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Speer RM, Yu H, Zhou X, Nandi S, Alexandrov L, Guo Y, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Arsenic and UVR co-exposure results in unique gene expression profile identifying key co-carcinogenic mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 482:116773. [PMID: 38036231 PMCID: PMC10883297 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Changes in gene expression underlie many pathogenic endpoints including carcinogenesis. Metals, like arsenic, alter gene expression; however, the consequences of co-exposures of metals with other stressors are less understood. Although arsenic acts as a co-carcinogen by enhancing the development of UVR skin cancers, changes in gene expression in arsenic UVR co-carcinogenesis have not been investigated. We performed RNA-sequencing analysis to profile changes in gene expression distinct from arsenic or UVR exposures alone. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after arsenic exposure alone, while after UVR exposure alone fewer genes were changed. A distinct increase in the number of DEGs was identified after exposure to combined arsenic and UVR exposure that was synergistic rather than additive. In addition, a majority of these DEGs were unique from arsenic or UVR alone suggesting a distinct response to combined arsenic-UVR exposure. Globally, arsenic alone and arsenic plus UVR exposure caused a global downregulation of genes while fewer genes were upregulated. Gene Ontology analysis using the DEGs revealed cellular processes related to chromosome instability, cell cycle, cellular transformation, and signaling were targeted by combined arsenic and UVR exposure, distinct from UVR alone and arsenic alone, while others were related to epigenetic mechanisms such as the modification of histones. This result suggests the cellular functions we identified in this study may be key in understanding how arsenic enhances UVR carcinogenesis and that arsenic-enhanced gene expression changes may drive co-carcinogenesis of UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Speer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Shuvro Nandi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ludmil Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Wysocki R, Rodrigues JI, Litwin I, Tamás MJ. Mechanisms of genotoxicity and proteotoxicity induced by the metalloids arsenic and antimony. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:342. [PMID: 37904059 PMCID: PMC10616229 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic and antimony are metalloids with profound effects on biological systems and human health. Both elements are toxic to cells and organisms, and exposure is associated with several pathological conditions including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. At the same time, arsenic- and antimony-containing compounds are used in the treatment of multiple diseases. Although these metalloids can both cause and cure disease, their modes of molecular action are incompletely understood. The past decades have seen major advances in our understanding of arsenic and antimony toxicity, emphasizing genotoxicity and proteotoxicity as key contributors to pathogenesis. In this review, we highlight mechanisms by which arsenic and antimony cause toxicity, focusing on their genotoxic and proteotoxic effects. The mechanisms used by cells to maintain proteostasis during metalloid exposure are also described. Furthermore, we address how metalloid-induced proteotoxicity may promote neurodegenerative disease and how genotoxicity and proteotoxicity may be interrelated and together contribute to proteinopathies. A deeper understanding of cellular toxicity and response mechanisms and their links to pathogenesis may promote the development of strategies for both disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wysocki
- Department of Genetics and Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-328, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Joana I Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ireneusz Litwin
- Academic Excellence Hub - Research Centre for DNA Repair and Replication, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-328, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Markus J Tamás
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Illingworth EJ, Maertens A, Sillé FCM. Transcriptomic Effects of Low-Dose Inorganic Arsenic Exposure on Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.26.550543. [PMID: 37546857 PMCID: PMC10402011 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Both tissue-resident macrophages and monocytes recruited from the bone marrow that transform into tissue-resident cells play critical roles in mediating homeostasis as well as in the pathology of inflammatory diseases. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is the most common drinking water contaminant worldwide and represents a major public health concern. Several diseases that macrophages have implicated involvement in are caused by iAs exposure, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and increased risk of infectious disease. Therefore, understanding the effects of iAs exposure on macrophages can help us better grasp the full range of arsenic immunotoxicity and better design therapeutic targets for iAs-induced diseases particularly in exposed populations. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of low dose iAs-exposed male and female murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with either M0, M1, or M2 stimulation. We identified differentially expressed genes by iAs in a sex- and stimulation-dependent manner and used bioinformatics tools to predict protein-protein interactions, transcriptional regulatory networks, and associated biological processes. Overall, our data suggest that M1-stimulated, especially female-derived, BMDMs are most susceptible to iAs exposure. Most notably, we observed significant downregulation of major proinflammatory transcription factors, like IRF8, and its downstream targets, as well as genes encoding proteins involved in pattern recognition and antigen presentation, such as TLR7, TLR8, and H2-D1, potentially providing causal insight regarding arsenic's role in perturbing immune responses to infectious diseases. We also observed significant downregulation of genes involved in processes crucial to coordinating a proinflammatory response including leukocyte migration, differentiation, and cytokine and chemokine production and response. Finally, we discovered that 24 X-linked genes were dysregulated in iAs-exposed female stimulation groups compared to only 3 across the iAs-exposed male stimulation groups. These findings elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying the sex-differential iAs-associated immune-related disease risk.
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Prasad P, Singh SK, Ghosh S, Dutta S, Sinha D. Influence of differential arsenic exposure on cellular redox homeostasis of exposed rural women of West Bengal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7836-7850. [PMID: 36044145 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The metalloid arsenic (As) induces oxidative stress is a well-known fact. However, the extent of variation of oxidative stress according to different exposure levels of As in groundwater and the mechanism responsible for As mediated oxidative stress is yet to be elucidated in a human population of West Bengal. In the present study, we have investigated the impact of low level (> 10 ≤ 50 µg/L) and high-level groundwater As (> 50 µg/L) on cellular redox status, DNA damage, and repair mechanisms in chronically exposed rural women of West Bengal. Prediction models of ordinary least square regression of nail As, forced vital capacity (FVC) %, and that of forced expiratory volume during the first one second (FEV1) % deciphered that accumulation of As in nails may predict hemoglobin deficiency. Moreover, consumption of As-laced water tends to decrease FEV1% and FVC%. A strong positive correlation was observed between water and nail As level and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. ROS, perturbed nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/ Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) redox regulation, compromised antioxidant defense machinery-superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione transferase (GST), induced DNA damage, and suppressed DNA repair proteins-poly ADP ribose polymerase1(PARP1)/ X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1(XRCC1)/ 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) in a dose-dependent manner. All the low and high As areas had very high cancer risk values for the exposed population. It has been predicted that if the As level in the drinking water of a 40-year adult increases by 2 ug/L, the likelihood of the cancer risk will increase by 10%, keeping the body weight and amount of water intake constant. Thus, long-term exposure to either low or high As is seriously affecting the lives of asymptomatic women who are vulnerable to developing carcinogenic changes after a period of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Prasad
- Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, India
| | - Sushant Kumar Singh
- The Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Environmental Sustainability (CAIES) Foundation, Anisabad, Patna, 800002, Bihar, India
| | - Sukanya Ghosh
- Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, India
| | - Suchisnigdha Dutta
- Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, India
| | - Dona Sinha
- Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, India.
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Kim M, Lim KM. Melanocytotoxic chemicals and their toxic mechanisms. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:417-435. [PMID: 36277364 PMCID: PMC9532501 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocyte cell death can lead to various melanocyte-related skin diseases including vitiligo and leukoderma. Melanocytotoxic chemicals are one of the most well-known causes of nongenetic melanocyte-related diseases, which induce melanocyte cell death through apoptosis. Various chemicals used in cosmetics, medicine, industry and food additives are known to induce melanocyte cell death, which poses a significant risk to the health of consumers and industrial workers. This review summarizes recently reported melanocytotoxic chemicals and their mechanisms of toxicity in an effort to provide insight into the development of safer chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
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Cooper KL, Volk LB, Dominguez DR, Duran AD, Ke Jian Liu KJ, Hudson LG. Contribution of NADPH oxidase to the retention of UVR-induced DNA damage by arsenic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 434:115799. [PMID: 34798142 PMCID: PMC10115133 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a naturally occurring element present in food, soil and water and human exposure is associated with increased cancer risk. Arsenic inhibits DNA repair at low, non-cytotoxic concentrations and amplifies the mutagenic and carcinogenic impact of other DNA-damaging agents, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Arsenic exposure leads to oxidation of zinc coordinating cysteine residues, zinc loss and decreased activity of the DNA repair protein poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP)-1. Because arsenic stimulates NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity leading to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the goal of this study was to investigate the role of NOX in arsenic-induced inhibition of PARP activity and retention of DNA damage. NOX involvement in the arsenic response was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Keratinocytes were treated with or without arsenite, solar-simulated UVR, NOX inhibitors and/or isoform specific NOX siRNA. Knockdown or inhibition of NOX decreased arsenite-induced ROS, PARP-1 oxidation and DNA damage retention, while restoring arsenite inhibition of PARP-1 activity. The NOX2 isoform was determined to be the major contributor to arsenite-induced ROS generation and DNA damage retention. In vivo DNA damage was measured by immunohistochemical staining and analysis of dorsal epidermis sections from C57BI/6 and p91phox knockout (NOX2-/-) mice. There was no significant difference in solar-simulated UVR DNA damage as detected by percent PH2AX positive cells within NOX2-/- mice versus control. In contrast, arsenite-dependent retention of UVR-induced DNA damage was markedly reduced. Altogether, the in vitro and in vivo findings indicate that NOX is involved in arsenic enhancement of UVR-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Cooper
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America
| | - Lindsay B Volk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America
| | - Dayna R Dominguez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America
| | - Antonia D Duran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - K J Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America.
