act as a partial smoothed (SMO) inhibitor or activate CB1/CB2 to form heteromeric complexes with SMO leading to the inhibition of GLI1 in the Sonic hedgehog pathway. The partial and temporal inhibition of GLI1 during glial induction is shown to promote OPCs that differentiate faster than control's. Thus, CB1R/CB2R activation results in more efficient generation of OPCs that can mature and efficiently myelinate.
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26
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Yun W, Kim YJ, Lee G. Direct Conversion to Achieve Glial Cell Fates: Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 15:14-25. [PMID: 35220289 PMCID: PMC8889328 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia have been known for its pivotal roles in physiological and pathological conditions in the nervous system. To study glial biology, multiple approaches have been applied to utilize glial cells for research, including stem cell-based technologies. Human glial cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells are now available, allowing us to study the structural and functional roles of glia in the nervous system, although the efficiency is still low. Direct conversion is an advanced strategy governing fate conversion of diverse cell types directly into the desired lineage. This novel strategy stands as a promising approach for preliminary research and regenerative medicine. Direct conversion employs genetic and environmental cues to change cell fate to that with the required functional cell properties while retaining maturity-related molecular features. As an alternative method, it is now possible to obtain a variety of mature cell populations that could not be obtained using conventional differentiation methods. This review summarizes current achievements in obtaining glia, particularly oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjin Yun
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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27
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Vellosillo L, Pascual-Guerra J, Muñoz MP, Rodríguez-Navarro JA, González-Nieto D, Barrio LC, Lobo MDVT, Paíno CL. Oligodendroglia Generated From Adult Rat Adipose Tissue by Direct Cell Conversion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:741499. [PMID: 35223826 PMCID: PMC8873586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.741499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining oligodendroglial cells from dispensable tissues would be of great interest for autologous or immunocompatible cell replacement therapy in demyelinating diseases, as well as for studying myelin-related pathologies or testing therapeutic approaches in culture. We evaluated the feasibility of generating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from adult rat adipose tissue by expressing genes encoding transcription factors involved in oligodendroglial development. Adipose-derived mesenchymal cells were lentivirally transduced with tetracycline-inducible Sox10, Olig2, Zfp536, and/or Nkx6.1 transgenes. Immunostaining with the OPC-specific O4 monoclonal antibody was used to mark oligodendroglial induction. O4- and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)-positive cells emerged after 3 weeks when using the Sox10 + Olig2 + Zfp536 combination, followed in the ensuing weeks by GFAP-, O1 antigen-, p75NTR (low-affinity NGF receptor)-, and myelin proteins-positive cells. The O4+ cell population progressively expanded, eventually constituting more than 70% of cells in culture by 5 months. Sox10 transgene expression was essential for generating O4+ cells but was insufficient for inducing a full oligodendroglial phenotype. Converted cells required continuous transgene expression to maintain their glial phenotype. Some vestigial characteristics of mesenchymal cells were maintained after conversion. Growth factor withdrawal and triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation generated mature oligodendroglial phenotypes, while FBS supplementation produced GFAP+- and p75NTR+-rich cultures. Converted cells also showed functional characteristics of neural-derived OPCs, such as the expression of AMPA, NMDA, kainate, and dopaminergic receptors, as well as similar metabolic responses to differentiation-inducing drugs. When co-cultured with rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, the converted cells differentiated and ensheathed multiple axons. We propose that functional oligodendroglia can be efficiently generated from adult rat mesenchymal cells by direct phenotypic conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Vellosillo
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pascual-Guerra
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Muñoz
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Rodríguez-Navarro
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis Carlos Barrio
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria del Val Toledo Lobo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Carlos Luis Paíno
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carlos Luis Paíno,
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28
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Barak M, Fedorova V, Pospisilova V, Raska J, Vochyanova S, Sedmik J, Hribkova H, Klimova H, Vanova T, Bohaciakova D. Human iPSC-Derived Neural Models for Studying Alzheimer's Disease: from Neural Stem Cells to Cerebral Organoids. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:792-820. [PMID: 35107767 PMCID: PMC8930932 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely used to study mechanisms of human neural development, disease modeling, and drug discovery in vitro. Especially in the field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where this treatment is lacking, tremendous effort has been put into the investigation of molecular mechanisms behind this disease using induced pluripotent stem cell-based models. Numerous of these studies have found either novel regulatory mechanisms that could be exploited to develop relevant drugs for AD treatment or have already tested small molecules on in vitro cultures, directly demonstrating their effect on amelioration of AD-associated pathology. This review thus summarizes currently used differentiation strategies of induced pluripotent stem cells towards neuronal and glial cell types and cerebral organoids and their utilization in modeling AD and potential drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Barak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Fedorova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Vochyanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sedmik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hribkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Klimova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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29
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OCT4-induced oligodendrocyte progenitor cells promote remyelination and ameliorate disease. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:4. [PMID: 35027563 PMCID: PMC8758684 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) may be therapeutically valuable for human demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Here, we report the direct reprogramming of human somatic cells into expandable induced OPCs (iOPCs) using a combination of OCT4 and a small molecule cocktail. This method enables generation of A2B5+ (an early marker for OPCs) iOPCs within 2 weeks retaining the ability to differentiate into MBP-positive mature oligodendrocytes. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the transcriptome of O4+ iOPCs was similar to that of O4+ OPCs and ChIP-seq analysis revealed that putative OCT4-binding regions were detected in the regulatory elements of CNS development-related genes. Notably, engrafted iOPCs remyelinated the brains of adult shiverer mice and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice with MOG-induced 14 weeks after transplantation. In conclusion, our study may contribute to the development of therapeutic approaches for neurological disorders, as well as facilitate the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying glial development.
