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Koshiol J, Zhu B, Wang R, Hildesheim A, Gao YT, Egner PA, Yuan JM, Groopman JD. Association of aflatoxin with gallbladder cancer in a case-control study nested within a Chinese cohort. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:801-806. [PMID: 37840351 PMCID: PMC10841509 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated whether aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) exposure was associated with later risk of developing gallbladder cancer (GBC). We measured AFB1 -lysine albumin adducts in baseline samples from the Shanghai Cohort Study of 18 244 men aged 45 to 64 years (recruited 1986-1989). We included 84 GBC cases with sufficient serum and 168 controls matched on age at sample collection, date of blood draw and residence. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for detectable vs non-detectable AFB1 -lysine albumin adducts and gallbladder cancer. AFB1 -lysine albumin adducts were detected in 50.0% of GBC cases, and risk of GBC was twice as high in those with detectable vs undetectable levels (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0-3.9). ORs ranged from 1.8 (95% CI = 0.75-4.3) for 0.5 to <1.75 pg/mg vs undetectable adduct levels to 2.2 (95% CI = 0.91-5.6) for >3.36 pg/mg vs undetectable, suggesting a dose-response (Ptrend = .05). When restricted to cases diagnosed before the median time to diagnosis after blood draw (18.4 years), results were similar (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 0.80-5.8) to those for the entire follow-up duration. The OR was 9.4 (95% CI = 1.7-51.1) for individuals with detectable AFB1 -lysine albumin adducts and self-reported gallstones compared to individuals with neither. Participants with detectable AFB1 -lysine albumin adducts at baseline had increased risk of developing GBC, replicating the previously observed association between AFB1 exposure and providing the first evidence of temporality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Renwei Wang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center & Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Patricia A. Egner
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center & Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John D. Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Attiq A, Afzal S. Trinity of inflammation, innate immune cells and cross-talk of signalling pathways in tumour microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1255727. [PMID: 37680708 PMCID: PMC10482416 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1255727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Unresolved inflammation is a pathological consequence of persistent inflammatory stimulus and perturbation in regulatory mechanisms. It increases the risk of tumour development and orchestrates all stages of tumorigenesis in selected organs. In certain cancers, inflammatory processes create the appropriate conditions for neoplastic transformation. While in other types, oncogenic changes pave the way for an inflammatory microenvironment that leads to tumour development. Of interest, hallmarks of tumour-promoting and cancer-associated inflammation are striking similar, sharing a complex network of stromal (fibroblasts and vascular cells) and inflammatory immune cells that collectively form the tumour microenvironment (TME). The cross-talks of signalling pathways initially developed to support homeostasis, change their role, and promote atypical proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and subversion of adaptive immunity in TME. These transcriptional and regulatory pathways invariably contribute to cancer-promoting inflammation in chronic inflammatory disorders and foster "smouldering" inflammation in the microenvironment of various tumour types. Besides identifying common target sites of numerous cancer types, signalling programs and their cross-talks governing immune cells' plasticity and functional diversity can be used to develop new fate-mapping and lineage-tracing mechanisms. Here, we review the vital molecular mechanisms and pathways that establish the connection between inflammation and tumour development, progression, and metastasis. We also discussed the cross-talks between signalling pathways and devised strategies focusing on these interaction mechanisms to harness synthetic lethal drug combinations for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Attiq
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sheryar Afzal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Jaruga P, Tomar R, Kant M, Vartanian V, Sexton B, Rizzo CJ, Turesky RJ, Stone MP, Lloyd RS, Dizdaroglu M. Synthesis and Characterization of 15N 5-Labeled Aflatoxin B 1-Formamidopyrimidines and Aflatoxin B 1-N7-Guanine from a Partial Double-Stranded Oligodeoxynucleotide as Internal Standards for Mass Spectrometric Measurements. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:14841-14854. [PMID: 37125130 PMCID: PMC10134230 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure through contaminated food is a primary contributor to hepatocellular carcinogenesis worldwide. Hepatitis B viral infections in livers dramatically increase the carcinogenic potency of AFB1 exposures. Liver cytochrome P450 oxidizes AFB1 to the epoxide, which in turn reacts with N7-guanine in DNA, producing the cationic trans-8,9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 adduct (AFB1-N7-Gua). The opening of the imidazole ring of AFB1-N7-Gua under physiological conditions causes the formation of the cis- and trans-diastereomers of 8,9-dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-5-yl-formamido)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (AFB1-FapyGua). These adducts primarily lead to G → T mutations, with AFB1-FapyGua being significantly more mutagenic than AFB1-N7-Gua. The unequivocal identification and accurate quantification of these AFB1-Gua adducts as biomarkers are essential for a fundamental understanding and prevention of AFB1-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Among a variety of analytical techniques used for this purpose, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with the use of the stable isotope-labeled analogues of AFB1-FapyGua and AFB1-N7-Gua as internal standards, provides the greatest accuracy and sensitivity. cis-AFB1-FapyGua-15N5, trans-AFB1-FapyGua-15N5, and AFB1-N7-Gua-15N5 have been synthesized and used successfully as internal standards. However, the availability of these standards from either academic institutions or commercial sources ceased to exist. Thus, quantitative genomic data regarding AFB1-induced DNA damage in animal models and humans remain challenging to obtain. Previously, AFB1-N7-Gua-15N5 was prepared by reacting AFB1-exo-8,9-epoxide with the uniformly 15N5-labeled DNA isolated from algae grown in a pure 15N-environment, followed by alkali treatment, resulting in the conversion of AFB1-N7-Gua-15N5 to AFB1-FapyGua-15N5. In the present work, we used a different and simpler approach to synthesize cis-AFB1-FapyGua-15N5, trans-AFB1-FapyGua-15N5, and AFB1-N7-Gua-15N5 from a partial double-stranded 11-mer Gua-15N5-labeled oligodeoxynucleotide, followed by isolation and purification. We also show the validation of these 15N5-labeled standards for the measurement of cis-AFB1-FapyGua, trans-AFB1-FapyGua, and AFB1-N7-Gua in DNA of livers of AFB1-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Jaruga
- Biomolecular
Measurement Division, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Rachana Tomar
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Melis Kant
- Biomolecular
Measurement Division, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Vladimir Vartanian
- Oregon
Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Benjamin Sexton
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Carmelo J. Rizzo
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic
Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael P. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - R. Stephen Lloyd
- Oregon
Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Miral Dizdaroglu
- Biomolecular
Measurement Division, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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Abstract
Fungi produce mycotoxins in the presence of appropriate temperature, humidity, sufficient nutrients and if the density of the mushroom mass is favorable. Although all mycotoxins are of fungal origin, all toxic compounds produced by fungi are not called mycotoxins. The interest in mycotoxins first started in the 1960s, and today the interest in mycotoxin-induced diseases has increased. To date, 400 mycotoxins have been identified and the most important species producing mycotoxins belongs to Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Fusarium genera. Mycotoxins are classified as hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, immunotoxins etc. In this review genotoxic and also other health effects of some major mycotoxin groups like Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins, Patulin, Fumonisins, Zearalenone, Trichothecenes and Ergot alkaloids were deeply analyzed.
