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Bai Y, Zhang J, Li J, Liao M, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Wei Z, Dai Y. Silibinin, a commonly used therapeutic agent for non-alcohol fatty liver disease, functions through upregulating intestinal expression of fibroblast growth factor 15/19. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38839561 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Silibinin is used to treat non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD) despite having rapid liver metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the role of the intestine in silibinin mechanism of action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH NAFLD mice model was established by feeding them with a high-fat diet (HFD). Liver pathological were examined using H&E and oil red O staining. Tissue distribution of silibinin was detected by LC-MS/MS. SiRNA was employed for gene silencing and plasmid was used for gene overexpression. ChIP-qPCR assay was performed to detect the levels of histone acetylation. Recombinant adeno-associated virus 9-short hairpin-fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-15 and -farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4) were used to knockdown expression of FGF-15 and FXR. KEY RESULTS Oral silibinin significantly reversed NAFLD in mice, although liver concentration was insufficient for reduction of lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Among endogenous factors capable of reversing NAFLD, the expression of Fgf-15 was selectively up-regulated by silibinin in ileum and colon of mice. When intestinal expression of Fgf-15 was knocked down, protection of silibinin against lipid accumulation and injury of livers nearly disappeared. Silibinin could reduce activity of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), enhance histone acetylation in the promoter region of FXR and consequently increase intestinal expression of FGF-15/19. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Oral silibinin selectively promotes expression of FGF-15/19 in ileum by enhancing transcription of FXR via reduction of HDAC2 activity, and FGF-15/19 enters into circulation to exert anti-NAFLD action. As the site of action is the intestine this would explain the discrepancy between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of silibinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Bai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghui Liao
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhifeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Chow MD, Otersen K, Wassef A, Kong B, Yamarthy S, Rizzolo D, Yang I, Buckley B, Lu A, Crook N, Lee M, Gao J, Naganand S, Stofan MF, Armstrong L, Schumacher J, Taylor R, Henry Z, Basaly V, Yang Z, Zhang M, Huang M, Kagan L, Brunetti L, Sadek R, Lee YH, Guo GL. Effects of intestine-specific deletion of FGF15 on the development of fatty liver disease with vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0444. [PMID: 38780301 PMCID: PMC11124683 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (SGx) is a type of bariatric surgery to treat morbid obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The molecular mechanisms of SGx to improve MASLD are unclear, but increased bile acids (BAs) and FGF19 (mouse FGF15) were observed. FGF15/19 is expressed in the ileum in response to BAs and is critical in not only suppressing BA synthesis in the liver but also promoting energy expenditure. We hypothesized the reduction of obesity and resolution of MASLD by SGx may be mediated by FGF15/19. METHODS First, we conducted hepatic gene expression analysis in obese patients undergoing SGx, with the results showing increased expression of FGF19 in obese patients' livers. Next, we used wild-type and intestine-specific Fgf15 knockout mice (Fgf15ile-/-) to determine the effects of FGF15 deficiency on improving the metabolic effects. RESULTS SGx improved metabolic endpoints in both genotypes, evidenced by decreased obesity, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced MASLD progression. However, Fgf15ile-/- mice showed better improvement compared to wild-type mice after SGx, suggesting that other mediators than FGF15 are also responsible for the beneficial effects of FGF15 deficiency. Further gene expression analysis in brown adipose tissue suggests increased thermogenesis. CONCLUSIONS FGF15 deficiency, the larger BA pool and higher levels of secondary BAs may increase energy expenditure in extrahepatic tissues, which may be responsible for improved metabolic functions following SGx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D. Chow
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katherine Otersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew Wassef
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy-Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center of Excellence for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Barnabas University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Advanced Surgical & Bariatrics of NJ, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sowmya Yamarthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Rizzolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ill Yang
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexander Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Naomi Crook
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Judy Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sareena Naganand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mary F. Stofan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Laura Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Justin Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rulaiha Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zakiyah Henry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Veronia Basaly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhenning Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Children’s Liver Disease Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxing Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Leonid Kagan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy-Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy-Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ragui Sadek
- Center of Excellence for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Barnabas University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Advanced Surgical & Bariatrics of NJ, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yi-Horng Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Shin JH, Li Z, Rupp AC, Miller N, Kernodle S, Lanthier N, Henry P, Seshadri N, Myronovych A, MacDougald OA, O’Rourke RW, Kohli R, Burant CF, Rothberg AE, Seeley RJ. Intestinal FGF15 regulates bile acid and cholesterol metabolism but not glucose and energy balance. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174164. [PMID: 38587078 PMCID: PMC11128213 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19, mouse/human ortholog) is expressed in the ileal enterocytes of the small intestine and released postprandially in response to bile acid absorption. Previous reports of FGF15-/- mice have limited our understanding of gut-specific FGF15's role in metabolism. Therefore, we studied the role of endogenous gut-derived FGF15 in bile acid, cholesterol, glucose, and energy balance. We found that circulating levels of FGF19 were reduced in individuals with obesity and comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Gene expression analysis of ileal FGF15-positive cells revealed differential expression during the obesogenic state. We fed standard chow or a high-fat metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis-inducing diet to control and intestine-derived FGF15-knockout (FGF15INT-KO) mice. Control and FGF15INT-KO mice gained similar body weight and adiposity and did not show genotype-specific differences in glucose, mixed meal, pyruvate, and glycerol tolerance. FGF15INT-KO mice had increased systemic bile acid levels but decreased cholesterol levels, pointing to a primary role for gut-derived FGF15 in regulating bile acid and cholesterol metabolism when exposed to obesogenic diet. These studies show that intestinal FGF15 plays a specific role in bile acid and cholesterol metabolism regulation but is not essential for energy and glucose balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Bozadjieva-Kramer
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Surgery and
| | | | - Ziru Li
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Alan C. Rupp
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicole Miller
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department, Saint-Luc University Clinics, and
- Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paulina Henry
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert W. O’Rourke
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Surgery and
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Charles F. Burant
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy E. Rothberg
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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4
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Dong YH, Wang ZX, Chen C, Wang PP, Fu X. A review on the hypoglycemic effect, mechanism and application development of natural dietary polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127267. [PMID: 37820903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) as one chronic metabolic disease was greatly increased over recent decades. The major agents treating diabetes have noticeable side effects as well as the tolerability problems. The bioactive dietary polysaccharides from abundant natural resources exhibit good hypoglycemic effect with rare adverse effects, which might serve as a candidate to prevent and treat diabetes. However, the correlations between the hypoglycemic mechanism of polysaccharides and their structure were not mentioned in several studies, what's more, most of the current hypoglycemic studies on polysaccharides were based on in vitro and in vivo experiments, and there was a lack of knowledge about the effects in human clinical trials. The aim of this review is to discuss recent literature about the variety of dietary polysaccharides with hypoglycemic activity, as well the mechanism of action and the structure-function relationship are highlighted. Meanwhile, the application of dietary polysaccharides in functional foods and clinical medicine are realized with an in-depth understanding. So as to promote the exploration of dietary polysaccharides in low glycemic healthy foods or clinical medicine to prevent and treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Dong