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7
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Zhou X, Speer RM, Volk L, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Arsenic co-carcinogenesis: Inhibition of DNA repair and interaction with zinc finger proteins. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:86-98. [PMID: 33984503 PMCID: PMC8578584 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is widely present in the environment and is associated with various population health risks including cancers. Arsenic exposure at environmentally relevant levels enhances the mutagenic effect of other carcinogens such as ultraviolet radiation. Investigation on the molecular mechanisms could inform the prevention and intervention strategies of arsenic carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis. Arsenic inhibition of DNA repair has been demonstrated to be an important mechanism, and certain DNA repair proteins have been identified to be extremely sensitive to arsenic exposure. This review will summarize the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis, including DNA damage induction and ROS generation, particularly how arsenic inhibits DNA repair through an integrated molecular mechanism which includes its interactions with sensitive zinc finger DNA repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Rachel M Speer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Lindsay Volk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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8
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Medina S, Zhou X, Lauer FT, Zhang H, Liu KJ, Lewis J, Burchiel SW. Modulation of PARP activity by Monomethylarsonous (MMA +3) acid and uranium in mouse thymus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 411:115362. [PMID: 33279514 PMCID: PMC7855914 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure is well established to impair the function of zinc finger proteins, including PARP-1. Previous studies from our lab show that early developing T cells in the thymus are very sensitive to arsenite (As+3)-induced genotoxicity mediated through PARP-1 inhibition. Additionally, it has been shown that uranium (in the form of uranyl acetate, UA) also suppresses PARP-1 activity in HEK cells. However, very little is known about whether the As+3 metabolite, monomethylarsonous acid (MMA+3), also inhibits PARP-1 activity and if this is modified by combined exposures with other metals, such as uranium. In the present study, we found that MMA+3 significantly suppressed PARP-1 function, whereas UA at high concentrations significantly increased PARP-1 activity. To evaluate whether the effects on PARP-1 activity were mediated through oxidative stress, we measured the induction of hemoxygenase-1 (Hmox-1) expression by qPCR. MMA+3, but not UA, significantly induced oxidative stress; however, the inhibition of PARP-1 produced by MMA+3 was not reversed by the addition of the antioxidant, Tempol. Further evaluation revealed minimal interactive effects of MMA+3 and UA on PARP-1 function. Collectively, our results show that contrary to As+3, the suppressive effects of MMA+3 on PARP-1 were not substantially driven by oxidative stress. in mouse thymus cells. Results for this study provide important insights into the effects of MMA+3 and uranium exposures on PARP-1 function, which is essential for future studies focused on understanding the effects of complex environmentally relevant metal mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Medina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Biology, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM, USA
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fredine T Lauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Haikun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Johnnye Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Scott W Burchiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Bahrami A, Sathyapalan T, Moallem SA, Sahebkar A. Counteracting arsenic toxicity: Curcumin to the rescue? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123160. [PMID: 32574880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arsenicosis leads to various irreversible damages in several organs and is considered to be a carcinogen. The effects of chronic arsenic poisoning are a result of an imbalance between pro- and antioxidant homeostasis, oxidative stress, as well as DNA and protein damage. Curcumin, the polyphenolic pigment extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, is well-known for its pleiotropic medicinal effects. Curcumin has been shown to have ameliorative effects in arsenic-induced genotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, angiogenesis, skin diseases, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. This review aims to summarize the scientific evidence on arsenic toxicity in various organs and the ameliorative effects of curcumin on the arsenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Abstract
Exposure to arsenic in contaminated drinking water is an emerging public health problem that impacts more than 200 million people worldwide. Accumulating lines of evidence from epidemiological studies revealed that chronic exposure to arsenic can result in various human diseases including cancer, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Arsenic is also classified as a Group I human carcinogen. In this review, we survey extensively different modes of action for arsenic-induced carcinogenesis, with focus being placed on arsenic-mediated impairment of DNA repair pathways. Inorganic arsenic can be bioactivated by methylation, and the ensuing products are highly genotoxic. Bioactivation of arsenicals also elicits the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), which can directly damage DNA and modify cysteine residues in proteins. Results from recent studies suggest zinc finger proteins as crucial molecular targets for direct binding to As3+ or for modifications by arsenic-induced ROS/RNS, which may constitute a common mechanism underlying arsenic-induced perturbations of DNA repair.
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Peroxynitrite contributes to arsenic-induced PARP-1 inhibition through ROS/RNS generation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 378:114602. [PMID: 31152818 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic, in the trivalent form (AsIII), is a human co-carcinogen reported to enhance mutagenesis effects of other carcinogens such as UV radiation by inhibiting DNA repair. The zinc finger DNA repair protein Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is a sensitive target of AsIII and both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generated by AsIII contribute to PARP-1 inhibition. However, the mechanisms of ROS/RNS-mediated PARP inhibition and how AsIII-generated ROS/RNS may be interconnected are still unclear. In this study, we found AsIII exposure of normal human keratinocyte (HEKn) cells generated peroxynitrite through superoxide and nitric oxide production in an AsIII concentration dependent manner. Peroxynitrite inhibited PARP-1 activity and caused zinc loss from PARP-1 protein while scavenging peroxynitrite was protective of the impacts on PARP-1. We identified peroxynitrite was responsible for S-nitrosation on cysteine residues resulting in PARP-1 zinc finger conformational changes. Taken together, the evidence indicates AsIII generates peroxynitrite through superoxide and nitric oxide production, induces S-nitrosation on PARP-1, leading to zinc loss and activity inhibition of PARP-1, thus enhancing DNA damage caused by UV radiation. These findings highlight a role for peroxynitrite as a key molecule of ROS/RNS mediated DNA repair inhibition by AsIII which should inform the development of prevention and intervention strategies against AsIII co-carcinogenesis.