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30
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Raabe FJ, Stephan M, Waldeck JB, Huber V, Demetriou D, Kannaiyan N, Galinski S, Glaser LV, Wehr MC, Ziller MJ, Schmitt A, Falkai P, Rossner MJ. Expression of Lineage Transcription Factors Identifies Differences in Transition States of Induced Human Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020241. [PMID: 35053357 PMCID: PMC8773672 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are critical for myelination and are implicated in several brain disorders. Directed differentiation of human-induced OLs (iOLs) from pluripotent stem cells can be achieved by forced expression of different combinations of the transcription factors SOX10 (S), OLIG2 (O), and NKX6.2 (N). Here, we applied quantitative image analysis and single-cell transcriptomics to compare different transcription factor (TF) combinations for their efficacy towards robust OL lineage conversion. Compared with S alone, the combination of SON increases the number of iOLs and generates iOLs with a more complex morphology and higher expression levels of myelin-marker genes. RNA velocity analysis of individual cells reveals that S generates a population of oligodendrocyte-precursor cells (OPCs) that appear to be more immature than those generated by SON and to display distinct molecular properties. Our work highlights that TFs for generating iOPCs or iOLs should be chosen depending on the intended application or research question, and that SON might be beneficial to study more mature iOLs while S might be better suited to investigate iOPC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J. Raabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (M.S.); (J.B.W.); (V.H.); (D.D.); (N.K.); (S.G.); (M.C.W.); (A.S.); (P.F.)
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Marius Stephan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (M.S.); (J.B.W.); (V.H.); (D.D.); (N.K.); (S.G.); (M.C.W.); (A.S.); (P.F.)
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), 80804 Munich, Germany
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, 81669 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Benedikt Waldeck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (M.S.); (J.B.W.); (V.H.); (D.D.); (N.K.); (S.G.); (M.C.W.); (A.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Verena Huber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (M.S.); (J.B.W.); (V.H.); (D.D.); (N.K.); (S.G.); (M.C.W.); (A.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Damianos Demetriou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (M.S.); (J.B.W.); (V.H.); (D.D.); (N.K.); (S.G.); (M.C.W.); (A.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Nirmal Kannaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (M.S.); (J.B.W.); (V.H.); (D.D.); (N.K.); (S.G.); (M.C.W.); (A.S.); (P.F.)
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, 81669 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Galinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (M.S.); (J.B.W.); (V.H.); (D.D.); (N.K.); (S.G.); (M.C.W.); (A.S.); (P.F.)
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, 81669 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura V. Glaser
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Michael C. Wehr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (M.S.); (J.B.W.); (V.H.); (D.D.); (N.K.); (S.G.); (M.C.W.); (A.S.); (P.F.)
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, 81669 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael J. Ziller
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (M.S.); (J.B.W.); (V.H.); (D.D.); (N.K.); (S.G.); (M.C.W.); (A.S.); (P.F.)
- Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (M.S.); (J.B.W.); (V.H.); (D.D.); (N.K.); (S.G.); (M.C.W.); (A.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Moritz J. Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.J.R.); (M.S.); (J.B.W.); (V.H.); (D.D.); (N.K.); (S.G.); (M.C.W.); (A.S.); (P.F.)