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Wang
- College of life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Chun Chen
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangzhou Inst Modern Ind Technol, Nansha 511458, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ping-Ping Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiong Fu
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangzhou Inst Modern Ind Technol, Nansha 511458, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Wu W, Kaicen W, Bian X, Yang L, Ding S, Li Y, Li S, Zhuge A, Li L. Akkermansia muciniphila alleviates high-fat-diet-related metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by modulating gut microbiota and bile acids. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1924-1939. [PMID: 37377410 PMCID: PMC10527187 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that Akkermansia muciniphila improves host metabolism and reduces inflammation; however, its potential effects on bile acid metabolism and metabolic patterns in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) are unknown. In this study, we have analysed C57BL/6 mice under three feeding conditions: (i) a low-fat diet group (LP), (ii) a high-fat diet group (HP) and (iii) a high-fat diet group supplemented with A. muciniphila (HA). The results found that A. muciniphila administration relieved weight gain, hepatic steatosis and liver injury induced by the high-fat diet. A. muciniphila altered the gut microbiota with a decrease in Alistipes, Lactobacilli, Tyzzerella, Butyricimonas and Blautia, and an enrichment of Ruminiclostridium, Osclibacter, Allobaculum, Anaeroplasma and Rikenella. The gut microbiota changes correlated significantly with bile acids. Meanwhile, A. muciniphila also improved glucose tolerance, gut barriers and adipokines dysbiosis. Akkermansia muciniphila regulated the intestinal FXR-FGF15 axis and reshaped the construction of bile acids, with reduced secondary bile acids in the caecum and liver, including DCA and LCA. These findings provide new insights into the relationships between probiotics, microflora and metabolic disorders, highlighting the potential role of A. muciniphila in the management of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Wang Kaicen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaoyuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Liya Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shi Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yating Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shengjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Aoxiang Zhuge
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongChina
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6
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Kim YC, Qi M, Dong X, Seok S, Sun H, Kemper B, Fu T, Kemper JK. Transgenic mice lacking FGF15/19-SHP phosphorylation display altered bile acids and gut bacteria, promoting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104946. [PMID: 37348559 PMCID: PMC10359637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated bile acid (BA)/lipid metabolism and gut bacteria dysbiosis are tightly associated with the development of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The orphan nuclear receptor, Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP/NR0B2), is a key regulator of BA/lipid metabolism, and its gene-regulating function is markedly enhanced by phosphorylation at Thr-58 mediated by a gut hormone, fibroblast growth factor-15/19 (FGF15/19). To investigate the role of this phosphorylation in whole-body energy metabolism, we generated transgenic SHP-T58A knock-in mice. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, the phosphorylation-defective SHP-T58A mice gained weight more rapidly with decreased energy expenditure and increased lipid/BA levels. This obesity-prone phenotype was associated with the upregulation of lipid/BA synthesis genes and downregulation of lipophagy/β-oxidation genes. Mechanistically, defective SHP phosphorylation selectively impaired its interaction with LRH-1, resulting in de-repression of SHP/LRH-1 target BA/lipid synthesis genes. Remarkably, BA composition and selective gut bacteria which are known to impact obesity, were also altered in these mice. Upon feeding a high-fat diet, fatty liver developed more severely in SHP-T58A mice compared to WT mice. Treatment with antibiotics substantially improved the fatty liver phenotypes in both groups but had greater effects in the T58A mice so that the difference between the groups was largely eliminated. These results demonstrate that defective phosphorylation at a single nuclear receptor residue can impact whole-body energy metabolism by altering BA/lipid metabolism and gut bacteria, promoting complex metabolic disorders like NAFLD. Since posttranslational modifications generally act in gene- and context-specific manners, the FGF15/19-SHP phosphorylation axis may allow more targeted therapy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ming Qi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UWCCC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xingchen Dong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UWCCC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sunmi Seok
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ting Fu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UWCCC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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7
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Nyholm I, Hukkinen M, Pihlajoki M, Davidson JR, Tyraskis A, Lohi J, Heikkilä P, Hänninen S, Andersson N, Eloranta K, Carpén O, Heikinheimo M, Davenport M, Pakarinen MP. Serum FGF19 predicts outcomes of Kasai portoenterostomy in biliary atresia. Hepatology 2023; 77:1263-1273. [PMID: 36692476 PMCID: PMC10026978 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Outcomes after Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE) for biliary atresia remain highly variable for unclear reasons. As reliable early biomarkers predicting KPE outcomes are lacking, we studied the prognostic value of FGF19. APPROACH AND RESULTS Serum and liver specimens, obtained from biliary atresia patients (N=87) at KPE or age-matched cholestatic controls (N=26) were included. Serum concentration of FGF19 and bile acids, liver mRNA expression of FGF19 , and key regulators of bile acid synthesis were related to KPE outcomes and liver histopathology. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used for the localization of liver FGF19 expression. Serum levels (223 vs. 61 pg/mL, p <0.001) and liver mRNA expression of FGF19 were significantly increased in biliary atresia. Patients with unsuccessful KPE (419 vs. 145 pg/mL, p =0.047), and those subsequently underwent liver transplantation (410 vs. 99 pg/mL, p =0.007) had significantly increased serum, but not liver, FGF19, which localized mainly in hepatocytes. In Cox hazard modeling serum FGF19 <109 pg/mL predicted native liver survival (HR: 4.31, p <0.001) also among patients operated <60 days of age (HR: 8.77, p =0.004) or after successful KPE (HR: 6.76, p =0.01). Serum FGF19 correlated positively with increased serum primary bile acids ( R =0.41, p =0.004) and ductular reaction ( R =0.39, p =0.004). CONCLUSIONS Increased serum FGF19 at KPE predicted inferior long-term native liver survival in biliary atresia and was associated with unsuccessful KPE, elevated serum primary bile acids, and ductular reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iiris Nyholm
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Hukkinen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjut Pihlajoki
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph R. Davidson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, GOS-UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Jouko Lohi
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Heikkilä
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Hänninen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Andersson
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Eloranta
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark Davenport
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mikko P. Pakarinen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Taylor R, Armstrong L, Bhattacharya A, Henry Z, Brinker A, Buckley B, Kong B, Guo G. Myclobutanil-mediated alteration of liver-gut FXR signaling in mice. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:387-399. [PMID: 36511616 PMCID: PMC9936201 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of exposure to Myclobutanil, a triazole fungicide, on the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are unclear, but activation of nuclear receptors (NRs) is a known mechanism of azole-induced liver toxicity. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a NR and is highly expressed in the liver and intestine. Activation of FXR tightly regulates bile acid (BA), lipid and glucose homeostasis, and inflammation partly through the induction of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15; human ortholog FGF19). FXR activation is downregulated during NAFLD and agonists are currently being explored as potential therapeutic strategy. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of Myclobutanil exposure on FXR activation and NAFLD development. Reporter assay showed Myclobutanil treatment, following FXR activation with potent FXR agonist (GW4064), resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of FXR activity. Furthermore, a 10-day study in male mice demonstrated that cotreatment with Myclobutanil led to an 80% reduction of GW4064-induced ileal expression of Fgf15. In a diet-induced NAFLD study, low-fat diet (LFD) fed mice administered myclobutanil displayed decreased FXR activity in the liver and ileum, while high-fat-high-sugar-diet (HFHSD) fed mice showed an increase in hepatic FXR activity and an induction of target genes regulated by constitutive androstane receptor and/or pregnane X receptor. Our work demonstrates Myclobutanil inhibits FXR activity and modulates FXR activity differentially in mice fed LFD or HFHSD. Our studies suggest the importance of understanding how Myclobutanil could contribute to BA dysregulation in disease states such as NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulaiha Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Laura Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Anisha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zakiyah Henry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Anita Brinker