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Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Udensi UK, Pacurari M, Stevens JJ, Patlolla AK, Noubissi F, Kumar S. State of the science review of the health effects of inorganic arsenic: Perspectives for future research. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:188-202. [PMID: 30511785 PMCID: PMC6328315 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a global health issue. Although there is strong evidence for iAs-induced toxicity at higher levels of exposure, many epidemiological studies evaluating its effects at low exposure levels have reported mixed results. We comprehensively reviewed the literature and evaluated the scientific knowledge on human exposure to arsenic, mechanisms of action, systemic and carcinogenic effects, risk characterization, and regulatory guidelines. We identified areas where additional research is needed. These priority areas include: (1) further development of animal models of iAs carcinogenicity to identify molecular events involved in iAs carcinogenicity; (2) characterization of underlying mechanisms of iAs toxicity; (3) assessment of gender-specific susceptibilities and other factors that modulate arsenic metabolism; (4) sufficiently powered epidemiological studies to ascertain relationship between iAs exposure and reproductive/developmental effects; (5) evaluation of genetic/epigenetic determinants of iAs effects in children; and (6) epidemiological studies of people chronically exposed to low iAs concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Tchounwou
- Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH/NIMHD-RCMI Center for Environmental Health.Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Clement G. Yedjou
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Udensi K. Udensi
- Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH/NIMHD-RCMI Center for Environmental Health.Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Maricica Pacurari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Jacqueline J. Stevens
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Anita K. Patlolla
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Felicite Noubissi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH/NIMHD-RCMI Center for Environmental Health.Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
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13
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Zhou X, Cooper KL, Huestis J, Xu H, Burchiel SW, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. S-nitrosation on zinc finger motif of PARP-1 as a mechanism of DNA repair inhibition by arsenite. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80482-80492. [PMID: 27741521 PMCID: PMC5348335 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic, a widely distributed carcinogen, is known to significantly amplify the impact of other carcinogens through inhibition of DNA repair. Our recent work suggests that reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) induced by arsenite (AsIII) play an important role in the inhibition of the DNA repair protein Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1). AsIII-induced ROS lead to oxidation of cysteine residues within the PARP-1 zinc finger DNA binding domain. However, the mechanism underlying RNS-mediated PARP inhibition by arsenic remains unknown. In this work, we demonstrate that AsIII treatment of normal human keratinocyte (HEKn) cells induced S-nitrosation on cysteine residues of PARP-1 protein, in a similar manner to a nitric oxide donor. S-nitrosation of PARP-1 could be reduced by 1400W (inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) or c-PTIO (a nitric oxide scavenger). Furthermore, AsIII treatment of HEKn cells leads to zinc loss and inhibition of PARP-1 enzymatic activity. AsIII and 1400W/c-PTIO co-treatment demonstrate that these effects occur in an iNOS- and NO-dependent manner. Importantly, we confirmed S-nitrosation on the zinc finger DNA binding domain of PARP-1 protein. Taken together, AsIII induces S-nitrosation on PARP-1 zinc finger DNA binding domain by generating NO through iNOS activation, leading to zinc loss and inhibition of PARP-1 activity, thereby increasing retention of damaged DNA. These findings identify S-nitrosation as an important component of the molecular mechanism underlying AsIII inhibition of DNA repair, which may benefit the development of preventive and intervention strategies against AsIII co-carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Karen L Cooper
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Juliana Huestis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Scott W Burchiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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14
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Rajput M, Kujur PK, Mishra A, Singh RP. Flavonoids inhibit chronically exposed arsenic-induced proliferation and malignant transformation of HaCaT cells. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 34:91-101. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Rajput
- Cancer Biology Laboratory; School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Praveen Kumar Kujur
- Cancer Biology Laboratory; School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Abhijeet Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory; School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Rana P. Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory; School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
- School of Life Sciences; Central University of Gujarat; Gandhinagar Gujarat India
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15
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Guidarelli A, Fiorani M, Cerioni L, Scotti M, Cantoni O. Arsenite induces DNA damage via mitochondrial ROS and induction of mitochondrial permeability transition. Biofactors 2017; 43:673-684. [PMID: 28703385 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenite is an established DNA-damaging agent and human carcinogen. We initially selected conditions in which the metalloid causes DNA strand scission in the absence of detectable apoptotic DNA degradation in U937 cells. This response was suppressed by catalase and by treatments (rotenone and ascorbic acid), or manipulations (respiration-deficient phenotype), preventing the mitochondrial formation of O2-. ( mitoO2-.). MitoO2-., and its dismutation product, H2 O2 , are therefore critically involved in the arsenite-dependent DNA-damaging response. We then established a link between mitoO2-./H2 O2 and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), and found that this second event also promoted the formation of DNA-damaging species. As a consequence, the DNA damage induced by arsenite, in addition to being abolished by the aforementioned treatments/manipulations, was also significantly reduced by the MPT inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA). A CsA-sensitive induction of p53 mRNA expression was also detected. Finally, evidence of CsA-sensitive DNA strand scission was also obtained in MCF-7, HT22, and NCTC-2544 cells. MitoO2-./H2 O2 therefore directly mediates DNA damage induced by arsenite and indirectly promotes the formation of additional DNA-damaging species via the induction of MPT. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(5):673-684, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guidarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Mara Fiorani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Liana Cerioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Maddalena Scotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Orazio Cantoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029, Urbino, Italy
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16
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Ding X, Zhou X, Cooper KL, Huestis J, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Differential sensitivities of cellular XPA and PARP-1 to arsenite inhibition and zinc rescue. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 331:108-115. [PMID: 28552776 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arsenite directly binds to the zinc finger domains of the DNA repair protein poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1, and inhibits PARP-1 activity in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. PARP inhibition by arsenite enhances ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage in keratinocytes, and the increase in DNA damage is reduced by zinc supplementation. However, little is known about the effects of arsenite and zinc on the zinc finger nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA). In this study, we investigated the difference in response to arsenite exposure between XPA and PARP-1, and the differential effectiveness of zinc supplementation in restoring protein DNA binding and DNA damage repair. Arsenite targeted both XPA and PARP-1 in human keratinocytes, resulting in zinc loss from each protein and a pronounced decrease in XPA and PARP-1 binding to chromatin as demonstrated by Chip-on-Western assays. Zinc effectively restored DNA binding of PARP-1 and XPA to chromatin when zinc concentrations were equal to those of arsenite. In contrast, zinc was more effective in rescuing arsenite-augmented direct UVR-induced DNA damage than oxidative DNA damage. Taken together, our findings indicate that arsenite interferes with PARP-1 and XPA binding to chromatin, and that zinc supplementation fully restores DNA binding activity to both proteins in the cellular context. Interestingly, rescue of arsenite-inhibited DNA damage repair by supplemental zinc was more sensitive for DNA damage repaired by the XPA-associated NER pathway than for the PARP-1-dependent BER pathway. This study expands our understanding of arsenite's role in DNA repair inhibition and co-carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Karen L Cooper
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Juliana Huestis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
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17
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Huestis J, Zhou X, Chen L, Feng C, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Kinetics and thermodynamics of zinc(II) and arsenic(III) binding to XPA and PARP-1 zinc finger peptides. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:45-52. [PMID: 27521476 PMCID: PMC5096954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of DNA repair is an established mechanism of arsenic co-carcinogenesis, and may be perpetuated by the binding of As(III) to key zinc finger (zf) DNA repair proteins. Validated molecular targets of As(III) include the first zinc finger domain of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP-1), and the zinc finger domain of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group A (XPA). In order to gain an understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the interaction of As(III) with these two zinc finger motifs, a fluorescence based approach was used to investigate Zn(II) and As(III) binding to synthetic model peptides corresponding to the zf motif of XPA and first zf motif of PARP-1, referred to in this paper as XPAzf and PARP-1zf-1, respectively. While XPAzf and PARP-1zf-1 display similar relative affinities for As(III), PARP-1zf-1 shows a potential kinetic advantage over XPAzf for As(III) binding, with a rate constant for the fast phase of formation of As(III)-PARP-1zf-1 approximately 4-fold higher than for As(III)-XPAzf. However, the binding of Zn(II) with either peptide proceeds at a faster rate than As(III). Notably, XPAzf demonstrates comparable affinities for binding both metals, while PARP-1zf-1 shows a slightly higher affinity for Zn(II), suggesting that the relative concentrations of Zn(II) and As(III) in a system may significantly influence which species predominates in zinc finger occupancy. These results provide insight into the mechanisms underlying interactions between zinc finger structures and As(III), and highlight the potential utility of zinc supplementation in mitigating adverse effects of As(III) on zinc finger functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Huestis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Changjian Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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18
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Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 and DNA repair by uranium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 291:13-20. [PMID: 26627003 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Uranium has radiological and non-radiological effects within biological systems and there is increasing evidence for genotoxic and carcinogenic properties attributable to uranium through its heavy metal properties. In this study, we report that low concentrations of uranium (as uranyl acetate; <10 μM) is not cytotoxic to human embryonic kidney cells or normal human keratinocytes; however, uranium exacerbates DNA damage and cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that uranium may inhibit DNA repair processes. Concentrations of uranyl acetate in the low micromolar range inhibited the zinc finger DNA repair protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 and caused zinc loss from PARP-1 protein. Uranyl acetate exposure also led to zinc loss from the zinc finger DNA repair proteins Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Complementation Group A (XPA) and aprataxin (APTX). In keeping with the observed inhibition of zinc finger function of DNA repair proteins, exposure to uranyl acetate enhanced retention of induced DNA damage. Co-incubation of uranyl acetate with zinc largely overcame the impact of uranium on PARP-1 activity and DNA damage. These findings present evidence that low concentrations of uranium can inhibit DNA repair through disruption of zinc finger domains of specific target DNA repair proteins. This may provide a mechanistic basis to account for the published observations that uranium exposure is associated with DNA repair deficiency in exposed human populations.
