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Vicente ED, Figueiredo D, Alves C. Toxicity of particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion: An overview of in vitro studies using cell models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171999. [PMID: 38554951 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
This article aims to critically review the current state of knowledge on in vitro toxicological assessments of particulate emissions from residential biomass heating systems. The review covers various aspects of particulate matter (PM) toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity, all of which have important implications for understanding the development of diseases. Studies in this field have highlighted the different mechanisms that biomass combustion particles activate, which vary depending on the combustion appliances and fuels. In general, particles from conventional combustion appliances are more potent in inducing cytotoxicity, DNA damage, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress than those from modern appliances. The sensitivity of different cell lines to the toxic effects of biomass combustion particles is also influenced by cell type and culture conditions. One of the main challenges in this field is the considerable variation in sampling strategies, sample processing, experimental conditions, assays, and extraction techniques used in biomass burning PM studies. Advanced culture systems, such as co-cultures and air-liquid interface exposures, can provide more accurate insights into the effects of biomass combustion particles compared to simpler submerged monocultures. This review provides critical insights into the complex field of toxicity from residential biomass combustion emissions, underscoring the importance of continued research and standardisation of methodologies to better understand the associated health hazards and to inform targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Vicente
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - D Figueiredo
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Alves
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Teixeira J, Bessa MJ, Delerue-Matos C, Sarmento B, Santos-Silva A, Rodrigues F, Oliveira M. Firefighters' personal exposure to gaseous PAHs during controlled forest fires: A case study with estimation of respiratory health risks and in vitro toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168364. [PMID: 37963534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters are daily exposed to adverse health-hazardous pollutants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), well known endocrine disruptors with carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties, are among the most relevant pollutants. The characterization of firefighters' occupational exposure to airborne PAHs remains limited; information is scarce for European firefighters. Also, the in vitro assessment of firefighters' respiratory health risks is inexistent. To reply to these scientific gaps, this work characterizes the levels of gaseous PAH in firefighters' personal air during regular working activities at controlled forest fires and at fire stations (control group). Breathable levels were 2.2-26.7 times higher during fire events than in the control group (2.63-32.63 μg/m3versus 1.22 μg/m3, p < 0.001); the available occupational guidelines (100 and 200 μg/m3 defined by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the North American Occupational Safety and Health Administration, respectively) were not exceeded. Concentrations of (possible/probable) carcinogenic PAHs were 1.9-15.3 times superior during firefighting (p < 0.001). Increased values of total benzo(a)pyrene equivalents (p = 0.101), dose rates (p < 0.001), and carcinogenic risks (p = 0.063) were estimated in firefighters during controlled fires comparatively with the control group. Firefighters' breathable gaseous phase collected during fire events contributed to induce a significant viability decrease (<70 %; p < 0.05) in A549 and Calu-3 cell lines. The principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the differentiation between firefighters participating in controlled fire events from the control group. PCA analysis demonstrated the potential of PAHs to distinguish different sources of firefighters´ occupational exposure and of combining estimated health risk parameters with in vitro toxicities determined with human-breathable air collected during real-life scenarios. Overall, the participation in controlled fire events contributes to the respiratory health burden of firefighting forces. However, more studies are needed to corroborate these preliminary findings, explore the respiratory toxicological mechanisms, and support the implementation of preventive actions and mitigation strategies to pursue firefighters' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bessa
- UNIPRO - Unidade de Investigação em Patologia e Reabilitação Oral, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- UNIPRO - Unidade de Investigação em Patologia e Reabilitação Oral, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alice Santos-Silva
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório Associado i4HB, Instituto para a Saúde e a Bioeconomia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
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Heo J, Lee J, Yoon M, Park D. Removal of Particulate Matter by a Non-Powered Brush Filter Using Electrostatic Forces. TOXICS 2023; 11:891. [PMID: 37999543 PMCID: PMC10674759 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In urban areas, a major source of harmful particulate matter is generated by vehicles. In particular, bus stops, where people often stay for public transportation, generate high concentrations of particulate matter compared to the general atmosphere. In this study, a non-powered type brush filter that generates electrostatic force without using a separate power source was developed to manage the concentration of particulate matter exposed at bus stops, and the removal performance of particulate matter was evaluated. The dust collection performance of the non-motorized brush filter varied by material, with particle removal efficiencies of 82.1 ± 3.4, 76.1 ± 4.7, and 73.7 ± 4.5% for horse hair, nylon, and stainless steel, respectively. In conditions without the fan running to see the effect of airflow, the particle removal efficiency was relatively low at 58.2 ± 8.4, 53.6 ± 9.2, and 58.0 ± 7.3%. Then, to check the dust collection performance according to the density, the number of brushes was increased to densify the density, and the horse hair, nylon, and stainless steel brush filters showed a maximum dust collection performance of 89.6 ± 2.2, 88.3 ± 3.2, and 82.1 ± 3.8%, respectively. To determine the replacement cycle of the non-powered brush filter, the particulate removal performance was initially 88.0 ± 3.2% when five horse hair brushes were used. Over time, particulate matter tended to gradually decrease, but after a period of time, particulate matter tended to increase again. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the particulate matter removal performance using a brush filter that generates electrostatic force without a separate power source. This study's brush filter is expected to solve the maintenance problems caused by the purchase and frequent replacement of expensive HEPA filters that occur with existing abatement devices, and the ozone problems caused by abatement devices that use high voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseok Heo
- Environment Research Institute, Ajou University, Suwon City 16499, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jooyeon Lee
- Department of Transportation Environmental Research, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang City 16105, Republic of Korea;
| | - Minyoung Yoon
- Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon City 22212, Republic of Korea;
| | - Duckshin Park
- Department of Transportation Environmental Research, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang City 16105, Republic of Korea;
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Bessa MJ, Sarmento B, Oliveira M, Rodrigues F. In vitro data for fire pollutants: contribution of studies using human cell models towards firefighters' occupational. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:238-255. [PMID: 36883725 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2187909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters are the principal line of defense against fires, being at elevated risk of exposure to health-relevant pollutants released during fires and burning processes. Although many biomonitoring studies exist, only a limited number of human in vitro investigations in fire risk assessment are currently available. In vitro studies stand out as valuable tools to assess the toxicity mechanisms involved following exposure to fire pollutants at a cellular level. The aim of the present review was to contextualize existing in vitro studies using human cell models exposed to chemicals emitted from fire emissions and wood smoke and discuss the implications of the observed toxic outcomes on adverse health effects detected in firefighters. Most of the reported in vitro investigations focused on monocultures respiratory models and exposure to particulate matter (PM) extracts collected from fire effluents. Overall, (1) a decrease in cellular viability, (2) enhanced oxidative stress, (3) increased pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and (4) elevated cell death frequencies were noted. However, limited information remains regarding the toxicity mechanisms initiated by firefighting activities. Hence, more studies employing advanced in vitro models and exposure systems using human cell lines are urgently needed taking into consideration different routes of exposure and health-related pollutants released from fires. Data are needed to establish and define firefighters' occupational exposure limits and to propose mitigation strategies to promote beneficial human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Bessa
- UNIPRO - Unidade de Investigação em Patologia e Reabilitação Oral, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- UNIPRO - Unidade de Investigação em Patologia e Reabilitação Oral, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnique of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Berkel C, Cacan E. Pollutant-induced pyroptosis in humans and other animals. Life Sci 2023; 316:121386. [PMID: 36657639 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a form of lytic cell death with pro-inflammatory characteristics, induced upon the activation of certain inflammatory caspases by inflammasome complexes such as NLRP3 inflammasome. Gasdermin proteins as the mediators of pyroptosis form cell membrane pores upon activation, which release certain cellular contents into the extracellular space including inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18, and also damage the integrity of the cell membrane. Gasdermins have been implicated in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, deafness and cancer. Mostly in the last 2 years, diverse pollutant types including particulate matter, cadmium and polystyrene microplastics were reported to induce pyroptotic cell death in diverse tissues from mammals to birds. In the present study, we review our current understanding of pollutant-induced pyroptosis as well as current knowledge of upstream events leading to pyroptotic cell death upon exposure to pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Berkel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60250, Turkey.
| | - Ercan Cacan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60250, Turkey.