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Zhang J, Wang P, Xu F, Huang W, Ji Q, Han Y, Shao B, Li Y. Protective effects of lycopene against AFB 1-induced erythrocyte dysfunction and oxidative stress in mice. Res Vet Sci 2020; 129:103-108. [PMID: 31954314 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the protective role of lycopene (LYC) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced erythrocyte dysfunction and oxidative stress, male kunming mice were treated with LYC (5 mg/kg) and/or AFB1 (0.75 mg/kg) by intragastric administration for 30 d. Hematological indices were detected to assess erythrocyte function. The erythrocytes C3b receptor rate (E-C3bRR) and erythrocytes C3b immune complex rosette rate (E-ICRR) were detected to assess erythrocyte immune function. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were determined to evaluate erythrocyte oxidative stress. The results showed that LYC administration significantly relieved AFB1-induced erythrocyte dysfunction by increasing the levels of red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT), as well as reducing red blood cell volume distribution width (RDW) level, while the levels of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean platelet volume (MPV) had no significant differences among the four groups. Besides, LYC ameliorated AFB1-induced erythrocyte immune dysfunction by increasing E-C3bRR and decreasing E-ICRR. Furthermore, LYC also alleviated AFB1-induced erythrocyte oxidative stress by decreasing H2O2 and MDA contents and increasing SOD and CAT activities. These results indicated that LYC protected against AFB1-induced erythrocyte dysfunction and oxidative stress in mice. The findings could lead a possible therapeutics for the management of AFB1-induced erythrocyte toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Peiyan Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Feibo Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qiang Ji
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Omara T, Nassazi W, Omute T, Awath A, Laker F, Kalukusu R, Musau B, Nakabuye BV, Kagoya S, Otim G, Adupa E. Aflatoxins in Uganda: An Encyclopedic Review of the Etiology, Epidemiology, Detection, Quantification, Exposure Assessment, Reduction, and Control. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:4723612. [PMID: 31998379 PMCID: PMC6970494 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4723612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uganda is an agrarian country where farming employs more than 60% of the population. Aflatoxins remain a scourge in the country, unprecedentedly reducing the nutritional and economic value of agricultural foods. This review was sought to synthetize the country's major findings in relation to the mycotoxins' etiology, epidemiology, detection, quantification, exposure assessment, control, and reduction in different matrices. Electronic results indicate that aflatoxins in Uganda are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus and have been reported in maize, sorghum, sesame, beans, sunflower, millet, peanuts, and cassava. The causes and proliferation of aflatoxigenic contamination of Ugandan foods have been largely due to poor pre-, peri-, and postharvest activities, poor government legislation, lack of awareness, and low levels of education among farmers, entrepreneurs, and consumers on this plague. Little diet diversity has exacerbated the risk of exposure to aflatoxins in Uganda because most of the staple foods are aflatoxin-prone. On the detection and control, these are still marginal, though some devoted scholars have devised and validated a sensitive portable device for on-site aflatoxin detection in maize and shown that starter cultures used for making some cereal-based beverages have the potential to bind aflatoxins. More efforts should be geared towards awareness creation and vaccination against hepatitis B and hepatitis A to reduce the risk of development of liver cancer among the populace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Omara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, Kesses, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Academic Highway, Eldoret, Kenya
- Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Product Development Directory, AgroWays Uganda Limited, Plot 34-60 Kyabazinga Way, P.O. Box 1924, Jinja, Uganda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Winfred Nassazi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, Kesses, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Academic Highway, Eldoret, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tom Omute
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lira University, P.O. Box 1035, Lira, Uganda
| | - Aburu Awath
- Standards Department, Uganda National Bureau of Standards, Plot 2-12 Bypass Link, Bweyogerere Industrial and Business Park, P.O. Box 6329, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fortunate Laker
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Leading Distillers Uganda Limited, Plot 3382/83, Buloba, P.O. Box 12369, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Raymond Kalukusu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Leading Distillers Uganda Limited, Plot 3382/83, Buloba, P.O. Box 12369, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bashir Musau
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Leading Distillers Uganda Limited, Plot 3382/83, Buloba, P.O. Box 12369, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brenda Victoria Nakabuye
- Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Leading Distillers Uganda Limited, Plot 3382/83, Buloba, P.O. Box 12369, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Kagoya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Product Development Directory, Sweets and Confectionaries Section, Kakira Sugar Limited, Jinja-Iganga Highway, P.O. Box 121, Jinja, Uganda
| | - George Otim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eddie Adupa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Abacus Parenteral Drugs Limited, Block 191, Plot 114, Kinga, Mukono, P.O. Box 31376, Kampala, Uganda
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Casquete R, Benito MJ, Aranda E, Martín A, Ruiz-Moyano S, de Guía Córdoba M. Gene expression of Aspergillus flavus strains on a cheese model system to control aflatoxin production. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7765-7772. [PMID: 31301828 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of genes associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis by different Aspergillus flavus strains growing on a cheese model system has not been studied. To control aflatoxin biosynthesis, it would be useful to understand the changes in gene expression during cheesemaking and relate those changes to toxin production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of pH, water activity, and temperature on the expression of 2 regulatory genes (aflR and aflS) and 1 structural gene (aflP) involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis, using 3 aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains growing on a cheese-based medium and reverse-transcription real-time PCR. The gene expression patterns were influenced by A. flavus strain and environmental conditions. The structural gene aflP and the regulatory genes aflR and aflS showed similar expression patterns in each A. flavus strain, but we also observed inter-strain differences. We observed the highest expression levels at 6 and 9 d of incubation by A. flavus strains CQ8 and CQ103, and saw a decrease in the days following. Strain CQ7 showed the lowest expression of these genes. We observed the highest expression levels of these genes at pH 5.5, water activity 0.95, and 20 to 25°C; strain CQ103 showed a different pattern for the aflS gene, with maximum expression at pH 6.0 on d 6 of incubation. For the 3 strains, we found a strong correlation between the relative expression of the aflR and aflS genes and the concentration of aflatoxins under conditions that simulated cheese ripening. Control strategies to avoid aflatoxin contamination during cheesemaking could use the detection of regulatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Casquete
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María José Benito
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Emilio Aranda
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Santiago Ruiz-Moyano
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María de Guía Córdoba
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Lin X, Hu X, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Zhang M. Bioaccessibility in daily diet and bioavailability in vitro of aflatoxins from maize after cooking. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioavailability is not a constant percentage of a contaminant in food but is affected by many factors, such as food type, treatment, diet structure and interaction with other compounds. To evaluate these influences, we measured the bioaccessibility of aflatoxins from nine naturally polluted maize samples, collected from southeast China, using an in vitro digestion model, and analysed the intestinal transport of aflatoxins by a Caco-2 cell model. Steam cooking treatment could reduce the aflatoxin levels in maize bread. The degradation rates of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, and aflatoxin G2 ranged from 24.9±3.2 to 33.9±3.5%, 27.0±2.0 to 39.0±1.8%, 27.9±7.9 to 34.4±8.2% and 25.6±3.6 to 37.2±6.5%, respectively. As a result, the bioaccessibility of aflatoxins determined by an in vitro digestion model (41.5-63.3%) was much lower than the previously reported 80%. Edible oil could increase the bioaccessibility of aflatoxin, whereas lettuce would decrease the exposure amount from maize. With a Caco-2 cell model, the apparent permeability coefficient exceeding 10-5 cm/s indicated that there is high absorption of aflatoxins in the human body, while the intestinal transport can be effectively restrained in the presence of chlorophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Lin
- Physics and Chemistry department, Tianjin Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300170, China P.R
| | - X. Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Occupational and Environmental Hazard, Logistics College of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, China P.R
| | - Y. Zhang
- Physics and Chemistry department, Tianjin Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300170, China P.R
| | - Y. Xia
- Physics and Chemistry department, Tianjin Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300170, China P.R
| | - M. Zhang
- Physics and Chemistry department, Tianjin Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300170, China P.R