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19
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Zhou X, Cooper KL, Sun X, Liu KJ, Hudson LG. Selective Sensitization of Zinc Finger Protein Oxidation by Reactive Oxygen Species through Arsenic Binding. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18361-9. [PMID: 26063799 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.663906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine oxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) on redox-sensitive targets such as zinc finger proteins plays a critical role in redox signaling and subsequent biological outcomes. We found that arsenic exposure led to oxidation of certain zinc finger proteins based on arsenic interaction with zinc finger motifs. Analysis of zinc finger proteins isolated from arsenic-exposed cells and zinc finger peptides by mass spectrometry demonstrated preferential oxidation of C3H1 and C4 zinc finger configurations. C2H2 zinc finger proteins that do not bind arsenic were not oxidized by arsenic-generated ROS in the cellular environment. The findings suggest that selectivity in arsenic binding to zinc fingers with three or more cysteines defines the target proteins for oxidation by ROS. This represents a novel mechanism of selective protein oxidation and demonstrates how an environmental factor may sensitize certain target proteins for oxidation, thus altering the oxidation profile and redox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zhou
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Karen L Cooper
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Xi Sun
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Ke J Liu
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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20
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Tong D, Ortega J, Kim C, Huang J, Gu L, Li GM. Arsenic Inhibits DNA Mismatch Repair by Promoting EGFR Expression and PCNA Phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14536-41. [PMID: 25907674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Both genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals can act as carcinogens. However, while genotoxic compounds lead directly to mutations that promote unregulated cell growth, the mechanism by which non-genotoxic carcinogens lead to cellular transformation is poorly understood. Using a model non-genotoxic carcinogen, arsenic, we show here that exposure to arsenic inhibits mismatch repair (MMR) in human cells, possibly through its ability to stimulate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA). HeLa cells exposed to exogenous arsenic demonstrate a dose- and time-dependent increase in the levels of EGFR and tyrosine 211-phosphorylated PCNA. Cell extracts derived from arsenic-treated HeLa cells are defective in MMR, and unphosphorylated recombinant PCNA restores normal MMR activity to these extracts. These results suggest a model in which arsenic induces expression of EGFR, which in turn phosphorylates PCNA, and phosphorylated PCNA then inhibits MMR, leading to increased susceptibility to carcinogenesis. This study suggests a putative novel mechanism of action for arsenic and other non-genotoxic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tong
- From the College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, and Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Janice Ortega
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, and
| | - Christine Kim
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, and
| | - Jian Huang
- From the College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072
| | - Liya Gu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, and
| | - Guo-Min Li
- From the College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, and Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China 100084
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21
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Yoshimura K, Shigeoka S. Versatile physiological functions of the Nudix hydrolase family in Arabidopsis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 79:354-66. [PMID: 25483172 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.987207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nudix hydrolases are widely distributed in all kingdoms of life and have the potential to hydrolyze a wide range of organic pyrophosphates, including nucleoside di- and triphosphates, nucleotide coenzymes, nucleotide sugars, and RNA caps. However, except for E. coli MutT and its orthologs in other organisms that sanitize oxidized nucleotides to prevent DNA and RNA mutations, the functions of Nudix hydrolases had largely remained unclear until recently, because many members of this enzyme family exhibited broad substrate specificities. There is now increasing evidence to show that their functions extend into many aspects of the regulation of cellular responses. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular and enzymatic properties as well as physiological functions of Arabidopsis Nudix hydrolases. The information presented here may provide novel insights into the physiological roles of these enzymes in not only plant species, but also other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yoshimura
- a Department of Food and Nutritional Science , College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University , Kasugai , Japan
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22
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Ebert F, Leffers L, Weber T, Berndt S, Mangerich A, Beneke S, Bürkle A, Schwerdtle T. Toxicological properties of the thiolated inorganic arsenic and arsenosugar metabolite thio-dimethylarsinic acid in human bladder cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:138-146. [PMID: 23994116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thio-dimethylarsinic acid (thio-DMA(V)) has recently been identified as human metabolite after exposure toward both the human carcinogen inorganic arsenic and arsenosugars, which are the major arsenical constituents of marine algae. This study aims to get further insight in the toxic modes of action of thio-DMA(V) in cultured human urothelial cells. Among others effects of thio-DMA(V) on eight cell death related endpoints, cell cycle distribution, genotoxicity, cellular bioavailability as well as for the first time its impact on DNA damage induced poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation were investigated and compared to effects induced by arsenite. The data indicate that thio-DMA(V) exerts its cellular toxicity in a similar or even lower concentration range, however most likely via different mechanisms, than arsenite. Most interestingly, thio-DMA(V) decreased damage-induced cellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by 35,000-fold lower concentrations than arsenite. The inhibition of this essential DNA-damage induced and DNA-repair related signaling reaction might contribute to inorganic arsenic induced toxicity, at least in the bladder. Therefore, and also because thio-DMA(V) is to date by far the most toxic human metabolite identified after arsenosugar intake, thio-DMA(V) should contemporary be fully (also in vivo) toxicologically characterized, to assess risks to human health related to inorganic arsenic but especially arsenosugar dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Larissa Leffers
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Svenia Berndt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sascha Beneke
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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23
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Zhao L, Wang Z, Xi Z, Xu D, Chen S, Liu Y. The Reaction of Arsenite with Proteins Relies on Solution Conditions. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:3054-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402891t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Zhao
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
| | - Zhen Wang
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
| | - Zhaoyong Xi
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
| | - Dechen Xu
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
| | - Siming Chen
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
| | - Yangzhong Liu
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
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24
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Sun X, Zhou X, Du L, Liu W, Liu Y, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Arsenite binding-induced zinc loss from PARP-1 is equivalent to zinc deficiency in reducing PARP-1 activity, leading to inhibition of DNA repair. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 274:313-8. [PMID: 24275069 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of DNA repair is a recognized mechanism for arsenic enhancement of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage and carcinogenesis. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a zinc finger DNA repair protein, has been identified as a sensitive molecular target for arsenic. The zinc finger domains of PARP-1 protein function as a critical structure in DNA recognition and binding. Since cellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capacity has been positively correlated with zinc status in cells, we hypothesize that arsenite binding-induced zinc loss from PARP-1 is equivalent to zinc deficiency in reducing PARP-1 activity, leading to inhibition of DNA repair. To test this hypothesis, we compared the effects of arsenite exposure with zinc deficiency, created by using the membrane-permeable zinc chelator TPEN, on 8-OHdG formation, PARP-1 activity and zinc binding to PARP-1 in HaCat cells. Our results show that arsenite exposure and zinc deficiency had similar effects on PARP-1 protein, whereas supplemental zinc reversed these effects. To investigate the molecular mechanism of zinc loss induced by arsenite, ICP-AES, near UV spectroscopy, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy were utilized to examine arsenite binding and occupation of a peptide representing the first zinc finger of PARP-1. We found that arsenite binding as well as zinc loss altered the conformation of zinc finger structure which functionally leads to PARP-1 inhibition. These findings suggest that arsenite binding to PARP-1 protein created similar adverse biological effects as zinc deficiency, which establishes the molecular mechanism for zinc supplementation as a potentially effective treatment to reverse the detrimental outcomes of arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Libo Du
- Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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25
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Melanocytes and keratinocytes have distinct and shared responses to ultraviolet radiation and arsenic. Toxicol Lett 2013; 224:407-15. [PMID: 24270004 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rise of melanoma incidence in the United States is a growing public health concern. A limited number of epidemiology studies suggest an association between arsenic levels and melanoma risk. Arsenic acts as a co-carcinogen with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) for the development of squamous cell carcinoma and proposed mechanisms include generation of oxidative stress by arsenic and UVR and inhibition of UVR-induced DNA repair by arsenic. In this study, we investigate similarities and differences in response to arsenic and UVR in keratinocytes and melanocytes. Normal melanocytes are markedly more resistant to UVR-induced cytotoxicity than normal keratinocytes, but both cell types are equally sensitive to arsenite. Melanocytes were more resistant to arsenite and UVR stimulation of superoxide production than keratinocytes, but the concentration of arsenite necessary to inhibit the activity of the DNA repair protein poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and enhance retention of UVR-induced DNA damage was essentially equivalent in both cell types. These findings suggest that although melanocytes are less sensitive than keratinocytes to initial UVR-mediated DNA damage, both of these important target cells in the skin share a mechanism related to arsenic inhibition of DNA repair. These findings suggest that concurrent chronic arsenic exposure could promote retention of unrepaired DNA damage in melanocytes and act as a co-carcinogen in melanoma.