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6
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Adetona AM, Adetona O, Chartier RT, Paulsen MH, Simpson CD, Rathbun SL, Naeher LP. Differences in Fine Particle Exposure and Estimated Pulmonary Ventilation Rate with Respect to Work Tasks of Wildland Firefighters at Prescribed Burns: A Repeated Measures Study. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 66:985-997. [PMID: 35652799 PMCID: PMC9551324 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildland firefighters (WLFFs) are exposed to a mixture of chemicals found in wildland fire smoke and emissions from nonwildland-fuel smoke sources such as diesel. We investigated compositional differences in exposure to particulate matter and explored differences in ventilation rate and potential inhaled dose relative to the work tasks of WLFFs. Repeated measures on ten professional and two volunteer firefighters were collected on prescribed burn and nonburn days. Personal monitoring consisted of real-time and gravimetric fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), and accelerometer measurements to estimate ventilation rate and potential dose of PM2.5. The fine particulate matter was analyzed for levoglucosan (LG) and light absorbing carbon as a surrogate for black carbon (BC). Breathing zone personal exposure concentrations of PM2.5, LG, BC, and CO were higher on burn days (P < 0.05). Differences in exposure concentrations were observed between burn day tasks (P < 0.05) with firefighters managing fire boundaries (holders) being exposed to higher CO and LG concentrations and less BC concentrations than those conducting lighting (lighters). While no statistical difference in PM2.5 exposure measures was observed between the two tasks, holders in the study tended to be exposed to higher PM2.5 concentrations (~1.4×), while lighters tended to have more inhaled amounts of PM2.5 (~1.3×). Our findings demonstrate possible diversity in the sources of particulate matter exposure at the fireline and suggest the potential importance of using dose as a metric of inhalation exposure in occupational or other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Adetona
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Olorunfemi Adetona
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Michael H Paulsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher D Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen L Rathbun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Luke P Naeher
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Park J, Kim H, Kim Y, Heo J, Kim SW, Jeon K, Yi SM, Hopke PK. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 in Seoul, South Korea and Beijing, China using dispersion normalized PMF. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155056. [PMID: 35395292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
East Asian countries experience severe air pollution owing to their rapid development and urbanization induced by substantial economic activities. South Korea and China are among the most polluted East Asian countries with high mass concentrations of PM2.5. Although the occurrence of transboundary air pollution among neighboring countries has been recognized for a long time, studies involving simultaneous ground-based PM2.5 monitoring and source apportionment in South Korea and China have not been conducted to date. This study performed simultaneous daily ground-based monitoring of PM2.5 in Seoul and Beijing from January to December 2019. The mass concentrations of PM2.5 and its major chemical components were analyzed simultaneously during 2019. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) as well as dispersion normalized PMF (DN-PMF) were utilized for the source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 at the two sites. 23 h average ventilation coefficients were applied for daily PM2.5 chemical constituents' data. Nine sources were identified at both sites. While secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate, mobile, oil combustion, biomass burning, soil, and aged sea salt were commonly found at both sites, industry/coal combustion and incinerator were identified only at Seoul and incinerator/industry and coal combustion were identified only at Beijing. Reduction of the meteorological influences were found in DN-PMF compare to C-PMF but the effects of DN on mobile source were reduced by averaging over the 23 h sampling period. The DN-PMF results showed that Secondary nitrate (Seoul: 25.5%; Beijing: 31.7%) and secondary sulfate (Seoul: 20.5%; Beijing: 17.6%) were most dominant contributors to PM2.5 at both sites. Decreasing secondary sulfate contributions and increasing secondary nitrate contributions were observed at both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Park
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkwon Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbae Heo
- Busan Development Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Jeon
- Climate and Air Quality Research, Department Global Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Santibáñez-Andrade M, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI, Morales-Bárcenas R, Quintana-Belmares R, García-Cuellar CM. Particulate matter (PM 10) destabilizes mitotic spindle through downregulation of SETD2 in A549 lung cancer cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133900. [PMID: 35134396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution represents an environmental problem, impacting negatively in human health. Particulate matter of 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10) is related to pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer. Mitotic spindle is made up by chromosome-microtubule (MT) interactions, where SETD2 plays an important role in MT stability. SETD2 binds and activates α-TUBULIN sub-unit and promotes MT polymerization. Alongside this mechanism, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) senses the adequate mitotic progression through proteins such as BUBR1, AURORA B and SURVIVIN. Alterations in MT dynamics as well as in SAC cause aneuploidy and chromosomal instability, a common phenotype in cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the effect of PM10 in the expression and protein levels of SETD2, as well as the effect in the expression and protein levels of SAC and mitotic components involved in chromosomal segregation/mitosis, using the A549 lung cancer cell line. A549 cell cultures were exposed to PM10 (10 μg/cm2) for 24 h to evaluate the expression and protein levels of SETD2 (SETD2), TUBA1A (α-TUBULIN), CCNB1 (CYCLIN B1), BUB1B (BUBR1), AURKB (AURORA B) and BIRC5 (SURVIVIN). We observed that PM10 decreases the expression and protein levels of SETD2, α-TUBULIN and BUBR1 and increases the levels of AURORA B and SURVIVIN in A549 cells, compared with non-treated cells. PM10 also caused a decrease in mitotic index and in the percentage of cells in G2/M when compared with control group. Co-localization of SETD2/α -TUB was lower in PM10-treated cells in comparison with non-treated cells. Finally, micronuclei (MN) frequency was higher in PM10-treated cells in contrast with non-treated cells, being whole chromosomes more common in PM10-treated MN than in non-treated MN. Our results suggest that PM10 causes missegregation and aneuploidy through downregulation of SETD2 and SAC components, inducing aneuploidy and predisposing to the generation of chromosomal instability in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Santibáñez-Andrade
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla CP, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rocío Morales-Bárcenas
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raúl Quintana-Belmares
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García-Cuellar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Rahmatinia T, Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Jonidi Jafari A, Delbandi AA, Rashidi N, Fanaei F. The effect of PM 2.5-related hazards on biomarkers of bronchial epithelial cells (A549) inflammation in Karaj and Fardis cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:2172-2182. [PMID: 34363174 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fine particles (especially PM2.5 particles) in ambient air can cause irreversible effects on human health. In the present study, seasonal variations in toxicity PM2.5 (cell viability and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines) were exposed human lung cells (A549) to concentrations of PM2.5 samples in summer (sPM2.5) and winter (wPM2.5) seasons. Cells were separately exposed to three concentrations of PM2.5 (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) and three times (12 h, 1 and 2 days). We evaluated cell viability by MTT assay [3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] and liberation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and interleukin-8) by the ELISA method. The toxicological results of this study showed that increasing the concentration of PM2.5 particulates and contact time with it reduces cell viability and increases inflammatory responses. Seasonal cytotoxicity of PM2.5 particles in high-traffic areas at summer season compared to winter season was lower. The lowest percent of viability at 2 days of exposure and 100 μg/mL exposure in the winter sample was observed. Also, PM2.5 particles were influential in the amount of interleukins 8 and 6. The average release level of IL-6 and IL-8 in the cold season (winter) and the enormous exposure time and concentrations (2 days-100 μg/mL) was much higher than in the hot season (summer). These values were twice as high for winter PM2.5 samples as for summer samples. The compounds in PM2.5 at different seasons can cause some biological effects. The samples' chemical characteristics in two seasons displayed that the PMs were diverse in chemical properties. In general, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were more in the winter samples. However, the samples of wPM2.5 had a lower mass quota of metals such as aluminum, iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium. Concentrations of chromium, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, nickel, and lead were more significant in the sample of wPM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Rahmatinia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Rashidi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Fanaei
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Gupta A, Sasse SK, Gruca MA, Sanford L, Dowell RD, Gerber AN. Deconvolution of multiplexed transcriptional responses to wood smoke particles defines rapid aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling dynamics. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101147. [PMID: 34520756 PMCID: PMC8517214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of respirable particulates and compounds complicates our understanding of transcriptional responses to air pollution. Here, we address this by applying precision nuclear run-on sequencing and the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing to measure nascent transcription and chromatin accessibility in airway epithelial cells after wood smoke particle (WSP) exposure. We used transcription factor enrichment analysis to identify temporally distinct roles for ternary response factor-serum response factor complexes, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and NFκB in regulating transcriptional changes induced by WSP. Transcription of canonical targets of the AHR, such as CYP1A1 and AHRR, was robustly increased after just 30 min of WSP exposure, and we discovered novel AHR-regulated pathways and targets including the DNA methyltransferase, DNMT3L. Transcription of these genes and associated enhancers rapidly returned to near baseline by 120 min after exposure. The kinetics of AHR- and NFκB-regulated responses to WSP were distinguishable based on the timing of both transcriptional responses and chromatin remodeling, with induction of several cytokines implicated in maintaining NFκB-mediated responses through 120 min of exposure. In aggregate, our data establish a direct and primary role for AHR in mediating airway epithelial responses to WSP and identify crosstalk between AHR and NFκB signaling in controlling proinflammatory gene expression. This work also defines an integrated genomics-based strategy for deconvoluting multiplexed transcriptional responses to heterogeneous environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnav Gupta
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah K Sasse
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret A Gruca
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Lynn Sanford
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Robin D Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Anthony N Gerber
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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11
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Merk R, Heßelbach K, Osipova A, Popadić D, Schmidt-Heck W, Kim GJ, Günther S, Piñeres AG, Merfort I, Humar M. Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) from Biomass Combustion Induces an Anti-Oxidative Response and Cancer Drug Resistance in Human Bronchial Epithelial BEAS-2B Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8193. [PMID: 33171923 PMCID: PMC7664250 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nearly half of the world's population relies on combustion of solid biofuels to cover fundamental energy demands. Epidemiologic data demonstrate that particularly long-term emissions adversely affect human health. However, pathological molecular mechanisms are insufficiently characterized. Here we demonstrate that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from biomass combustion had no impact on cellular viability and proliferation but increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Exposure to PM2.5 induced the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and mediated an anti-oxidative response, including enhanced levels of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and nuclear accumulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Activation of Nrf2 was promoted by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK1/2, but not p38 or Akt, which were also induced by PM2.5. Furthermore, cells exposed to PM2.5 acquired chemoresistance to doxorubicin, which was associated with inhibition of apoptosis and elevated levels of GSH in these cells. Our findings propose that exposure to PM2.5 induces molecular defense mechanisms, which prevent cellular damage and may thus explain the initially relative rare complications associated with PM2.5. However, consistent induction of pro-survival pathways may also promote the progression of diseases. Environmental conditions inducing anti-oxidative responses may have the potential to promote a chemoresistant cellular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Merk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (R.M.); (K.H.); (A.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Katharina Heßelbach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (R.M.); (K.H.); (A.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Anastasiya Osipova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (R.M.); (K.H.); (A.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Désirée Popadić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (R.M.); (K.H.); (A.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Gwang-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioinformatics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (G.-J.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Stefan Günther
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioinformatics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (G.-J.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Alfonso García Piñeres
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica;
- Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (R.M.); (K.H.); (A.O.); (D.P.)
