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Lai H, Li G. Recent progress on media for biological sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1734:465293. [PMID: 39181092 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of biological samples is highly valuable for disease diagnosis and treatment, forensic examination, and public safety. However, the serious matrix interference effect generated by biological samples severely affects the analysis of trace analytes. Sample preparation methods are introduced to address the limitation by extracting, separating, enriching, purifying trace target analytes from biological samples. With the raising demand of biological sample analysis, a review focuses on media for biological sample preparation and analysis over the last 5 years is presented. High-performance media in biological sample preparation are first reviewed, including porous organic frameworks, imprinted polymers, hydrogels, ionic liquids, and bioactive media. Then, application of media for different biological sample preparation and analysis is briefly introduced, including liquid samples of body fluids, solid samples (hair, feces, and tissues), and gas samples of exhale breath gas. Finally, conclusions and outlooks on media promoting biological sample preparation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasheng Lai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China; School of chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Antunes M, Simões S, Fonseca S, Franco J, Gallardo E, Barroso M. Detection and quantification of selected cannabinoids in oral fluid samples by protein precipitation and LC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 363:112174. [PMID: 39111056 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis is the most widely consumed illicit drug worldwide. As consumption rates increase, partially due to the decriminalization of its use for medicinal and recreational purposes, analytical methods for monitoring different cannabinoids in several biological matrices have been developed. Herein, a simple and fast extraction procedure to extract natural cannabinoids from oral fluid (OF) samples was developed and fully validated according to the ANSI/ASB 2019 Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology. Using only 0.2 mL of neat OF, the analytes [Δ9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH), 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD)] were extracted by protein precipitation with a mixture of methanol:acetonitrile (80:20, v/v); the extracts were centrifuged, evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in 100 µL of methanol. Analysis was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The developed methodology produced linear results for all compounds, with working ranges of 0.1-50 ng/mL for THC, 0.5-50 ng/mL for THC-OH, CBN and CBD, and 0.05-1 ng/mL for THC-COOH. Ion suppression was observed for THC, CBN and CBD, which did not impair sensitivity considering the low limits of quantification (LOQs) and limits of detection (LODs) obtained (which varied between 0.05 and 0.5 ng/mL). The extraction procedure produced great recoveries, and the compounds were stable. No interferences were found, and the method proved to be extremely fast, selective, precise, and accurate for use in routine analysis. The method was successfully applied to authentic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Antunes
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, Lisboa 1169-201, Portugal
| | - Susana Simões
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, Lisboa 1169-201, Portugal
| | - Suzana Fonseca
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, Lisboa 1169-201, Portugal
| | - João Franco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, Lisboa 1169-201, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, Covilhã 6200-284, Portugal; Centro Académico Clínico das Beiras (CACB) - Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal.
| | - Mário Barroso
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, Lisboa 1169-201, Portugal; AlphaBiolabs, 14 Webster Court, Carina Park, Warrington WA5 8WD, UK
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Sønderskov MB, Hasselstrøm JB, Bahij R, Andersen CU. Medicinal cannabis tea contains variable doses of cannabinoids and no terpenes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 135:334-344. [PMID: 39044312 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Tea is a recommended way of administration of prescribed cannabis plant products in Denmark. We aimed to investigate the cannabinoid and terpene doses contained in different teas. We analysed tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and terpene concentrations in three repeated preparations of each type of tea, and in plant material. In standard tea, concentrations of THC were [median (min-max)] 9.5 (2.3-15), 19 (13-34), and 36 (26-57) μg/mL for products with a labelled content of 6.3%, 14%, and 22% total THC (THC + THCA), respectively. The CBD concentration in tea from a product labelled with 8% total CBD (CBD + CBDA) was 7.5 (1.9-10) μg/mL. Based on this, the recommended starting amount of 0.2 L of the different teas would contain between 0.46 and 11.3 mg THC, and 0.38 to 2.0 mg CBD. Adding creamer before, but not after boiling, increased the THC and CBD concentration 2.3-4.4 and 2.1-fold, respectively. Terpenes were detected in plant material, but not in tea. The study elucidates THC and CBD doses in different teas, which may assist the clinician's choice of cannabis product. Moreover, it underscores the need for caution as administration as tea can result in exposure to different doses, even when the same cannabis product is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bach Sønderskov
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Rime Bahij
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Uggerhøj Andersen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Moazen-Zadeh E, Chisholm A, Bachi K, Hurd YL. Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:939-966. [PMID: 37643301 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In this review, we provide an updated assessment of available evidence on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of CBD and explore the impact of different factors on PK outcomes. Materials and Methods: This systematic review and meta-regression analysis was preregistered (PROSPERO: CRD42021269857). We systematically searched Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, and Web of Science Core Collection up to November 19, 2022. Trials of CBD in healthy adults were included if they reported at least one of the PK parameters of interest, including Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, and T1/2, in serum or plasma. Studies of patient populations or CBD co-administration with other medications were excluded. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After Studies with no Control Group was used. Random-effects multivariable meta-regression analysis was conducted. Results: A total of 112 trial arms from 39 studies were included; 26 trial arms had a "Good" quality, 70 "Fair," and 16 "Poor." Eight arms used inhalation CBD, 29 oromucosal, 73 oral, and 2 intravenous. CBD formulations could be categorized to nanotech (n=14), oil-based (n=21), alcohol-based (n=10), water-based (n=12), Sativex (n=17), and Epidiolex® (n=22). For single-dose studies, CBD doses ranged between 2 and 100 mg in inhalation, 5-50 mg in oromucosal, and 0.42-6000 mg in oral administration. Sixty-six trial arms had only male participants or a higher number of male than female participants. The duration of the PK session was between 4 and 164 h. A higher CBD dose was associated with higher Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-inf. Compared with oral administration, oromucosal administration was associated with lower Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-inf. Fed status was associated with higher Cmax and AUC0-t when compared with the fasting status. A higher ratio of female participants was associated with lower Tmax in oral administration and higher Cmax. Conclusion: As expected, CBD dose, route of administration, and diet were major determinants of CBD PK with oral routes providing higher bioavailability and nanotechnology formulations a faster onset. Although CBD appeared to have a faster onset and longer duration in women, more studies are required to delineate the role of biological sex. Factors that influence CBD PK have implications for medication development and appropriate dosing in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Moazen-Zadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Addiction Institute, Mount Sinai Behavioral Health System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexandra Chisholm
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Addiction Institute, Mount Sinai Behavioral Health System, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Addiction Institute, Mount Sinai Behavioral Health System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keren Bachi
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Addiction Institute, Mount Sinai Behavioral Health System, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Addiction Institute, Mount Sinai Behavioral Health System, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Addiction Institute, Mount Sinai Behavioral Health System, New York, New York, USA
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Nahar L, Chaiwut P, Sangthong S, Theansungnoen T, Sarker SD. Progress in the analysis of phytocannabinoids by HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) during 2020-2023. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024; 35:927-989. [PMID: 38837522 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organic molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors are known as cannabinoids. These molecules possess pharmacological properties similar to those produced by Cannabis sativa L. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, also known as ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, UHPLC) have become the most widely used analytical tools for detection and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) are usually coupled to an ultraviolet (UV), photodiode array (PDA), or mass spectrometric (MS) detector. OBJECTIVE To critically appraise the literature on the application of HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published from January 2020 to December 2023. METHODOLOGY An extensive literature search was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar and published materials including relevant books. In various combinations, using cannabinoid in all combinations, cannabis, hemp, hashish, C. sativa, marijuana, analysis, HPLC, UHPLC, UPLC, and quantitative, qualitative, and quality control were used as the keywords for the literature search. RESULTS Several HPLC- and UPLC (or UHPLC)-based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids were reported. While simple HPLC-UV or HPLC-PDA-based methods were common, the use of HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS, UPLC (or UHPLC)-PDA, UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS, and UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS/MS was also reported. Applications of mathematical and computational models for optimization of protocols were noted. Pre-analyses included various environmentally friendly extraction protocols. CONCLUSION During the last 4 years, HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) remained the main analytical tools for phytocannabinoid analysis in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Phanuphong Chaiwut