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Enhanced antioxidant effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and Trolox in combination against radiation induced-oxidative stress. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 207:7-15. [PMID: 24211618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of antioxidants are believed to be more effective than single antioxidant because when antioxidants are combined they support each other synergistically to create a magnified effect. Discovering the enhancer effects or synergies between bioactive components is valuable for resisting oxidative stress and improving health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible cooperation of natural antioxidant caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) with synthetic antioxidant Trolox in the model systems of chemical generation of free radicals, lipid peroxidation of microsomes and radiation-induced oxidative injury in L929 cells. Based on the intermolecular interaction between CAPE and Trolox, the present study shows a synergistic effect of CAPE and Trolox in combination on elimination of three different free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation initiated by three different systems. CAPE and Trolox added simultaneously to the L929 cells exerted an enhanced preventive effect on the oxidative injury induced by radiation through decreasing ROS generation, protecting plasma membrane and increasing the ratios of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione and the expression of key antioxidant enzymes mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Our results showed for the first time that administration of CAPE and Trolox in combination may exert synergistic antioxidant effects, and further indicate that CAPE and Trolox combination functions mainly through scavenging ROS directly, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and promoting redox cycle of GSH mediated by Nrf2-regulated glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase expression.
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Wang F, Zhou X, Liu W, Sun X, Chen C, Hudson LG, Jian Liu K. Arsenite-induced ROS/RNS generation causes zinc loss and inhibits the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:249-56. [PMID: 23602911 PMCID: PMC3766412 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic enhances the genotoxicity of other carcinogenic agents such as ultraviolet radiation and benzo[a]pyrene. Recent reports suggest that inhibition of DNA repair is an important aspect of arsenic cocarcinogenesis, and DNA repair proteins such as poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 are direct molecular targets of arsenic. Although arsenic has been shown to generate reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), little is known about the role of arsenic-induced ROS/RNS in the mechanism underlying arsenic inhibition of DNA repair. We report herein that arsenite-generated ROS/RNS inhibits PARP-1 activity in cells. Cellular exposure to arsenite, as well as hydrogen peroxide and NONOate (nitric oxide donor), decreased PARP-1 zinc content, enzymatic activity, and PARP-1 DNA binding. Furthermore, the effects of arsenite on PARP-1 activity, DNA binding, and zinc content were partially reversed by the antioxidant ascorbic acid, catalase, and the NOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine. Most importantly, arsenite incubation with purified PARP-1 protein in vitro did not alter PARP-1 activity or DNA-binding ability, whereas hydrogen peroxide or NONOate retained PARP-1 inhibitory activity. These results strongly suggest that cellular generation of ROS/RNS plays an important role in arsenite inhibition of PARP-1 activity, leading to the loss of PARP-1 DNA-binding ability and enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Faita F, Cori L, Bianchi F, Andreassi MG. Arsenic-induced genotoxicity and genetic susceptibility to arsenic-related pathologies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:1527-46. [PMID: 23583964 PMCID: PMC3709332 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10041527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The arsenic (As) exposure represents an important problem in many parts of the World. Indeed, it is estimated that over 100 million individuals are exposed to arsenic, mainly through a contamination of groundwaters. Chronic exposure to As is associated with adverse effects on human health such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases and the rate of morbidity and mortality in populations exposed is alarming. The purpose of this review is to summarize the genotoxic effects of As in the cells as well as to discuss the importance of signaling and repair of arsenic-induced DNA damage. The current knowledge of specific polymorphisms in candidate genes that confer susceptibility to arsenic exposure is also reviewed. We also discuss the perspectives offered by the determination of biological markers of early effect on health, incorporating genetic polymorphisms, with biomarkers for exposure to better evaluate exposure-response clinical relationships as well as to develop novel preventative strategies for arsenic- health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Faita
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy.
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Cooper KL, King BS, Sandoval MM, Liu KJ, Hudson LG. Reduction of arsenite-enhanced ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage by supplemental zinc. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:81-8. [PMID: 23523584 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a recognized human carcinogen and there is evidence that arsenic augments the carcinogenicity of DNA damaging agents such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR) thereby acting as a co-carcinogen. Inhibition of DNA repair is one proposed mechanism to account for the co-carcinogenic actions of arsenic. We and others find that arsenite interferes with the function of certain zinc finger DNA repair proteins. Furthermore, we reported that zinc reverses the effects of arsenite in cultured cells and a DNA repair target protein, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. In order to determine whether zinc ameliorates the effects of arsenite on UVR-induced DNA damage in human keratinocytes and in an in vivo model, normal human epidermal keratinocytes and SKH-1 hairless mice were exposed to arsenite, zinc or both before solar-simulated (ss) UVR exposure. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity, DNA damage and mutation frequencies at the Hprt locus were measured in each treatment group in normal human keratinocytes. DNA damage was assessed in vivo by immunohistochemical staining of skin sections isolated from SKH-1 hairless mice. Cell-based findings demonstrate that ssUVR-induced DNA damage and mutagenesis are enhanced by arsenite, and supplemental zinc partially reverses the arsenite effect. In vivo studies confirm that zinc supplementation decreases arsenite-enhanced DNA damage in response to ssUVR exposure. From these data we can conclude that zinc offsets the impact of arsenic on ssUVR-stimulated DNA damage in cells and in vivo suggesting that zinc supplementation may provide a strategy to improve DNA repair capacity in arsenic exposed human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Cooper
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Bhattacharjee P, Banerjee M, Giri AK. Role of genomic instability in arsenic-induced carcinogenicity. A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 53:29-40. [PMID: 23314041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic arsenic toxicity is associated with cancer. Although unstable genome is a characteristic feature of cancer cells, the mechanisms leading to genomic instability in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis are poorly understood. While there are excellent reviews relating to genomic instability in general, there is no comprehensive review presenting the mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced genomic instability. This review was undertaken to present the current state of research in this area and to highlight the major mechanisms that may involved in arsenic-induced genomic instability leading to cancer. Genomic instability is broadly classified into chromosomal instability (CIN), primarily associated with mitotic errors; and microsatellite instability (MIN), associated with DNA level instability. Arsenic-induced genomic instability is essentially multi-factorial in nature and involves molecular cross-talk across several cellular pathways, and is modulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous factors. Arsenic and its metabolites generate oxidative stress, which in turn induces genomic instability through DNA damage, irreversible DNA repair, telomere dysfunction, mitotic arrest and apoptosis. In addition to genetic alteration; epigenetic regulation through promoter methylation and miRNA expression alters gene expression profiling leading to genome more vulnerable and unstable towards cancer risk. Moreover, mutations or silencing of pro-apoptotic genes can lead to genomic instability by allowing survival of damaged cells that would otherwise die. Although a large body of information is now generated regarding arsenic-induced carcinogenesis; further studies exploring genome-wide association, role of environment and diet are needed for a better understanding of the arsenic-induced genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata-700 032, India
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31
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Stamatelos SK, Androulakis IP, Kong ANT, Georgopoulos PG. A semi-mechanistic integrated toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK/TD) model for arsenic(III) in hepatocytes. J Theor Biol 2013; 317:244-56. [PMID: 23069314 PMCID: PMC4026948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A systems engineering approach is presented for describing the kinetics and dynamics that are elicited upon arsenic exposure of human hepatocytes. The mathematical model proposed here tracks the cellular reaction network of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds present in the hepatocyte and analyzes the production of toxicologically potent by-products and the signaling they induce in hepatocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS The present modeling effort integrates for the first time a cellular-level semi-mechanistic toxicokinetic (TK) model of arsenic in human hepatocytes with a cellular-level toxicodynamic (TD) model describing the arsenic-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, the antioxidant response, and the oxidative DNA damage repair process. The antioxidant response mechanism is described based on the Keap1-independent Nuclear Factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling cascade and accounts for the upregulation of detoxifying enzymes. The ROS-induced DNA damage is simulated by coupling the TK/TD formulation with a model describing the multistep pathway of oxidative DNA repair. The predictions of the model are assessed against experimental data of arsenite-induced genotoxic damage to human hepatocytes; thereby capturing in silico the mode of the experimental dose-response curve. CONCLUSIONS The integrated cellular-level TK/TD model presented here provides significant insight into the underlying regulatory mechanism of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant response due to arsenic exposure. While computational simulations are in a fair good agreement with relevant experimental data, further analysis of the system unravels the role of a dynamic interplay among the feedback loops of the system in controlling the ROS upregulation and DNA damage response. This TK/TD framework that uses arsenic as an example can be further extended to other toxic or pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros K. Stamatelos
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) A Joint Institute of UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Ioannis P. Androulakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Panos G. Georgopoulos
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) A Joint Institute of UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
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32
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The Sound of Silence: RNAi in Poly (ADP-Ribose) Research. Genes (Basel) 2012; 3:779-805. [PMID: 24705085 PMCID: PMC3899979 DOI: 10.3390/genes3040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)-ation is a nonprotein posttranslational modification of proteins and plays an integral part in cell physiology and pathology. The metabolism of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is regulated by its synthesis by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and on the catabolic side by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). PARPs convert NAD+ molecules into PAR chains that interact covalently or noncovalently with target proteins and thereby modify their structure and functions. PAR synthesis is activated when PARP1 and PARP2 bind to DNA breaks and these two enzymes account for almost all PAR formation after genotoxic stress. PARG cleaves PAR molecules into free PAR and finally ADP-ribose (ADPR) moieties, both acting as messengers in cellular stress signaling. In this review, we discuss the potential of RNAi to manipulate the levels of PARPs and PARG, and consequently those of PAR and ADPR, and compare the results with those obtained after genetic or chemical disruption.