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matjaz Humar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (R.M.); (K.H.); (A.O.); (D.P.)
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12
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Torres-Ávila JF, Espitia-Pérez L, Bonatto D, Silva FRD, Oliveira IMD, Silva LFO, Corrêa DS, Dias JF, Silva JD, Henriques JAP. Systems chemo-biology analysis of DNA damage response and cell cycle effects induced by coal exposure. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190134. [PMID: 32609278 PMCID: PMC7315349 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle alterations are among the principle hallmarks of cancer. Consequently, the study of cell cycle regulators has emerged as an important topic in cancer research, particularly in relation to environmental exposure. Particulate matter and coal dust around coal mines have the potential to induce cell cycle alterations. Therefore, in the present study, we performed chemical analyses to identify the main compounds present in two mineral coal samples from Colombian mines and performed systems chemo-biology analysis to elucidate the interactions between these chemical compounds and proteins associated with the cell cycle. Our results highlight the role of oxidative stress generated by the exposure to the residues of coal extraction, such as major inorganic oxides (MIOs), inorganic elements (IEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on DNA damage and alterations in the progression of the cell cycle (blockage and/or delay), as well as structural dysfunction in several proteins. In particular, IEs such as Cr, Ni, and S and PAHs such as benzo[a]pyrene may have influential roles in the regulation of the cell cycle through DNA damage and oxidative stress. In this process, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, zinc finger proteins such as TP53, and protein kinases may play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Torres-Ávila
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biofísica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Lyda Espitia-Pérez
- Universidad del Sinú, Grupo de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Diego Bonatto
- Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Iuri Marques de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biofísica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís F O Silva
- Universidad de la Costa, Civil and Environmental Department, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Dione Silva Corrêa
- Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Toxicologia Aplicada, Centro de Pesquisa de Produtos e Desenvolvimento, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Johnny Ferraz Dias
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Física, Laboratório de Implantação de Íons, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Laboratório de Toxicologia Genética, Canoas, RS, Brazil.,Universidade La Salle, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - João Antonio Pêgas Henriques
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biofísica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Genômica, Proteômica e Reparo de DNA, RS, Brazil
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13
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Wang R, Cao L, Shen ZX, Cao YX, Yu J. PM 2.5 upregulates rat mesenteric arteries 5-HT 2A receptor via inflammatory-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1094-1104. [PMID: 31199065 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) is an important environmental risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about the effects of PM2.5 on arteries. The present study investigated whether PM2.5 alters 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor expression and inflammatory mediators on rat mesenteric arteries, and examined the underlying mechanisms. Isolated rat mesenteric arteries segments were cultured with PM2.5 in the presence or absence of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 pathway inhibitors. Contractile reactivity was monitored by a sensitive myograph. The expression of 5-HT2A/1B receptors and inflammatory mediators were studied by a real-time polymerase chain reaction and/or by immunohistochemistry. The phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway was detected by Western blot. Compared with the fresh or culture alone groups, 1.0 μg/mL PM2.5 cultured for 16 hours significantly enhanced contractile response induced by 5-HT and increased 5-HT2A receptor mRNA and protein expressions, indicating PM2.5 upregulates 5-HT2A receptor. SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) and U0126 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) significantly decreased PM2.5 -induced elevated contraction and mRNA and protein expression of 5-HT2A receptor. Cultured with PM2.5 significantly increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators (NOS2, IL-1β, and TNF-α), while SB203580 decreased mRNA expression level of NOS2, IL-1β, and TNF-α. SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) decreased mRNA expression level of TNF-α and IL-1β. After PM2.5 exposure, the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 protein were increased. SB203580 and U0126 inhibited the PM2.5 caused increased phosphorylation protein of p38 and ERK1/2. In conclusion, PM2.5 induces inflammatory-mediated MAPK pathway in artery which subsequently results in enhanced vascular contraction responding to 5-HT via the upregulated 5-HT2A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Central Laboratory, Xi'an International Medical Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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14
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Sriram J, Adetona O, Orchard T, Wu CM, Odei J. Mitigation of Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammation and Vasoactivity in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells by Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102293. [PMID: 30347644 PMCID: PMC6210002 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure remains the leading environmental risk factor for disease globally. Interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of PM are required, since there is no discernible threshold for its effects, and exposure reduction approaches are limited. The mitigation of PM (specifically diesel exhaust particles (DEP))-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) and vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) after 24 and 48 h of exposure by pre-treatment with individual pure, combined pure, and an oil formulation of two fish oil omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were all tested at an equivalent concentration of 100 µM in vitro in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The PUFAs and fish oil formulation completely mitigated or diminished the DEP-induced release of IL-6, IL-8, and ET-1 by 14–78%. DHA was more effective in reducing the levels of the DEP-induced release of the cytokines, especially IL-6 after 48 h of DEP exposure in comparison to EPA (p < 0.05), whereas EPA seemed to be more potent in reducing ET-1 levels. The potential of fish ω-3 PUFAs to mitigate PM-induced inflammation and vasoactivity was demonstrated by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Sriram
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Olorunfemi Adetona
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Tonya Orchard
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Chieh-Ming Wu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - James Odei
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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15
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Rajendra KC, Zosky GR, Shukla SD, O’Toole RF. A cost-effective technique for generating preservable biomass smoke extract and measuring its effect on cell receptor expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biol Methods Protoc 2018; 3:bpy010. [PMID: 32161803 PMCID: PMC6994070 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpy010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of the world’s population uses biomass fuel for the purposes of cooking and heating. Smoke derived from biomass increases the risk of the development of lung diseases, including pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, airway tract infections, and lung cancer. Despite the evidence linking biomass smoke exposure to pulmonary disease, only a small number of experimental studies have been conducted on the impact of biomass smoke on airway epithelial cells. This is in part due to the lack of a standard and easily accessible procedure for the preparation of biomass smoke. Here, we describe a cost-effective and reproducible method for the generation of different smoke extracts, in particular, cow dung smoke extract (CDSE) and wood smoke extract (WSE) for use in a range of biological applications. We examined the effect of the biomass smoke extracts on human bronchial epithelial cell expression of a known responder to cigarette smoke exposure (CSE), the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR). Similar to the treatment with CSE, we observed a dose-dependent increase in PAFR expression on human airway epithelial cells that were exposed to CDSE and WSE. This method provides biomass smoke in a re-usable form for cell and molecular bioscience studies on the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Rajendra
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Graeme R Zosky
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronan F O’Toole
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Correspondence address: School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia. Tel: +61-3-62266974; E-mail:
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16
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Impact of Work Task-Related Acute Occupational Smoke Exposures on Select Proinflammatory Immune Parameters in Wildland Firefighters. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 59:679-690. [PMID: 28692002 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A repeated measures study was used to assess the effect of work tasks on select proinflammatory biomarkers in firefighters working at prescribed burns. METHODS Ten firefighters and two volunteers were monitored for particulate matter and carbon monoxide on workdays, January to July 2015. Before and after workshift dried blood spots were analyzed for inflammatory mediators using the Meso Scale Discovery assay, while blood smears were used to assess leukocyte parameters. RESULTS Firefighters lighting with drip-torches had higher cross-work-shift increases in interleukin-8, C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A compared with holding, a task involving management of fire boundaries. A positive association between interleukin-8 and segmented-neutrophil was observed. CONCLUSION Results from this study suggest that intermittent occupational diesel exposures contribute to cross-work-shift changes in host systemic innate inflammation as indicated by elevated interleukin-8 levels and peripheral blood segmented-neutrophils.
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17
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Toxicity of Urban PM 10 and Relation with Tracers of Biomass Burning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020320. [PMID: 29439546 PMCID: PMC5858389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition of particles varies with space and time and depends on emission sources, atmospheric chemistry and weather conditions. Evidence suggesting that particles differ in toxicity depending on their chemical composition is growing. This in vitro study investigated the biological effects of PM10 in relation to PM-associated chemicals. PM10 was sampled in ambient air at an urban traffic site (Borgerhout) and a rural background location (Houtem) in Flanders (Belgium). To characterize the toxic potential of PM10, airway epithelial cells (Beas-2B cells) were exposed to particles in vitro. Different endpoints were studied including cell damage and death (cell viability) and the induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8). The mutagenic capacity was assessed using the Ames II Mutagenicity Test. The endotoxin levels in the collected samples were analyzed and the oxidative potential (OP) of PM10 particles was evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Chemical characteristics of PM10 included tracers for biomass burning (levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan), elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Most samples displayed dose-dependent cytotoxicity and IL-8 induction. Spatial and temporal differences in PM10 toxicity were seen. PM10 collected at the urban site was characterized by increased pro-inflammatory and mutagenic activity as well as higher OP and elevated endotoxin levels compared to the background area. Reduced cell viability (−0.46 < rs < −0.35, p < 0.01) and IL-8 induction (−0.62 < rs < −0.67, p < 0.01) were associated with all markers for biomass burning, levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan. Furthermore, direct and indirect mutagenicity were associated with tracers for biomass burning, OC, EC and PAHs. Multiple regression analyses showed levoglucosan to explain 16% and 28% of the variance in direct and indirect mutagenicity, respectively. Markers for biomass burning were associated with altered cellular responses and increased mutagenic activity. These findings may indicate a role of biomass burning in the observed adverse health effect of particulate matter.