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Sarita Sangthong
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Tinnakorn Theansungnoen
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Papoutsis I, Hatzidouka V, Ntoupa SP, Angelis A, Dona A, Sakelliadis E, Spiliopoulou C. Determination of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-carboxy-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in human plasma and urine after a commercial cannabidiol oil product intake. Forensic Toxicol 2024; 42:191-201. [PMID: 38592642 PMCID: PMC11269327 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-024-00686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cannabidiol (CBD) products are widely used for pain relief, sleep improvement, management of seizures etc. Although the concentrations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in these products are low (≤0.3% w/w), it is important to investigate if its presence and/or that of its metabolite 11-nor-carboxy-Δ9-THC, is traceable in plasma and urine samples of individuals who take CBD oil products. METHODS A sensitive GC/MS method for the determination of Δ9-THC, 11-nor-carboxy-Δ9-THC and CBD in plasma and urine samples was developed and validated. The sample preparation procedure included protein precipitation for plasma samples and hydrolysis for urine samples, solid-phase extraction and finally derivatization with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide) with 1% trimethylchlorosilane. RESULTS For all analytes, the LOD and LOQ were 0.06 and 0.20 ng/mL, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (R2 ≥ 0.992), and absolute recoveries were ≥91.7%. Accuracy and precision were within the accepted range. From the analysis of biologic samples of 10 human participants who were taking CBD oil, it was realized that Δ9-THC was not detected in urine, while 11-nor-carboxy-Δ9-THC (0.69-23.06 ng/mL) and CBD (0.29-96.78 ng/mL) were found in all urine samples. Regarding plasma samples, Δ9-THC (0.21-0.62 ng/mL) was detected in 10, 11-nor-carboxy-Δ9-THC (0.20-2.44 ng/mL) in 35, while CBD (0.20-1.58 ng/mL) in 25 out of 38 samples, respectively. CONCLUSION The results showed that Δ9-THC is likely to be found in plasma although at low concentrations. In addition, the detection of 11-nor-carboxy-Δ9-THC in both urine and plasma samples raises questions and concerns for the proper interpretation of toxicological results, especially considering Greece's zero tolerance law applied in DUID and workplace cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papoutsis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Vasiliki Hatzidouka
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatina-Panagoula Ntoupa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolis Angelis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemisia Dona
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Sakelliadis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara Spiliopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Jang JH, Jeong JH, Jeong SH. Quantitative summary on the human pharmacokinetic properties of cannabidiol to accelerate scientific clinical application of cannabis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03185-6. [PMID: 38850302 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive substance that exerts numerous pharmacological benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It has received attention as a useful substance for the treatment of intractable pain, seizures, and anxiety, and related clinical trials have continued. However, the CBD pharmacokinetic results between reports are highly variable, making it difficult to clearly identify the pharmacokinetic properties of CBD. The main purpose of this study was to identify CBD clinical pharmacokinetic properties through meta-analysis. In particular, we sought to derive valid, interpretable independent variables and interpret their pharmacokinetic parameter correlations in relation to the large inter-individual and inter-study variability in CBD pharmacokinetics. For this study, CBD-related clinical trial reports were extensively screened and intercomparisons were performed between internal data sets through systematic classification and extraction of pharmacokinetic parameter values. The candidate independent variables associated with interpretation of CBD pharmacokinetic diversity established and explored in this study were as follows: diet, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) combination, sample matrix type, liver and renal function, exposure route, dosage form, CBD exposure dose, cannabis smoking frequency, multiple exposure. The results of this study showed that CBD pharmacokinetics were influenced (increased plasma exposure by approximately 2-5 times) by diet immediately before or during CBD exposure, and that THC was not expected to have an antagonistic effect on the CBD absorption. The influence of changes in liver function would be significant in CBD pharmacokinetic diversity. Due to decreased liver function, the plasma exposure of CBD increased 2.57-5.15 times compared to healthy adults, and the half-life and clearance showed a 2.58-fold increase and a 5.15-fold decrease, respectively. CBD can be rapidly absorbed into the body (time to reach maximum concentration within 3.18 h) by oral, transdermal, and inhalation exposures, and lipid emulsification and nanoformulation of CBD will greatly improve CBD bioavailability (up to approximately 2 times). The pharmacokinetics of CBD generally follow linear kinetic characteristics. The importance of this study is that it suggests key factors that should be considered in terms of pharmacokinetics in further clinical trials and formulations of CBD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-Si, 57922, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hwan Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-Si, 57922, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-Si, 57922, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon-Si, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Clément P, Schlage WK, Hoeng J. Recent advances in the development of portable technologies and commercial products to detect Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in biofluids: a systematic review. J Cannabis Res 2024; 6:9. [PMID: 38414071 PMCID: PMC10898188 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-024-00216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary components driving the current commercial fascination with cannabis products are phytocannabinoids, a diverse group of over 100 lipophilic secondary metabolites derived from the cannabis plant. Although numerous phytocannabinoids exhibit pharmacological effects, the foremost attention has been directed towards Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol, the two most abundant phytocannabinoids, for their potential human applications. Despite their structural similarity, THC and cannabidiol diverge in terms of their psychotropic effects, with THC inducing notable psychological alterations. There is a clear need for accurate and rapid THC measurement methods that offer dependable, readily accessible, and cost-effective analytical information. This review presents a comprehensive view of the present state of alternative technologies that could potentially facilitate the creation of portable devices suitable for on-site usage or as personal monitors, enabling non-intrusive THC measurements. METHOD A literature survey from 2017 to 2023 on the development of portable technologies and commercial products to detect THC in biofluids was performed using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A systematic review of available literature was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic. Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS Eighty-nine studies met the selection criteria. Fifty-seven peer-reviewed studies were related to the detection of THC by conventional separation techniques used in analytical laboratories that are still considered the gold standard. Studies using optical (n = 12) and electrochemical (n = 13) portable sensors and biosensors were also identified as well as commercially available devices (n = 7). DISCUSSION The landscape of THC detection technology is predominantly shaped by immunoassay tests, owing to their established reliability. However, these methods have distinct drawbacks, particularly for quantitative analysis. Electrochemical sensing technology holds great potential to overcome the challenges of quantification and present a multitude of advantages, encompassing the possibility of miniaturization and diverse modifications to amplify sensitivity and selectivity. Nevertheless, these sensors have considerable limitations, including non-specific interactions and the potential interference of compounds and substances existing in biofluids. CONCLUSION The foremost challenge in THC detection involves creating electrochemical sensors that are both stable and long-lasting while exhibiting exceptional selectivity, minimal non-specific interactions, and decreased susceptibility to matrix interferences. These aspects need to be resolved before these sensors can be successfully introduced to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Clément
- Centre Suisse d'Electronique Et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM), Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, 2002, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Strasse 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Strasse 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