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King BS, Cooper KL, Liu KJ, Hudson LG. Poly(ADP-ribose) contributes to an association between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A in nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:39824-33. [PMID: 23038248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.393504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) promotes the formation of UVR-induced, DNA helix distorting photolesions such as (6-4) pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Effective repair of such lesions by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is required to prevent DNA mutations and chromosome aberrations. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a zinc finger protein with well documented involvement in base excision repair. PARP-1 is activated in response to DNA damage and catalyzes the formation of poly(ADP-ribose) subunits that assist in the assembly of DNA repair proteins at sites of damage. In this study, we present evidence for PARP-1 contributions to NER, extending the knowledge of PARP-1 function in DNA repair beyond the established role in base excision repair. Silencing the PARP-1 protein or inhibiting PARP activity leads to retention of UVR-induced photolesions. PARP activation following UVR exposure promotes association between PARP-1 and XPA, a central protein in NER. Administration of PARP inhibitors confirms that poly(ADP-ribose) facilitates PARP-1 association with XPA in whole cell extracts, in isolated chromatin complexes, and in vitro. Furthermore, inhibition of PARP activity decreases UVR-stimulated XPA chromatin association, illustrating that these relationships occur in a meaningful context for NER. These results provide a mechanistic link for PARP activity in the repair of UVR-induced photoproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenee S King
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Qin XJ, Liu W, Li YN, Sun X, Hai CX, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibition by arsenite promotes the survival of cells with unrepaired DNA lesions induced by UV exposure. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:120-9. [PMID: 22387748 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human arsenic exposure is associated with increased risk of skin cancer, and arsenite greatly enhances ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin tumors in a mouse model of carcinogenesis. Inhibition of DNA repair is one proposed mechanism for the observed cocarcinogenicity. We have previously demonstrated that low concentrations of arsenite inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1, thus interfering with DNA repair process triggered by UV radiation. Because overactivation of PARP-1 often leads to apoptotic cell death, and unrepaired DNA lesions promote genomic instability and carcinogenesis, we hypothesized that inhibition of PARP-1 by arsenic may promote the survival of potentially "initiated carcinogenic cells," i.e., cells with unrepaired DNA lesions. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis on UV-challenged HaCat cells. Cells were pretreated with 2μM arsenite for 24 h before UV exposure. Outcome parameters included apoptotic death rate, PARP-1 activation, apoptotic molecules, and retention of DNA lesions. UV exposure induced PARP-1 activation and associated poly(ADP-ribose) production, apoptosis-inducing factor release, cytochrome C release, and caspases activation, which led to apoptotic death in HaCat cells. Pretreatment with 2μM arsenite significantly inhibited UV-induced cell death as well as the associated molecular events. Notably, knockdown of PARP-1 with small interfering RNA completely abolished the antagonism of arsenite. Furthermore, arsenite pretreatment led to long-term retention of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Together, these results suggest that low concentration of arsenite reduces UV-induced apoptosis via inhibiting PARP-1, thus promoting the survival of cells with unrepaired DNA lesions, which may be an important mechanism underlying arsenic cocarcinogenic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jun Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
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35
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Martinez VD, Vucic EA, Adonis M, Gil L, Lam WL. Arsenic biotransformation as a cancer promoting factor by inducing DNA damage and disruption of repair mechanisms. Mol Biol Int 2011. [PMID: 22091411 DOI: 10.4061/2011/718974]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water poses a major global health concern. Populations exposed to high concentrations of arsenic-contaminated drinking water suffer serious health consequences, including alarming cancer incidence and death rates. Arsenic is biotransformed through sequential addition of methyl groups, acquired from s-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Metabolism of arsenic generates a variety of genotoxic and cytotoxic species, damaging DNA directly and indirectly, through the generation of reactive oxidative species and induction of DNA adducts, strand breaks and cross links, and inhibition of the DNA repair process itself. Since SAM is the methyl group donor used by DNA methyltransferases to maintain normal epigenetic patterns in all human cells, arsenic is also postulated to affect maintenance of normal DNA methylation patterns, chromatin structure, and genomic stability. The biological processes underlying the cancer promoting factors of arsenic metabolism, related to DNA damage and repair, will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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36
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Ebert F, Weiss A, Bültemeyer M, Hamann I, Hartwig A, Schwerdtle T. Arsenicals affect base excision repair by several mechanisms. Mutat Res 2011; 715:32-41. [PMID: 21782832 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a strong, widespread human carcinogen. How exactly inorganic arsenic exerts carcinogenicity in humans is as yet unclear, but it is thought to be closely related to its metabolism. At exposure-relevant concentrations arsenic is neither directly DNA reactive nor mutagenic. Thus, more likely epigenetic and indirect genotoxic effects, among others a modulation of the cellular DNA damage response and DNA repair, are important molecular mechanisms contributing to its carcinogenicity. In the present study, we investigated the impact of arsenic on several base excision repair (BER) key players in cultured human lung cells. For the first time gene expression, protein level and in case of human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) protein function was examined in one study, comparing inorganic arsenite and its trivalent and pentavalent mono- and dimethylated metabolites, also taking into account their cellular bioavailability. Our data clearly show that arsenite and its metabolites can affect several cellular endpoints related to DNA repair. Thus, cellular OGG activity was most sensitively affected by dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)), DNA ligase IIIα (LIGIIIα) protein level by arsenite and X-ray cross complementing protein 1 (XRCC1 protein) content by monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)), with significant effects starting at ≥3.2μM cellular arsenic. With respect to MMA(V), to our knowledge these effects are the most sensitive endpoints, related to DNA damage response, that have been identified so far. In contrast to earlier nucleotide excision repair related studies, the trivalent methylated metabolites exerted strong effects on the investigated BER key players only at cytotoxic concentrations. In summary, our data point out that after mixed arsenic species exposure, a realistic scenario after oral inorganic arsenic intake in humans, DNA repair might be affected by different mechanisms and therefore very effectively, which might facilitate the carcinogenic process of inorganic arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
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37
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Martinez VD, Vucic EA, Adonis M, Gil L, Lam WL. Arsenic biotransformation as a cancer promoting factor by inducing DNA damage and disruption of repair mechanisms. Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011:718974. [PMID: 22091411 PMCID: PMC3200225 DOI: 10.4061/2011/718974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water poses a major global health concern. Populations exposed to high concentrations of arsenic-contaminated drinking water suffer serious health consequences, including alarming cancer incidence and death rates. Arsenic is biotransformed through sequential addition of methyl groups, acquired from s-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Metabolism of arsenic generates a variety of genotoxic and cytotoxic species, damaging DNA directly and indirectly, through the generation of reactive oxidative species and induction of DNA adducts, strand breaks and cross links, and inhibition of the DNA repair process itself. Since SAM is the methyl group donor used by DNA methyltransferases to maintain normal epigenetic patterns in all human cells, arsenic is also postulated to affect maintenance of normal DNA methylation patterns, chromatin structure, and genomic stability. The biological processes underlying the cancer promoting factors of arsenic metabolism, related to DNA damage and repair, will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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38
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Mitchell E, Frisbie S, Sarkar B. Exposure to multiple metals from groundwater-a global crisis: geology, climate change, health effects, testing, and mitigation. Metallomics 2011; 3:874-908. [PMID: 21766119 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the global extent of naturally occurring toxic metals in groundwater. Adverse health effects attributed to the toxic metals most commonly found in groundwater are reviewed, as well as chemical, biochemical, and physiological interactions between these metals. Synergistic and antagonistic effects that have been reported between the toxic metals found in groundwater and the dietary trace elements are highlighted, and common behavioural, cultural, and dietary practices that are likely to significantly modify health risks due to use of metal-contaminated groundwater are reviewed. Methods for analytical testing of samples containing multiple metals are discussed, with special attention to analytical interferences between metals and reagents. An overview is presented of approaches to providing safe water when groundwater contains multiple metallic toxins.