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Grace Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.,VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, NJ 07017, USA
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9
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Buisson C, Leuzy V, Loizon E, Meugnier E, Monnoye M, Philippe C, Gérard P, Michalski MC, Laugerette F. Soy Lecithin in High-Fat Diets Exerts Dual Effects on Adipose Tissue Versus Ileum. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200461. [PMID: 36708587 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Lipopolysaccharides and their transporters, LBP and sCD14, are involved in systemic inflammation following a high-fat diet. Natural emulsifiers such as soy lecithin, rich in soybean polar lipids (SPL), are often used by the food industry but little is known about effects of associating SPL with different oils. METHODS AND RESULTS Thus, this study investigates the effects of 4 weeks feeding of palm (P) or rapeseed (R) oil-enriched diets with or without SPL in mice, on white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, on ileum permeability, and on microbiota composition. When SPL are associated with rapeseed oil, a greater gene expression of leptin and inflammation in WAT is observed compared to P-SPL. In ileum, R-SPL group results in a lower expression of TLR4, IAP that detoxify bacterial LPS and tight junction proteins than R group. In turn, the gene expression of Reg3β and Reg3γ, which have antimicrobial activity, is higher in ileum of R-SPL group than in R group. SPL in rapeseed oil increases specific bacterial species belonging to Lachnospiraceae, Alistipes, and Bacteroidales. CONCLUSION The incorporation of SPL in a diet with rapeseed oil exerts differential effect on WAT and ileum, with respectively an inflammation of WAT and an antimicrobial activity in ileum, associated with specific microbiota changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Buisson
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Valentin Leuzy
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Emmanuelle Loizon
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meugnier
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Magali Monnoye
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Catherine Philippe
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France.,CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Oullins, 69310, France
| | - Fabienne Laugerette
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
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10
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Di Ciaula A, Bonfrate L, Baj J, Khalil M, Garruti G, Stellaard F, Wang HH, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Recent Advances in the Digestive, Metabolic and Therapeutic Effects of Farnesoid X Receptor and Fibroblast Growth Factor 19: From Cholesterol to Bile Acid Signaling. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234950. [PMID: 36500979 PMCID: PMC9738051 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver (primary BA) starting from cholesterol. In the small intestine, BA act as strong detergents for emulsification, solubilization and absorption of dietary fat, cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins. Primary BA escaping the active ileal re-absorption undergo the microbiota-dependent biotransformation to secondary BA in the colon, and passive diffusion into the portal vein towards the liver. BA also act as signaling molecules able to play a systemic role in a variety of metabolic functions, mainly through the activation of nuclear and membrane-associated receptors in the intestine, gallbladder, and liver. BA homeostasis is tightly controlled by a complex interplay with the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the enterokine hormone fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) or the human ortholog FGF19 (FGF19). Circulating FGF19 to the FGFR4/β-Klotho receptor causes smooth muscle relaxation and refilling of the gallbladder. In the liver the binding activates the FXR-small heterodimer partner (SHP) pathway. This step suppresses the unnecessary BA synthesis and promotes the continuous enterohepatic circulation of BAs. Besides BA homeostasis, the BA-FXR-FGF19 axis governs several metabolic processes, hepatic protein, and glycogen synthesis, without inducing lipogenesis. These pathways can be disrupted in cholestasis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, targeting FXR activity can represent a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and the treatment of liver and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Helen H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-4687215
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11
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Chrysavgis L, Giannakodimos I, Chatzigeorgiou A, Tziomalos K, Papatheodoridis G, Cholongitas E. The role of fibroblast growth factor 19 in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:835-849. [PMID: 36124827 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2127408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the predominant cause of chronic liver injury worldwide. Bile acids and their receptors are profoundly implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. AREAS COVERED We conducted extensive literature search using PubMed database, and we summarized the relevant literature. We provided an overview of the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19)-farnesoid X receptor (FXR) axis and summarized the latest findings derived from animal and human studies concerning the impact of FGF-19 on NAFLD. EXPERT OPINION FGF-19, a nutritionally regulated endocrine post-prandial hormone, governs bile acid metabolism, lipid oxidation, lipogenesis, and energy homeostasis. As no approved medication for NAFLD exists, FGF-19 seems to be a propitious therapeutic opportunity for NAFLD, since its administration was associated with ameliorated results in hepatic steatosis, liver inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, promising results have been derived from clinical trials concerning the beneficial efficacy of FGF-19 on histological findings and laboratory parameters of NAFLD. However, we should bear in mind the pleiotropic effects of FGF-19 on various metabolically active tissues along with its potential tumorigenic reservoir. Further clinical research is required to determine the clinical application of FGF-19-based therapies on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Chrysavgis
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Giannakodimos
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens "Laiko", Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Cholongitas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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12
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Guzman S, Dragan M, Kwon H, de Oliveira V, Rao S, Bhatt V, Kalemba KM, Shah A, Rustgi VK, Wang H, Bech PR, Abbara A, Izzi-Engbeaya C, Manousou P, Guo JY, Guo GL, Radovick S, Dhillo WS, Wondisford FE, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. Targeting hepatic kisspeptin receptor ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a mouse model. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:145889. [PMID: 35349482 PMCID: PMC9106350 DOI: 10.1172/jci145889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disease, has become a silent worldwide pandemic. The incidence of NAFLD correlates with the rise in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. A hallmark featureof NAFLD is excessive hepatic fat accumulation or steatosis, due to dysregulated hepatic fat metabolism, which can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Currently, there are no approved pharmacotherapies to treat this disease. Here, we have found that activation of the kisspeptin 1 receptor (KISS1R) signaling pathway has therapeutic effects in NAFLD. Using high-fat diet-fed mice, we demonstrated that a deletion of hepatic Kiss1r exacerbated hepatic steatosis. In contrast, enhanced stimulation of KISS1R protected against steatosis in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and decreased fibrosis using a diet-induced mouse model of NASH. Mechanistically, we found that hepatic KISS1R signaling activates the master energy regulator, AMPK, to thereby decrease lipogenesis and progression to NASH. In patients with NAFLD and in high-fat diet-fed mice, hepatic KISS1/KISS1R expression and plasma kisspeptin levels were elevated, suggesting a compensatory mechanism to reduce triglyceride synthesis. These findings establish KISS1R as a therapeutic target to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | | | - Shivani Rao
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - Vrushank Bhatt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Ankit Shah
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - Vinod K. Rustgi
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - He Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul R. Bech
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine and
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine and
| | | | - Pinelopi Manousou
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessie Y. Guo
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, and
| | - Sally Radovick
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Andy V. Babwah
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Guthrie G, Vonderohe C, Burrin D. Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 expression, regulation, and function: An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111617. [PMID: 35301051 PMCID: PMC9038700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19 over 20 years ago, our understanding of the peptide and its role in human biology has moved forward significantly. A member of a superfamily of paracrine growth factors regulating embryonic development, FGF19 is unique in that it is a dietary-responsive endocrine hormone linked with bile acid homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and protein synthesis during the fed to fasted state. FGF19 achieves this through targeting multiple tissues and signaling pathways within those tissues. The diverse functional capabilities of FGF19 is due to the unique structural characteristics of the protein and its receptor binding in various cell types. This review will cover the current literature on the protein FGF19, its target receptors, and the biological pathways they target through unique signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Guthrie
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Douglas Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.