- Vectura Fertin Pharma, C/O Jagotec AG, Messeplatz 10, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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Shelver WL, McGarvey AM, Holthusen JE, Young JM, Byrd CJ, Smith DJ. Comparison of immunoassay and LC-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of ractopamine in hog oral fluid. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:162-174. [PMID: 38190266 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2300738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The accurate detection of ractopamine in food animals is crucial for marketing since some entities require animals or animal carcasses to be free of ractopamine residues. Field-based ractopamine screening tests that are rapid, sensitive, and capable of high-throughput are highly desirable to ensure that inadvertent exposure to ractopamine did not occur in animals marketed as animals that have not been fed ractopamine. An immunochemically based lateral flow assay was used to analyze oral fluids from hogs never exposed to ractopamine and from hogs that were presumed positives and results were confirmed using an enhanced sensitivity LC-MSMS method. We found that an immunochemically based lateral flow system having a working range of 2.5 to 15 ng mL-1 worked well as a screening assay with 1.7% false positive results in freshly collected hog oral fluids. Using ractopamine glucuronide standards and LC-MSMS, we determined that the false positive results were not due to the presence of ractopamine glucuronide metabolites in oral fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin L Shelver
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Amy M McGarvey
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jason E Holthusen
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jennifer M Young
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Christopher J Byrd
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - David J Smith
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Koch N, Jennotte O, Lechanteur A, Deville M, Charlier C, Cardot JM, Chiap P, Evrard B. An Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Study of Cannabidiol Solutions in Piglets through the Application of a Validated Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of CBD and Its Carboxylated Metabolite in Plasma. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:140. [PMID: 38276510 PMCID: PMC10820640 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) has multiple therapeutic benefits that need to be maximized by optimizing its bioavailability. Numerous formulations are therefore being developed and their pharmacokinetics need to be studied, requiring analytical methods and data from intravenous administration. As CBD is susceptible to hepatic metabolism, the requirement of any method is to quantify metabolites such as 7-COOH-CBD. We demonstrated that CBD and 7-COOH-CBD could be simultaneously and correctly quantified in piglet plasma by using an UHPLC-MS/MS technique. The validated method allowed for an accurate bioanalysis of an intravenously injected solution consisting of CBD-HPβCD complexes. The experimental pharmacokinetic profile of CBD showed multi-exponential decay characterized by a fast apparent distribution half-life (0.25 h) and an elimination half-life of two hours. The profile of 7-COOH-CBD was not linked with the first-pass metabolism, since 80% of the maximum metabolite concentration was reached at the first sampling time point, without any decrease during the period of study. A two-compartment model was optimal to describe the experimental CBD profile. This model allowed us to calculate macro-micro constants and volumes of distribution (Vss = 3260.35 ± 2286.66 mL) and clearance (1514.5 ± 261.16 mL·h-1), showing that CBD is rapidly distributed to peripheral tissues once injected and slowly released into the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Koch
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.J.); (A.L.); (B.E.)
| | - Olivier Jennotte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.J.); (A.L.); (B.E.)
| | - Anna Lechanteur
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.J.); (A.L.); (B.E.)
| | - Marine Deville
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Academic Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.D.); (C.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Academic Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.D.); (C.C.); (P.C.)
| | | | - Patrice Chiap
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Academic Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.D.); (C.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.J.); (A.L.); (B.E.)
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11
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Christodoulou MC, Constantinou MS, Louppis AP, Christou A, Stavrou IJ, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Determination of cannabinoids in human cerumen samples by use of UPLC-MS/MS as a potential biomarker for drug use. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 231:115412. [PMID: 37087774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative analytical procedure was developed and validated by the use of Ultra- Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of Cannabidiol (CBD), Cannabinol (CBN), Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Cannabichromene (CBC), Cannabigerol (CBG) and 11-Nor- 9- Carboxy- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in an unconventional biological matrix, cerumen. All the investigated calibration curves were characterized by high correlation values (R2 ≥ 0.9965). The LODs and LOQs ranged from 0.004 to 0.009 μg g-1 and 0.012-0.029 μg g-1, respectively. Intra-assay and inter-assay precision were found to be 0.6-2.5%, and 0.8-2.2%, respectively. All recovery values of cannabinoids, with the use of the optimum cotton swab, at low (0.008 μg g-1 of cerumen), medium (0.037 μg g-1of cerumen) and high (0.16 μg g-1 of cerumen) control levels, were estimated to be above 86%. The method developed here permitted the analysis of real cerumen samples obtained from fourteen cannabis users. In twelve out of fourteen cases, Δ9-THC was found to be positive, while in six cases, three major cannabinoids, CBN, CBG and Δ9-THC were quantified at concentrations 0.02-0.21 μg g-1, 0.01-0.24 μg g-1 and 0.01-4.86 μg g-1, respectively. Subject #8 has the highest amount of the detected substances in both left and right ear, with Δ9-THC at a concentration of 1.85 and 4.86 μg g-1, CBG 0.06 and 0.24 μg g-1, CBN 0.10 and 0.21 μg g-1, respectively. In addition, a detection window for the substances Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabinol and Cannabigerol, in cerumen, was defined with success. In this case, Δ9-THC reached a maximum detection frame of up to fifteen days after smoking 0.5 g of marijuana cigarette. ANOVA-one-way analysis also indicated that the average earwax production of non-cannabis users differs significantly from the one of cannabis users (p = 0.048, <0.05). On the other hand, no significant difference was noticed between male and female users as the p value exceeded 0.05. In addition, no significant effect was observed on earwax production in regard to age, frequency and the last time of use (p > 0.05). These last three factors proved to have a significant impact on cannabinoids concentrations, since p values were less than 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M S Constantinou
- Analytical Department, MC Analysis Centre LTD, 2563 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A P Louppis
- Analytical Department, MC Analysis Centre LTD, 2563 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Christou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I J Stavrou
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
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12
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Krishnamurthy S, Kadu RD. A comprehensive review on detection of cannabinoids using hyphenated techniques. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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13
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Moazen-Zadeh E, Chisholm A, Bachi K, Hurd YL. Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.01.23285341. [PMID: 36778355 PMCID: PMC9915832 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.23285341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background In this review, we provide an updated assessment of available evidence on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of cannabidiol (CBD) and explore the impact of different factors on PK outcomes. Materials and Methods This systematic review and meta-regression analysis was pre-registered (PROSPERO: CRD42021269857). We systematically searched Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, and Web of Science Core Collection up to November 19, 2022. Trials of CBD in healthy adults were included if they reported at least one of the PK parameters of interest, including Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, and T 1/2 , in serum or plasma. Studies of patient populations or CBD co-administration with other medications were excluded. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After Studies with no Control Group was used. Random-effects multivariable meta-regression analysis was conducted. Results A total of 112 trial arms from 39 studies were included; 26 trial arms had a "Good" quality, 70 "Fair," and 16 "Poor." Eight arms used inhalation CBD, 29 oromucosal, 73 oral, and 2 intravenous. CBD formulations could be categorized to nanotech (n=14), oil-based (n=21), alcohol-based (n=10), water-based (n=12), Sativex (n=17), and Epidiolex (n=22). For single-dose studies, CBD doses ranged between 2-100mg in inhalation, 5-50mg in oromucosal, and 0.42-6000mg in oral administration. Sixty-six trial arms had only male participants or a higher number of males than females. The duration of the PK session was between 4h-164h. A higher CBD dose was associated with higher Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-inf. Compared to oral administration, oromucosal administration was associated with lower Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-inf. Fed status was associated with higher Cmax and AUC0-t when compared to the fasting status. A higher ratio of female participants was associated with lower Tmax in oral administration and higher Cmax. Conclusion As expected, CBD dose, route of administration, and diet were major determinants of CBD pharmacokinetics with oral routes providing higher bioavailability and nanotechnology formulations a faster onset. Though CBD appeared to have a faster onset and longer duration in females, more studies are required to delineate the role of biological sex. Factors that influence CBD PK have implications for medication development and appropriate dosing in clinical practice.