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, 81669 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
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31
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Meharena HS, Marco A, Dileep V, Lockshin ER, Akatsu GY, Mullahoo J, Watson LA, Ko T, Guerin LN, Abdurob F, Rengarajan S, Papanastasiou M, Jaffe JD, Tsai LH. Down-syndrome-induced senescence disrupts the nuclear architecture of neural progenitors. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:116-130.e7. [PMID: 34995493 PMCID: PMC8805993 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder driven by the triplication of chromosome 21 (T21) and characterized by a wide range of neurodevelopmental and physical disabilities. Transcriptomic analysis of tissue samples from individuals with DS has revealed that T21 induces a genome-wide transcriptional disruption. However, the consequences of T21 on the nuclear architecture and its interplay with the transcriptome remain unknown. In this study, we find that unlike human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) exhibit genome-wide "chromosomal introversion," disruption of lamina-associated domains, and global chromatin accessibility changes in response to T21, consistent with the transcriptional and nuclear architecture changes characteristic of senescent cells. Treatment of T21-harboring NPCs with senolytic drugs alleviates the transcriptional, molecular, and cellular dysfunctions associated with DS. Our findings provide a mechanistic link between T21 and global transcriptional disruption and indicate that senescence-associated phenotypes may play a key role in the neurodevelopmental pathogenesis of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiruy S. Meharena
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Correspondence: Hiruy Meharena (), Li-Huei Tsai () – Lead Contact
| | - Asaf Marco
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vishnu Dileep
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elana R. Lockshin
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Grace Y. Akatsu
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James Mullahoo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - L. Ashley Watson
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tak Ko
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lindsey N. Guerin
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fatema Abdurob
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shruthi Rengarajan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Jacob D. Jaffe
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Correspondence: Hiruy Meharena (), Li-Huei Tsai () – Lead Contact
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Brandão-Teles C, Zuccoli GS, Smith BJ, Vieira GM, Crunfli F. Modeling Schizophrenia In Vitro: Challenges and Insights on Studying Brain Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1400:35-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97182-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Holzer AK, Karreman C, Suciu I, Furmanowsky LS, Wohlfarth H, Loser D, Dirks WG, Pardo González E, Leist M. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:727-741. [PMID: 35689659 PMCID: PMC9299516 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of the peripheral nervous system would benefit from further refinements to better support studies on neuropathies. In particular, the assessment of pain-related signals is still difficult in human cell cultures. Here, we harnessed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate peripheral sensory neurons enriched in nociceptors. The objective was to generate a culture system with signaling endpoints suitable for pharmacological and toxicological studies. Neurons generated by conventional differentiation protocols expressed moderate levels of P2X3 purinergic receptors and only low levels of TRPV1 capsaicin receptors, when maturation time was kept to the upper practically useful limit of 6 weeks. As alternative approach, we generated cells with an inducible NGN1 transgene. Ectopic expression of this transcription factor during a defined time window of differentiation resulted in highly enriched nociceptor cultures, as determined by functional (P2X3 and TRPV1 receptors) and immunocytochemical phenotyping, complemented by extensive transcriptome profiling. Single cell recordings of Ca2+-indicator fluorescence from >9000 cells were used to establish the “fraction of reactive cells” in a stimulated population as experimental endpoint, that appeared robust, transparent and quantifiable. To provide an example of application to biomedical studies, functional consequences of prolonged exposure to the chemotherapeutic drug oxaliplatin were examined at non-cytotoxic concentrations. We found (i) neuronal (allodynia-like) hypersensitivity to otherwise non-activating mechanical stimulation that could be blocked by modulators of voltage-gated sodium channels; (ii) hyper-responsiveness to TRPV1 receptor stimulation. These findings and several other measured functional alterations indicate that the model is suitable for pharmacological and toxicological studies related to peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katharina Holzer
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Graduate School Biological Sciences (GBS), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christiaan Karreman
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ilinca Suciu
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lara-Seline Furmanowsky
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald Wohlfarth
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dominik Loser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm G Dirks
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures and German Biological Resource Center, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emilio Pardo González
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Corresponding author: Marcel Leist, PhD, In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation at the University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany.