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Wu J, Zhu S, Wu Y, Jiang T, Wang L, Jiang J, Wen J, Deng Y. Multiple CH/π Interactions Maintain the Binding of Aflatoxin B₁ in the Active Cavity of Human Cytochrome P450 1A2. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030158. [PMID: 30871064 PMCID: PMC6468651 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is one of the key CYPs that activate aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a notorious mycotoxin, into carcinogenic exo-8,9-epoxides (AFBO) in the liver. Although the structure of CYP1A2 is available, the mechanism of CYP1A2-specific binding to AFB1 has not been fully clarified. In this study, we used calculation biology to predict a model of CYP1A2 with AFB1, where Thr-124, Phe-125, Phe-226, and Phe-260 possibly participate in the specific binding. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to construct mutants T124A, F125A, F226A, and F260A. Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant proteins T124A, F226A, and F260A had active structures, while F125A did not. This was evidenced by Fe2+∙Carbon monoxide (CO)-reduced difference spectra and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Mutant F125A was expressed in HEK293T cells. Steady kinetic assays showed that T124A had enhanced activity towards AFB1, while F125A, F226A, and F260A were significantly reduced in their ability to activate AFB1, implying that hydrogen bonds between Thr-124 and AFB1 were not important for substrate-specific binding, whereas Phe-125, Phe-226, and Phe-260 were essential for the process. The computation simulation and experimental results showed that the three key CH/π interactions between Phe-125, Phe-226, or Phe-260 and AFB1 collectively maintained the stable binding of AFB1 in the active cavity of CYP1A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Sisi Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yunbo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Tianqing Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lingling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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10
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Shao P, Guo N, Wang C, Zhao M, Yi L, Liu C, Kang L, Cao L, Lv P, Xing L, Zhang X, Shen H. Aflatoxin G
1
induced TNF‐α‐dependent lung inflammation to enhance DNA damage in alveolar epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9194-9206. [PMID: 30478833 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peilu Shao
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
- Department of Pathology The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Ningfei Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Pathology The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Li Yi
- Department of Pathology The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Chunping Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Lifei Kang
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Lei Cao
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Pharmacology Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Lingxiao Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
- Department of Pathology The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
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11
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Fedeles BI, Essigmann JM. Impact of DNA lesion repair, replication and formation on the mutational spectra of environmental carcinogens: Aflatoxin B 1 as a case study. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 71:12-22. [PMID: 30309820 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In a multicellular organism, somatic mutations represent a permanent record of the past chemical and biochemical perturbations experienced by a cell in its local microenvironment. Akin to a perpetual recording device, with every replication, genomic DNA accumulates mutations in patterns that reflect: i) the sequence context-dependent formation of DNA damage, due to environmental or endogenous reactive species, including spontaneous processes; ii) the activity of DNA repair pathways, which, depending on the type of lesion, can erase, ignore or exacerbate the mutagenic consequences of that DNA damage; and iii) the choice of replication machinery that synthesizes the nascent genomic copy. These three factors result in a richly contoured sequence context-dependent mutational spectrum that, from appearances, is distinct for most individual forms of DNA damage. Such a mutagenic legacy, if appropriately decoded, can reveal the local history of genome-altering events such as chemical or pathogen exposures, metabolic stress, and inflammation, which in turn can provide an indication of the underlying causes and mechanisms of genetic disease. Modern tools have positioned us to develop a deep mechanistic understanding of the cellular factors and pathways that modulate a mutational process and, in turn, provide opportunities for better diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, better exposure risk assessment and even actionable therapeutic targets. The goal of this Perspective is to present a bottom-up, lesion-centric framework of mutagenesis that integrates the contributions of lesion replication, lesion repair and lesion formation to explain the complex mutational spectra that emerge in the genome following exposure to mutagens. The mutational spectra of the well-studied hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 are showcased here as specific examples, but the implications are meant to be generalizable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan I Fedeles
- Departments of Biological Engineering, Chemistry and The Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - John M Essigmann
- Departments of Biological Engineering, Chemistry and The Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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12
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Huang P, Kong W, Wang S, Wang R, Lu J, Yang M. Multiclass mycotoxins in lotus seeds analysed by an isotope-labelled internal standard-based UPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1378-1388. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to explore the residue levels of multiclass mycotoxins in medicinal and edible lotus seeds.
Methods
A rapid and reliable isotope-labelled internal standard-based UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for sensitive and accurate analysis of multiclass mycotoxins including aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), T-2 and HT-2 toxins in lotus seeds. Some critical conditions such as extract solution with the addition of isotope-labelled internal standard, type of mobile phase and the elution condition were scientifically optimized. The 11 mycotoxins obtained satisfactory resolution and sensitive detection in multiple reactions monitoring scanning mode combined with the ion switching technology in positive and negative ion switching mode.
Key findings
The developed isotope-labelled internal standard-based UPLC-MS/MS method exhibited an approving linearity (r ≥ 0.9984), high sensitivity (limit of detection in the range of 0.015–30.05 μg/kg), acceptable precision (RSDs ≤6.3%) and good recovery (76.0–116.0%) for 11 analytes, respectively. Ten batches of real lotus seed samples were tested, and three batches out of which were contaminated with AFB1, FB2, T-2 and ZEN. AFB1 showed the highest occurrence rate (30%) with contents of 10.50 and 8.32 μg/kg in two samples over the official limit (5.0 μg/kg).
Conclusions
The monitoring of multiclass mycotoxins in Chinese herbal medicines is in great urgency to ensure the security of consumers. The proposed method could be further utilized for simple, sensitive and rapid detection of more mycotoxins in other complex matrices to compensate for matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinxuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Pharmacy College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- PLA Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Lu
- Pharmacy College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Ilic Z, Mondal TK, Guest I, Crawford DR, Sell S. Participation of liver stem cells in cholangiocarcinogenesis after aflatoxin B1 exposure of glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout mice. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318777344. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428318777344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1, arguably the most potent human carcinogen, induces liver cancer in humans, rats, trout, ducks, and so on, but adult mice are totally resistant. This resistance is because of a detoxifying enzyme, mouse glutathione S-transferase A3, which binds to and inactivates aflatoxin B1 epoxide, preventing the epoxide from binding to DNA and causing mutations. Glutathione S-transferase A3 or its analog has not been detected in any of the sensitive species, including humans. The generation of a glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout (represented as KO or -/-) mice has allowed us to study the induction of liver cancer in mice by aflatoxin B1. In contrast to the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas in other species, aflatoxin B1 induces cholangiocarcinomas in GSTA3-/- mice. In other species and in knockout mice, the induction of liver cancer is preceded by extensive proliferation of small oval cells, providing additional evidence that oval cells are bipolar stem cells and may give rise to either hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma depending on the nature of the hepatocarcinogen and the species of animal. The recent development of mouse oval cell lines in our laboratory from aflatoxin B1-treated GSTA3-/- mice should provide a new venue for study of the properties and potential of putative mouse liver stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ilic
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Tapan K Mondal
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ian Guest
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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14
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Deabes MM, Khalil WKB, Attallah AG, El-Desouky TA, Naguib KM. Impact of Silver Nanoparticles on Gene Expression in Aspergillus Flavus Producer Aflatoxin B1. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:600-605. [PMID: 29731923 PMCID: PMC5927486 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM In this study, we evaluated the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) through assessment the transcription activity of aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway genes in Aspergillus flavus ATCC28542. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mRNAs were quantitative by Real Time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of A. flavus grown in yeast extract sucrose (YES) medium containing AgNPs. Specific primers that are involved in the AFB1 biosynthesis which highly specific to A. flavus, O-methyltransferase gene (omt-A), were designed and used to detect the fungus activity by quantitative PCR assay. The AFB1 production (from A. flavus growth) which effected by AgNPs were measured in YES medium by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS The AFB1 produced by A. flavus have the highest reduction with 1.5 mg -100 ml of AgNPs were added in media those records 88.2%, 67.7% and 83.5% reduction by using AgNP HA1N, AgNP HA2N and AgNP EH, respectively. While on mycelial growth give significantly inhibitory effect. These results have been confirmed by qRT-PCR which showed that culture of A. flavus with the presence of AgNPs reduced the expression levels of omt-A gene. CONCLUSION Based on the results of the present study, AgNPs inhibit growth and AFB1 produced by Aspergillus flavus ATCC28542. This was confirmed through RT-PCR approach showing the effect of AgNPs on omt-A gene involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoud Deabes
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ashraf Gamil Attallah