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14
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Antunes M, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Analysis of Cannabinoids in Biological Specimens: An Update. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2312. [PMID: 36767678 PMCID: PMC9915035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are still the most consumed drugs of abuse worldwide. Despite being considered less harmful to human health, particularly if compared with opiates or cocaine, cannabis consumption has important medico-legal and public health consequences. For this reason, the development and optimization of sensitive analytical methods that allow the determination of these compounds in different biological specimens is important, involving relevant efforts from laboratories. This paper will discuss cannabis consumption; toxicokinetics, the most detected compounds in biological samples; and characteristics of the latter. In addition, a comprehensive review of extraction methods and analytical tools available for cannabinoid detection in selected biological specimens will be reviewed. Important issues such as pitfalls and cut-off values will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Antunes
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilha, Portugal
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilha, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal
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15
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Pigliasco F, Malaca S, Lo Faro AF, Tini A, Cangemi G, Cafaro A, Barco S, Riva A, Pisati A, Amadori E, Striano P, Tagliabracci A, Huestis MA, Busardò FP. Cannabidiol, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and metabolites in human blood by volumetric absorptive microsampling and LC-MS/MS following controlled administration in epilepsy patients. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1038754. [PMID: 36353497 PMCID: PMC9637868 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1038754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) exhibits anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antiseizure, and neuroprotective proprieties without addictive or psychotropic side effects, as opposed to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). While recreational cannabis contains higher THC and lower CBD concentrations, medical cannabis contains THC and CBD in different ratios, along with minor phytocannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids and other chemicals. A volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) method combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem for quantification of CBD, THC and their respective metabolites: cannabidiol-7-oic acid (7-COOH-CBD); 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol (7-OH-CBD); 6-alpha-hydroxy-cannabidiol (6-α-OH-CBD); and 6-beta-hydroxycannabidiol (6-β-OH-CBD); 11- Hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH). After overnight enzymatic glucuronide hydrolysis at 37°C, samples underwent acidic along with basic liquid-liquid extraction with hexane: ethyl acetate (9:1, v/v). Chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18 column, with the mass spectrometer operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode and negative electrospray ionization. Seven patients with intractable epilepsy were dosed with various CBD-containing formulations and blood collected just before their daily morning administration. The method was validated following international guidelines in toxicology. Linear ranges were (ng/ml) 0.5–25 THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH, 6-α-OH-CBD and 6-β-OH-CBD; 10–500 CBD and 7-OH-CBD; and 20–5000 7-COOH-CBD. 7-COOH-CBD was present in the highest concentrations, followed by 7-OH-CBD and CBD. This analytical method is useful for investigating CBD, THC and their major metabolites in epilepsy patients treated with CBD preparations employing a minimally invasive microsampling technique requiring only 30 µL blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pigliasco
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Malaca
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alfredo Fabrizio Lo Faro
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anastasio Tini
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuliana Cangemi
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Central Laboratory of Analyses, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessia Cafaro
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Central Laboratory of Analyses, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology & Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Barco
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Central Laboratory of Analyses, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sebastiano Barco,
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelica Pisati
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Amadori
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Paediatric Neurology and Muscular Disease Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Adriano Tagliabracci
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marilyn Ann Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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16
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Monfort A, Ferreira E, Leclair G, Lodygensky GA. Pharmacokinetics of Cannabis and Its Derivatives in Animals and Humans During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:919630. [PMID: 35903331 PMCID: PMC9315316 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.919630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most widely used illicit drugs during pregnancy and lactation. With the recent legalization of cannabis in many countries, health professionals are increasingly exposed to pregnant and breastfeeding women who are consuming cannabis on a regular basis as a solution for depression, anxiety, nausea, and pain. Cannabis consumption during pregnancy can induce negative birth outcomes such as reduced birth weight and increased risk of prematurity and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Yet, limited information is available regarding the pharmacokinetics of cannabis in the fetus and newborn exposed during pregnancy and lactation. Indeed, the official recommendations regarding the use of cannabis during these two critical development periods lack robust pharmacokinetics data and make it difficult for health professionals to guide their patients. Many clinical studies are currently evaluating the effects of cannabis on the brain development and base their groups mostly on questionnaires. These studies should be associated with pharmacokinetics studies to assess correlations between the infant brain development and the exposure to cannabis during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Our project aims to review the available data on the pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids in adults, neonates, and animals. If the available literature is abundant in adult humans and animals, there is still a lack of published data on the exposure of pregnant and lactating women and neonates. However, some of the published information causes concerns on the exposure and the potential effects of cannabis on fetuses and neonates. The safety of cannabis use for non-medical purpose during pregnancy and breastfeeding needs to be further characterized with proper pharmacokinetic studies in humans feasible in regions where cannabis has been legalized. Given the available data, significant transfer occurs to the fetus and the breastfed newborn with a theoretical risk of accumulation of products known to be biologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaëlle Monfort
- Platform of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ema Ferreira
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Grégoire Leclair
- Platform of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory Anton Lodygensky
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Gregory Anton Lodygensky,
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Deidda R, Dispas A, De Bleye C, Hubert P, Ziemons É. Critical review on recent trends in cannabinoid determination on cannabis herbal samples: From chromatographic to vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Faro AFL, Venanzi B, Pilli G, Ripani U, Basile G, Pichini S, Busardò FP. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for quantifying THC, CBD and their metabolites in hair. Application to patients treated with medical cannabis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 217:114841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Beitzke B, Pate DW. A broader view on deriving a reference dose for THC the in foods. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 51:695-722. [PMID: 35174773 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.2008867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) of 1 µg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) per kilogram (kg) of body weight (bw) per day was recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for its assessment of possible acute health risks from the intake of industrial hemp food products. The scientific basis for this opinion, such as their choice of a Point of Departure for identification of the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) for THC on the central nervous system, and the seeming absence of an experimental No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL), is critically reviewed. Moreover, the risk assessment for an ARfD derivation for THC is then reconsidered. In contrast to the EFSA Scientific Opinion of 2015, a higher LOAEL is presently identified from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, and forensic data, in representative cohorts of healthy humans after oral administrations of low THC doses. A NOAEL for THC is derived through this combination of results, demonstrating a threshold for impairment of psychomotor function only after intake of an oral THC bolus beyond 2.5 mg for the average healthy adult. This 2.5 mg dose produces mean THC blood serum levels of <2 ng/mL, as well as do two doses when taken daily within a time interval of ≥6 h. The forensic threshold of THC that is correlated with the impairment of psychomotor function is known to be between 2 and 5 ng/mL in blood serum for adults. For an appropriately spaced intake of 2 × 2.5 mg THC per day, an adult can therefore be regarded as being at the NOAEL. Applying a default uncertainty factor of 10 for intraspecies variability to a NOAEL of 2 × 2.5 mg (over ≥6 hours) for THC, yields a "daily dose of no concern" or a "tolerable upper intake level" of 0.50 mg, corresponding to 7 µg/kg bw. Starting with a NOAEL of only 2.5 mg, consumed as a single bolus, the lowest possible daily THC Acute Reference Dose would therefore be 0.25 mg, or 3.5 µg/kg bw for healthy adults, as the absolutely most conservative estimate. Other justifiable estimates have ranged up to 14 µg/kg bw per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Beitzke