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34
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Antunes ASLM, Saia-Cereda VM, Crunfli F, Martins-de-Souza D. 14-3-3 proteins at the crossroads of neurodevelopment and schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:14-32. [PMID: 33952049 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1925585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 family comprises multifunctional proteins that play a role in neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis and dopamine synthesis. 14-3-3 members function as adaptor proteins and impact a wide variety of cellular and physiological processes involved in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder and knowledge about its pathophysiology is still limited. 14-3-3 have been proven to be linked with the dopaminergic, glutamatergic and neurodevelopmental hypotheses of schizophrenia. Further, research using genetic models has demonstrated the role played by 14-3-3 proteins in neurodevelopment and neuronal circuits, however a more integrative and comprehensive approach is needed for a better understanding of their role in schizophrenia. For instance, we still lack an integrated assessment of the processes affected by 14-3-3 proteins in the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems. In this context, it is also paramount to understand their involvement in the biology of brain cells other than neurons. Here, we present previous and recent research that has led to our current understanding of the roles 14-3-3 proteins play in brain development and schizophrenia, perform an assessment of their functional protein association network and discuss the use of protein-protein interaction modulators to target 14-3-3 as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André S L M Antunes
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Verônica M Saia-Cereda
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Knock E, Julian LM. Building on a Solid Foundation: Adding Relevance and Reproducibility to Neurological Modeling Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:767457. [PMID: 34867204 PMCID: PMC8637745 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.767457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is our most complex and least understood organ. Animal models have long been the most versatile tools available to dissect brain form and function; however, the human brain is highly distinct from that of standard model organisms. In addition to existing models, access to human brain cells and tissues is essential to reach new frontiers in our understanding of the human brain and how to intervene therapeutically in the face of disease or injury. In this review, we discuss current and developing culture models of human neural tissue, outlining advantages over animal models and key challenges that remain to be overcome. Our principal focus is on advances in engineering neural cells and tissue constructs from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), though primary human cell and slice culture are also discussed. By highlighting studies that combine animal models and human neural cell culture techniques, we endeavor to demonstrate that clever use of these orthogonal model systems produces more reproducible, physiological, and clinically relevant data than either approach alone. We provide examples across a range of topics in neuroscience research including brain development, injury, and cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric conditions. Finally, as testing of PSC-derived neurons for cell replacement therapy progresses, we touch on the advancements that are needed to make this a clinical mainstay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Knock
- Research and Development, STEMCELL Technologies Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa M Julian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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36
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Park WU, Yeon GB, Yu MS, Goo HG, Hwang SH, Na D, Kim DS. A Novel Vitronectin Peptide Facilitates Differentiation of Oligodendrocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (Synthetic ECM for Oligodendrocyte Differentiation). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121254. [PMID: 34943169 PMCID: PMC8698880 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Oligodendrocyte (OD) is a cell type of great interest in the regenerative medicine for several neurological diseases. This study provides a new defined coating material for the differentiation of ODs from human pluripotent stem cells. A new peptide named VNP2, designed by in silico simulation, can be readily produced in a large amount and stably immobilized on the bottom of culture vessel. Upon using for differentiation of ODs, VNP2 promoted the differentiation efficiency more than the conventional coating materials did. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed molecular clues for the differentiation promoting activity of VNP2. Therefore, this peptide may be used as a favored coating material for the culture and differentiation of ODs. Abstract Differentiation of oligodendrocytes (ODs) presents a challenge in regenerative medicine due to their role in various neurological diseases associated with dysmyelination and demyelination. Here, we designed a peptide derived from vitronectin (VN) using in silico docking simulation and examined its use as a synthetic substrate to support the differentiation of ODs derived from human pluripotent stem cells. The designed peptide, named VNP2, promoted OD differentiation induced by the overexpression of SOX10 in OD precursor cells compared with Matrigel and full-length VN. ODs differentiated on VNP2 exhibited greater contact with axon-mimicking nanofibers than those differentiated on Matrigel. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the genes associated with morphogenesis, cytoskeleton remodeling, and OD differentiation were upregulated in cells grown on VNP2 compared with cells grown on Matrigel. This new synthetic VN-derived peptide can be used to develop a culture environment for efficient OD differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Ung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (W.U.P.); (G.-B.Y.)
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Gyu-Bum Yeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (W.U.P.); (G.-B.Y.)
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Myeong-Sang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (M.-S.Y.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Hui-Gwan Goo
- AMO Life Sciences, 91 Gimpo-daero 1950 beon-gil, Tongjin-eup, Gyeonggi-do 10014, Korea;
| | - Su-Hee Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (M.-S.Y.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Dokyun Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (M.-S.Y.); (S.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (D.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-820-5690 (D.N.); +82-2-3290-3013 (D.-S.K.); Fax: +82-2-3290-3040 (D.-S.K.)
| | - Dae-Sung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (W.U.P.); (G.-B.Y.)
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (D.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-820-5690 (D.N.); +82-2-3290-3013 (D.-S.K.); Fax: +82-2-3290-3040 (D.-S.K.)
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37
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Small molecule screening as an approach to encounter inefficient myelin repair. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 61:127-135. [PMID: 34753035 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While current multiple sclerosis therapies are focused on immunomodulation, thereby slowing down disease progression, scientific interest has nowadays been shifted toward regenerative therapies aiming at reversing already existing deficits. The application of chemical compounds was proven to be valuable for the understanding of oligodendrogenesis and for exposing mechanisms that can boost remyelination. However, sufficient myelin repair has not been achieved yet, thus underscoring the need for more studies toward this unmet clinical goal. In this regard, many research groups have significantly contributed to the field via developing compound screening approaches or using single substances. We, here, present an overview of recent studies addressing the identification of myelin repair drugs and provide insights into technical aspects and identified substances.