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18
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Particulate emissions from modern and old technology wood combustion induce distinct time-dependent patterns of toxicological responses in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 44:164-171. [PMID: 28711347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological characterisation of combustion emissions in vitro are often conducted with macrophage cell lines, and the majority of these experiments are based on responses measured at 24h after the exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate how significant role time course plays on toxicological endpoints that are commonly measured in vitro. The RAW264.7 macrophage cell line was exposed to PM1 samples (150μg/ml) from biomass combustion devices representing old and modern combustion technologies for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 32h. After the exposure, cellular metabolic activity, cell membrane integrity, cellular DNA content, DNA damage and production of inflammatory markers were assessed. The present study revealed major differences in the time courses of the responses, statistical differences between the studied samples mostly limiting to differences between modern and old technology samples. Early stage responses consisted of disturbances in metabolic activity and cell membrane integrity. Middle time points revealed increases in chemokine production, whereas late-phase responses exhibited mostly increased DNA-damage, decreased membrane integrity and apoptotic activity. Altogether, these results implicate that the time point of measurement has to be considered carefully, when the toxicity of emission particles is characterised in in vitro study set-ups.
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19
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Zhao H, Yang B, Xu J, Chen DM, Xiao CL. PM 2.5-induced alterations of cell cycle associated gene expression in lung cancer cells and rat lung tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:77-82. [PMID: 28384515 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the expression of cell cycle-associated genes induced by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in lung cancer cell line and tissues. The pulmonary lymph node metastasis cells (H292) were treated with PM2.5in vitro. Wistar rats were used to perform an in vivo study. Rats were randomly assigned to experiment and control groups and those in the experiment group were exposed to PM2.5 once every 15 d, while those in the control group were exposed to normal saline. The cell cycle-associated genes expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. Trachea and lung tissues of rats were processed for scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examinations. Exposure of H292 cells to PM2.5 dramatically increased the expressions of p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) after 24h of exposure (p<0.01) and markedly increased the expressions of the cell division cycle 2 (Cdc2) and cyclin B after 48h of exposure (p<0.01), while those genes expressions were significantly reduced after 72h of exposure, at which time the expression of p21 was predominant (p<0.01). In vivo studies further demonstrated these results. The results of SEM suggested that both of the trachea and lung tissues were damaged and the degree of damage was time-dependent. In conclusion, PM2.5 can induce significantly alterations of p53 and CDK2 in the early phase, Cdc2 and cyclin B in mid-term and p21 in long-term exposure. The degree of PM2.5-induced damage to the trachea and lung tissue was time-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology, Shenyang Medical College, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology, Shenyang Medical College, China
| | - Dong-Mei Chen
- Department of Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology, Shenyang Medical College, China
| | - Chun-Ling Xiao
- Department of Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology, Shenyang Medical College, China.
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20
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McCarthy CE, Duffney PF, Wyatt JD, Thatcher TH, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Comparison of in vitro toxicological effects of biomass smoke from different sources of animal dung. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 43:76-86. [PMID: 28572013 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, over 4 million premature deaths each year are attributed to the burning of biomass fuels for cooking and heating. Epidemiological studies associate household air pollution with lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and respiratory infections. Animal dung, a biomass fuel used by economically vulnerable populations, generates more toxic compounds per mass burned than other biomass fuels. The type of animal dung used varies widely depending on local agro-geography. There are currently neither standardized experimental systems for dung biomass smoke research nor studies assessing the health impacts of different types of dung smoke. Here, we used a novel reproducible exposure system to assess outcomes related to inflammation and respiratory infections in human airway cells exposed to six different types of dung biomass smoke. We report that dung biomass smoke, regardless of species, is pro-inflammatory and activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and JNK transcription factors; however, dung smoke also suppresses interferon responses after a challenge with a viral mimetic. These effects are consistent with epidemiological data, and suggest a mechanism by which the combustion of animal dung can directly cause lung diseases, promote increased susceptibility to infection, and contribute to the global health problem of household air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E McCarthy
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Parker F Duffney
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Wyatt
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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21
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Aammi S, Karaca F, Petek M. A toxicological and genotoxicological indexing study of ambient aerosols (PM 2.5-10) using in vitro bioassays. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:490-498. [PMID: 28189894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the toxicity and genotoxicity levels of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) samples collected at several locations of a megacity (Istanbul, Turkey) with different urban and industrial characteristics. The ambient air samples, in the form of a coarse fraction of inhalable particulates, PM2.5-10, were collected on Teflon filters using a passive sampling method on a monthly basis during a one-year period. Later, they were extracted into both the lipophilic and hydrophilic phases using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ultra-pure water, respectively. The obtained aqueous extracts were tested for acute toxicity and genotoxicity using the photo-luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri Microtox® and SOS Chromotest® assays, respectively. Statistically significant differences greater than background levels were obtained in both measurements, indicating the presence of toxic substances absorbed on particulate matter. The PM2.5-10 extracts identified significant seasonal and locational differences in the toxicity and genotoxicity levels. Local anthropogenic activities and factors were associated with the quantified higher levels. Finally, a qualitative inner comparison study of regional toxicity and genotoxicity indexes was suggested to provide a clearer picture of the pollution and risk levels (or occurrences) in the Istanbul urban area. In this indexing study, the threshold levels for the urban background and episodic occurrences of the toxicity and genotoxicity levels in PM2.5-10 samples were identified to be 1.11 TU (Toxicity Unit) and 8.73 TU and 0.72 IF (Induction Factor) and 1.38 IF, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Aammi
- Istanbul University, Biotechnology Department, Beyazit, 34452, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ferhat Karaca
- Nazarbayev University, Civil Engineering Department, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Mustafa Petek
- Fatih University, Department of Genetic and Biomedical Engineering, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
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Herseth JI, Volden V, Bolling AK. Particulate matter-mediated release of long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vitro: Limited importance of endotoxin and organic content. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:105-119. [PMID: 28071984 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1257399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse health effects, but it is still relatively unknown which role PM sources and physicochemical properties play in the observed effects. It was postulated that PM in vitro induces release of long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and that endotoxin and organic compounds present in the PM regulate this release. A contact coculture of THP-1 human leukemia monocytes and A549 human adenocarcinoma alveolar pneumocytes was exposed to PM from Traffic, Wood, Diesel, and Quartz (10-40 µg/cm2) for 12-64 h to determine release of PTX3 and VEGF. The role of endotoxin and the organic fraction in the mediator release was assessed using polymyxin B sulfate and organic extracts, respectively. Finally, antagonists were used to investigate whether the early proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α affected the PTX3 and VEGF release. All PM samples induced a time-dependent release of both PTX3 and VEGF. Traffic mediated the greatest release of PTX3, whereas Wood and Diesel were more potent inducers of VEGF. The endotoxin content did not markedly affect release of either mediator, while the organic fraction exerted no significant effect on VEGF release and limited influence on PTX3 release. In addition, the IL-1 and TNF-α agonists affected PTX3 release more strongly than VEGF release. In conclusion, the current data show a limited impact of endotoxin and organic compounds on PTX3 and VEGF release. Further, the observed differences in response patterns may point toward differential regulation of PM-mediated release of PTX3 and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Herseth
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - V Volden
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - A K Bolling
- b Department of Air Pollution and Noise , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
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Adetona O, Reinhardt TE, Domitrovich J, Broyles G, Adetona AM, Kleinman MT, Ottmar RD, Naeher LP. Review of the health effects of wildland fire smoke on wildland firefighters and the public. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:95-139. [PMID: 26915822 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1145771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Each year, the general public and wildland firefighters in the US are exposed to smoke from wildland fires. As part of an effort to characterize health risks of breathing this smoke, a review of the literature was conducted using five major databases, including PubMed and MEDLINE Web of Knowledge, to identify smoke components that present the highest hazard potential, the mechanisms of toxicity, review epidemiological studies for health effects and identify the current gap in knowledge on the health impacts of wildland fire smoke exposure. Respiratory events measured in time series studies as incidences of disease-caused mortality, hospital admissions, emergency room visits and symptoms in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients are the health effects that are most commonly associated with community level exposure to wildland fire smoke. A few recent studies have also determined associations between acute wildland fire smoke exposure and cardiovascular health end-points. These cardiopulmonary effects were mostly observed in association with ambient air concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, research on the health effects of this mixture is currently limited. The health effects of acute exposures beyond susceptible populations and the effects of chronic exposures experienced by the wildland firefighter are largely unknown. Longitudinal studies of wildland firefighters during and/or after the firefighting career could help elucidate some of the unknown health impacts of cumulative exposure to wildland fire smoke, establish occupational exposure limits and help determine the types of exposure controls that may be applicable to the occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olorunfemi Adetona
- a Department of Environmental Health Science , College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA .,b Division of Environmental Health Sciences , College of Public Health, the Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Timothy E Reinhardt
- c AMEC Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure, Inc , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Joe Domitrovich
- d USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - George Broyles
- e SDA Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Center , San Dimas , CA , USA
| | - Anna M Adetona
- a Department of Environmental Health Science , College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Michael T Kleinman
- f Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA , and
| | - Roger D Ottmar
- g USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Luke P Naeher