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14
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Effects of intestine-specific deletion of fibroblast growth factor 15 on alcoholic liver disease development in mice. LIVER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Zhang J, Liu Q, He J, Li Y. Novel Therapeutic Targets in Liver Fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:766855. [PMID: 34805276 PMCID: PMC8602792 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.766855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is end-stage liver disease that can be rescued. If irritation continues due to viral infection, schistosomiasis and alcoholism, liver fibrosis can progress to liver cirrhosis and even cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration has not approved any drugs that act directly against liver fibrosis. The only treatments currently available are drugs that eliminate pathogenic factors, which show poor efficacy; and liver transplantation, which is expensive. This highlights the importance of clarifying the mechanism of liver fibrosis and searching for new treatments against it. This review summarizes how parenchymal, nonparenchymal cells, inflammatory cells and various processes (liver fibrosis, hepatic stellate cell activation, cell death and proliferation, deposition of extracellular matrix, cell metabolism, inflammation and epigenetics) contribute to liver fibrosis. We highlight discoveries of novel therapeutic targets, which may provide new insights into potential treatments for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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16
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Königshofer P, Brusilovskaya K, Petrenko O, Hofer BS, Schwabl P, Trauner M, Reiberger T. Nuclear Receptors in Liver Fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166235. [PMID: 34339839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate gene expression of a variety of key molecular signals involved in liver fibrosis. The primary cellular driver of liver fibrogenesis are activated hepatic stellate cells. Different NRs regulate the hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokines that promote the transformation of hepatic stellate cells into fibrogenic myofibroblasts. Importantly, nuclear receptors regulate gene expression circuits that promote hepatic fibrogenesis and/or allow liver fibrosis regression. In this review, we highlight the direct and indirect influence of nuclear receptors on liver fibrosis, with a focus on hepatic stellate cells, and discuss potential therapeutic effects of nuclear receptor modulation in regard to anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Further research on nuclear receptors-related signaling may lead to the clinical development of effective anti-fibrotic therapies for patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Königshofer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Experimental Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab (HEPEX), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Lab for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ksenia Brusilovskaya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Experimental Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab (HEPEX), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Lab for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleksandr Petrenko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Experimental Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab (HEPEX), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Lab for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Silvester Hofer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Experimental Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab (HEPEX), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Lab for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Schwabl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Experimental Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab (HEPEX), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Lab for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Experimental Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab (HEPEX), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Lab for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Qi L, Dai W, Kong J, Tian Y, Chen Y. Cholecystectomy as a risk factor for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: unveiling the metabolic and chronobiologic clues behind the bile acid enterohepatic circulation. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:497-510. [PMID: 34302623 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is highly prevalent worldwide. Recent clinical and experimental studies have addressed the association between cholecystectomy and MAFLD, confirming that cholecystectomy is an independent risk factor for MAFLD. In this review, we describe the epidemiologic evidence that links cholecystectomy to MAFLD, and discuss the possible mechanisms behind these connections, in order to unveil the metabolic and chronobiologic signals conveyed by the waves of the bile acid enterohepatic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39, Hua xiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wanlin Dai
- Innovation Institute of China Medical University, No. 77, Pu He Road, Shenbeixin District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
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18
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Ileal Bile Acid Transporter Inhibitor Improves Hepatic Steatosis by Ameliorating Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in NAFLD Model Mice. mBio 2021; 12:e0115521. [PMID: 34225483 PMCID: PMC8406289 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01155-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive fat deposition in the liver unrelated to alcohol consumption, is highly prevalent worldwide. However, effective therapeutic agents approved for NAFLD treatment are lacking. An ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor (IBATi), which represents a new mode of treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation, leads to increased delivery of bile acids to the colon. We investigated the effect of IBATi against NAFLD through modification of the gut microbiota in mice. IBATi treatment significantly suppressed body weight gain, liver dysfunction, and serum low-density lipoprotein levels and significantly decreased NAFLD activity scores in high-fat diet (HFD) mice. Treatment with IBATi ameliorated the decreased hepatic cholesterol 7-a-monooxygenase (Cyp7a1) and increased ileal fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15) mRNA expression in HFD mice. Further, IBATi treatment changed the α-diversity in the gut microbiota reduced by HFD, which was analyzed in feces using 16S rRNA sequencing. To establish the mechanism underlying improvement in NAFLD induced by IBATi, we recolonized antibiotic solution-treated mice by fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) using stool from HFD or HFD plus IBATi mice. This is the first report that fecally transplanted gut microbiota from HFD plus IBATi mice prevented hepatic steatosis caused by HFD. In conclusion, IBATi improved hepatic steatosis by ameliorating gut microbiota dysbiosis in NAFLD model mice, suggesting a potential therapeutic agent for NAFLD treatment. IMPORTANCE NAFLD is an increasingly recognized condition that may progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and community surveys have assessed that the prevalence is 14 to 32% worldwide. The first line of treatment for NAFLD is lifestyle modification to achieve weight reduction, particularly through diet and exercise. However, weight reduction is difficult to achieve and maintain, and pharmacological agents approved for the treatment of NAFLD are lacking. This study investigated the influence of the gut microbiota and the effect of an IBATi on NAFLD using a murine model. Treatment with IBATi significantly improved NAFLD in HFD mice. Further, fecal microbiome transplantation using stool from HFD plus IBATi mice prevented hepatic steatosis caused by HFD. Our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because the study findings suggest a potential treatment strategy for NAFLD patients by ameliorating gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Yu Y, Shi X, Zheng Q, Wang X, Liu X, Tan M, Lv G, Zhang P, Martin RC, Li Y. Aberrant FGFR4 signaling worsens nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in FGF21KO mice. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2576-2589. [PMID: 34326695 PMCID: PMC8315028 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and a potential precursor of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In our previous studies, we found that endocrine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) played a key role in preventing the development of NASH, however, the FGF15/19 mediated-FGFR4 signaling worsened NASH and even contributed to the NASH-HCC transition. The aim of this study is to determine whether FGF15/FGFR4 signaling could alleviate or aggravate NASH in the FGF21KO mice. Methods: NASH models were established in FGF21KO mice fed with high fat methionine-choline deficient (HFMCD) diet to investigate FGF15/FGFR4 signaling during early stage NASH and advanced stage NASH. Human hepatocytes, HepG2 and Hep3B cells, were cultured with human enterocytes Caco-2 cells to mimic gut-liver circulation to investigate the potential mechanism of NASH development. Results: Significant increase of FGF15 production was found in the liver of the NASH-FGF21KO mice, however the increased FGF15 protein was unable to alleviate hepatic lipid accumulation. In contrast, up-regulated FGF15/19/FGFR4 signaling was found in the FGF21KO mice with increased NASH severity, as evident by hepatocyte injury/repair, fibrosis and potential malignant events. In in vitro studies, blockage of FGFR4 by BLU9931 treatment attenuated the lipid accumulation, up-regulated cyclin D1, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the hepatocytes. Conclusion: The increased FGF15 in NASH-FGF21KO mice could not substitute for FGF21 to compensate its lipid metabolic benefits thereby to prevent NASH development. Up-regulated FGFR4 signaling in NASH-FGF21KO mice coupled to proliferation and EMT events which were widely accepted to be associated with carcinogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Yu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoju Shi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xingtong Wang
- Department of Tumor Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Min Tan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Robert C Martin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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20