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38
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Marangon D, Caporale N, Boccazzi M, Abbracchio MP, Testa G, Lecca D. Novel in vitro Experimental Approaches to Study Myelination and Remyelination in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:748849. [PMID: 34720882 PMCID: PMC8551863 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.748849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is the lipidic insulating structure enwrapping axons and allowing fast saltatory nerve conduction. In the central nervous system, myelin sheath is the result of the complex packaging of multilamellar extensions of oligodendrocyte (OL) membranes. Before reaching myelinating capabilities, OLs undergo a very precise program of differentiation and maturation that starts from OL precursor cells (OPCs). In the last 20 years, the biology of OPCs and their behavior under pathological conditions have been studied through several experimental models. When co-cultured with neurons, OPCs undergo terminal maturation and produce myelin tracts around axons, allowing to investigate myelination in response to exogenous stimuli in a very simple in vitro system. On the other hand, in vivo models more closely reproducing some of the features of human pathophysiology enabled to assess the consequences of demyelination and the molecular mechanisms of remyelination, and they are often used to validate the effect of pharmacological agents. However, they are very complex, and not suitable for large scale drug discovery screening. Recent advances in cell reprogramming, biophysics and bioengineering have allowed impressive improvements in the methodological approaches to study brain physiology and myelination. Rat and mouse OPCs can be replaced by human OPCs obtained by induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from healthy or diseased individuals, thus offering unprecedented possibilities for personalized disease modeling and treatment. OPCs and neural cells can be also artificially assembled, using 3D-printed culture chambers and biomaterial scaffolds, which allow modeling cell-to-cell interactions in a highly controlled manner. Interestingly, scaffold stiffness can be adopted to reproduce the mechanosensory properties assumed by tissues in physiological or pathological conditions. Moreover, the recent development of iPSC-derived 3D brain cultures, called organoids, has made it possible to study key aspects of embryonic brain development, such as neuronal differentiation, maturation and network formation in temporal dynamics that are inaccessible to traditional in vitro cultures. Despite the huge potential of organoids, their application to myelination studies is still in its infancy. In this review, we shall summarize the novel most relevant experimental approaches and their implications for the identification of remyelinating agents for human diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marangon
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Caporale
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Boccazzi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P. Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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39
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Canals I, Quist E, Ahlenius H. Transcription Factor-Based Strategies to Generate Neural Cell Types from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:206-220. [PMID: 34388027 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2021.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the use of pluripotent stem cells in studies of human biology has grown exponentially. These cells represent an infinite source for differentiation into several human cell types facilitating the investigation on biological processes, functionality of cells, or diseases mechanisms in relevant human models. In the neurobiology field, pluripotent stem cells have been extensively used to generate the main neuronal and glial cells of the brain. Traditionally, protocols following developmental cues have been applied to pluripotent stem cells to drive differentiation toward different cell lineages; however, these protocols give rise to populations with mixed identities. Interestingly, new protocols applying overexpression of lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs) have emerged and facilitated the generation of highly pure populations of specific subtypes of neurons and glial cells in an easy, reproducible, and rapid manner. In this study, we review protocols based on this strategy to generate excitatory, inhibitory, dopaminergic, and motor neurons as well as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. In addition, we will discuss the main applications for cells generated with these protocols, including disease modeling, drug screening, and mechanistic studies. Finally, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of TF-based protocols and present our view of the future in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Canals
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ella Quist
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ahlenius
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
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40
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Neyrinck K, Van Den Daele J, Vervliet T, De Smedt J, Wierda K, Nijs M, Vanbokhoven T, D'hondt A, Planque M, Fendt SM, Shih PY, Seibt F, Almenar JP, Kreir M, Kumar D, Broccoli V, Bultynck G, Ebneth A, Cabrera-Socorro A, Verfaillie C. SOX9-induced Generation of Functional Astrocytes Supporting Neuronal Maturation in an All-human System. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1855-1873. [PMID: 33982246 PMCID: PMC8553725 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the main supportive cell type of the brain, show functional impairments upon ageing and in a broad spectrum of neurological disorders. Limited access to human astroglia for pre-clinical studies has been a major bottleneck delaying our understanding of their role in brain health and disease. We demonstrate here that functionally mature human astrocytes can be generated by SOX9 overexpression for 6 days in pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived neural progenitor cells. Inducible (i)SOX9-astrocytes display functional properties comparable to primary human astrocytes comprising glutamate uptake, induced calcium responses and cytokine/growth factor secretion. Importantly, electrophysiological properties of iNGN2-neurons co-cultured with iSOX9-astrocytes are indistinguishable from gold-standard murine primary cultures. The high yield, fast timing and the possibility to cryopreserve iSOX9-astrocytes without losing functional properties makes them suitable for scaled-up production for high-throughput analyses. Our findings represent a step forward to an all-human iPSC-derived neural model for drug development in neuroscience and towards the reduction of animal use in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Neyrinck