- a Department of Environmental Health Science , College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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Pindus M, Orru H, Maasikmets M, Kaasik M, Jõgi R. Association Between Health Symptoms and Particulate Matter from Traffic and Residential Heating - Results from RHINE III in Tartu. Open Respir Med J 2016; 10:58-69. [PMID: 27843509 PMCID: PMC5078594 DOI: 10.2174/1874306401610010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traffic and residential heating are the main sources of particulate matter (PM) in Northern Europe. Wood is widely used for residential heating and vehicle numbers are increasing. Besides traffic exhaust, studded tires produce road dust that is the main source of traffic-related PM10. Several studies have associated total PM mass with health symptoms; however there has been little research on the effects of PM from specific sources. Objective: To study the health effects resulting from traffic and local heating PM. Methods: Data on respiratory and cardiac diseases were collected within the framework of RHINE III (2011/2012) in Tartu, Estonia. Respondents’ geocoded home addresses were mapped in ArcGIS and linked with local heating-related PM2.5, traffic-related PM10 and total PM2.5 concentrations. Association between self-reported health and PM was assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The annual mean modelled exposure for local heating PM2.5 was 2.3 μg/m3, for traffic PM10 3.3 μg/m3 and for all sources PM2.5 5.6 μg/m3. We found relationship between traffic induced PM10 as well as all sources induced PM2.5 with cardiac disease, OR=1.45 (95% CI 1.06−1.93) and 1.42 (95% CI 1.02−1.95), respectively. However, we did not find any significant association between residential heating induced particles and self-reported health symptoms. People with longer and better confirmed exposure period were also significantly associated with traffic induced PM10, all sources induced PM2.5 and cardiac diseases. Conclusion: Traffic-related PM10 and all sources induced PM2.5 associated with cardiac disease; whereas residential heating induced particles did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihkel Pindus
- University of Tartu, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hans Orru
- University of Tartu, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Tartu, Estonia; Umeå University, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marek Maasikmets
- Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Tallinn, Estonia; Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marko Kaasik
- University of Tartu, Institute of Physics, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rain Jõgi
- Tartu University Hospital, Lung Clinic, Tartu, Estonia
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The complex cascade of cellular events governing inflammasome activation and IL-1β processing in response to inhaled particles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:40. [PMID: 27519871 PMCID: PMC4983011 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against inhaled particles. Macrophages serve important roles in particle clearance and inflammatory reactions. Following recognition and internalization by phagocytes, particles are taken up in vesicular phagolysosomes. Intracellular phagosomal leakage, redox unbalance and ionic movements induced by toxic particles result in pro-IL-1β expression, inflammasome complex engagement, caspase-1 activation, pro-IL-1β cleavage, biologically-active IL-1β release and finally inflammatory cell death termed pyroptosis. In this review, we summarize the emerging signals and pathways involved in the expression, maturation and secretion of IL-1β during these responses to particles. We also highlight physicochemical characteristics of particles (size, surface and shape) which determine their capacity to induce inflammasome activation and IL-1β processing.
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Labranche N, Khattabi CE, Berkenboom G, Pochet S. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on macrophage polarization. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:412-420. [PMID: 27224998 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116651123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) has long been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The development of DEP toxicity seems to be linked to inflammation in which macrophages play a critical role. Macrophages can be polarized into proinflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. The aim of this study was to identify the role of inflammation in DEP-induced toxicity by assessing the effects of DEP on macrophage polarization. METHODS Monocyte-derived macrophages (Mϕ) were stimulated with interferon γ and lipopolysaccharide or interleukin (IL)-4 to obtain M1 and M2 subtypes, respectively. To test the polarization capacity of DEP, Mϕ cells were exposed to DEP and compared to Mϕ, M1, and M2. We also studied the effects of DEP on already-polarized M1 or M2. The M1 markers assessed were tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-1β, while the M2 markers were the mannose receptor C type 1 (MRC-1) and transglutaminase 2 (TGM2). RESULTS Western blots revealed a 31 kDa band corresponding to pro-IL-1β, but only in M1-polarized macrophages. In M1, we also observed an upregulation of TNF-α messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. MRC-1 and TGM2 mRNA expression were only significantly enhanced in M2. DEP had no effect on any of the M1/M2 markers assessed. Moreover, DEP were not able to modify the phenotype of already-polarized M1 or M2. CONCLUSION Mϕ incubation with DEP did not have any effect on macrophage polarization, at least on the markers assessed in this study, namely, TNF-α/IL-1β for M1, and MRC-1/TGM2 for M2. Hence, these data argue against an important role of inflammation in DEP-induced vascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Labranche
- 1 Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - C El Khattabi
- 1 Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Berkenboom
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Pochet
- 1 Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Chen IC, Huang HH, Chen PF, Chiang HC. Sirtuin 3 Protects against Urban Particulate Matter-Induced Autophagy in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Toxicol Sci 2016; 152:113-27. [PMID: 27125970 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban particulate matter (urban PM) is a heterogeneous mixture of various types of particles originating from different sources. Exposure to high concentrations of urban PM leading to adverse health effects is evaluated by using in vitro cultures of human lung epithelial cells. However, the mechanism underlying the correlation between high concentrations of urban PM exposure and adverse health effects has not been fully elucidated; urban PM-induced oxidative stress is considered as an important mechanism of urban PM-mediated cytotoxicity. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a primary mitrochondrial deacetylase, controls cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and expression of antioxidant enzymes. In this study, we examined the role of SIRT3 in the regulation of urban PM-induced oxidative stress in normal primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpiCs). Cell viability showed a time- and concentration-dependent decrease when exposed to urban PM, which could indicate that the amount of lactate dehydrogenase released from the cell in response to urban PM is related to cell viability in HBEpiC. The effects of urban PM on morphological and biochemical markers of autophagy in HBEpiC were analyzed by electron microscopy and Western blotting. Overexpression of SIRT3 inhibited urban PM-induced ROS generation, while concomitantly increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes, and decreasing NF-κB activation and release of inflammation factors. Up-regulation of SIRT3 significantly inhibited the expression of autophagy markers and autophagic vacuole formation. Our findings provide a valuable insight into the potential role of the SIRT3 enzyme in regulating urban PM-induced autophagy by mediating urban PM-induced oxidative stress, which may contribute to urban PM-induced impairment of airway epithelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chieh Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsiu Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fen Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan Department of Occupational Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Toxicity of wood smoke particles in human A549 lung epithelial cells: the role of PAHs, soot and zinc. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:3029-3044. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sigsgaard T, Forsberg B, Annesi-Maesano I, Blomberg A, Bølling A, Boman C, Bønløkke J, Brauer M, Bruce N, Héroux ME, Hirvonen MR, Kelly F, Künzli N, Lundbäck B, Moshammer H, Noonan C, Pagels J, Sallsten G, Sculier JP, Brunekreef B. Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:1577-88. [PMID: 26405285 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01865-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Climate change policies have stimulated a shift towards renewable energy sources such as biomass. The economic crisis of 2008 has also increased the practice of household biomass burning as it is often cheaper than using oil, gas or electricity for heating. As a result, household biomass combustion is becoming an important source of air pollutants in the European Union.This position paper discusses the contribution of biomass combustion to pollution levels in Europe, and the emerging evidence on the adverse health effects of biomass combustion products.Epidemiological studies in the developed world have documented associations between indoor and outdoor exposure to biomass combustion products and a range of adverse health effects. A conservative estimate of the current contribution of biomass smoke to premature mortality in Europe amounts to at least 40 000 deaths per year.We conclude that emissions from current biomass combustion products negatively affect respiratory and, possibly, cardiovascular health in Europe. Biomass combustion emissions, in contrast to emissions from most other sources of air pollution, are increasing. More needs to be done to further document the health effects of biomass combustion in Europe, and to reduce emissions of harmful biomass combustion products to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Sigsgaard
- University of Aarhus, Institute of Public Health, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Dept of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- INSERM UMR-S 1136, Institute Pierre Louis of Epidemiology and Public Health, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases, Paris, France UPMC, UMR-S 1136, Institute Pierre Louis of Epidemiology and Public Health, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Dept of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anette Bølling
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, Dept of Air Pollution and Noise, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christoffer Boman
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Dept of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jakob Bønløkke
- University of Aarhus, Institute of Public Health, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Brauer
- University of British Columbia, School of Population and Public Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Nino Künzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bo Lundbäck
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanns Moshammer
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Environmental Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Curtis Noonan
- The University of Montana, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Joachim Pagels
- Lund University, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Bert Brunekreef
- Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Rohr AC, Campleman SL, Long CM, Peterson MK, Weatherstone S, Quick W, Lewis A. Potential Occupational Exposures and Health Risks Associated with Biomass-Based Power Generation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:8542-605. [PMID: 26206568 PMCID: PMC4515735 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120708542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomass is increasingly being used for power generation; however, assessment of potential occupational health and safety (OH&S) concerns related to usage of biomass fuels in combustion-based generation remains limited. We reviewed the available literature on known and potential OH&S issues associated with biomass-based fuel usage for electricity generation at the utility scale. We considered three potential exposure scenarios--pre-combustion exposure to material associated with the fuel, exposure to combustion products, and post-combustion exposure to ash and residues. Testing of dust, fungal and bacterial levels at two power stations was also undertaken. Results indicated that dust concentrations within biomass plants can be extremely variable, with peak levels in some areas exceeding occupational exposure limits for wood dust and general inhalable dust. Fungal spore types, identified as common environmental species, were higher than in outdoor air. Our review suggests that pre-combustion risks, including bioaerosols and biogenic organics, should be considered further. Combustion and post-combustion risks appear similar to current fossil-based combustion. In light of limited available information, additional studies at power plants utilizing a variety of technologies and biomass fuels are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette C Rohr
- Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Susan Weatherstone
- ON Technologies (Ratcliffe) Ltd., Ratcliffe on Soar, Nottinghamshire, NG11 0EE, UK.
| | - Will Quick
- ON Technologies (Ratcliffe) Ltd., Ratcliffe on Soar, Nottinghamshire, NG11 0EE, UK.