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Seitz T, Hellerbrand C. Role of fibroblast growth factor signalling in hepatic fibrosis. Liver Int 2021; 41:1201-1215. [PMID: 33655624 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic remodelling is a highly conserved protective response to tissue injury and it is essential for the maintenance of structural and functional tissue integrity. Also hepatic fibrosis can be considered as a wound-healing response to liver injury, reflecting a balance between liver repair and scar formation. In contrast, pathological fibrosis corresponds to impaired wound healing. Usually, the liver regenerates after acute injury. However, if the damaging mechanisms persist, the liver reacts with progressive and uncontrolled accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Eventually, excessive fibrosis can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic failure. Furthermore, cirrhosis is the major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Therefore, hepatic fibrosis is the most critical pathological factor that determines the morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic liver disease. Still, no effective anti-fibrogenic therapies exist, despite the very high medical need. The regulation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling is a prerequisite for adequate wound healing, repair and homeostasis in various tissues and organs. The FGF family comprises 22 proteins that can be classified into paracrine, intracrine and endocrine factors. Most FGFs signal through transmembrane tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Although FGFRs are promising targets for the treatment of HCC, the expression and function of FGFR-ligands in hepatic fibrosis is still poorly understood. This review summarizes the latest advances in our understanding of FGF signalling in hepatic fibrosis. Furthermore, the potential of FGFs as targets for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis and remaining challenges for the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Seitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Vacca M, De Angelis M, Wang DQH. Bile Acids and GPBAR-1: Dynamic Interaction Involving Genes, Environment and Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3709. [PMID: 33266235 PMCID: PMC7760347 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. BA undergo continuous enterohepatic recycling through intestinal biotransformation by gut microbiome and reabsorption into the portal tract for uptake by hepatocytes. BA are detergent molecules aiding the digestion and absorption of dietary fat and fat-soluble vitamins, but also act as important signaling molecules via the nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and the membrane-associated G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR-1) in the distal intestine, liver and extra hepatic tissues. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the BA pool is finely regulated to prevent BA overload and liver injury. By contrast, hydrophilic BA can be hepatoprotective. The ultimate effects of BA-mediated activation of GPBAR-1 is poorly understood, but this receptor may play a role in protecting the remnant liver and in maintaining biliary homeostasis. In addition, GPBAR-1 acts on pathways involved in inflammation, biliary epithelial barrier permeability, BA pool hydrophobicity, and sinusoidal blood flow. Recent evidence suggests that environmental factors influence GPBAR-1 gene expression. Thus, targeting GPBAR-1 might improve liver protection, facilitating beneficial metabolic effects through primary prevention measures. Here, we discuss the complex pathways linked to BA effects, signaling properties of the GPBAR-1, mechanisms of liver damage, gene-environment interactions, and therapeutic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mirco Vacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (M.D.A.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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22
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Kim YC, Seok S, Zhang Y, Ma J, Kong B, Guo G, Kemper B, Kemper JK. Intestinal FGF15/19 physiologically repress hepatic lipogenesis in the late fed-state by activating SHP and DNMT3A. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5969. [PMID: 33235221 PMCID: PMC7686350 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipogenesis is normally tightly regulated but is aberrantly elevated in obesity. Fibroblast Growth Factor-15/19 (mouse FGF15, human FGF19) are bile acid-induced late fed-state gut hormones that decrease hepatic lipid levels by unclear mechanisms. We show that FGF15/19 and FGF15/19-activated Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP/NR0B2) have a role in transcriptional repression of lipogenesis. Comparative genomic analyses reveal that most of the SHP cistrome, including lipogenic genes repressed by FGF19, have overlapping CpG islands. FGF19 treatment or SHP overexpression in mice inhibits lipogenesis in a DNA methyltransferase-3a (DNMT3A)-dependent manner. FGF19-mediated activation of SHP via phosphorylation recruits DNMT3A to lipogenic genes, leading to epigenetic repression via DNA methylation. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients and obese mice, occupancy of SHP and DNMT3A and DNA methylation at lipogenic genes are low, with elevated gene expression. In conclusion, FGF15/19 represses hepatic lipogenesis by activating SHP and DNMT3A physiologically, which is likely dysregulated in NAFLD. Hepatic lipogenesis is a tightly regulated process, which is elevated in obesity. Here the authors report that FGF15/19, bile acid-induced gut hormones, repress lipogenic genes in the late fed-state by activating small heterodimer partner (SHP) and promoting SHP-dependent recruitment of DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A to lipogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sunmi Seok
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Grace Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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23
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van de Peppel IP, Verkade HJ, Jonker JW. Metabolic consequences of ileal interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G619-G625. [PMID: 32938201 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00308.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids comprises a tightly regulated process of hepatic bile acid secretion, intestinal reabsorption and transport back to the liver. Disruption of this process has significant consequences for gastrointestinal, liver and whole body homeostasis and therefore offers opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this review we discuss the effects of (pharmacological) interruption of the enterohepatic circulation at different levels. Recently, several studies have been published on ileal interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, targeting the apical-sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, SLC10A2), as therapy for various diseases. However, ambiguous results have been reported and in-depth mechanistic insights are lacking. Here we discuss these novel studies and review the current knowledge on the consequences of ASBT inhibition and its potential effects on physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo P van de Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Myronovych A, Bhattacharjee J, Salazar-Gonzalez RM, Tan B, Mowery S, Ferguson D, Ryan KK, Zhang W, Zhao X, Oehrle M, Setchell KD, Seeley RJ, Sandoval DA, Kohli R. Assessment of the role of FGF15 in mediating the metabolic outcomes of murine Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG). Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G669-G684. [PMID: 32967428 PMCID: PMC7792670 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00175.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is the best current therapy for remission of obesity and its co-morbidities. It is understood to alter the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in vivo. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) in human and its murine orthologue Fgf15 plays a pivotal role in this bile acid driven enterohepatic signaling. The present study evaluated the metabolic outcomes of VSG in Fgf15 deficient mice. 6-8 weeks old male wildtype mice (WT) and Fgf15 deficient mice (KO) were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. At 8th week of diet, both WT and KO mice were randomly distributed to VSG or sham surgery. Post-surgery, mice were observed for 8 weeks while fed a HFD and then euthanized to collect tissues for experimental analysis. Fgf15 deficient (KO) mice lost weight post VSG, but glucose tolerance in KO mice did not improve post VSG compared to WT mice. Enteroids derived from WT and KO mice proliferated with bile acid exposure in vitro. Post VSG both WT and KO mice had similarly altered bile acid enterohepatic flux, however Fgf15 deficient mice post VSG had increased hepatic accumulation of free and esterified cholesterol leading to lipotoxicity related ER stress, inflammasome activation, and increased Fgf21 expression. Intact Fgf15 mediated enterohepatic bile acid signaling, but not changes in bile acid flux, appear to be important for the metabolic improvements post-murine bariatric surgery. These novel data introduce a potential point of distinction between bile acids acting as ligands compared to their canonical downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brandon Tan
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Sarah Mowery
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Danielle Ferguson
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | | | - Wujuan Zhang
- Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Xueheng Zhao
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Melissa Oehrle
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | | | - Randy J Seeley
- Surgery, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, United States
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25
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Stofan M, Guo GL. Bile Acids and FXR: Novel Targets for Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:544. [PMID: 33015098 PMCID: PMC7516013 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are evolutionally conserved molecules synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and have been shown to be essential for lipid homeostasis. BAs regulate a variety of metabolic functions via modulating nuclear and membrane receptors. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the most important nuclear receptor for maintaining BA homeostasis. FXR plays a tissue-specific role in suppressing BA synthesis and promoting BA enterohepatic circulation. Disruption of FXR in mice have been implicated in liver diseases commonly occurring in humans, including cholestasis, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Strategically targeting FXR activity has been rapidly used to develop novel therapies for the prevention and/or treatment of cholestasis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. This review provides an updated literature review on BA homeostasis and FXR modulator development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Stofan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, NJ, United States
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26
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Golonka RM, San Yeoh B, Li Y, Saha P, Abokor AA, Cheng X, Xiao X, Chandrashekar DS, Varambally S, Gonzalez DJ, Ross AC, Vijay-Kumar M. Fermentable fibers induce rapid macro- and micronutrient depletion in Toll-like receptor 5-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G955-G965. [PMID: 32200644 PMCID: PMC7276927 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00349.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional fermentable fibers are considered essential for a healthy diet. Recently, we demonstrated that gut microbiota dysbiotic mice fed an inulin-containing diet (ICD) developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within 6 mo. In particular, a subset of Toll-like receptor 5-deficient (T5KO) mice prone to HCC exhibited rapid onset of hyperbilirubinemia (HB) and cholemia; these symptoms provide rationale that ICD induces cholestasis. Our objective in the present study was to determine whether inulin-fed T5KO-HB mice exhibit other known consequences of cholestasis, including essential fatty acid and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. Here, we measured hepatic fatty acids and serum vitamin A and D levels from wild-type (WT), T5KO low bilirubin (LB) and T5KO-HB mice fed ICD for 4 wk. Additionally, hepatic RNAseq and proteomics were performed to ascertain other metabolic alterations. Compared with WT and T5KO-LB, T5KO-HB mice exhibited steatorrhea, i.e., ~50% increase in fecal lipids. This could contribute to the significant reduction of linoleate in hepatic neutral lipids in T5KO-HB mice. Additionally, serum vitamins A and D were ~50% reduced in T5KO-HB mice, which was associated with metabolic compromises. Overall, our study highlights that fermentable fiber-induced cholestasis is further characterized by depletion of macro-and micronutrients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Feeding a dietary, fermentable fiber diet to a subset of Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice induces early onset hyperbilirubinemia and cholemia that later manifests to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our study highlights that fermentable fiber-induced cholestasis is characterized with modest macro- and micronutrient deficiencies that may further contribute to hepatic biliary disease. Compared with chemical induction, immunization, surgery, or genetic manipulation, these findings provide a novel approach to study the cholestatic subtype of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Golonka