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Johanna Van Den Daele
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Tim Vervliet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan De Smedt
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Keimpe Wierda
- Electrophysiology Expert Unit, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Melissa Nijs
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanbokhoven
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Astrid D'hondt
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Planque
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncoloy, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncoloy, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Pei-Yu Shih
- Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, 2340, Belgium
| | - Frederik Seibt
- Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, 2340, Belgium
| | - Juan Pita Almenar
- Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, 2340, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Kreir
- Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, 2340, Belgium
| | - Devesh Kumar
- Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, 2340, Belgium
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas Ebneth
- Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, 2340, Belgium
| | | | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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41
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Ng AHM, Khoshakhlagh P, Rojo Arias JE, Pasquini G, Wang K, Swiersy A, Shipman SL, Appleton E, Kiaee K, Kohman RE, Vernet A, Dysart M, Leeper K, Saylor W, Huang JY, Graveline A, Taipale J, Hill DE, Vidal M, Melero-Martin JM, Busskamp V, Church GM. A comprehensive library of human transcription factors for cell fate engineering. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:510-519. [PMID: 33257861 PMCID: PMC7610615 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer an unprecedented opportunity to model diverse cell types and tissues. To enable systematic exploration of the programming landscape mediated by transcription factors (TFs), we present the Human TFome, a comprehensive library containing 1,564 TF genes and 1,732 TF splice isoforms. By screening the library in three hPSC lines, we discovered 290 TFs, including 241 that were previously unreported, that induce differentiation in 4 days without alteration of external soluble or biomechanical cues. We used four of the hits to program hPSCs into neurons, fibroblasts, oligodendrocytes and vascular endothelial-like cells that have molecular and functional similarity to primary cells. Our cell-autonomous approach enabled parallel programming of hPSCs into multiple cell types simultaneously. We also demonstrated orthogonal programming by including oligodendrocyte-inducible hPSCs with unmodified hPSCs to generate cerebral organoids, which expedited in situ myelination. Large-scale combinatorial screening of the Human TFome will complement other strategies for cell engineering based on developmental biology and computational systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H M Ng
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- GC Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Parastoo Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- GC Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesus Eduardo Rojo Arias
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giovanni Pasquini
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anka Swiersy
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Seth L Shipman
- Gladstone Institutes and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Evan Appleton
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- GC Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kiavash Kiaee
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- GC Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richie E Kohman
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andyna Vernet
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Dysart
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Leeper
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wren Saylor
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Y Huang
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda Graveline
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jussi Taipale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Applied Tumor Genomics Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David E Hill
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Vidal
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan M Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- GC Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Traiffort E, Morisset-Lopez S, Moussaed M, Zahaf A. Defective Oligodendroglial Lineage and Demyelination in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073426. [PMID: 33810425 PMCID: PMC8036314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor neurons and their axons reaching the skeletal muscle have long been considered as the best characterized targets of the degenerative process observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the involvement of glial cells was also more recently reported. Although oligodendrocytes have been underestimated for a longer time than other cells, they are presently considered as critically involved in axonal injury and also conversely constitute a target for the toxic effects of the degenerative neurons. In the present review, we highlight the recent advances regarding oligodendroglial cell involvement in the pathogenesis of ALS. First, we present the oligodendroglial cells, the process of myelination, and the tight relationship between axons and myelin. The histological abnormalities observed in ALS and animal models of the disease are described, including myelin defects and oligodendroglial accumulation of pathological protein aggregates. Then, we present data that establish the existence of dysfunctional and degenerating oligodendroglial cells, the chain of events resulting in oligodendrocyte degeneration, and the most recent molecular mechanisms supporting oligodendrocyte death and dysfunction. Finally, we review the arguments in support of the primary versus secondary involvement of oligodendrocytes in the disease and discuss the therapeutic perspectives related to oligodendrocyte implication in ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Traiffort
- Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System U1195 INSERM, Paris Saclay University, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Séverine Morisset-Lopez
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, Orléans University, INSERM, rue Charles Sadron, CEDEX 02, 45071 Orleans, France; (S.M.-L.); (M.M.)
| | - Mireille Moussaed
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, Orléans University, INSERM, rue Charles Sadron, CEDEX 02, 45071 Orleans, France; (S.M.-L.); (M.M.)