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Rylance J, Fullerton DG, Scriven J, Aljurayyan AN, Mzinza D, Barrett S, Wright AKA, Wootton DG, Glennie SJ, Baple K, Knott A, Mortimer K, Russell DG, Heyderman RS, Gordon SB. Household air pollution causes dose-dependent inflammation and altered phagocytosis in human macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:584-93. [PMID: 25254931 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0188oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three billion people are exposed to household air pollution from biomass fuel use. Exposure is associated with higher incidence of pneumonia, and possibly tuberculosis. Understanding mechanisms underlying these defects would improve preventive strategies. We used human alveolar macrophages obtained from healthy Malawian adults exposed naturally to household air pollution and compared them with human monocyte-derived macrophages exposed in vitro to respirable-sized particulates. Cellular inflammatory response was assessed by IL-6 and IL-8 production in response to particulate challenge; phagosomal function was tested by uptake and oxidation of fluorescence-labeled beads; ingestion and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were measured by microscopy and quantitative culture. Particulate ingestion was quantified by digital image analysis. We were able to reproduce the carbon loading of naturally exposed alveolar macrophages by in vitro exposure of monocyte-derived macrophages. Fine carbon black induced IL-8 release from monocyte-derived and alveolar macrophages (P < 0.05) with similar magnitude responses (log10 increases of 0.93 [SEM = 0.2] versus 0.74 [SEM = 0.19], respectively). Phagocytosis of pneumococci and mycobacteria was impaired with higher particulate loading. High particulate loading corresponded with a lower oxidative burst capacity (P = 0.0015). There was no overall effect on killing of M. tuberculosis. Alveolar macrophage function is altered by particulate loading. Our macrophage model is comparable morphologically to the in vivo uptake of particulates. Wood smoke-exposed cells demonstrate reduced phagocytosis, but unaffected mycobacterial killing, suggesting defects related to chronic wood smoke inhalation limited to specific innate immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Rylance
- 1 Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Montrose L, Noonan CW, Cho YH, Lee J, Harley J, O'Hara T, Cahill C, Ward TJ. Evaluating the effect of ambient particulate pollution on DNA methylation in Alaskan sled dogs: potential applications for a sentinel model of human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:489-494. [PMID: 25644845 PMCID: PMC4339619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is known to be associated with increased morbidity and mortality in human populations. During the winter months in Fairbanks, Alaska, severe temperature inversions lead to elevated concentrations of ambient PM smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Sled dogs represent an easily accessible environmentally exposed population that may yield findings informative for human health risk assessment. OBJECTIVES In this pilot study, we evaluated whether ambient PM was associated with markers of global methylation in sled dogs. METHODS Kennels were strategically recruited to provide a wide PM2.5 exposure gradient for the Fairbanks area. Continuous monitoring of ambient PM2.5 was conducted at each kennel during the winter of 2012/13 using a DustTrak 8530. Dogs received a physical examination and assessment of standard hematology and clinical chemistries. Global methylation was determined using the LUminometric Methylation Assay (LUMA) and 5-Methycytosine (5-mC) quantification. RESULTS Three sled dog kennels (n~30 dogs/kennel) were evaluated and sampled. The average PM2.5 concentrations measured for kennels A, B, and C were 90 μg/m(3), 48 μg/m(3), 16 μg/m(3) (p<0.0001), respectively. The average (standard deviation) global methylation percentage for each kennel measured by LUMA was 76.22 (1.85), 76.52 (1.82), and 76.72 (2.26), respectively. The average (standard deviation) global methylation percentage for each kennel measured by 5-mC was 0.16 (0.04), 0.15 (0.04), and 0.15 (0.05), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the three kennels and their average global methylation percentage either by LUMA or 5-mC. CONCLUSIONS In this study we evaluated global methylation using LUMA and 5-mC and found no differences between kennels, though exposure to ambient PM2.5 was significantly different between kennels. As more information becomes available regarding immunologically-related canine genes and functionally active promoter subunits, the utility of this surrogate could increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Montrose
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States.
| | - Curtis W Noonan
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Joongwon Lee
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - John Harley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Todd O'Hara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Catherine Cahill
- International Artic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Tony J Ward
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
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van Berlo D, Hullmann M, Schins RPF. Toxicology of ambient particulate matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 101:165-217. [PMID: 22945570 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM) can lead to or exacerbate various diseases, which are not limited to the lung but extend to the cardiovascular system and possibly other organs and tissues. Epidemiological studies have provided strong evidence for associations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchitis and cardiovascular disease, while the evidence for a link with lung cancer is less strong. Novel research has provided first hints that exposure to PM might lead to diabetes and central nervous system (CNS) pathology. In the current review, an overview is presented of the toxicological basis for adverse health effects that have been linked to PM inhalation. Oxidative stress and inflammation are discussed as central processes driving adverse effects; in addition, profibrotic and allergic processes are implicated in PM-related diseases. Effects of PM on key cell types considered as regulators of inflammatory, fibrotic and allergic mechanisms are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiën van Berlo
- Particle Research, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF), Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Rabolli V, Badissi AA, Devosse R, Uwambayinema F, Yakoub Y, Palmai-Pallag M, Lebrun A, De Gussem V, Couillin I, Ryffel B, Marbaix E, Lison D, Huaux F. The alarmin IL-1α is a master cytokine in acute lung inflammation induced by silica micro- and nanoparticles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:69. [PMID: 25497724 PMCID: PMC4279463 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammasome-activated IL-1β plays a major role in lung neutrophilic inflammation induced by inhaled silica. However, the exact mechanisms that contribute to the initial production of precursor IL-1β (pro-IL-1β) are still unclear. Here, we assessed the implication of alarmins (IL-1α, IL-33 and HMGB1) in the lung response to silica particles and found that IL-1α is a master cytokine that regulates IL-1β expression. Methods Pro- and mature IL-1β as well as alarmins were assessed by ELISA, Western Blot or qRT-PCR in macrophage cultures and in mouse lung following nano- and micrometric silica exposure. Implication of these immune mediators in the establishment of lung inflammatory responses to silica was investigated in knock-out mice or after antibody blockade by evaluating pulmonary neutrophil counts, CXCR2 expression and degree of histological injury. Results We found that the early release of IL-1α and IL-33, but not HMGB1 in alveolar space preceded the lung expression of pro-IL-1β and neutrophilic inflammation in silica-treated mice. In vitro, the production of pro-IL-1β by alveolar macrophages was significantly induced by recombinant IL-1α but not by IL-33. Neutralization or deletion of IL-1α reduced IL-1β production and neutrophil accumulation after silica in mice. Finally, IL-1α released by J774 macrophages after in vitro exposure to a range of micro- and nanoparticles of silica was correlated with the degree of lung inflammation induced in vivo by these particles. Conclusions We demonstrated that in response to silica exposure, IL-1α is rapidly released from pre-existing stocks in alveolar macrophages and promotes subsequent lung inflammation through the stimulation of IL-1β production. Moreover, we demonstrated that in vitro IL-1α release from macrophages can be used to predict the acute inflammogenic activity of silica micro- and nanoparticles. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0069-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rabolli
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anissa Alami Badissi
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Raynal Devosse
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Francine Uwambayinema
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yousof Yakoub
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mihaly Palmai-Pallag
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Astrid Lebrun
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Valentin De Gussem
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle Couillin
- University of Orléans, CNRS, UMR7355, INEM, Transgenose Institute, Orléans, France.
| | - Bernard Ryffel
- University of Orléans, CNRS, UMR7355, INEM, Transgenose Institute, Orléans, France.