- EIHA Advisory Committee, European Industrial Hemp Association, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David W Pate
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia
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Danila GM, Puiu M, Zamfir LG, Bala C. Early detection of cannabinoids in biological samples based on their affinity interaction with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Talanta 2022; 237:122905. [PMID: 34736642 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report on the early detection of cannabinoids in urine samples according to their affinity profiles in competitive assays with labelled ghrelin (GHR). We have demonstrated for the first time that cannabidiol (CBD) and 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (carboxy-THC) act as extracellular ligands for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), strongly promoting the binding of ghrelin (GHR), the endogenous ligand of GHS-R1a. The affinity profiles of CBD and carboxy-THC are significantly different from the profiles of synthetic GHR mimetics such as CJC-1295 or [D-Arg1-D-Phe5-D-Trp7,9-Leu11]-Substance P peptides, which are the most common interferents; the cannabinoids promoted the GHR/GHS-R1a interaction, while the ghrelin mimetics acted rather as competitive inhibitors. The analysis of 1:4 diluted urine samples proved that the proposed method displays good linearity and sensitivity in the range of 5-30 ng/mL for both CBD and carboxy-THC, whereas GHR mimetics display no interference at concentrations up to 100 ng/mL. The results were validated by comparison with the gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry reference method. CBD may exert the same promoting effect on the interaction of GHS-R1a with other GHR mimetics listed as performance-enhancing substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Madalin Danila
- Laboratory for Quality Control and Process Monitoring, University of Bucharest, 030018, Bucharest, Romania; Romanian Doping Control Laboratory, 022103, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Puiu
- Laboratory for Quality Control and Process Monitoring, University of Bucharest, 030018, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian-Gabriel Zamfir
- Laboratory for Quality Control and Process Monitoring, University of Bucharest, 030018, Bucharest, Romania; ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050107, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Bala
- Laboratory for Quality Control and Process Monitoring, University of Bucharest, 030018, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 030018, Bucharest, Romania.
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Pérez Montilla CA, Schaiquevich PS, Cáceres Guido P, Caraballo RH, Reyes Valenzuela G, Cruz CV, García Bournissen F. An Ultrafast Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Cannabidiol Monitoring in Pediatric Refractory Epilepsy. Ther Drug Monit 2021; 43:712-717. [PMID: 33346629 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychoactive natural product that has been increasingly used as a promising new drug for the management of neurological conditions such as refractory epilepsy. Development of rapid and sensitive methods to quantitate CBD is essential to evaluate its pharmacokinetics in humans, particularly in children. The objective of this work was to develop and validate an ultrafast ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for CBD quantitation that is capable of detecting major CBD and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) metabolites in the plasma of pediatric refractory epilepsy patients. METHODS Eight-point CBD calibration curves were prepared using 60 µL of plasma from healthy volunteers. Samples were analyzed in a Shimadzu Nexera X2 UHPLC system, which was coupled to a Sciex QTRAP 6500 mass spectrometer. Chromatography was optimized in acetonitrile (ACN)/water with a 70%-90% gradient of ACN in 2 minutes. Multiple reaction monitoring transitions of major CBD and THC metabolites were optimized in patient plasma. RESULTS The optimized UHPLC-MS/MS method was validated for the linear range (1-300 ng/mL) of CBD (r2 = 0.996). The limit of quantification and limit of detection were 0.26 and 0.86 ng/mL, respectively. Accuracy and precision met the acceptable validation limits. CBD recovery and matrix effects were 83.9 ± 13.9% and 117.4 ± 4.5%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to quantify CBD and detect the major CBD and THC metabolites in clinical samples. 7-COOH-CBD was the most intensely detected metabolite followed by glucuronide conjugates. CONCLUSIONS A simple and sensitive method for rapidly monitoring CBD and identifying relevant metabolites was developed. Its applicability in samples from children treated for epilepsy was demonstrated, making it an excellent alternative for performing pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Pérez Montilla
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP-CONICET), Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez," Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Paula S Schaiquevich
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- Medicina de Precisión, Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Farmacocinética Clínica, Área Farmacia, Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paulo Cáceres Guido
- Unidad de Farmacocinética Clínica, Área Farmacia, Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto H Caraballo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Cintia V Cruz
- Laboratorio de estadística aplicada a ciencias de la salud, Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Facundo García Bournissen
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- Division of Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Fabris AL, Yonamine M. Dried matrix spots in forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1441-1458. [PMID: 34551580 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried matrix spots (DMS) has gained the attention of different professionals in different fields, including toxicology. Investigations have been carried out in order to assess the potential of using DMS for the analysis of illicit substances, the main interest of forensic toxicologists. This technique uses minimal volumes of samples and solvents, resulting in simple and rapid extraction procedures. Furthermore, it has proved to increase analyte stability, improving storage and transportation. However, DMS presents some limitations: the hematocrit influencing accuracy and inconsistencies regarding the means of spotting samples and adding internal standard on paper. Thus, we provide an overview of analytical methodologies with forensic applications focusing on drugs of abuse and discussing the main particularities, limitations and achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fabris
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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23
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Gorziza RP, Duarte JA, González M, Arroyo-Mora LE, Limberger RP. A systematic review of quantitative analysis of cannabinoids in oral fluid. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2104-2112. [PMID: 34405898 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a substance widely used around the world for recreational and medicinal purposes. Oral fluid has been investigated as an alternative biological matrix for demonstrating the illegal use of cannabis, particularly in situations where its recent use needs to be identified. In the last two decades, many methods have been developed to detect and quantify cannabinoids in oral fluid, especially for Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive substance of cannabis. However, some aspects must be considered in the use of these techniques, such as cannabinoids recoveries or extraction efficiency from different oral fluid collection devices/containers. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that the presence of minor cannabinoids and metabolites in the analysis of oral fluid may be valuable in interpreting tests, which indicates the need to improve the sensitivity of detecting low concentrations. The aim of this review is to summarize and to describe the methodologies for the quantitative analysis of cannabinoids in oral fluid that have previously been investigated. A systematic search for articles was performed of four different databases, using the descriptor "cannabinoids and oral fluid". Forty-seven studies that examined quantitative methods were identified. The analytical data described in these articles, including oral fluid collection, sample preparation, cannabinoids recovery and extraction efficiency, detection instruments, and quantification limits, were analyzed. The discussion of these particular features of cannabinoid analysis in oral fluid could help to improve or to develop methods for use in Forensic Toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Petry Gorziza
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Marina González
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis E Arroyo-Mora
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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24
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Redefining dilute and shoot: The evolution of the technique and its application in the analysis of foods and biological matrices by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Madden O, Walshe J, Kishore Patnala P, Barron J, Meaney C, Murray P. Phytocannabinoids - An Overview of the Analytical Methodologies for Detection and Quantification of Therapeutically and Recreationally Relevant Cannabis Compounds. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:211-231. [PMID: 34328047 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1949694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The legalization of the cultivation of low Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and high cannabidiol (CBD) Cannabis Sativa plants is gaining momentum around the world due to increasing demand for CBD-containing products. In many countries where CBD oils, extracts and CBD-infused foods and beverages are being sold in health shops and supermarkets, appropriate testing of these products is a legal requirement. Normally this involves determining the total Δ9-THC and CBD and their precursor tetrahydrocannabinolic acids (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). As our knowledge of the other relevant cannabinoids expands, it is likely so too will the demand for them as additives in many consumer products ensuring a necessity for quantification methods and protocols for their identification. This paper discusses therapeutically relevant cannabinoids found in Cannabis plant, the applicability and efficiency of existing extraction and analytical techniques as well as the legal requirements for these analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Madden