- Microbial Genetics Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tarek Ahmed El-Desouky
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khayria Mahmoud Naguib
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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15
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Moore MM, Schoeny RS, Becker RA, White K, Pottenger LH. Development of an adverse outcome pathway for chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma: case study of AFB1, a human carcinogen with a mutagenic mode of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:312-337. [PMID: 29431554 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1423462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are frameworks starting with a molecular initiating event (MIE), followed by key events (KEs) linked by KE relationships (KERs), ultimately resulting in a specific adverse outcome. Relevant data for the pathway and each KE/KER are evaluated to assess biological plausibility, weight-of-evidence, and confidence. We aimed to describe an AOP relevant to chemicals directly inducing mutation in cancer critical gene(s), via the formation of chemical-specific pro-mutagenic DNA adduct(s), as an early critical step in tumor etiology. Such chemicals have mutagenic modes-of-action (MOA) for tumor induction. To assist with developing this AOP, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was selected as a case study because it has a rich database and is considered to have a mutagenic MOA. AFB1 information was used to define specific KEs, KERs, and to inform development of a generic AOP for mutagen-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In assessing the AFB1 information, it became clear that existing data are, in fact, not optimal and for some KEs/KERs, the definitive data are not available. In particular, while there is substantial information that AFB1 can induce mutations (based on a number of mutation assays), the definitive evidence - the ability to induce mutation in the cancer critical gene(s) in the tumor target tissue - is not available. Thus, it is necessary to consider the patterns of results in the weight-of-evidence for KEs and KERs. It was important to determine whether there was sufficient evidence that AFB1 can induce the necessary critical mutations early in the carcinogenic process, which was the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Moore
- a Ramboll Environ US Corporation , Little Rock , AR , USA
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16
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Xiang X, Qin HG, You XM, Wang YY, Qi LN, Ma L, Xiang BD, Zhong JH, Li LQ. Expression of P62 in hepatocellular carcinoma involving hepatitis B virus infection and aflatoxin B1 exposure. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2357-2369. [PMID: 28941211 PMCID: PMC5633547 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the relationship and mechanism between expression of autophagy‐related protein P62 and prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involving chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure. HCC patients who underwent resection were divided into three groups: HBV(+)/AFB1(+) (n = 26), HBV(+)/AFB1(−) (n = 68), and HBV(−)/AFB1(−) (n = 14). The groups were compared in terms of mRNA and protein levels of P62, disease‐free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) and the expression of NRF2, Nqo1, and AKR7A3 in P62 high‐expression and low‐expression group. HBV(+)/AFB1(+) group has lower DFS and OS, and higher P62 expression than in the other two groups. P62 expression generally correlated with elevated NRF2 and Nqo1 expression, and reduced AKR7A3 expression. Patients expressing high levels of P62 showed significantly lower DFS and OS rates than patients expressing low levels. HCC involving HBV infection and AFB1 exposure is associated with relatively high risk of tumor recurrence, and this poor prognosis may relate to high P62 expression. High P62 expression activates the NRF2 pathway, promotes tumor recurrence. The downregulation of AKR7A3 also reduced liver detoxification of aflatoxin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Hospital Oncology School, Guangxi Cancer Center, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Hong-Gui Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Hospital Oncology School, Guangxi Cancer Center, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xue-Mei You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Hospital Oncology School, Guangxi Cancer Center, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Hospital Oncology School, Guangxi Cancer Center, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Lu-Nan Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Hospital Oncology School, Guangxi Cancer Center, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Hospital Oncology School, Guangxi Cancer Center, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Bang-De Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Hospital Oncology School, Guangxi Cancer Center, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Hospital Oncology School, Guangxi Cancer Center, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Le-Qun Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Hospital Oncology School, Guangxi Cancer Center, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, 530021, China
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17
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Yi L, Shen H, Zhao M, Shao P, Liu C, Cui J, Wang J, Wang C, Guo N, Kang L, Lv P, Xing L, Zhang X. Inflammation-mediated SOD-2 upregulation contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of tumor cells in aflatoxin G 1-induced lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7953. [PMID: 28801561 PMCID: PMC5554181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated inflammation plays a critical role in facilitating tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Our previous study showed Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) could induce lung adenocarcinoma in mice. Chronic lung inflammation associated with superoxide dismutase (SOD)-2 upregulation was found in the lung carcinogenesis. However, it is unclear whether tumor-associated inflammation mediates SOD-2 to contribute to cell invasion in AFG1-induced lung adenocarcinoma. Here, we found increased SOD-2 expression associated with vimentin, α-SMA, Twist1, and MMP upregulation in AFG1-induced lung adenocarcinoma. Tumor-associated inflammatory microenvironment was also elicited, which may be related to SOD-2 upregulation and EMT in cancer cells. To mimic an AFG1-induced tumor-associated inflammatory microenvironment in vitro, we treated A549 cells and human macrophage THP-1 (MΦ-THP-1) cells with AFG1, TNF-α and/or IL-6 respectively. We found AFG1 did not promote SOD-2 expression and EMT in cancer cells, but enhanced TNF-α and SOD-2 expression in MΦ-THP-1 cells. Furthermore, TNF-α could upregulate SOD-2 expression in A549 cells through NF-κB pathway. Blocking of SOD-2 by siRNA partly inhibited TNF-α-mediated E-cadherin and vimentin alteration, and reversed EMT and cell migration in A549 cells. Thus, we suggest that tumor-associated inflammation mediates SOD-2 upregulation through NF-κB pathway, which may contribute to EMT and cell migration in AFG1-induced lung adenocarcinoma. INTRODUCTION
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peilu Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunping Liu
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Dermatology,The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ningfei Guo
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lifei Kang
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingxiao Xing
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China. .,Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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18
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Fedeles BI, Chawanthayatham S, Croy RG, Wogan GN, Essigmann JM. Early detection of the aflatoxin B 1 mutational fingerprint: A diagnostic tool for liver cancer. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 4:e1329693. [PMID: 28868344 PMCID: PMC5540215 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2017.1329693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Using duplex-consensus sequencing technology, we recently identified the characteristic high-resolution mutational spectrum of the liver carcinogen aflatoxin B1 in a mouse model, many months before aflatoxin-induced tumors are detectable. The diagnostic power of this spectrum is then demonstrated by accurately identifying, among the sequenced human liver tumors, the subset of cancers associated with aflatoxin B1 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan I Fedeles
- Departments of Chemistry, Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Supawadee Chawanthayatham
- Departments of Chemistry, Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert G Croy
- Departments of Chemistry, Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gerald N Wogan
- Departments of Chemistry, Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John M Essigmann
- Departments of Chemistry, Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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19
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Mutational spectra of aflatoxin B 1 in vivo establish biomarkers of exposure for human hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3101-E3109. [PMID: 28351974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700759114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and/or hepatitis B and C viruses are risk factors for human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Available evidence supports the interpretation that formation of AFB1-DNA adducts in hepatocytes seeds a population of mutations, mainly G:C→T:A, and viral processes synergize to accelerate tumorigenesis, perhaps via inflammation. Responding to a need for early-onset evidence predicting disease development, highly accurate duplex sequencing was used to monitor acquisition of high-resolution mutational spectra (HRMS) during the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. Four-day-old male mice were treated with AFB1 using a regimen that induced HCC within 72 wk. For analysis, livers were separated into tumor and adjacent cellular fractions. HRMS of cells surrounding the tumors revealed predominantly G:C→T:A mutations characteristic of AFB1 exposure. Importantly, 25% of all mutations were G→T in one trinucleotide context (CGC; the underlined G is the position of the mutation), which is also a hotspot mutation in human liver tumors whose incidence correlates with AFB1 exposure. The technology proved sufficiently sensitive that the same distinctive spectrum was detected as early as 10 wk after dosing, well before evidence of neoplasia. Additionally, analysis of tumor tissue revealed a more complex pattern than observed in surrounding hepatocytes; tumor HRMS were a composite of the 10-wk spectrum and a more heterogeneous set of mutations that emerged during tumor outgrowth. We propose that the 10-wk HRMS reflects a short-term mutational response to AFB1, and, as such, is an early detection metric for AFB1-induced liver cancer in this mouse model that will be a useful tool to reconstruct the molecular etiology of human hepatocarcinogenesis.