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Yaqi Li
- 2Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Piu Saha
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ahmed A. Abokor
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Xi Cheng
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Xia Xiao
- 3Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- 4Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama,5Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama,6Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David J. Gonzalez
- 7Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - A. Catharine Ross
- 2Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio,8Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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27
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Merlen G, Bidault-Jourdainne V, Kahale N, Glenisson M, Ursic-Bedoya J, Doignon I, Garcin I, Humbert L, Rainteau D, Tordjmann T. Hepatoprotective impact of the bile acid receptor TGR5. Liver Int 2020; 40:1005-1015. [PMID: 32145703 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
During liver repair after injury, bile secretion has to be tightly modulated in order to preserve liver parenchyma from bile acid (BA)-induced injury. The mechanisms allowing the liver to maintain biliary homeostasis during repair after injury are not completely understood. Besides their historical role in lipid digestion, bile acids (BA) and their receptors constitute a signalling network with multiple impacts on liver repair, both stimulating regeneration and protecting the liver from BA overload. BA signal through nuclear (mainly Farnesoid X Receptor, FXR) and membrane (mainly G Protein-coupled BA Receptor 1, GPBAR-1 or TGR5) receptors to elicit a wide array of biological responses. While a great number of studies have been dedicated to the hepato-protective impact of FXR signalling, TGR5 is by far less explored in this context. Because the liver has to face massive and potentially harmful BA overload after partial ablation or destruction, BA-induced protective responses crucially contribute to spare liver repair capacities. Based on the available literature, the TGR5 BA receptor protects the remnant liver and maintains biliary homeostasis, mainly through the control of inflammation, biliary epithelial barrier permeability, BA pool hydrophobicity and sinusoidal blood flow. Mouse experimental models of liver injury reveal that in the lack of TGR5, excessive inflammation, leaky biliary epithelium and hydrophobic BA overload result in parenchymal insult and compromise optimal restoration of a functional liver mass. Translational perspectives are thus opened to target TGR5 with the aim of protecting the liver in the context of injury and BA overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Merlen
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Nicolas Kahale
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Mathilde Glenisson
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - José Ursic-Bedoya
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Doignon
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Garcin
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Tordjmann
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
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28
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Ji Y, Yin Y, Sun L, Zhang W. The Molecular and Mechanistic Insights Based on Gut-Liver Axis: Nutritional Target for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093066. [PMID: 32357561 PMCID: PMC7247681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as the most frequent classification of liver disease around the globe. Along with the sequencing technologies, gut microbiota has been regarded as a vital factor for the maintenance of human and animal health and the mediation of multiple diseases. The modulation of gut microbiota as a mechanism affecting the pathogenesis of NAFLD is becoming a growing area of concern. Recent advances in the communication between gut and hepatic tissue pave novel ways to better explain the molecular mechanisms regarding the pathological physiology of NAFLD. In this review, we recapitulate the current knowledge of the mechanisms correlated with the development and progression of NAFLD regulated by the gut microbiome and gut-liver axis, which may provide crucial therapeutic strategies for NAFLD. These mechanisms predominantly involve: (1) the alteration in gut microbiome profile; (2) the effects of components and metabolites from gut bacteria (e.g., lipopolysaccharides (LPS), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid (TMAVA)); and (3) the impairment of intestinal barrier function and bile acid homeostasis. In particular, the prevention and therapy of NAFLD assisted by nutritional strategies are highlighted, including probiotics, functional oligosaccharides, dietary fibers, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, functional amino acids (L-tryptophan and L-glutamine), carotenoids, and polyphenols, based on the targets excavated from the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Yin
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (W.Z.); Fax.: +86-10-82802183 (Y.Y.); +86-10-82802183 (W.Z.)
| | | | - Weizhen Zhang
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (W.Z.); Fax.: +86-10-82802183 (Y.Y.); +86-10-82802183 (W.Z.)
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Zhao M, Jung Y, Jiang Z, Svensson KJ. Regulation of Energy Metabolism by Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Ligands. Front Physiol 2020; 11:354. [PMID: 32372975 PMCID: PMC7186430 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and fatty liver disease, have now reached epidemic proportions. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a family of cell surface receptors responding to growth factors, hormones, and cytokines to mediate a diverse set of fundamental cellular and metabolic signaling pathways. These ligands signal by endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine means in peripheral organs and in the central nervous system to control cellular and tissue-specific metabolic processes. Interestingly, the expression of many RTKs and their ligands are controlled by changes in metabolic demand, for example, during starvation, feeding, or obesity. In addition, studies of RTKs and their ligands in regulating energy homeostasis have revealed unexpected diversity in the mechanisms of action and their specific metabolic functions. Our current understanding of the molecular, biochemical and genetic control of energy homeostasis by the endocrine RTK ligands insulin, FGF21 and FGF19 are now relatively well understood. In addition to these classical endocrine signals, non-endocrine ligands can govern local energy regulation, and the intriguing crosstalk between the RTK family and the TGFβ receptor family demonstrates a signaling network that diversifies metabolic process between tissues. Thus, there is a need to increase our molecular and mechanistic understanding of signal diversification of RTK actions in metabolic disease. Here we review the known and emerging molecular mechanisms of RTK signaling that regulate systemic glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as highlighting unexpected roles of non-classical RTK ligands that crosstalk with other receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yunshin Jung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Zewen Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Katrin J Svensson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States
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30
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Weaver MJ, McHenry SA, Sayuk GS, Gyawali CP, Davidson NO. Bile Acid Diarrhea and NAFLD: Shared Pathways for Distinct Phenotypes. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:493-503. [PMID: 32258945 PMCID: PMC7109338 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) and NAFLD are both common conditions that may be influenced by shared pathways of altered bile acid (BA) signaling and homeostatic regulation. Pathophysiological links between IBS-D and altered BA metabolism include altered signaling through the ileal enterokine and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) as well as increased circulating levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a metabolic intermediate that denotes increased hepatic BA production from cholesterol. Defective production or release of FGF19 is associated with increased BA production and BA diarrhea in some IBS-D patients. FGF19 functions as a negative regulator of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase; therefore, reduced serum FGF19 effectively de-represses hepatic BA production in a subset of IBS-D patients, causing BA diarrhea. In addition, FGF19 modulates hepatic metabolic homeostatic response signaling by means of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4/klotho beta receptor to activate cascades involved in hepatic lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and insulin sensitivity. Emerging evidence of low circulating FGF19 levels in subsets of patients with pediatric and adult NAFLD demonstrates altered enterohepatic BA homeostasis in NAFLD. Conclusion: Here we outline how understanding of shared pathways of aberrant BA homeostatic signaling may guide targeted therapies in some patients with IBS-D and subsets of patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Weaver
- Division of GastroenterologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
| | - Scott A. McHenry
- Division of GastroenterologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
| | - Gregory S. Sayuk
- Division of GastroenterologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
- U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsVA St. Louis Health Care SystemJohn Cochran DivisionSt. LouisMO
| | - C. Prakash Gyawali
- Division of GastroenterologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
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31