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Zhou X, Sun X, Cooper KL, Wang F, Liu KJ, Hudson LG. Arsenite interacts selectively with zinc finger proteins containing C3H1 or C4 motifs. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22855-63. [PMID: 21550982 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.232926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic inhibits DNA repair and enhances the genotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents such as benzo[a]pyrene and ultraviolet radiation. Arsenic interaction with DNA repair proteins containing functional zinc finger motifs is one proposed mechanism to account for these observations. Here, we report that arsenite binds to both CCHC DNA-binding zinc fingers of the DNA repair protein PARP-1 (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1). Furthermore, trivalent arsenite coordinated with all three cysteine residues as demonstrated by MS/MS. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of peptides harboring site-directed substitutions of cysteine with histidine residues within the PARP-1 zinc finger revealed that arsenite bound to peptides containing three or four cysteine residues, but not to peptides with two cysteines, demonstrating arsenite binding selectivity. This finding was not unique to PARP-1; arsenite did not bind to a peptide representing the CCHH zinc finger of the DNA repair protein aprataxin, but did bind to an aprataxin peptide mutated to a CCHC zinc finger. To investigate the impact of arsenite on PARP-1 zinc finger function, we measured the zinc content and DNA-binding capacity of PARP-1 immunoprecipitated from arsenite-exposed cells. PARP-1 zinc content and DNA binding were decreased by 76 and 80%, respectively, compared with protein isolated from untreated cells. We observed comparable decreases in zinc content for XPA (xeroderma pigmentosum group A) protein (CCCC zinc finger), but not SP-1 (specificity protein-1) or aprataxin (CCHH zinc finger). These findings demonstrate that PARP-1 is a direct molecular target of arsenite and that arsenite interacts selectively with zinc finger motifs containing three or more cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
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Li G, Nasar V, Yang Y, Li W, Liu B, Sun L, Li D, Song F. Arabidopsis poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase 1 is required for drought, osmotic and oxidative stress responses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 180:283-291. [PMID: 21421372 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational protein modification that plays important roles in many cellular processes in mammalian systems. Emerging evidence indicates that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is also involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In the present study, we used genetic mutant parg1-3 and transgenic PARG1-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants to examine the role of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase1 (PARG1) in abiotic stress resistance. Osmotic (mannitol treatment) or oxidative [methyl viologen (MV) treatment] stress reduced germination rates of the parg1-3 seeds compared with wild type seeds. The parg1-3 plants showed reduced tolerance to drought (withholding water), osmotic, and oxidative stress, as well as increased levels of cell damage under osmotic and oxidative stress and reduced survival under drought stress when compared with the wild type plants. Stomata of the parg1-3 plants failed to close under drought stress conditions. The expression level of oxidative stress-related genes AtAox1 and AtApx2 in the parg1-3 plants was reduced after MV treatment. However, when PARG1 was overexpressed in the parg1-3 mutant and the wild type Col-0 background, similar phenotypical changes to wild type were noted in response to drought, osmotic, or oxidative stress. These results suggest a function for PARG1 in abiotic stress responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University-Huajiachi Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, People's Republic of China
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Sanchez A, Shin J, Davis SJ. Abiotic stress and the plant circadian clock. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:223-31. [PMID: 21325898 PMCID: PMC3121982 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.2.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the interaction between the circadian clock of higher plants to that of metabolic and physiological processes that coordinate growth and performance under a predictable, albeit changing environment. In this, the phytochrome and cryptochrome photoreceptors have shown to be important, but not essential for oscillator control under diurnal cycles of light and dark. From this foundation, we will examine how emerging findings have firmly linked the circadian clock, as a central mediator in the coordination of metabolism, to maintain homeostasis. This occurs by oscillator synchronization of global transcription, which leads to a dynamic control of a host of physiological processes. These include the determination of the levels of primary and secondary metabolites, and the anticipation of future environmental stresses, such as mid-day drought and midnight coldness. Interestingly, metabolic and stress cues themselves appear to feedback on oscillator function. In such a way, the circadian clock of plants and abiotic-stress tolerance appear to be firmly interconnected processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sanchez
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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Combination of bifunctional alkylating agent and arsenic trioxide synergistically suppresses the growth of drug-resistant tumor cells. Neoplasia 2010; 12:376-87. [PMID: 20454509 DOI: 10.1593/neo.10110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a crucial factor in the failure of cancer chemotherapy. In this study, we explored the effect of combining alkylating agents and arsenic trioxide (ATO) on the suppression of tumor cells with inherited or acquired resistance to therapeutic agents. Our results showed that combining ATO and a synthetic derivative of 3a-aza-cyclopenta[a]indenes (BO-1012), a bifunctional alkylating agent causing DNA interstrand cross-links, was more effective in killing human cancer cell lines (H460, H1299, and PC3) than combining ATO and melphalan or thiotepa. We further demonstrated that the combination treatment of H460 cells with BO-1012 and ATO resulted in severe G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis. In a xenograft mouse model, the combination treatment with BO-1012 and ATO synergistically reduced tumor volumes in nude mice inoculated with H460 cells. Similarly, the combination of BO-1012 and ATO effectively reduced the growth of cisplatin-resistant NTUB1/P human bladder carcinoma cells. Furthermore, the repair of BO-1012-induced DNA interstrand cross-links was significantly inhibited by ATO, and consequently, gammaH2AX was remarkably increased and formed nuclear foci in H460 cells treated with this drug combination. In addition, Rad51 was activated by translocating and forming foci in nuclei on treatment with BO-1012, whereas its activation was significantly suppressed by ATO. We further revealed that ATO might mediate through the suppression of AKT activity to inactivate Rad51. Taken together, the present study reveals that a combination of bifunctional alkylating agents and ATO may be a rational strategy for treating cancers with inherited or acquired drug resistance.