| | - Etienne Marbaix
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - François Huaux
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. .,Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Mounier 52, B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Totlandsdal AI, Øvrevik J, Cochran RE, Herseth JI, Bølling AK, Låg M, Schwarze P, Lilleaas E, Holme JA, Kubátová A. The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives and the proinflammatory potential of fractionated extracts of diesel exhaust and wood smoke particles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:383-96. [PMID: 24345236 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.854586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to combustion emissions, including diesel engine exhaust and wood smoke particles (DEPs and WSPs), has been associated with inflammatory responses. To investigate the possible role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH-derivatives, the DEPs and WSPs methanol extracts were fractionated by solid phase extraction (SPE), and the fractions were analyzed for more than ∼120 compounds. The pro-inflammatory effects of the fractionated extracts were characterized by exposure of bronchial epithelial lung cells (BEAS-2B). Both native DEPs and WSPs caused a concentration-dependent increase in IL-6 and IL-8 release and cytotoxicity. This is consistent with the finding of a rather similar total content of PAHs and PAH-derivatives. Yet, the samples differed in specific components, suggesting that different species contribute to the toxicological response in these two types of particles. The majority of the IL-6 release and cytotoxicity was induced upon exposure to the most polar (methanol) SPE fraction of extracts from both samples. In these fractions hydroxy-PAHs, carboxy-PAHs were observed along with nitro-amino-PAHs in DEP. However, the biological effects induced by the polar fractions could not be attributed only to the occurrence of PAH-derivatives. The present findings indicate a need for further characterization of organic extracts, beyond an extensive analysis of commonly suspected PAH and PAH-derivatives. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, to view the supplemental file.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annike I Totlandsdal
- a Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
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Longhin E, Holme JA, Gutzkow KB, Arlt VM, Kucab JE, Camatini M, Gualtieri M. Cell cycle alterations induced by urban PM2.5 in bronchial epithelial cells: characterization of the process and possible mechanisms involved. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:63. [PMID: 24354623 PMCID: PMC3878321 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores and characterizes cell cycle alterations induced by urban PM2.5 in the human epithelial cell line BEAS-2B, and elucidates possible mechanisms involved. METHODS The cells were exposed to a low dose (7.5 μg/cm(2)) of Milan winter PM2.5 for different time points, and the cell cycle progression was analyzed by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. Activation of proteins involved in cell cycle control was investigated by Western blotting and DNA damage by (32)P-postlabelling, immunostaining and comet assay. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was quantified by flow cytometry. The role of PM organic fraction versus washed PM on the cell cycle alterations was also examined. Finally, the molecular pathways activated were further examined using specific inhibitors. RESULTS Winter PM2.5 induced marked cell cycle alteration already after 3 h of exposure, represented by an increased number of cells (transient arrest) in G2. This effect was associated with an increased phosphorylation of Chk2, while no changes in p53 phosphorylation were observed at this time point. The increase in G2 was followed by a transient arrest in the metaphase/anaphase transition point (10 h), which was associated with the presence of severe mitotic spindle aberrations. The metaphase/anaphase delay was apparently followed by mitotic slippage at 24 h, resulting in an increased number of tetraploid G1 cells and cells with micronuclei (MN), and by apoptosis at 40 h. Winter PM2.5 increased the level of ROS at 2 h and DNA damage (8-oxodG, single- and double stand breaks) was detected after 3 h of exposure. The PM organic fraction caused a similar G2/M arrest and augmented ROS formation, while washed PM had no such effects. DNA adducts were detected after 24 h. Both PM-induced DNA damage and G2 arrest were inhibited by the addition of antioxidants and α-naphthoflavone, suggesting the involvement of ROS and reactive electrophilic metabolites formed via a P450-dependent reaction. CONCLUSIONS Milan winter PM2.5 rapidly induces severe cell cycle alterations, resulting in increased frequency of cells with double nuclei and MN. This effect is related to the metabolic activation of PM2.5 organic chemicals, which cause damages to DNA and spindle apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Longhin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine B Gutzkow
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE-Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jill E Kucab
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE-Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Marina Camatini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- Department of Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
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Bonet M, Basterra J, Pérez A, Zapater E. A novel method for culturing human glottic cells. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:E104-8. [PMID: 23881599 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The objective of this basic investigation was to describe a new method of preparing primary monolayer cultures of human glottic cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the culturing of healthy human glottic cells. This technique may be of use for other applications in the challenging field of laryngeal diseases. STUDY DESIGN Individual prospective cohort study. METHODS Tissue samples were collected from 15 patients who underwent laryngeal surgery due to chronic laryngitis or larynx carcinoma. An inverted phase microscope was used to study the cultured cells, and immunocytochemistry using a mouse anti-human cytokeratin 19 monoclonal antibody was performed to identify epithelial cells. The relationship between the culture results and several patient variables was evaluated. RESULTS Cultures were positive in 40% of samples. The total and supracricoid laryngectomy groups had the highest rate of culture positivity (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS The current study provides methodological details that will allow other research groups to replicate this model of glottic cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Bonet
- ENT Department, Valencia University General Hospital, Valencia Medical School, Valencia, Spain
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Recent advances in particulate matter and nanoparticle toxicology: a review of the in vivo and in vitro studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:279371. [PMID: 23865044 PMCID: PMC3705851 DOI: 10.1155/2013/279371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have linked exposure to particulate matter (PM) to adverse health effects, which may be registered as increased mortality and morbidity from various cardiopulmonary diseases. Despite the evidence relating PM to health effects, the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms causing such effects are still not fully characterized. Two main approaches are used to elucidate the mechanisms of toxicity. One is the use of in vivo experimental models, where various effects of PM on respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems can be evaluated. To more closely examine the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the different physiological effects, the use of various in vitro models has proven to be valuable. In the present review, we discuss the current advances on the toxicology of particulate matter and nanoparticles based on these techniques.
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Inflammation-related effects of diesel engine exhaust particles: studies on lung cells in vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:685142. [PMID: 23509760 PMCID: PMC3586454 DOI: 10.1155/2013/685142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust and its particles (DEP) have been under scrutiny for health effects in humans. In the development of these effects inflammation is regarded as a key process. Overall, in vitro studies report similar DEP-induced changes in markers of inflammation, including cytokines and chemokines, as studies in vivo. In vitro studies suggest that soluble extracts of DEP have the greatest impact on the expression and release of proinflammatory markers. Main DEP mediators of effects have still not been identified and are difficult to find, as fuel and engine technology developments lead to continuously altered characteristics of emissions. Involved mechanisms remain somewhat unclear. DEP extracts appear to comprise components that are able to activate various membrane and cytosolic receptors. Through interactions with receptors, ion channels, and phosphorylation enzymes, molecules in the particle extract will trigger various cell signaling pathways that may lead to the release of inflammatory markers directly or indirectly by causing cell death. In vitro studies represent a fast and convenient system which may have implications for technology development. Furthermore, knowledge regarding how particles elicit their effects may contribute to understanding of DEP-induced health effects in vivo, with possible implications for identifying susceptible groups of people and effect biomarkers.
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Happo MS, Uski O, Jalava PI, Kelz J, Brunner T, Hakulinen P, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Kosma VM, Jokiniemi J, Obernberger I, Hirvonen MR. Pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage in the mouse lung after exposure to PM samples from biomass heating appliances of old and modern technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:256-266. [PMID: 23201646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Current levels of ambient air fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) are associated with mortality and morbidity in urban populations worldwide. In residential areas wood combustion is one of the main sources of PM(2.5) emissions, especially during wintertime. However, the adverse health effects of particulate emissions from the modern heating appliances and fuels are poorly known. In this study, health related toxicological properties of PM(1) emissions from five modern and two old technology appliances were examined. The PM(1) samples were collected by using a Dekati® Gravimetric Impactor (DGI). The collected samples were weighed and extracted with methanol for chemical and toxicological analyses. Healthy C57BL/6J mice were intratracheally exposed to a single dose of 1, 3, 10 or 15 mg/kg of the particulate samples for 4, 18 or 24h. Thereafter, the lungs were lavaged and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was assayed for indicators of inflammation, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Lungs of 24h exposed mice were collected for inspection of pulmonary tissue damage. There were substantial differences in the combustion qualities of old and modern technology appliances. Modern technology appliances had the lowest PM(1) (mg/MJ) emissions, but they induced the highest inflammatory, cytotoxic and genotoxic activities. In contrast, old technology appliances had clearly the highest PM(1) (mg/MJ) emissions, but their effect in the mouse lungs were the lowest. Increased inflammatory activity was associated with ash related components of the emissions, whereas high PAH concentrations were correlating with the smallest detected responses, possibly due to their immunosuppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko S Happo
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland.