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Alogaili F, Chinnarasu S, Jaeschke A, Kranias EG, Hui DY. Hepatic HAX-1 inactivation prevents metabolic diseases by enhancing mitochondrial activity and bile salt export. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4631-4646. [PMID: 32079675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing hepatic mitochondrial activity through pyruvate dehydrogenase and elevating enterohepatic bile acid recirculation are promising new approaches for metabolic disease therapy, but neither approach alone can completely ameliorate disease phenotype in high-fat diet-fed mice. This study showed that diet-induced hepatosteatosis, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance can be completely prevented in mice with liver-specific HCLS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) inactivation. Mechanistically, we showed that HAX-1 interacts with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-1 (InsP3R1) in the liver, and its absence reduces InsP3R1 levels, thereby improving endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria calcium homeostasis to prevent excess calcium overload and mitochondrial dysfunction. As a result, HAX-1 ablation activates pyruvate dehydrogenase and increases mitochondria utilization of glucose and fatty acids to prevent hepatosteatosis, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. In contrast to the reduction of InsP3R1 levels, hepatic HAX-1 deficiency increases bile salt exporter protein levels, thereby promoting enterohepatic bile acid recirculation, leading to activation of bile acid-responsive genes in the intestinal ileum to augment insulin sensitivity and of cholesterol transport genes in the liver to suppress hyperlipidemia. The dual mechanisms of increased mitochondrial respiration and enterohepatic bile acid recirculation due to improvement of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria calcium homeostasis with hepatic HAX-1 inactivation suggest that this may be a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzi Alogaili
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237.,Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Sivaprakasam Chinnarasu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Evangelia G Kranias
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
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Schumacher JD, Kong B, Wu J, Rizzolo D, Armstrong LE, Chow MD, Goedken M, Lee YH, Guo GL. Direct and Indirect Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 15 and FGF19 on Liver Fibrosis Development. Hepatology 2020; 71:670-685. [PMID: 31206730 PMCID: PMC6918008 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) induces fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15; human ortholog FGF19) in the gut to potently inhibit bile acid (BA) synthesis in the liver. FXR activation in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) reduces liver fibrosis (LF). Fgf15-/- mice develop attenuated LF, but the underlying mechanisms for this protection are unclear. We hypothesized that FGF15/19 functions as a profibrotic mediator or mitogen to HSCs and increased BAs in Fgf15-/- mice leads to enhanced FXR activation in HSCs, subsequently reducing fibrogenesis. In this study, complimentary in vivo and in vitro approaches were used: (1) CCl4 -induced LF model in wild type (WT), Fgf15-/- , and Fgf15 transgenic (TG) mice with BA levels modulated by feeding cholestyramine- or cholic acid-containing diets; (2) analysis of primary HSCs isolated from WT and Fgf15-/- mice; and (3) treatment of a human HSC line, LX-2, with FXR activators and/or recombinant FGF19 protein. The results showed that Fgf15-/- mice had lower basal collagen expression, which was increased by BA sequestration. CCl4 induced fibrosis with similar severity in all genotypes; however, cholestyramine increased fibrosis severity only in Fgf15-/- mice. HSCs from Fgf15-/- mice showed increased FXR activity and reduced expression of profibrotic mediators. In LX-2 cells, FXR activation increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity and reduced proliferation. FGF19 activated both signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways and reduced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling without increasing fibrogenic gene expression or cell proliferation. Conclusion: FGF15/19 does not act as a direct profibrotic mediator or mitogen to HSCs in our models, and the protection against fibrosis by FGF15 deficiency may be mediated through increased BA activation of FXR in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- JD Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - B Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - J Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - D Rizzolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - LE Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - MD Chow
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - M Goedken
- Research pathology services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - YH Lee
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - GL Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Environmental and Occupational Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ,Corresponding author: Grace L. Guo, MBBS, PhD, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854; ; phone - 848-445-8186
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Henriksson E, Andersen B. FGF19 and FGF21 for the Treatment of NASH-Two Sides of the Same Coin? Differential and Overlapping Effects of FGF19 and FGF21 From Mice to Human. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:601349. [PMID: 33414764 PMCID: PMC7783467 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.601349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF19 and FGF21 analogues are currently in clinical development for the potential treatment of NASH. In Phase 2 clinical trials analogues of FGF19 and FGF21 decrease hepatic steatosis with up to 70% (MRI-PDFF) after 12 weeks and as early as 12-16 weeks of treatment an improvement in NASH resolution and fibrosis has been observed. Therefore, this class of compounds is currently of great interest in the field of NASH. FGF19 and FGF21 belong to the endocrine FGF19 subfamily and both require the co-receptor beta-klotho for binding and signalling through the FGF receptors. FGF19 is expressed in the ileal enterocytes and is released into the enterohepatic circulation in response to bile acids stimuli and in the liver FGF19 inhibits hepatic bile acids synthesis by transcriptional regulation of Cyp7A1, which is the rate limiting enzyme. FGF21 is, on the other hand, highly expressed in the liver and is released in response to high glucose, high free-fatty acids and low amino-acid supply and regulates energy, glucose and lipid homeostasis by actions in the CNS and in the adipose tissue. FGF19 and FGF21 are differentially expressed, have distinct target tissues and separate physiological functions. It is therefore of peculiar interest to understand why treatment with both FGF19 and FGF21 analogues have strong beneficial effects on NASH parameters in mice and human and whether the mode of action is overlapping This review will highlight the physiological and pharmacological effects of FGF19 and FGF21. The potential mode of action behind the anti-steatotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of FGF19 and FGF21 will be discussed. Finally, development of drugs is always a risk benefit analysis and the human relevance of adverse effects observed in pre-clinical species as well as findings in humans will be discussed. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of this drug class for the potential treatment of NASH.
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34
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Donkers JM, Roscam Abbing RLP, van Weeghel M, Levels JHM, Boelen A, Schinkel AH, Oude Elferink RPJ, van de Graaf SFJ. Inhibition of Hepatic Bile Acid Uptake by Myrcludex B Promotes Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Release and Reduces Obesity. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:451-466. [PMID: 32330730 PMCID: PMC7363705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Bile acids are important metabolic signaling molecules. Bile acid receptor activation promotes body weight loss and improves glycemic control. The incretin hormone GLP-1 and thyroid hormone activation of T4 to T3 have been suggested as important contributors. Here, we identify the hepatic bile acid uptake transporter Na+ taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as target to prolong postprandial bile acid signaling. METHODS Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1a/1b KO mice with or without reconstitution with human OATP1B1 in the liver were treated with the NTCP inhibitor Myrcludex B for 3.5 weeks after the onset of obesity induced by high fat diet-feeding. Furthermore, radiolabeled T4 was injected to determine the role of NTCP and OATPs in thyroid hormone clearance from plasma. RESULTS Inhibition of NTCP by Myrcludex B in obese Oatp1a/1b KO mice inhibited hepatic clearance of bile acids from portal and systemic blood, stimulated GLP-1 secretion, reduced body weight, and decreased (hepatic) adiposity. NTCP inhibition did not affect hepatic T4 uptake nor lead to increased thyroid hormone activation. Myrcludex B treatment increased fecal energy output, explaining body weight reductions amongst unaltered food intake and energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacologically targeting hepatic bile acid uptake to increase bile acid signaling is a novel approach to treat obesity and induce GLP1- secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Donkers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout L P Roscam Abbing
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes H M Levels
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- Division of Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Guo WL, Deng JC, Pan YY, Xu JX, Hong JL, Shi FF, Liu GL, Qian M, Bai WD, Zhang W, Liu B, Zhang YY, Luo PJ, Ni L, Rao PF, Lv XC. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Grifola frondosa polysaccharides and their relationships with the modulation of intestinal microflora in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 153:1231-1240. [PMID: 31759027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa (GFP) in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ). Results showed that oral administration of GFP markedly reduced the serum levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance (OGT), cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and significantly decreased the hepatic levels of TC, TG and free fatty acids (FFA). Meanwhile, high-dose of GFP supplementation (900 mg/kg day) also showed powerful effects on moderating the composition of intestinal microflora in diabetic mice, especially altering the functionally relevant intestinal microbial phylotypes. Spearman's correlation network analysis revealed that key microbial phylotypes responding to GFP intervention were strongly correlated with the glucose and lipid metabolic disorders associated parameters. Moreover, GFP treatment regulated mRNA expression levels of the genes responsible for hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. It is noteworthy that GFP treatment markedly increased mRNA expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and bile salt export pump (BSEP), suggesting an enhancement of bile acids (BAs) synthesis and excretion in liver. These findings demonstrated that GFP could prevent hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice by altering gut microbiota and regulating hepatic glycolipid metabolism related genes, and therefore could be used as potential functional food ingredients for the prevention or treatment of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jia-Cong Deng
- School of Ocean Science and Biochemistry Engineering, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing, Fujian 350300, China
| | - Yu-Yang Pan
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jia-Xin Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jia-Li Hong
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Fei-Fei Shi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Gong-Liang Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Min Qian
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Wei-Dong Bai
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Bin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Peng-Jie Luo
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Li Ni
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Ping-Fan Rao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Xu-Cong Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany.