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jessica Walshe
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland.,Department of Applied Science, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Prem Kishore Patnala
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Claire Meaney
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Patrick Murray
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
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26
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Malaca S, Gottardi M, Pigliasco F, Barco S, Cafaro A, Amadori E, Riva A, Marcenaro M, Striano P, Cangemi G, Pacifici R, Pichini S, Busardò FP. UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Cannabidiol and Its Metabolites in Serum of Patients with Resistant Epilepsy Treated with CBD Formulations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070630. [PMID: 34209666 PMCID: PMC8308640 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a promising therapeutic agent with analgesic, myorelaxant, and anti-epileptic actions. Recently, a purified form of CBD (Epidiolex®) has been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of two highly-refractory childhood-onset epilepsies (Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). Given the interindividual response and the relationship between the dose administered and CBD blood levels, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a valuable support in the clinical management of patients. We herein report for the first time a newly developed and validated method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) to evaluate CBD and its metabolites (i.e., cannabidiol-7-oic acid (7-COOH-CBD), 7-hydroxycannabidiol (7-OH-CBD), 6-α-hydroxycannabidiol (6-α–OH–CBD) and 6-β-hydroxycannabidiol (6-β–OH–CBD)) in serum samples. The method reached the sensitivity needed to detect minimal amounts of analytes under investigation with limits of quantification ranging from 0.5 to 20 ng/mL. The validation results indicated in this method were accurate (average inter/intra-day error, <15%), precise (inter/intra-day imprecision, <15%), and fast (8 min run time). The method resulted to be linear in the range of 1–10,000 ng/mL for CBD-COOH, 1–500 ng/mL for 7-OH-CBD and CBD and 1–25 ng/mL for 6-α–OH–CBD and 6-β–OH–CBD. Serum levels of CBD (88.20–396.31 and 13.19–170.63 ng/mL) as well as of 7-OH-CBD (27.11–313.63 and 14.01–77.52 ng/mL) and 7-COOH-CBD (380.32–10,112.23 and 300.57–2851.82 ng/mL) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in patients treated with GW pharma CBD compared to those of patients treated with galenic preparations. 6-α–OH–CBD and 6-β–OH–CBD were detected in the first group and were undetectable in the second group. 7-COOH-CBD was confirmed as the most abundant metabolite in serum (5–10 fold higher than CBD) followed by 7-OH-CBD. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) between the dose administrated and a higher bioavailability was confirmed in patients treated with a GW pharma CBD preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Malaca
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (F.P.B.)
| | | | - Federica Pigliasco
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Central Laboratory of Analyses, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (S.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Sebastiano Barco
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Central Laboratory of Analyses, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (S.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessia Cafaro
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Central Laboratory of Analyses, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (S.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Amadori
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscolar Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (E.A.); (A.R.); (P.S.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Antonella Riva
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscolar Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (E.A.); (A.R.); (P.S.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Martina Marcenaro
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscolar Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (E.A.); (A.R.); (P.S.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Giuliana Cangemi
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Central Laboratory of Analyses, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (S.B.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)1056363289
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (F.P.B.)
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Analysis of cannabinoids in conventional and alternative biological matrices by liquid chromatography: Applications and challenges. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462277. [PMID: 34091369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is by far the most widely abused illicit drug globe wide. The analysis of its main psychoactive components in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices has recently gained a great attention in forensic toxicology. Literature states that its abuse causes neurocognitive impairment in the domains of attention and memory, possible macrostructural brain alterations and abnormalities of neural functioning. This suggests the necessity for the development of a sensitive and a reliable analytical method for the detection and quantification of cannabinoids in human biological specimens. In this review, we focus on a number of analytical methods that have, so far, been developed and validated, with particular attention to the new "golden standard" method of forensic analysis, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, this review provides an overview of the effective and selective methods used for the extraction and isolation of cannabinoids from (i) conventional matrices, such as blood, urine and oral fluid and (ii) alternative biological matrices, such as hair, cerumen and meconium.
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28
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A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Determination of Cannabidiol in Cosmetic Products by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol is a phytocannabinoid with proven pharmacological properties that is also used in the cosmetic industry for its sebostatic and antioxidant activities, being considered a new anti-aging ally. An analytical method is proposed for the determination of CBD in cosmetic products by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, after leaching the CBD from the cosmetic matrix with ethanol. Low instrumental limits of detection (0.22 ng mL−1) and quantification (0.74 ng mL−1) allow the determination of CBD at trace levels without needing preconcentration, whereas the wide linearity of the method allows the determination of CBD in more concentrated samples without high dilution. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of six cosmetic products and a raw material. The proposed method is suitable for the quality control of cosmetic products containing CBD, being able to quickly and easily determine this compound, ensuring that its concentration in the finished product is the desired one.
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29
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Maida NL, Papaseit E, Martínez L, Pérez-Mañá C, Poyatos L, Pellegrini M, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Ventura M, Galindo L, Busardò FP, Farré M. Acute Pharmacological Effects and Oral Fluid Biomarkers of the Synthetic Cannabinoid UR-144 and THC in Recreational Users. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:257. [PMID: 33805054 PMCID: PMC8064062 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are one of the most frequent classes of new psychoactive substances monitored by the EU Early Warning System and World Health Organization. UR-144 is a SC with a relative low affinity for the CB1 receptor with respect to that for the CB2 receptor. As with other cannabinoid receptor agonists, it has been monitored by the EU Early Warning System since 2012 for severe adverse effects on consumers. Since data for UR-144 human pharmacology are very limited, an observational study was carried out to evaluate its acute pharmacological effects following its administration using a cannabis joint as term of comparison. Disposition of UR-144 and delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) was investigated in oral fluid. Sixteen volunteers smoked a joint prepared with tobacco and 1 or 1.5 mg dose of UR-144 (n = 8) or cannabis flowering tops containing 10 or 20 mg THC (n = 8). Physiological variables including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and cutaneous temperature were measured. A set of Visual Analog Scales (VAS), the Addiction Research Centre Inventory (ARCI)-49-item short form version and the Evaluation of the Subjective Effects of Substances with Abuse Potential (VESSPA-SSE) were administered to evaluate subjective effects. Oral fluid was collected at baseline, 10, 20, 40 min and 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after smoking, for UR-144 or THC concentration monitoring. Results showed significant statistical increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate after both UR-144 and cannabis smoking. Both substances produced an increase in VAS related to stimulant-like and high effects, but scores were significantly higher after cannabis administration. No hallucinogenic effects were observed. Maximal oral fluid UR-144 and THC concentrations appeared at 20 and 10 min after smoking, respectively. The presence of UR-144 in oral fluid constitutes a non-invasive biomarker of SC consumption. The results of this observational study provide valuable preliminary data of the pharmacological effects of UR-144, showing a similar profile of cardiovascular effects in comparison with THC but lower intensity of subjective effects. Our results have to be confirmed by research in a larger sample to extensively clarify pharmacological effects and the health risk profile of UR-144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia La Maida
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Science and Public Health, University “Politecnica delle Marche” of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, 60124 Ancona, Italy; (N.L.M.); (F.P.B.)