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20
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Mupunga I, Izaaks CD, Shai LJ, Katerere DR. Aflatoxin biomarkers in hair may facilitate long-term exposure studies. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:395-399. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Mupunga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Tshwane University of Technology; Pretoria South Africa
| | | | - Leshweni J. Shai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Tshwane University of Technology; Pretoria South Africa
| | - David R. Katerere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tshwane University of Technology; Pretoria South Africa
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21
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Gallo A, Solfrizzo M, Epifani F, Panzarini G, Perrone G. Effect of temperature and water activity on gene expression and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus on almond medium. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:162-9. [PMID: 26540623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Almonds are among the commodities at risk of aflatoxin contamination by Aspergillus flavus. Temperature and water activity are the two key determinants in pre and post-harvest environments influencing both the rate of fungal spoilage and aflatoxin production. Varying the combination of these parameters can completely inhibit or fully activate the biosynthesis of aflatoxin, so it is fundamental to know which combinations can control or be conducive to aflatoxin contamination. Little information is available about the influence of these parameters on aflatoxin production on almonds. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of different combinations of temperature (20 °C, 28 °C, and 37 °C) and water activity (0.90, 0.93, 0.96, 0.99 aw) on growth, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production and expression of the two regulatory genes, aflR and aflS, and two structural genes, aflD and aflO, of the aflatoxin biosynthetic cluster in A. flavus grown on an almond medium solidified with agar. Maximum accumulation of fungal biomass and AFB1 production was obtained at 28 °C and 0.96 aw; no fungal growth and AFB1 production were observed at 20 °C at the driest tested conditions (0.90 and 0.93 aw). At 20° and 37 °C AFB1 production was 70-90% lower or completely suppressed, depending on aw. Reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR showed that the two regulatory genes (aflR and aflS) were highly expressed at maximum (28 °C) and minimum (20 °C and 37 °C) AFB1 production. Conversely the two structural genes (aflD and aflO) were highly expressed only at maximum AFB1 production (28 °C and 0.96-0.99 aw). It seems that temperature acts as a key factor influencing aflatoxin production which is strictly correlated to the induction of expression of structural biosynthesis genes (aflD and aflO), but not to that of aflatoxin regulatory genes (aflR and aflS), whose functional products are most likely subordinated to other regulatory processes acting at post-translational level. The results of this study are useful to select conditions that could be used in the almond processing chain to suppress aflatoxin production in this important product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Michele Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Filomena Epifani
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Panzarini
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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22
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Qi LN, Bai T, Chen ZS, Wu FX, Chen YY, De Xiang B, Peng T, Han ZG, Li LQ. The p53 mutation spectrum in hepatocellular carcinoma from Guangxi, China : role of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and aflatoxin B1 exposure. Liver Int 2015; 35:999-1009. [PMID: 24461059 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS p53 is one of the most frequently mutated human tumour suppressor genes. Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induces p53 mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue. The aims of present study are to investigate the p53 mutation spectrum in HBV- and AFB1-related hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Guangxi, China. METHODS Tumour and adjacent liver tissue were collected from 397 HCC patients who were subdivided into HBV(+)/AFB1(+), HBV(+)/AFB1(-), HBV(-)/AFB1(+) and HBV(-)/AFB1(-) four groups. All 11 exons of the p53 gene were PCR-amplified and sequenced. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the effect of mutations on the expression of p53 protein. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS P53 mutations were detected in 223 HCC samples, 13 adjacent liver tissue samples and only 1 of 68 normal liver tissue samples. The mutation sites concentrated at exon 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and no mutation was detected in exon 1, 2, 3, 10 and 11. The most frequently occurring mutation was in codon 249 (R249S) in exon 7. Patients in the HBV(+)/AFB1(+) and HBV(-)/AFB1(+) groups had significantly higher mutation rates compared with patients in the HBV(+)/AFB1(-) and HBV(-)/AFB1(-) groups. P53 mutation status and HBV/AFB1 status were independent predictors of tumour recurrence after surgery. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that p53 gene mutations were correlated with the p53 expression. In Guangxi area, the significant association between AFB1-induced p53 mutations and the expression of p53 protein suggest an important role for p53 mutations in carcinogenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Nan Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
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23
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González-Hunt CP, Leung MCK, Bodhicharla RK, McKeever MG, Arrant AE, Margillo KM, Ryde IT, Cyr DD, Kosmaczewski SG, Hammarlund M, Meyer JN. Exposure to mitochondrial genotoxins and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114459. [PMID: 25486066 PMCID: PMC4259338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration has been correlated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and exposure to environmental toxins, but causation is unclear. We investigated the ability of several known environmental genotoxins and neurotoxins to cause mtDNA damage, mtDNA depletion, and neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that paraquat, cadmium chloride and aflatoxin B1 caused more mitochondrial than nuclear DNA damage, and paraquat and aflatoxin B1 also caused dopaminergic neurodegeneration. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) caused similar levels of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage. To further test whether the neurodegeneration could be attributed to the observed mtDNA damage, C. elegans were exposed to repeated low-dose ultraviolet C radiation (UVC) that resulted in persistent mtDNA damage; this exposure also resulted in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Damage to GABAergic neurons and pharyngeal muscle cells was not detected. We also found that fasting at the first larval stage was protective in dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA-induced neurodegeneration. Finally, we found that dopaminergic neurons in C. elegans are capable of regeneration after laser surgery. Our findings are consistent with a causal role for mitochondrial DNA damage in neurodegeneration, but also support non mtDNA-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P. González-Hunt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maxwell C. K. Leung
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rakesh K. Bodhicharla
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Madeline G. McKeever
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Arrant
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Margillo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ian T. Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Cyr
- Center for Applied Genomics and Technology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara G. Kosmaczewski
- Department of Genetics, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: mailto:
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Techapiesancharoenkij N, Fiala JLA, Navasumrit P, Croy RG, Wogan GN, Groopman JD, Ruchirawat M, Essigmann JM. Sulforaphane, a cancer chemopreventive agent, induces pathways associated with membrane biosynthesis in response to tissue damage by aflatoxin B1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 282:52-60. [PMID: 25450479 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the major risk factors for liver cancer globally. A recent study showed that sulforaphane (SF), a potent inducer of phase II enzymes that occurs naturally in widely consumed vegetables, effectively induces hepatic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and reduces levels of hepatic AFB1-DNA adducts in AFB1-exposed Sprague Dawley rats. The present study characterized the effects of SF pre-treatment on global gene expression in the livers of similarly treated male rats. Combined treatment with AFB1 and SF caused reprogramming of a network of genes involved in signal transduction and transcription. Changes in gene regulation were observable 4h after AFB1 administration in SF-pretreated animals and may reflect regeneration of cells in the wake of AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity. At 24h after AFB1 administration, significant induction of genes that play roles in cellular lipid metabolism and acetyl-CoA biosynthesis was detected in SF-pretreated AFB1-dosed rats. Induction of this group of genes may indicate a metabolic shift toward glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis to generate and maintain pools of intermediate molecules required for tissue repair, cell growth and compensatory hepatic cell proliferation. Collectively, gene expression data from this study provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of SF against AFB1 hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity, in addition to the chemopreventive activity of this compound as a GST inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeannette L A Fiala
- Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Panida Navasumrit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Robert G Croy
- Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gerald N Wogan
- Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - John M Essigmann
- Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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25
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Liu C, Shen H, Yi L, Shao P, Soulika AM, Meng X, Xing L, Yan X, Zhang X. Oral administration of aflatoxin G₁ induces chronic alveolar inflammation associated with lung tumorigenesis. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:547-56. [PMID: 25445582 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed oral gavage of aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁) induced lung adenocarcinoma in NIH mice. We recently found that a single intratracheal administration of AFG₁ caused chronic inflammatory changes in rat alveolar septum. Here, we examine whether oral gavage of AFG₁ induces chronic lung inflammation and how it contributes to carcinogenesis. We evaluated chronic lung inflammatory responses in Balb/c mice after oral gavage of AFG₁ for 1, 3 and 6 months. Inflammatory responses were heightened in the lung alveolar septum, 3 and 6 months after AFG₁ treatment, evidenced by increased macrophages and lymphocytes infiltration, up-regulation of NF-κB and p-STAT3, and cytokines production. High expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD-2) and hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), two established markers of oxidative stress, were detected in alveolar epithelium of AFG₁-treated mice. Promoted alveolar type II cell (AT-II) proliferation in alveolar epithelium and angiogenesis, as well as increased COX-2 expression were also observed in lung tissues of AFG₁-treated mice. Furthermore, we prolonged survival of the mice in the above model for another 6 months to examine the contribution of AFG₁-induced chronic inflammation to lung tumorigenesis. Twelve months later, we observed that AFG₁ induced alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma in Balb/c mice. Up-regulation of NF-κB, p-STAT3, and COX-2 was also induced in lung adenocarcinoma, thus establishing a link between AFG₁-induced chronic inflammation and lung tumorigenesis. This is the first study to show that oral administration of AFG₁ could induce chronic lung inflammation, which may provide a pro-tumor microenvironment to contribute to lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Liu