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Xu H, Diolintzi A, Storch J. Fatty acid-binding proteins: functional understanding and diagnostic implications. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22:407-412. [PMID: 31503024 PMCID: PMC9940447 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of small, abundant proteins with highly tissue-specific expression patterns whose different functions remain incompletely understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings regarding FABP functions and mechanisms of action, including their potential utilization as serum markers of tissue-specific metabolic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS FABPs are important not only in their tissues of origin but also appear to influence the metabolism and function of tissues distal to their sites of expression. This may be secondary to metabolic changes in their primary tissues, and/or a result of FABP secretion from these tissues leading to effects on distal sites. Their levels in the circulation are increasingly explored as potential biomarkers for tissue-specific disease prognosis and progression. SUMMARY The nine fatty acid-binding members of the FABP family have unique tissue-specific functions and important secondary effects on tissues in which they are not expressed. For many of the FABPs, circulating levels may be indicative of disease processes related to their primary tissues, and may influence physiological function in distal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Xu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick,
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anastasia Diolintzi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey, USA
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick,
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey, USA
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Schumacher JD, Guo GL. Pharmacologic Modulation of Bile Acid-FXR-FGF15/FGF19 Pathway for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:325-357. [PMID: 31201553 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is within the spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevalence of NASH is rising and has become a large burden to the medical system worldwide. Unfortunately, despite its high prevalence and severe health consequences, there is currently no therapeutic agent approved to treat NASH. Therefore, the development of efficacious therapies is of utmost urgency and importance. Many molecular targets are currently under investigation for their ability to halt NASH progression. One of the most promising and well-studied targets is the bile acid (BA)-activated nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR). In this chapter, the characteristics, etiology, and prevalence of NASH will be discussed. A brief introduction to FXR regulation of BA homeostasis will be described. However, for more details regarding FXR in BA homeostasis, please refer to previous chapters. In this chapter, the mechanisms by which tissue and cell type-specific FXR regulates NASH development will be discussed in detail. Several FXR agonists have reached later phase clinical trials for treatment of NASH. The progress of these compounds and summary of released data will be provided. Lastly, this chapter will address safety liabilities specific to the development of FXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Byun S, Jung H, Chen J, Kim YC, Kim DH, Kong B, Guo G, Kemper B, Kemper JK. Phosphorylation of hepatic farnesoid X receptor by FGF19 signaling-activated Src maintains cholesterol levels and protects from atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8732-8744. [PMID: 30996006 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile acid (BA) nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR/NR1H4), maintains metabolic homeostasis by transcriptional control of numerous genes, including an intestinal hormone, fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19; FGF15 in mice). Besides activation by BAs, the gene-regulatory function of FXR is also modulated by hormone or nutrient signaling-induced post-translational modifications. Recently, phosphorylation at Tyr-67 by the FGF15/19 signaling-activated nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src was shown to be important for FXR function in BA homeostasis. Here, we examined the role of this FXR phosphorylation in cholesterol regulation. In both hepatic FXR-knockout and FXR-knockdown mice, reconstitution of FXR expression up-regulated cholesterol transport genes for its biliary excretion, including scavenger receptor class B member 1 (Scarb1) and ABC subfamily G member 8 (Abcg5/8), decreased hepatic and plasma cholesterol levels, and increased biliary and fecal cholesterol levels. Of note, these sterol-lowering effects were blunted by substitution of Phe for Tyr-67 in FXR. Moreover, consistent with Src's role in phosphorylating FXR, Src knockdown impaired cholesterol regulation in mice. In hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, expression of FXR, but not Y67F-FXR, ameliorated atherosclerosis, whereas Src down-regulation exacerbated it. Feeding or treatment with an FXR agonist induced Abcg5/8 and Scarb1 expression in WT, but not FGF15-knockout, mice. Furthermore, FGF19 treatment increased occupancy of FXR at Abcg5/8 and Scarb1, expression of these genes, and cholesterol efflux from hepatocytes. These FGF19-mediated effects were blunted by the Y67F-FXR substitution or Src down-regulation or inhibition. We conclude that phosphorylation of hepatic FXR by FGF15/19-induced Src maintains cholesterol homeostasis and protects against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Byun
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 and
| | - Hyunkyung Jung
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 and
| | - Jinjing Chen
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 and
| | - Young-Chae Kim
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 and
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 and
| | - Bo Kong
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Grace Guo
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Byron Kemper
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 and
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 and
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Somm E, Jornayvaz FR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19: From Basic Functions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:960-989. [PMID: 30124818 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discovered 20 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, and its mouse ortholog FGF15, were the first members of a new subfamily of FGFs able to act as hormones. During fetal life, FGF15/19 is involved in organogenesis, affecting the development of the ear, eye, heart, and brain. At adulthood, FGF15/19 is mainly produced by the ileum, acting on the liver to repress hepatic bile acid synthesis and promote postprandial nutrient partitioning. In rodents, pharmacologic doses of FGF19 induce the same antiobesity and antidiabetic actions as FGF21, with these metabolic effects being partly mediated by the brain. However, activation of hepatocyte proliferation by FGF19 has long been a challenge to its therapeutic use. Recently, genetic reengineering of the molecule has resolved this issue. Despite a global overlap in expression pattern and function, murine FGF15 and human FGF19 exhibit several differences in terms of regulation, molecular structure, signaling, and biological properties. As most of the knowledge originates from the use of FGF19 in murine models, differences between mice and humans in the biology of FGF15/19 have to be considered for a successful translation from bench to bedside. This review summarizes the basic knowledge concerning FGF15/19 in mice and humans, with a special focus on regulation of production, morphogenic properties, hepatocyte growth, bile acid homeostasis, as well as actions on glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, implications and therapeutic perspectives concerning FGF19 in human diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, biliary disorders, and cancer) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Kong B, Sun R, Huang M, Chow MD, Zhong XB, Xie W, Lee YH, Guo GL. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15-Dependent and Bile Acid-Independent Promotion of Liver Regeneration in Mice. Hepatology 2018; 68:1961-1976. [PMID: 29672888 PMCID: PMC6195490 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of intestine-derived factors in promoting liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHx) are not entirely known, but bile acids (BAs) and fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15) that is highly expressed in the mouse ileum could promote hepatocyte proliferation. Fgf15 strongly suppresses the synthesis of BAs, and emerging evidence indicates that Fgf15 is important for liver regeneration. The mechanisms by which Fgf15 promotes liver regeneration are unclear, but Fgf15 may do so indirectly by reducing BA levels and/or directly by promoting cell proliferation. However, it remains undetermined whether these two mechanisms are independent or integrated. In this study, we aimed to clarify these relationships by generating Fgf15 Tet-Off, transgenic mice (Fgf15 Tg) that had very low BA levels as a result from overexpressed Fgf15-mediated suppression of BA synthesis. Compared with wild-type mice, the Fgf15 Tg mice showed increased hepatocyte proliferation even without surgery, and a further induction of the genes in cell-cycle progression after PHx. Moreover, overexpression of Fgf15 by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-Fgf15 transduction or treatment with the recombinant Fgf15 protein led to increased cell proliferation in vivo. Furthermore, Fgf15 Tg mice exhibited an earlier and greater activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and NF-κB signaling pathways in the priming stage, and a disruption of the hippo signaling pathway in the termination stage of liver regeneration. Conclusion: Direct in vivo evidence demonstrates that Fgf15 is critical in stimulating the phases of priming and termination of liver regeneration that are critical for cell survival and liver-size determination, independent of BA levels. (Hepatology 2018; 00:000-000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China 510006,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Runbin Sun
- Key Laboratory of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China, 210009
| | - Mingxing Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China 519000
| | - Monica D. Chow
- Department of General Surgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Xiao-bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Yi-Horng Lee
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854,Corresponding author: Grace L. Guo, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08807 (Address), (848)4458186 (phone), (732)4454161 (fax),
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Yu Q, Jiang Z, Zhang L. Bile acid regulation: A novel therapeutic strategy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:81-90. [PMID: 29684468 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive fat deposition in the liver in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. Dysregulated bile acid (BA) metabolism is an important indicator in the pathology of NAFLD, which could progress into more severe forms of liver injury. Lipid metabolism, immune environment and intestinal bacteria are all affected by dysregulated BA metabolism directly, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Several drug candidates that target BA metabolism, either used alone or in combination with other agents, are currently under development for treatment of NAFLD. Here, we summarize the relationship of dysregulated BA metabolism and NAFLD, discuss the effects and mechanisms of dysregulated BAs-induced lipid metabolism disorder. Challenges in developing novel treatments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Kim KH, Lee MS. Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Hormone-Based Therapeutic Approaches. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:485. [PMID: 30197624 PMCID: PMC6117414 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging global health problem and a potential risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced form of NAFLD, is a predisposing factor for development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The increasing prevalence of NASH emphasizes the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Although therapeutic drugs against NASH are not yet available, fundamental insights into the pathogenesis of NASH have been made during the past few decades. Multiple therapeutic strategies have been developed and are currently being explored in clinical trials or preclinical testing. The pathogenesis of NASH involves multiple intracellular/extracellular events in various cell types in the liver or crosstalk events between the liver and other organs. Here, we review current findings and knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of NASH, focusing on the most recent advances. We also highlight hormone-based therapeutic approaches for treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kook Hwan Kim
- Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kook Hwan Kim ;
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Myung-Shik Lee
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