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Straus MR, Rietz S, Ver Loren van Themaat E, Bartsch M, Parker JE. Salicylic acid antagonism of EDS1-driven cell death is important for immune and oxidative stress responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:628-40. [PMID: 20163553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as signals in the responses of plants to stress. Arabidopsis Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 (EDS1) regulates defense and cell death against biotrophic pathogens and controls cell death propagation in response to chloroplast-derived ROS. Arabidopsis Nudix hydrolase7 (nudt7) mutants are sensitized to photo-oxidative stress and display EDS1-dependent enhanced resistance, salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and initiation of cell death. Here we explored the relationship between EDS1, EDS1-regulated SA and ROS by examining gene expression profiles, photo-oxidative stress and resistance phenotypes of nudt7 mutants in combination with eds1 and the SA-biosynthetic mutant, sid2. We establish that EDS1 controls steps downstream of chloroplast-derived O(2)(*-) that lead to SA-assisted H(2)O(2) accumulation as part of a mechanism limiting cell death. A combination of EDS1-regulated SA-antagonized and SA-promoted processes is necessary for resistance to host-adapted pathogens and for a balanced response to photo-oxidative stress. In contrast to SA, the apoplastic ROS-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase RbohD promotes initiation of cell death during photo-oxidative stress. Thus, chloroplastic O(2)(*-) signals are processed by EDS1 to produce counter-balancing activities of SA and RbohD in the control of cell death. Our data strengthen the idea that EDS1 responds to the status of O(2)(*-) or O(2)(*-)-generated molecules to coordinate cell death and defense outputs. This activity may enable the plant to respond flexibly to different biotic and abiotic stresses in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco R Straus
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
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Komissarova EV, Rossman TG. Arsenite induced poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of tumor suppressor P53 in human skin keratinocytes as a possible mechanism for carcinogenesis associated with arsenic exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 243:399-404. [PMID: 20036271 PMCID: PMC2830301 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenite is an environmental pollutant. Exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water is associated with elevated cancer risk, especially in skin. Arsenite alone does not cause skin cancer in animals, but arsenite can enhance the carcinogenicity of solar UV. Arsenite is not a significant mutagen at non-toxic concentrations, but it enhances the mutagenicity of other carcinogens. The tumor suppressor protein P53 and nuclear enzyme PARP-1 are both key players in DNA damage response. This laboratory demonstrated earlier that in cells treated with arsenite, the P53-dependent increase in p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression, normally a block to cell cycle progression after DNA damage, is deficient. Here we show that although long-term exposure of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) to a nontoxic concentration (0.1 microM) of arsenite decreases the level of global protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, it increases poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of P53 protein and PARP-1 protein abundance. We also demonstrate that exposure to 0.1 microM arsenite depresses the constitutive expression of p21 mRNA and P21 protein in HaCaT cells. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of P53 is reported to block its activation, DNA binding and its functioning as a transcription factor. Our results suggest that arsenite's interference with activation of P53 via poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may play a role in the comutagenic and cocarcinogenic effects of arsenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Komissarova
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine NYU Langone School of Medicine 57 Old Forge Road Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Toby G. Rossman
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine NYU Langone School of Medicine 57 Old Forge Road Tuxedo, NY 10987
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Ishikawa K, Ogawa T, Hirosue E, Nakayama Y, Harada K, Fukusaki E, Yoshimura K, Shigeoka S. Modulation of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reaction via the Arabidopsis ADP-ribose/NADH pyrophosphohydrolase, AtNUDX7, is involved in the response to oxidative stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:741-54. [PMID: 19656905 PMCID: PMC2754630 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.140442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we assessed modulation of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PAR) reaction by an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ADP-ribose (Rib)/NADH pyrophosphohydrolase, AtNUDX7 (for Arabidopsis Nudix hydrolase 7), in AtNUDX7-overexpressed (Pro(35S):AtNUDX7) or AtNUDX7-disrupted (KO-nudx7) plants under normal conditions and oxidative stress caused by paraquat treatment. Levels of NADH and ADP-Rib were decreased in the Pro(35S):AtNUDX7 plants but increased in the KO-nudx7 plants under normal conditions and oxidative stress compared with the control plants, indicating that AtNUDX7 hydrolyzes both ADP-Rib and NADH as physiological substrates. The Pro(35S):AtNUDX7 and KO-nudx7 plants showed increased and decreased tolerance, respectively, to oxidative stress compared with the control plants. Levels of poly(ADP-Rib) in the Pro(35S):AtNUDX7 and KO-nudx7 plants were markedly higher and lower, respectively, than those in the control plants. Depletion of NAD(+) and ATP resulting from the activation of the PAR reaction under oxidative stress was completely suppressed in the Pro(35S):AtNUDX7 plants. Accumulation of NAD(+) and ATP was observed in the KO-nudx7- and 3-aminobenzamide-treated plants, in which the PAR reaction was suppressed. The expression levels of DNA repair factors, AtXRCC1 and AtXRCC2 (for x-ray repair cross-complementing factors 1 and 2), paralleled that of AtNUDX7 under both normal conditions and oxidative stress, although an inverse correlation was observed between the levels of AtXRCC3, AtRAD51 (for Escherichia coli RecA homolog), AtDMC1 (for disrupted meiotic cDNA), and AtMND1 (for meiotic nuclear divisions) and AtNUDX7. These findings suggest that AtNUDX7 controls the balance between NADH and NAD(+) by NADH turnover under normal conditions. Under oxidative stress, AtNUDX7 serves to maintain NAD(+) levels by supplying ATP via nucleotide recycling from free ADP-Rib molecules and thus regulates the defense mechanisms against oxidative DNA damage via modulation of the PAR reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishikawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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Alkahtani S, A. Alarifi S, Abdullah A A. Detection of Apoptotsis Induced by Gentamicin in Rat Hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijzr.2009.161.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ragnvaldsson D, Lättström A, Tesfalidet S, Lövgren L, Tysklind M, Leffler P. Arsenic chemical species-dependent genotoxic potential in water extracts from two CCA-contaminated soils measured by DNA-repair deficient CHO-cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4253-4260. [PMID: 19361837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two soils with similar contamination levels from wood preservatives containing Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu) and Arsenic (As) (CCA), were assessed for their general toxicity and genotoxicity. A set of water-based extraction methods, including pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and batch leaching in milli-Q water and a weak CaCl(2)-solution, was used to produce soil extracts containing available fractions of contaminants. In addition, to obtain indications of the contaminants' bioavailability and toxic potential the genotoxicity of the extracts was estimated by testing their ability to inhibit the growth of wildtype Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-cells) and three genetically modified phenotypes that are deficient in different DNA-repair mechanisms. Total extractable arsenic concentrations in the extracts were comparable between the sites. However, the genotoxic potential was clearly higher in soil R extracts. The differences in genotoxic responses were related to differences in inorganic arsenic speciation. The ratio of trivalent arsenic (As(III)) to pentavalent arsenic (As(V)) was higher in all soil extracts from soil R, regardless of the leaching method used. The results of the various combinations of soil extraction techniques and assays using the CHO-cell lines reflected important differences in arsenic speciation in the two soils and possible synergistic effects in CCA-related exposure. They also indicate that speciation and combinatory effects are factors that should be taken into account when assessing risks at former wood impregnation sites contaminated by CCA-agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ragnvaldsson
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden.
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Enzymatic digestion and chromatographic analysis of arsenic species released from proteins. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3985-91. [PMID: 19327778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A method combining gel filtration chromatography (GFC), protease digestion, and ion pair chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection was developed for the determination of arsenic species bound to proteins. The method was first established by examining the interactions of two model proteins, metallothionein (MT) and hemoglobin, with three reactive trivalent arsenic species. It was then successfully applied to the speciation of arsenic in red blood cells of rats. Inorganic arsenite (iAs(III)), monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) were efficiently released from the proteins by protease digestion at pH 8.0, with the recovery ranging from 93% to 106%. There was no oxidation of iAs(III) or MMA(III) during the protease digestion process. Up to 61% DMA(III) (the least stable arsenic species) was unchanged, and the rest was oxidized to the pentavalent dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)). The arsenic species in the red blood cells of control rats was present as DMA(III) complex with hemoglobin. The method enabling the determination of the specific arsenic species that bind to cellular proteins is potentially useful for studying arsenic distribution, metabolism, and toxicity.
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Ding W, Liu W, Cooper KL, Qin XJ, de Souza Bergo PL, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 by arsenite interferes with repair of oxidative DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:6809-17. [PMID: 19056730 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805566200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic enhances skin tumor formation when combined with other carcinogens, including UV radiation (UVR). In this study we report that low micromolar concentrations of arsenite synergistically increases UVR-induced oxidative DNA damage in human keratinocytes as detected by 8-hydroxyl-2'-deoxyguanine (8-OHdG) formation. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is involved in base excision repair, a process that repairs 8-OHdG lesions. Arsenite suppresses UVR-induced PARP-1 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of PARP-1 activity by 3-aminobenzamide or small interfering RNA silencing of PARP-1 expression significantly increases UVR-induced 8-OHdG formation, suggesting that inhibition of PARP-1 activity by arsenite contributes to oxidative DNA damage. PARP-1 is a zinc finger protein, and mass spectrometry analysis reveals that arsenite can occupy a synthetic apopeptide representing the first zinc finger of PARP-1 (PARPzf). When the PARPzf peptide is preincubated with Zn(II) followed by incubation with increasing concentrations of arsenite, the ZnPARPzf signal is decreased while the AsPARPzf signal intensity is increased as a function of arsenite dose, suggesting a competition between zinc and arsenite for the same binding site. Addition of Zn(II) abolished arsenite enhancement of UVR-stimulated 8-OHdG generation and restored PARP-1 activity. Our findings demonstrate that arsenite inhibits oxidative DNA damage repair and suggest that interaction of arsenite with the PARP-1 zinc finger domain contributes to the inhibition of PARP-1 activity by arsenite. Arsenite inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is one likely mechanism for the reported co-carcinogenic activities of arsenic in UVR-induced skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0704, USA
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