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Dermatology, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Yi
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peilu Shao
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Athena M Soulika
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Xinxing Meng
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingxiao Xing
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Yan
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Lab of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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26
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Fast and sensitive LC–MS/MS method measuring human mycotoxin exposure using biomarkers in urine. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1993-2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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He Y, Fang J, Peng X, Cui H, Zuo Z, Deng J, Chen Z, Geng Y, Lai W, Shu G, Tang L. Effects of sodium selenite on aflatoxin B1-induced decrease of ileal IgA+ cell numbers and immunoglobulin contents in broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160:49-55. [PMID: 24909240 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to assess the protective effect of sodium selenite on the ileum mucosal immunologic injury induced by AFB1. One hundred eighty-one-day-old healthy male Avian broilers were divided into four groups of three replicates and 15 birds per replicate and fed with basal diet (control group), 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 (AFB1 group), 0.4 mg/kg Se (+Se group), and 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 + 0.4 mg/kg Se (AFB1 + Se group) respectively. The numbers of IgA(+) cells of ileum were determined by immunohistochemistry as well as the contents of sIgA, IgA, IgG, and IgM in the mucosa of ileum by ELISA. Compared with those in the control group, the numbers of IgA(+) cells as well as the sIgA, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents were decreased in the AFB1 group. However, compared with those in the AFB1 group, the numbers of IgA(+) cells as well as the sIgA, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents were increased in the AFB1 + Se group, and these data had no difference between AFB1 + Se group and control group. It was concluded that 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 could reduce the humoral immune function of the ileum mucosa, but 0.4 mg/kg supplemented dietary selenium could protect the mucosal humoral immune function from AFB1-induced impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
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28
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He Y, Fang J, Peng X, Cui H, Zuo Z, Deng J, Chen Z, Lai W, Shu G, Tang L. Effects of sodium selenite on aflatoxin B1-induced decrease of ileac T cell and the mRNA contents of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 159:167-73. [PMID: 24807686 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the protective effect of sodium selenite on the ileum mucosal immunologic toxicity induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). One hundred and eighty one-day-old healthy male avian broilers were divided into four groups of three replicates and 15 birds per replicate and fed with basal diet (control group), 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 (AFB1 group), 0.4 mg/kg Se (+Se group), and 0.3 mg/kg AFB1+0.4 mg/kg Se (AFB1+Se group), respectively. The ileac T-cell subsets were determined by the methods of flow cytometry (FCM), and the mRNA contents of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6(IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by quantitative real-time PCR. Compared with those in control group, the percentages of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and LPLs, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio of IELs, and the mRNA contents of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α were decreased in AFB1 group. However, compared with those in AFB1 group, these parameters of AFB1+Se group were increased to be close to those in control group. It was concluded that 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 could reduce the cellular immune function of the ileum mucosa, but 0.4 mg/kg supplemented dietary selenium showed protective effects on AFB1-induced immunologic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
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Abstract
Sexual reproduction is a pervasive attribute of eukaryotic species and is now recognized to occur in many clinically important human fungal pathogens. These fungi use sexual or parasexual strategies for various purposes that can have an impact on pathogenesis, such as the formation of drug-resistant isolates, the generation of strains with increased virulence or the modulation of interactions with host cells. In this Review, we examine the mechanisms regulating fungal sex and the consequences of these programmes for human disease.
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30
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Pottenger LH, Andrews LS, Bachman AN, Boogaard PJ, Cadet J, Embry MR, Farmer PB, Himmelstein MW, Jarabek AM, Martin EA, Mauthe RJ, Persaud R, Preston RJ, Schoeny R, Skare J, Swenberg JA, Williams GM, Zeiger E, Zhang F, Kim JH. An organizational approach for the assessment of DNA adduct data in risk assessment: case studies for aflatoxin B1, tamoxifen and vinyl chloride. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:348-91. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.873768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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31
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Shen H, Liu J, Wang Y, Lian H, Wang J, Xing L, Yan X, Wang J, Zhang X. Aflatoxin G1-induced oxidative stress causes DNA damage and triggers apoptosis through MAPK signaling pathway in A549 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:661-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Prestwich EG, Mangerich A, Pang B, McFaline JL, Lonkar P, Sullivan MR, Trudel LJ, Taghizedeh K, Dedon PC. Increased levels of inosine in a mouse model of inflammation. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:538-46. [PMID: 23506120 DOI: 10.1021/tx300473n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One possible mechanism linking inflammation with cancer involves the generation of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and halogen species by activated macrophages and neutrophils infiltrating sites of infection or tissue damage, with these chemical mediators causing damage that ultimately leads to cell death and mutation. To determine the most biologically deleterious chemistries of inflammation, we previously assessed products across the spectrum of DNA damage arising in inflamed tissues in the SJL mouse model nitric oxide overproduction ( Pang et al. ( 2007 ) Carcinogenesis 28 , 1807 - 1813 ). Among the anticipated DNA damage chemistries, we observed significant changes only in lipid peroxidation-derived etheno adducts. We have now developed an isotope-dilution, liquid chromatography-coupled, tandem quadrupole mass spectrometric method to quantify representative species across the spectrum of RNA damage products predicted to arise at sites of inflammation, including nucleobase deamination (xanthosine and inosine), oxidation (8-oxoguanosine), and alkylation (1,N(6)-ethenoadenosine). Application of the method to the liver, spleen, and kidney from the SJL mouse model revealed generally higher levels of oxidative background RNA damage than was observed in DNA in control mice. However, compared to control mice, RcsX treatment to induce nitric oxide overproduction resulted in significant increases only in inosine and only in the spleen. Further, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-methylarginine, did not significantly affect the levels of inosine in control and RcsX-treated mice. The differences between DNA and RNA damage in the same animal model of inflammation point to possible influences from DNA repair, RcsX-induced alterations in adenosine deaminase activity, and differential accessibility of DNA and RNA to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as determinants of nucleic acid damage during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G Prestwich
- Department of Biological Engineering and ‡Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02193, United States
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Impairment of alveolar type-II cells involved in the toxicity of Aflatoxin G1 in rat lung. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3222-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Guo S, Shi D, Liao S, Su R, Lin Y, Pan J, Tang Z. Influence of selenium on body weights and immune organ indexes in ducklings intoxicated with aflatoxin B₁. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 146:167-70. [PMID: 22068729 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of selenium on body weights and the immune organ indexes in ducklings administrated with aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)), 90 7-day-old ducklings were randomly divided into three groups (groups I-III). Group I was used as a blank control. Group II was administered with AFB(1) (0.1 mg/kg body weight). Group III was administered with AFB(1) (0.1 mg/kg body weight) plus sodium selenite (1 mg/kg body weight). All treatments were given once daily for 21 days. It showed that the ducklings' bursa of fabricius, thymus indexes, and body weights in group II significantly decreased when compared with group I (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the spleen indexes significantly decreased (P < 0.01). However, the ducklings' bursa of fabricius and thymus indexes, body weights in group III ducklings significantly increased when compared with group II (P < 0.01). In addition, the spleen indexes significantly decreased (P < 0.01). These results revealed that AFB(1) significantly affect ducklings' growth and immune organs development. However, selenium significantly ameliorated the negative effects induced by AFB(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shining Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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35
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Dutton MF, Mwanza M, de Kock S, Khilosia LD. Mycotoxins in South African foods: a case study on aflatoxin M1 in milk. Mycotoxin Res 2011; 28:17-23. [PMID: 23605979 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-011-0112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of cow's milk at the farm level with aflatoxin M1 was investigated in South Africa. Samples of feeds, forage, maize and milk were taken at nine dairy farms, and at the same time samples of the processed milk (retail milk) were collected from the respective dairies to which the farms delivered their milk. The feeds were analysed for aflatoxin B1 and the milk samples for aflatoxin M1 using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence detection. All milk samples from the dairy farms were positive for aflatoxin M1, ranging from 0.02 μg/l to 1.5 μg/l. Retail milk was also frequently contaminated with AFM1, at levels of 0.01-3.1 μg/l. High AFB1 levels in feed materials on the farms supplying the raw milk indicate that various sources account for this contamination frequency in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Francis Dutton