| | - Amina Zahaf
- Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System U1195 INSERM, Paris Saclay University, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
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Lanjewar SN, Sloan SA. Growing Glia: Cultivating Human Stem Cell Models of Gliogenesis in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649538. [PMID: 33842475 PMCID: PMC8027322 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia are present in all organisms with a central nervous system but considerably differ in their diversity, functions, and numbers. Coordinated efforts across many model systems have contributed to our understanding of glial-glial and neuron-glial interactions during nervous system development and disease, but human glia exhibit prominent species-specific attributes. Limited access to primary samples at critical developmental timepoints constrains our ability to assess glial contributions in human tissues. This challenge has been addressed throughout the past decade via advancements in human stem cell differentiation protocols that now offer the ability to model human astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Here, we review the use of novel 2D cell culture protocols, 3D organoid models, and bioengineered systems derived from human stem cells to study human glial development and the role of glia in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven A. Sloan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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One-step Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts into Oligodendrocyte-like Cells by SOX10, OLIG2, and NKX6.2. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:771-783. [PMID: 33770499 PMCID: PMC8072064 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited access to human oligodendrocytes impairs better understanding of oligodendrocyte pathology in myelin diseases. Here, we describe a method to robustly convert human fibroblasts directly into oligodendrocyte-like cells (dc-hiOLs), which allows evaluation of remyelination-promoting compounds and disease modeling. Ectopic expression of SOX10, OLIG2, and NKX6.2 in human fibroblasts results in rapid generation of O4+ cells, which further differentiate into MBP+ mature oligodendrocyte-like cells within 16 days. dc-hiOLs undergo chromatin remodeling to express oligodendrocyte markers, ensheath axons, and nanofibers in vitro, respond to promyelination compound treatment, and recapitulate in vitro oligodendroglial pathologies associated with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher leukodystrophy related to PLP1 mutations. Furthermore, DNA methylome analysis provides evidence that the CpG methylation pattern significantly differs between dc-hiOLs derived from fibroblasts of young and old donors, indicating the maintenance of the source cells’ “age.” In summary, dc-hiOLs represent a reproducible technology that could contribute to personalized medicine in the field of myelin diseases. SOX10, OLIG2, and NKX6.2 directly convert human fibroblasts into dc-hiOLs in 16 days dc-hiOLs express key oligodendrocyte markers dc-hiOLs preserve the epigenetic age of donor cells dc-hiOLs from PMD patients show maturation deficit and vulnerability to cell death
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Shaker MR, Pietrogrande G, Martin S, Lee JH, Sun W, Wolvetang EJ. Rapid and Efficient Generation of Myelinating Human Oligodendrocytes in Organoids. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:631548. [PMID: 33815061 PMCID: PMC8010307 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.631548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human stem cell derived brain organoids are increasingly gaining attention as an ideal model system for investigating neurological diseases, particularly those that involve myelination defects. However, current protocols for generating brain organoids with sufficiently mature oligodendrocytes that deposit myelin on endogenously produced neurons are lengthy and complicated. Taking advantage of a human pluripotent stem cell line that reports on SOX10 expression, we developed a protocol that involves a 42 day exposure of neuroectoderm-derived organoids to a cocktail of growth factors and small molecules that collectively foster oligodendrocyte specification and survival. Importantly, the resulting day 42 brain organoids contain both myelinating oligodendrocytes, cortical neuronal cells and astrocytes. These oligodendrocyte brain organoids therefore constitute a valuable and tractable platform for functional neurogenomics and drug screening for white matter diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R. Shaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Giovanni Pietrogrande
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sally Martin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ernst J. Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Pintacuda G, Martín JM, Eggan KC. Mind the translational gap: using iPS cell models to bridge from genetic discoveries to perturbed pathways and therapeutic targets. Mol Autism 2021; 12:10. [PMID: 33557935 PMCID: PMC7869517 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interactions as well as the presentation of restrictive and repetitive behaviors. ASD is highly heritable but genetically heterogenous with both common and rare genetic variants collaborating to predispose individuals to the disorder. In this review, we synthesize recent efforts to develop human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived models of ASD-related phenotypes. We firstly address concerns regarding the relevance and validity of available neuronal iPSC-derived models. We then critically evaluate the robustness of various differentiation and cell culture protocols used for producing cell types of relevance to ASD. By exploring iPSC models of ASD reported thus far, we examine to what extent cellular and neuronal phenotypes with potential relevance to ASD can be linked to genetic variants found to underlie it. Lastly, we outline promising strategies by which iPSC technology can both enhance the power of genetic studies to identify ASD risk factors and nominate pathways that are disrupted across groups of ASD patients that might serve as common points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Pintacuda
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Jacqueline M Martín
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kevin C Eggan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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47