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (L.M.); (C.P.-M.); (L.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Lucia Martínez
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (L.M.); (C.P.-M.); (L.P.); (M.F.)
- Clinical Phamacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (L.M.); (C.P.-M.); (L.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Lourdes Poyatos
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (L.M.); (C.P.-M.); (L.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Manuela Pellegrini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Mireia Ventura
- Energy Control, Associació Benestar i Desenvolupament, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Liliana Galindo
- Energy Control, Associació Benestar i Desenvolupament, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (L.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge/Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Science and Public Health, University “Politecnica delle Marche” of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, 60124 Ancona, Italy; (N.L.M.); (F.P.B.)
| | - Magí Farré
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (L.M.); (C.P.-M.); (L.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
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30
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Cannabis-Based Oral Formulations for Medical Purposes: Preparation, Quality and Stability. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020171. [PMID: 33671760 PMCID: PMC7926486 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current legislation in Italy provides that medical Cannabis may be administered orally or by inhalation. One of the fundamental criteria for the administration of oral formulations is that they deliver a known consistent quantity of the active ingredients to ensure uniform therapies leading to the optimisation of the risks/benefits. In 2018, our group developed an improved Cannabis oil extraction technique. The objective of the present work was to carry out a stability study for the oil extracts obtained by this method. Furthermore, in order to facilitate the consumption of the prescribed medical Cannabis therapy by patients, a standard procedure was defined for the preparation of a single-dose preparation for oral use (hard capsules) containing the oil extract; thereafter, the quality and stability were evaluated. The hard capsules loaded with the oil extract were analysed and found to be uniform in content. The encapsulation process did not alter the quantity of the active molecule present in the oil. The stability tests yielded excellent results. Since the capsule dosage form is easily transported and administered, has pleasant organoleptic properties and is stable at room temperature for extended periods of time, this would facilitate the adherence to therapy by patients in treatment.
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31
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UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of cannabidiol metabolites in serum and urine samples. Application to an individual treated with medical cannabis. Talanta 2021; 223:121772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Busardò FP, Pérez-Acevedo AP, Pacifici R, Mannocchi G, Gottardi M, Papaseit E, Pérez-Mañá C, Martin S, Poyatos L, Pichini S, Farré M. Disposition of Phytocannabinoids, Their Acidic Precursors and Their Metabolites in Biological Matrices of Healthy Individuals Treated with Vaporized Medical Cannabis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010059. [PMID: 33451073 PMCID: PMC7828520 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation by vaporization is a useful application mode for medical cannabis. In this study, we present the disposition of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), their acidic precursors, and their metabolites in serum, oral fluid, and urine together with the acute pharmacological effects in 14 healthy individuals treated with vaporized medical cannabis. THC and CBD peaked firstly in serum and then in oral fluid, with higher concentrations in the first biological matrices and consequent higher area under the curve AUCs. Acidic precursors Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) showed a similar time course profile but lower concentrations due to the fact that vaporization partly decarboxylated these compounds. All THC and CBD metabolites showed a later onset with respect to the parent compounds in the absorption phase and a slower decrease to baseline. In agreement with serum kinetics, THC-COOH-GLUC and 7-COOH-CBD were the significantly most excreted THC and CBD metabolites. The administration of vaporized medical cannabis induced prototypical effects associated with the administration of cannabis or THC in humans, with a kinetic trend overlapping that of parent compounds and metabolites in serum. The pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids, their precursors, and their metabolites in biological fluids of individuals treated with vaporized medical cannabis preparations showed a high interindividual variability as in the case of oral medical cannabis decoction and oil. Inhaled medical cannabis was absorbed into the organism earlier than decoction and oil. Cannabinoids reached higher systemic concentrations, also due to the fact that the acid precursors decarboxylated to parent cannabinoids at high temperatures, and consequently, the physiological and subjective effects occurred earlier and resulted with higher intensity. No serious adverse effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Ana Pilar Pérez-Acevedo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.P.P.-A.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | | | | | - Esther Papaseit
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.P.P.-A.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.P.P.-A.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Soraya Martin
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.P.P.-A.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Lourdes Poyatos
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.P.P.-A.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649906545
| | - Magí Farré
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.P.P.-A.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
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Kevin RC, Vogel R, Doohan P, Berger M, Amminger GP, McGregor IS. A validated method for the simultaneous quantification of cannabidiol, Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, and their metabolites in human plasma and application to plasma samples from an oral cannabidiol open-label trial. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:614-627. [PMID: 33095968 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are the two best known and most extensively studied phytocannabinoids within Cannabis sativa. An increasing number of preclinical studies and clinical trials have been conducted with one or both compounds, often probing their therapeutic effects in conditions such as paediatric epilepsy, anxiety disorders or chronic pain. Accurate monitoring of THC and CBD and their metabolites is essential for tracking treatment adherence and pharmacokinetics. However, fully validated methods for the comprehensive analysis of major Phase I CBD metabolites are yet to be developed due to a historical lack of commercially available reference material. In the present study, we developed, optimised and validated a method for the simultaneous quantification of CBD, THC and their major Phase I metabolites 6-hydroxy-CBD (6-OH-CBD), 7-hydroxy-CBD (7-OH-CBD), 7-carboxy-CBD (7-COOH-CBD), 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-COOH-THC) as per Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. The method is accurate, reproducible, sensitive and can be carried out in high-throughput 96-well formats, ideal for larger scale clinical trials. Deuterated internal standards for each analyte were crucial to account for variable matrix effects between plasma lots. The application of the method to plasma samples, taken from people who had been administered oral CBD as part of an open-label trial of CBD effects in anxiety disorders, demonstrated its immediate utility in ongoing and upcoming clinical trials. The method will prove useful for future studies involving CBD and/or THC and can likely accommodate the inclusion of additional metabolites as analytical reference materials become commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Kevin
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Vogel
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Doohan
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maximus Berger
- Orygen Youth Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - G Paul Amminger
- Orygen Youth Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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34
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Pérez-Acevedo AP, Pacifici R, Mannocchi G, Gottardi M, Poyatos L, Papaseit E, Pérez-Mañá C, Martin S, Busardò FP, Pichini S, Farré M. Disposition of cannabinoids and their metabolites in serum, oral fluid, sweat patch and urine from healthy individuals treated with pharmaceutical preparations of medical cannabis. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1646-1657. [PMID: 33155722 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several countries authorized the use of cannabis flowering tops (dried inflorescences) with a standardized amount of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and their acidic precursors [Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA)] to treat neurogenic pain. We studied the acute pharmacological effects and disposition of cannabinoids and their metabolites in serum, oral fluid, sweat patch and urine of 13 healthy individuals treated with medical cannabis decoction and oil. Cannabinoids and their metabolites were quantified by ultrahigh performance tandem mass spectrometry. Even if the oil contained a significantly higher amount of THC, the absorption of THC and its metabolites were similar in both herbal preparations. Conversely, whereas oil contained a significantly higher amount of CBD and a lower amount of CBDA, absorption was significantly higher after decoction intake. Only cannabinoids present in both herbal preparations (THC, CBD, THCA-A and CBDA) were found in oral fluid, due to the higher acidity compared with that of serum. THC metabolites urinary excretion was always higher after decoction administration. Decoction induced greater feeling of hunger and drowsiness than oil preparation. Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids, their precursors and their metabolites in biological fluids of individuals treated with cannabis decoction and oil showed a high interindividual variability. The aqueous preparation was generally better absorbed than the oil, even if it contained a minor amount of THC, THCA-A and CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Pérez-Acevedo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Lourdes Poyatos