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Uski OJ, Happo MS, Jalava PI, Brunner T, Kelz J, Obernberger I, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR. Acute systemic and lung inflammation in C57Bl/6J mice after intratracheal aspiration of particulate matter from small-scale biomass combustion appliances based on old and modern technologies. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:952-65. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.742172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bølling AK, Totlandsdal AI, Sallsten G, Braun A, Westerholm R, Bergvall C, Boman J, Dahlman HJ, Sehlstedt M, Cassee F, Sandstrom T, Schwarze PE, Herseth JI. Wood smoke particles from different combustion phases induce similar pro-inflammatory effects in a co-culture of monocyte and pneumocyte cell lines. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:45. [PMID: 23176191 PMCID: PMC3544657 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been linked to several adverse cardiopulmonary effects, probably via biological mechanisms involving inflammation. The pro-inflammatory potential of PM depends on the particles' physical and chemical characteristics, which again depend on the emitting source. Wood combustion is a major source of ambient air pollution in Northern countries during the winter season. The overall aim of this study was therefore to investigate cellular responses to wood smoke particles (WSPs) collected from different phases of the combustion cycle, and from combustion at different temperatures. RESULTS WSPs from different phases of the combustion cycle induced very similar effects on pro-inflammatory mediator release, cytotoxicity and cell number, whereas WSPs from medium-temperature combustion were more cytotoxic than WSPs from high-temperature incomplete combustion. Furthermore, comparisons of effects induced by native WSPs with the corresponding organic extracts and washed particles revealed that the organic fraction was the most important determinant for the WSP-induced effects. However, the responses induced by the organic fraction could generally not be linked to the content of the measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), suggesting that also other organic compounds were involved. CONCLUSION The toxicity of WSPs seems to a large extent to be determined by stove type and combustion conditions, rather than the phase of the combustion cycle. Notably, this toxicity seems to strongly depend on the organic fraction, and it is probably associated with organic components other than the commonly measured unsubstituted PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerd Sallsten
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Artur Braun
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Bergvall
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Johan Boman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Jørgen Dahlman
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Sehlstedt
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Flemming Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Sandstrom
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per E Schwarze
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Inge Herseth
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Bølling AK, Totlandsdal AI, Sallsten G, Braun A, Westerholm R, Bergvall C, Boman J, Dahlman HJ, Sehlstedt M, Cassee F, Sandstrom T, Schwarze PE, Herseth JI. Wood smoke particles from different combustion phases induce similar pro-inflammatory effects in a co-culture of monocyte and pneumocyte cell lines. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23176191 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-45/figures/4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been linked to several adverse cardiopulmonary effects, probably via biological mechanisms involving inflammation. The pro-inflammatory potential of PM depends on the particles' physical and chemical characteristics, which again depend on the emitting source. Wood combustion is a major source of ambient air pollution in Northern countries during the winter season. The overall aim of this study was therefore to investigate cellular responses to wood smoke particles (WSPs) collected from different phases of the combustion cycle, and from combustion at different temperatures. RESULTS WSPs from different phases of the combustion cycle induced very similar effects on pro-inflammatory mediator release, cytotoxicity and cell number, whereas WSPs from medium-temperature combustion were more cytotoxic than WSPs from high-temperature incomplete combustion. Furthermore, comparisons of effects induced by native WSPs with the corresponding organic extracts and washed particles revealed that the organic fraction was the most important determinant for the WSP-induced effects. However, the responses induced by the organic fraction could generally not be linked to the content of the measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), suggesting that also other organic compounds were involved. CONCLUSION The toxicity of WSPs seems to a large extent to be determined by stove type and combustion conditions, rather than the phase of the combustion cycle. Notably, this toxicity seems to strongly depend on the organic fraction, and it is probably associated with organic components other than the commonly measured unsubstituted PAHs.
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Haluza D, Kaiser A, Moshammer H, Flandorfer C, Kundi M, Neuberger M. Estimated health impact of a shift from light fuel to residential wood-burning in Upper Austria. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:339-343. [PMID: 22569207 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The dependency on carbon-based fossil energy and growing awareness of climate change issues has induced ambitious policy initiatives to promote renewable energy sources for indoor heating. Combustion of regionally available material such as wood is considered a carbon-neutral alternative for oil and gas, but unregulated revival of wood stoves may cause detrimental health effects. For the prognosis of the health impact of air pollution due to the use of wood stoves, Upper Austria served for a case study. On the basis of recent measurements of particulate matter <10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and nitrous gases (NO(x)), we compared the air pollution attributable to present energy mix (termed scenario 1) with two alternatives: For scenario 2, we assumed replacement of light fuel oil by either fossil gas or biomass, and for scenario 3, replacement of light fuel oil by biomass only. Compared with the current exposure from scenario 1, the increased annual mean PM10 levels are estimated to lead to 101 (95% CI 56;146) and 174 (95% CI 92;257) additional deaths among 1.4 million inhabitants per year for scenarios 2 and 3, respectively. Without adequate strategies for reducing the emissions of domestic heating facilities, replacement of fossil energy sources could lead to an increased health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Haluza
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse, Vienna, Austria
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Tapanainen M, Jalava PI, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Hakulinen P, Lamberg H, Ruusunen J, Tissari J, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR. Efficiency of log wood combustion affects the toxicological and chemical properties of emission particles. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:343-55. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.671858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Forchhammer L, Loft S, Roursgaard M, Cao Y, Riddervold IS, Sigsgaard T, Møller P. Expression of adhesion molecules, monocyte interactions and oxidative stress in human endothelial cells exposed to wood smoke and diesel exhaust particulate matter. Toxicol Lett 2012; 209:121-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Markers of inflammation in alveolar cells exposed to fine particulate matter from prescribed fires and urban air. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 53:1110-4. [PMID: 21918477 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3182337605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) from different particle sources on tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, we measured TNF production from rat alveolar macrophages (AM) and human dendritic cells (DC) exposed to PM(2.5) from different sources. METHODS Fire-related PM(2.5) samples, rural ambient, and urban indoor and outdoor samples were collected in the Southeast United States. Tumor necrosis factor release was measured from rat AM and human DC following incubation with PM(2.5). RESULTS Tumor necrosis factor release in AMs was greatest for fire-related PM(2.5) compared with other samples (TNF: P value = 0.005; mortality: P value = 0.005). Tumor necrosis factor releases from the DCs and AMs exposed to fire-associated PM(2.5) were strongly correlated (r = 0.87, P value < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Particulate matter exposure produces TNF release consistent with pulmonary inflammation in rat AMs and human DCs, with the response in rat AMs differing by particle source.
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McNamara ML, Semmens EO, Gaskill S, Palmer C, Noonan CW, Ward TJ. Base camp personnel exposure to particulate matter during wildland fire suppression activities. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2012; 9:149-156. [PMID: 22364357 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2011.652934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fire base camps commonly house thousands of support personnel for weeks at a time. The selection of the location of these base camps is largely a strategic decision that incorporates many factors, one of which is the potential impact of biomass smoke from the nearby fire event. Biomass smoke has many documented adverse health effects due, primarily, to high levels of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)). Minimizing particulate matter exposure to potentially susceptible individuals working as support personnel in the base camp is vital. In addition to smoke from nearby wildland fires, base camp operations have the potential to generate particulate matter via vehicle emissions, dust, and generator use. We monitored particulate matter at three base camps during the fire season of 2009 in Washington, Oregon, and California. During the sampling events, 1-min time-weighted averages of PM(2.5) and particle counts from three size fractions (0.3-0.5 microns, 0.5-1.0 microns, and 1.0-2.5 microns) were measured. Results showed that all PM size fractions (as well as overall PM(2.5) concentrations) were higher during the overnight hours, a trend that was consistent at all camps. Our results provide evidence of camp-based, site-specific sources of PM(2.5) that could potentially exceed the contributions from the nearby wildfire. These exposures could adversely impact wildland firefighters who sleep in the camp, as well as the camp support personnel, who could include susceptible individuals. A better understanding of the sources and patterns of poor air quality within base camps would help to inform prevention strategies to reduce personnel exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy L McNamara
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
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Greven FE, Krop EJ, Spithoven JJ, Burger N, Rooyackers JM, Kerstjens HA, van der Heide S, Heederik DJ. Acute respiratory effects in firefighters. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:54-62. [PMID: 21959832 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.21012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between acute respiratory inflammatory responses, changes in bronchial hyperresponsiveness, serum pneumoprotein levels, and exposure to fire smoke were studied. METHODS The study comprised 51 firefighters. Blood samples were taken within 24 hr following exposure to fire smoke, and after a week and 3 months. Sputum was induced within 5 days post-exposure and subjects underwent spirometry and methacholine provocation one week post-exposure. Exposure was registered by a questionnaire. RESULTS No changes were observed following smoke exposure in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and serum pneumoprotein levels. Nevertheless, in a sizable proportion of the firefighters (44%) elevated sputum neutrophil levels (≥60%) were found. Serum IL-8 concentrations were higher 24 hr post-exposure compared to pre-exposure. Elevated neutrophil levels in sputum were associated with elevated serum IL-8 (β = 0.010, P = 0.004) and TNFα (β = 0.005, P = 0.034) levels within 24 hr post-exposure and IL-8 elevation lasted up to 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Acute exposure to fire smoke induces acute neutrophilic airway and long-lasting systemic inflammation in healthy firefighters in the absence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans E Greven
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
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Differential effects of the particle core and organic extract of diesel exhaust particles. Toxicol Lett 2011; 208:262-8. [PMID: 22100492 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel engine exhaust particles (DEPs), representing a complex and variable mixture of components, has been associated with lung disease and induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and CYP1A1 expression. The aim of this study was to further characterise DEP-components accounting for these effects. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were exposed to either native DEPs, or corresponding methanol DEP-extract or residual DEPs, and investigated with respect to cytotoxicity and expression and release of multiple inflammation-related mediators. Both native DEPs and DEP-extract, but not residual DEPs, induced marked mRNA expression of COX-2, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as cytotoxicity and release of IL-6. However, CYP1A1 was primarily induced by the native and residual DEPs. Overall, the results of near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of DEP-extracts indicated that the majority of the analysed PAHs and PAH-derivatives were extracted from the particles, but that certain PAH-derivatives, probably their carboxylic isomers, tended to be retained on the residual DEPs. Moreover, it appeared that certain components of the methanol extract may suppress CYP1A1 expression. These results provide insight into how different components of the complex DEP-mixture may be differently involved in DEP-induced pro-inflammatory responses and underscore the importance of identifying and clarifying the roles of active DEP-components in relation to different biological effects.
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