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De Smedt J, van Os EA, Talon I, Ghosh S, Toprakhisar B, Furtado Madeiro Da Costa R, Zaunz S, Vazquez MA, Boon R, Baatsen P, Smout A, Verhulst S, van Grunsven LA, Verfaillie CM. PU.1 drives specification of pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells to LSEC-like cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:84. [PMID: 33446637 PMCID: PMC7809369 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is no representative in vitro model for liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), as primary LSECs dedifferentiate very fast in culture and no combination of cytokines or growth factors can induce an LSEC fate in (pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived) endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, the transcriptional programmes driving an LSEC fate have not yet been described. Here, we first present a computational workflow (CenTFinder) that can identify transcription factors (TFs) that are crucial for modulating pathways involved in cell lineage specification. Using CenTFinder, we identified several novel LSEC-specific protein markers, such as FCN2 and FCN3, which were validated by analysis of previously published single-cell RNAseq data. We also identified PU.1 (encoded by the SPI1 gene) as a major regulator of LSEC-specific immune functions. We show that SPI1 overexpression (combined with the general EC TF ETV2) in human PSCs induces ECs with an LSEC-like phenotype. The ETV2-SPI1-ECs display increased expression of LSEC markers, such as CD32B and MRC1, as well as several of the proposed novel markers. More importantly, ETV2-SPI1-ECs acquire LSEC functions, including uptake of FSA-FITC, as well as labelled IgG. In conclusion, we present the CenTFinder computational tool to identify key regulatory TFs within specific pathways, in this work pathways of lineage specification, and we demonstrate its use by the identification and validation of PU.1 as a master regulator for LSEC fating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan De Smedt
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Elise Anne van Os
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Irene Talon
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Burak Toprakhisar
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Samantha Zaunz
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta Aguirre Vazquez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Boon
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Pieter Baatsen
- Electron Microscopy Platform of VIB Bio Imaging Core at KU Leuven and VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ayla Smout
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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48
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Advances in 3D neuronal microphysiological systems: towards a functional nervous system on a chip. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:191-206. [PMID: 33438114 PMCID: PMC7802613 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) designed to study the complexities of the peripheral and central nervous systems have made marked improvements over the years and have allowed researchers to assess in two and three dimensions the functional interconnectivity of neuronal tissues. The recent generation of brain organoids has further propelled the field into the nascent recapitulation of structural, functional, and effective connectivities which are found within the native human nervous system. Herein, we will review advances in culture methodologies, focused especially on those of human tissues, which seek to bridge the gap from 2D cultures to hierarchical and defined 3D MPS with the end goal of developing a robust nervous system-on-a-chip platform. These advances have far-reaching implications within basic science, pharmaceutical development, and translational medicine disciplines.
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49
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Neyrinck K, García-León JA. Single Transcription Factor-Based Differentiation Allowing Fast and Efficient Oligodendrocyte Generation via SOX10 Overexpression. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2352:149-170. [PMID: 34324186 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1601-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the main glial cell type in the central nervous system supporting the axonal part of neurons via myelin and lactate delivery. Both the conductive myelin formation and the energy support via lactate can be affected in diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, respectively. Therefore, human disease modeling is needed to gain more mechanistic insights to drive drug discovery research. Here, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) serve as a necessary tool providing an infinite cell source for patient-specific disease modeling, which allows investigation of oligodendrocyte involvement in human disease.Small molecule-based differentiation protocols to generate oligodendrocytes from pluripotent stem cells can last more than 90 days. Here, we provide a transcription factor-based, fast and efficient protocol for generating O4+ oligodendrocytes in just 20-24 days. After a neural induction phase of 8-12 days, SOX10 is overexpressed either with the use of lentiviral vectors or via engineered iPSCs, which inducibly overexpress SOX10 after doxycycline addition. Using this last method, a pure O4+ cell population is achieved after keeping the SOX10-overexpressing neural stem cells in culture for an additional 10 days. Furthermore, these O4+ cells can be co-cultured with iPSC-derived cortical neurons in 384-well format, allowing pro-myelinating drug screens. In conclusion, we provide a fast and efficient oligodendrocyte differentiation protocol allowing both in vitro human disease modeling and a high-throughput co-culture system for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Neyrinck
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Juan A García-León
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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50
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Epigenetic activation of a RAS/MYC axis in H3.3K27M-driven cancer. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6216. [PMID: 33277484 PMCID: PMC7718276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27M) mutations represent the canonical oncohistone, occurring frequently in midline gliomas but also identified in haematopoietic malignancies and carcinomas. H3K27M functions, at least in part, through widespread changes in H3K27 trimethylation but its role in tumour initiation remains obscure. To address this, we created a transgenic mouse expressing H3.3K27M in diverse progenitor cell populations. H3.3K27M expression drives tumorigenesis in multiple tissues, which is further enhanced by Trp53 deletion. We find that H3.3K27M epigenetically activates a transcriptome, enriched for PRC2 and SOX10 targets, that overrides developmental and tissue specificity and is conserved between H3.3K27M-mutant mouse and human tumours. A key feature of the H3K27M transcriptome is activation of a RAS/MYC axis, which we find can be targeted therapeutically in isogenic and primary DIPG cell lines with H3.3K27M mutations, providing an explanation for the common co-occurrence of alterations in these pathways in human H3.3K27M-driven cancer. Taken together, these results show how H3.3K27M-driven transcriptome remodelling promotes tumorigenesis and will be critical for targeting cancers with these mutations. Histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27M) is often mutated in cancer but its role in tumour initiation is unclear. Here, the authors generated a transgenic model expressing H3.3K27M from the Fabp7 gene promoter, demonstrating that H3.3K27M can initiate diverse tumorigesis on its own, acting through a RAS/MYC transcriptomic programme.
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