- Food, Environment and Health Research Group, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Orloff M, Peterson C, He X, Ganapathi S, Heald B, Yang YR, Bebek G, Romigh T, Song JH, Wu W, David S, Cheng Y, Meltzer SJ, Eng C. Germline mutations in MSR1, ASCC1, and CTHRC1 in patients with Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. JAMA 2011; 306:410-9. [PMID: 21791690 PMCID: PMC3574553 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Barrett esophagus (BE) occurs in 1% to 10% of the general population and is believed to be the precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The incidence of EAC has increased 350% in the last 3 decades without clear etiology. Finding predisposition genes may improve premorbid risk assessment, genetic counseling, and management. Genome-wide multiplatform approaches may lead to the identification of genes important in BE/EAC development. OBJECTIVE To identify risk alleles or mutated genes associated with BE/EAC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Model-free linkage analyses of 21 concordant-affected sibling pairs with BE/EAC and 11 discordant sibling pairs (2005-2006). Significant germline genomic regions in independent prospectively accrued series of 176 white patients with BE/EAC and 200 ancestry-matched controls (2007-2010) were validated and fine mapped. Integrating data from these significant genomic regions with somatic gene expression data from 19 BE/EAC tissues yielded 12 "priority" candidate genes for mutation analysis (2010). Genes that showed mutations in cases but not in controls were further screened in an independent prospectively accrued validation series of 58 cases (2010). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Identification of germline mutations in genes associated with BE/EAC cases. Functional interrogation of the most commonly mutated gene. RESULTS Three major genes, MSR1, ASCC1, and CTHRC1 were associated with BE/EAC (all P < .001). In addition, 13 patients (11.2%) with BE/EAC carried germline mutations in MSR1, ASCC1, or CTHRC1. MSR1 was the most frequently mutated, with 8 of 116 (proportion, 0.069; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.030-0.130; P < .001) cases with c.877C>T (p.R293X). An independent validation series confirmed germline MSR1 mutations in 2 of 58 cases (proportion, 0.035; 95% CI, 0.004-0.120; P = .09). MSR1 mutation resulted in CCND1 up-regulation in peripheral-protein lysate. Immunohistochemistry of BE tissues in MSR1-mutation carriers showed increased nuclear expression of CCND1. CONCLUSION MSR1 was significantly associated with the presence of BE/EAC in derivation and validation samples, although it was only present in a small percentage of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Orloff
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Banerjee S, Brown KL, Egli M, Stone MP. Bypass of aflatoxin B1 adducts by the Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA polymerase IV. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12556-68. [PMID: 21790157 PMCID: PMC3154525 DOI: 10.1021/ja2015668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) is oxidized to an epoxide in vivo, which forms an N7-dG DNA adduct (AFB(1)-N7-dG). The AFB(1)-N7-dG can rearrange to a formamidopyrimidine (AFB(1)-FAPY) derivative. Both AFB(1)-N7-dG and the β-anomer of the AFB(1)-FAPY adduct yield G→T transversions in Escherichia coli, but the latter is more mutagenic. We show that the Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4) bypasses AFB(1)-N7-dG in an error-free manner but conducts error-prone replication past the AFB(1)-FAPY adduct, including misinsertion of dATP, consistent with the G→T mutations observed in E. coli. Three ternary (Dpo4-DNA-dNTP) structures with AFB(1)-N7-dG adducted template:primers have been solved. These demonstrate insertion of dCTP opposite the AFB(1)-N7-dG adduct, and correct vs incorrect insertion of dATP vs dTTP opposite the 5'-template neighbor dT from a primed AFB(1)-N7-dG:dC pair. The insertion of dTTP reveals hydrogen bonding between the template N3 imino proton and the O(2) oxygen of dTTP, and between the template T O(4) oxygen and the N3 imino proton of dTTP, perhaps explaining why this polymerase does not efficiently catalyze phosphodiester bond formation from this mispair. The AFB(1)-N7-dG maintains the 5'-intercalation of the AFB(1) moiety observed in DNA. The bond between N7-dG and C8 of the AFB(1) moiety remains in plane with the alkylated guanine, creating a 16° inclination of the AFB(1) moiety with respect to the guanine. A binary (Dpo4-DNA) structure with an AFB(1)-FAPY adducted template:primer also maintains 5'-intercalation of the AFB(1) moiety. The β-deoxyribose anomer is observed. Rotation about the FAPY C5-N(5) bond orients the bond between N(5) and C8 of the AFB(1) moiety out of plane in the 5'-direction, with respect to the FAPY base. The formamide group extends in the 3'-direction. This improves stacking of the AFB(1) moiety above the 5'-face of the FAPY base, as compared to the AFB(1)-N7-dG adduct. Ternary structures with AFB(1)-β-FAPY adducted template:primers show correct vs incorrect insertion of dATP vs dTTP opposite the 5'-template neighbor dT from a primed AFB(1)-β-FAPY:dC pair. For dATP, the oxygen atom of the FAPY formamide group participates in a water-mediated hydrogen bond with Arg332. The insertion of dTTP yields a structure similar to that observed for the AFB(1)-N7-dG adduct. The differential accommodation of these AFB(1) adducts within the active site may, in part, modulate lesion bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Lonkar P, Dedon PC. Reactive species and DNA damage in chronic inflammation: reconciling chemical mechanisms and biological fates. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:1999-2009. [PMID: 21387284 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has long been recognized as a risk factor for many human cancers. One mechanistic link between inflammation and cancer involves the generation of nitric oxide, superoxide and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by macrophages and neutrophils that infiltrate sites of inflammation. Although pathologically high levels of these reactive species cause damage to biological molecules, including DNA, nitric oxide at lower levels plays important physiological roles in cell signaling and apoptosis. This raises the question of inflammation-induced imbalances in physiological and pathological pathways mediated by chemical mediators of inflammation. At pathological levels, the damage sustained by nucleic acids represents the full spectrum of chemistries and likely plays an important role in carcinogenesis. This suggests that DNA damage products could serve as biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in clinically accessible compartments such as blood and urine. However, recent studies of the biotransformation of DNA damage products before excretion point to a weakness in our understanding of the biological fates of the DNA lesions and thus to a limitation in the use of DNA lesions as biomarkers. This review will address these and other issues surrounding inflammation-mediated DNA damage on the road to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Lonkar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Cardoso V, Castro I, Lima C, Lima M, Dorneles L, Direito G, Danelli M. Efficacy of piperine in reducing the effects of aflatoxin intoxication in broiler chickens: a preliminary report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Liu R, Jin Q, Huang J, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhou X, Mao W, Wang S. In vitro toxicity of aflatoxin B1 and its photodegradation products in HepG2 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:276-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; China
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Kensler TW, Roebuck BD, Wogan GN, Groopman JD. Aflatoxin: a 50-year odyssey of mechanistic and translational toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120 Suppl 1:S28-48. [PMID: 20881231 PMCID: PMC3043084 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery 50 years ago, the aflatoxins have become recognized as ubiquitous contaminants of the human food supply throughout the economically developing world. The adverse toxicological consequences of these compounds in populations are quite varied because of a wide range of exposures leading to acute effects, including rapid death, and chronic outcomes such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, emerging studies describe a variety of general adverse health effects associated with aflatoxin, such as impaired growth in children. Aflatoxin exposures have also been demonstrated to multiplicatively increase the risk of liver cancer in people chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) illustrating the deleterious impact that even low toxin levels in the diet can pose for human health. The public health impact of aflatoxin exposure is pervasive. Aflatoxin biomarkers of internal and biologically effective doses have been integral to the establishment of the etiologic role of this toxin in human disease through better estimates of exposure, expanded knowledge of the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, and as tools for implementing and evaluating preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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42
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Pestka JJ. Deoxynivalenol: mechanisms of action, human exposure, and toxicological relevance. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:663-79. [PMID: 20798930 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is produced in wheat, barley and corn following infestation by the fungus Fusarium in the field and during storage. Colloquially known as "vomitoxin" because of its emetic effects in pigs, DON has been associated with human gastroenteritis. Since DON is commonly detected in cereal foods, there are significant questions regarding the risks of acute poisoning and chronic effects posed to persons ingesting this trichothecene. A further challenge is how to best manage perceived risks without rendering critical food staples unavailable to an ever-expanding world population. In experimental animal models, acute DON poisoning causes emesis, whereas chronic low-dose exposure elicits anorexia, growth retardation, immunotoxicity as well as impaired reproduction and development resulting from maternal toxicity. Pathophysiologic effects associated with DON include altered neuroendocrine signaling, proinflammatory gene induction, disruption of the growth hormone axis, and altered gut integrity. At the cellular level, DON induces ribotoxic stress thereby disrupting macromolecule synthesis, cell signaling, differentiation, proliferation, and death. There is a need to better understand the mechanistic linkages between these early dose-dependent molecular effects and relevant pathological sequelae. Epidemiological studies are needed to determine if relationships exist between consumption of high DON levels and incidence of both gastroenteritis and potential chronic diseases. From the perspective of human health translation, a particularly exciting development is the availability of biomarkers of exposure (e.g. DON glucuronide) and effect (e.g. IGF1) now make it possible to study the relationship between DON consumption and growth retardation in susceptible human populations such as children and vegetarians. Ultimately, a fusion of basic and translational research is needed to validate or refine existing risk assessments and regulatory standards for this common mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Pestka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Khlangwiset P, Wu F. Costs and efficacy of public health interventions to reduce aflatoxin-induced human disease. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:998-1014. [PMID: 20419532 PMCID: PMC2885555 DOI: 10.1080/19440041003677475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study reviews available information on the economics and efficacy of aflatoxin risk-reduction interventions, and it provides an approach for analysis of the cost-effectiveness of public health interventions to reduce aflatoxin-induced human disease. Many strategies have been developed to reduce aflatoxin or its adverse effects in the body. However, a question that has been under-addressed is how likely these strategies will be adopted in the countries that need them most to improve public health. This study evaluates two aspects crucial to the adoption of new technologies and methods: the costs and the efficacy of different strategies. First, different aflatoxin risk-reduction strategies are described and categorized into pre-harvest, post-harvest, dietary, and clinical settings. Relevant data on the costs and efficacy of each strategy, in reducing either aflatoxin in food or its metabolites in the body are then compiled and discussed. In addition, we describe which crops are affected by each intervention, who is likely to pay for the control strategy, and who is likely to benefit. A framework is described for how to evaluate cost-effectiveness of strategies according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Finally, it is discussed which strategies are likely to be cost-effective and helpful under different conditions worldwide of regulations, local produce and soil ecology, and potential health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsri Khlangwiset
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Felicia Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Dedon PC, DeMott MS, Elmquist CE, Prestwich EG, McFaline JL, Pang B. Challenges in developing DNA and RNA biomarkers of inflammation. Biomark Med 2010; 1:293-312. [PMID: 20477404 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is now a proven cause of human diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. One potential link between inflammation and disease involves secretion of reactive chemical species by immune cells, with chronic damage to host epithelial cells leading to disease. This suggests pathophysiologically that DNA and RNA damage products are candidate biomarkers of inflammation, both for mechanistic understanding of the process and for risk assessment. Of the current approaches to quantifying DNA damage products, mass spectrometry-based methods provide the most rigorous quantification needed for biomarker development, while antibody-based approaches provide the most practical way to implement biomarkers in a clinical setting. Nonetheless, all approaches are biased by adventitious formation of DNA and RNA damage products during sample processing. Recent studies of tissue-derived DNA biomarkers in mouse models of inflammation reveal significant changes only in DNA adducts derived from lipid peroxidation. These and other observations raise the question of the most appropriate sampling compartment for DNA biomarker studies and highlight the emerging role of lipid damage in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Dedon
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, NE47-277, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Reddy KRN, Salleh B, Saad B, Abbas HK, Abel CA, Shier WT. An overview of mycotoxin contamination in foods and its implications for human health. TOXIN REV 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/15569541003598553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jarabek AM, Pottenger LH, Andrews LS, Casciano D, Embry MR, Kim JH, Preston RJ, Reddy MV, Schoeny R, Shuker D, Skare J, Swenberg J, Williams GM, Zeiger E. Creating context for the use of DNA adduct data in cancer risk assessment: I. Data organization. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 39:659-78. [PMID: 19743944 DOI: 10.1080/10408440903164155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of human cancer risk from chemical exposure requires the integration of diverse types of data. Such data involve effects at the cell and tissue levels. This report focuses on the specific utility of one type of data, namely DNA adducts. Emphasis is placed on the appreciation that such DNA adduct data cannot be used in isolation in the risk assessment process but must be used in an integrated fashion with other information. As emerging technologies provide even more sensitive quantitative measurements of DNA adducts, integration that establishes links between DNA adducts and accepted outcome measures becomes critical for risk assessment. The present report proposes an organizational approach for the assessment of DNA adduct data (e.g., type of adduct, frequency, persistence, type of repair process) in concert with other relevant data, such as dosimetry, toxicity, mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and tumor incidence, to inform characterization of the mode of action. DNA adducts are considered biomarkers of exposure, whereas gene mutations and chromosomal alterations are often biomarkers of early biological effects and also can be bioindicators of the carcinogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie M Jarabek
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, on detail from National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Humans are exposed to mycotoxins via ingestion, contact and inhalation. This must have occurred throughout human history and led to severe outbreaks. Potential diseases range from akakabio-byo to stachybotryotoxicosis and cancer. The known molecular bases of toxicology run the gamut of 23 compounds, from aflatoxins (AFs) to zearalenone, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol. Ergotism is one of the oldest recognized mycotoxicosis, although mycotoxin science only commenced in the 1960s with the discovery of AFs in turkey feed. AFs are carcinogenic. Some others are suspected carcinogens. The effects of mycotoxins are acute or chronic in nature. Mycotoxins are well known in the scientific community, although they have a low profile in the general population. An incongruous situation occurs in United States where mycotoxins from "moldy homes" are considered to be a significant problem, although there is a general debate about seriousness. This contrasts with the thousands of deaths from mycotoxins that occur, even now, in the technologically less developed countries (e.g., Indonesia, China, and Africa). Mycotoxins are more toxic than pesticides. Studies are moving from whole animal work to investigating the biochemical mechanisms in isolated cells, and the mechanisms of toxicity at the molecular level are being elucidated. The stereochemical nature of AFs has been shown to be important. In addition, the effect of multiple mycotoxins is being increasingly investigated, which will more accurately represent the situation in nature. It is anticipated that more fungal metabolites will be recognized as dangerous toxins and permitted statutory levels will decrease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R M Paterson
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidade do Minho, Portugal.
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Perduri R, Gobba S. Unexpected aflatoxin exposure in a woman in northern Italy: a case report. CASES JOURNAL 2009; 2:7736. [PMID: 20181196 PMCID: PMC2827137 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-0002-0000007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In well-developed countries scant attention is currently devoted to the risk of unknown exposure to aflatoxins, highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds. Nevertheless, unexpected ingestion of foods contaminated by these toxins can occasionally occur virtually worldwide. CASE PRESENTATION A 38-year-old woman living in Northern Italy developed unexplained abdominal symptoms after ingestion of aflatoxin-contaminated meat. The possible relation between symptoms and aflatoxins ingestion, the potential risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and the medical management of the case are discussed. CONCLUSION In well-developed countries aflatoxins exposure should be considered in case of unexplained abdominal symptoms. Cancer risk cannot be assessed, nevertheless individual counselling and periodical medical examinations are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Perduri
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Occupational Medicine, Chair of Occupational Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Gobba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Mycotoxins and child health: the need for health risk assessment. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008; 212:347-68. [PMID: 18805056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrences of mycotoxins as food contaminants in different localities particularly in developing countries and the inevitable exposure of populations and children to these toxins with probable adverse outcomes need be scientifically and systematically assessed. Health risk assessment developed in the 1980s is separate from risk management, both with risk communication form the risk analysis framework adopted by the World Health Organization. The process contributes increasingly to policy development, public health decision making, the establishment of mycotoxin regulations and research planning. However, the exercise of the risk assessment structured approach is not simple and is faced up to lack of data, capable infrastructure facilities and need for trained personnel and resources. Furthermore, adopted methodologies need be developed focusing on child characteristics and health concerns.
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Son J, Pang B, McFaline JL, Taghizadeh K, Dedon PC. Surveying the damage: the challenges of developing nucleic acid biomarkers of inflammation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2008; 4:902-8. [PMID: 18704228 DOI: 10.1039/b719411k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence points to a cause and effect relationship between chronic inflammation and human maladies such as cancer, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disease. A critical link between inflammation and disease may lie in the secretion of highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by macrophages and neutrophils, including hypohalous acids, nitrous anhydride, and nitrosoperoxycarbonate. Exposure of host epithelial cells to the resulting oxidation, nitration, nitrosation and halogenation chemistries leads to damage of all types of cellular molecules. Since nucleic acids sustain damage representative of the full spectrum of different chemistries and the damage likely plays a causative role in disease etiology, DNA and RNA damage products can serve as surrogates for the short-lived chemical mediators of inflammation, and as markers that provide both mechanistic understanding of the disease process and a means to quantify risk of disease. However, the very small quantities of the damaged molecules pose a challenge to the simultaneous quantification of the spectrum of lesions in the manner of proteomics or metabolomics. The goal of this Highlight is to provide an update on the chemistry of inflammation and the development of biomarkers of inflammation in the age of -omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Son
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NE47-277, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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