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soraya Martin
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco P Busardò
- Department of Excellence - Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Magí Farré
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Brighenti V, Protti M, Anceschi L, Zanardi C, Mercolini L, Pellati F. Emerging challenges in the extraction, analysis and bioanalysis of cannabidiol and related compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 192:113633. [PMID: 33039911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a bioactive terpenophenolic compound isolated from Cannabis sativa L. It is known to possess several properties of pharmaceutical interest, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuroprotective and anti-convulsant, being it active as a multi-target compound. From a therapeutic point of view, CBD is most commonly used for seizure disorder in children. CBD is present in both medical and fiber-type C. sativa plants, but, unlike Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), it is a non-psychoactive compound. Non-psychoactive or fiber-type C. sativa (also known as hemp) differs from the medical one, since it contains only low levels of THC and high levels of CBD and related non-psychoactive cannabinoids. In addition to medical Cannabis, which is used for many different therapeutic purposes, a great expansion of the market of hemp plant material and related products has been observed in recent years, due to its usage in many fields, including food, cosmetics and electronic cigarettes liquids (commonly known as e-liquids). In this view, this work is focused on recent advances on sample preparation strategies and analytical methods for the chemical analysis of CBD and related compounds in both C. sativa plant material, its derived products and biological samples. Since sample preparation is considered to be a crucial step in the development of reliable analytical methods for the determination of natural compounds in complex matrices, different extraction methods are discussed. As regards the analysis of CBD and related compounds, the application of both separation and non-separation methods is discussed in detail. The advantages, disadvantages and applicability of the different methodologies currently available are evaluated. The scientific interest in the development of portable devices for the reliable analysis of CBD in vegetable and biological samples is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Anceschi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Doctorate School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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36
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Dybowski MP, Dawidowicz AL, Typek R, Rombel M. Conversion of cannabidiol (CBD) to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) during protein precipitations prior to plasma samples analysis by chromatography - Troubles with reliable CBD quantitation when acidic precipitation agents are applied. Talanta 2020; 220:121390. [PMID: 32928411 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The growing popularity of supplements containing cannabidiol (CBD), mainly CBD oils, in self-medication of humans and the increased interest in this compound in different preclinical and clinical trials stimulates the development of procedures of CBD analysis in plasma for the study of CBD pharmacology in people and animals or in establishing dose-therapeutic effect relationships of this compound. Preliminary removal of protein by its precipitation from plasma is still one of the willingly applied plasma sample preparation methods in many analytical procedures estimating plasma drug concentration, including CBD. The present paper shows that a significant amount of CBD transforms to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in a hot GC injection system when acidic precipitation agents, such as TFA, TCA, HClO4, H2SO4, ZnSO4 or CHCl3, are used for plasma protein precipitation. The transformation degree depends on the temperature of the GC injector, the concentration of the precipitation agent and the incubation time of plasma with the precipitating agent. At the CBD plasma concentration equal to 50 ng/ml, which is approximately the mean level for patients treated for epileptic syndromes, the CBD transformation degree can exceed 20%. For a reliable estimate of CBD in blood plasma, neutral precipitation agents (e.g. ACN, MeOH, acetone) should be used when plasma deproteinization precedes GC analysis. The presented results are important not only for analysts cooperating with pharmacologists and for medicine doctors examining the activity of CBD-containing drugs in the therapeutic process, but also for forensic scientists who may erroneously find innocent people guilty of using marijuana or its preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal P Dybowski
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej L Dawidowicz
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafal Typek
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michal Rombel
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
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37
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Poyatos L, Pérez-Acevedo AP, Papaseit E, Pérez-Mañá C, Martin S, Hladun O, Siles A, Torrens M, Busardo FP, Farré M. Oral Administration of Cannabis and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Preparations: A Systematic Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E309. [PMID: 32585912 PMCID: PMC7353904 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Changes in cannabis legalization regimes in several countries have influenced the diversification of cannabis use. There is an ever-increasing number of cannabis forms available, which are gaining popularity for both recreational and therapeutic use. From a therapeutic perspective, oral cannabis containing Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) is a promising route of administration but there is still little information about its pharmacokinetics (PK) effects in humans. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a general overview of the available PK data on cannabis and THC after oral administration. METHODS A search of the published literature was conducted using the PubMed database to collect available articles describing the PK data of THC after oral administration in humans. RESULTS The literature search yielded 363 results, 26 of which met our inclusion criteria. The PK of oral THC has been studied using capsules (including oil content), tablets, baked goods (brownies and cookies), and oil and tea (decoctions). Capsules and tablets, which mainly correspond to pharmaceutical forms, were found to be the oral formulations most commonly studied. Overall, the results reflect the high variability in the THC absorption of oral formulations, with delayed peak plasma concentrations compared to other routes of administration. CONCLUSIONS Oral THC has a highly variable PK profile that differs between formulations, with seemingly higher variability in baked goods and oil forms. Overall, there is limited information available in this field. Therefore, further investigations are required to unravel the unpredictability of oral THC administration to increase the effectiveness and safety of oral formulations in medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Poyatos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
| | - Ana Pilar Pérez-Acevedo
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
| | - Soraya Martin
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
| | - Olga Hladun
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
| | - Adrià Siles
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Marta Torrens
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
- Drug Addiction Program, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria, Parc de Salut Mar and Institut Hospital del Mar de Recerca Mèdica (PSMAR-IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardo
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Magí Farré
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
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38
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Brunetti P, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Busardò FP, del Rio A. Herbal Preparations of Medical Cannabis: A Vademecum for Prescribing Doctors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56050237. [PMID: 32429074 PMCID: PMC7279290 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56050237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries for therapeutic purposes. In the last century, the plant was demonized due to its high abuse liability and supposedly insufficient health benefits. However, recent decriminalization policies and new scientific evidence have increased the interest in cannabis therapeutic potential of cannabis and paved the way for the release of marketing authorizations for cannabis-based products. Although several synthetic and standardized products are currently available on the market, patients’ preferences lean towards herbal preparations, because they are easy to handle and self-administer. A literature search was conducted on multidisciplinary research databases and international agencies or institutional websites. Despite the growing popularity of medical cannabis, little data is available on the chemical composition and preparation methods of medical cannabis extracts. The authors hereby report the most common cannabis preparations, presenting their medical indications, routes of administration and recommended dosages. A practical and helpful guide for prescribing doctors is provided, including suggested posology, titration strategies and cannabinoid amounts in herbal preparations obtained from different sources of medical cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Brunetti
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, “Politecnica delle Marche” University of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Simona Pichini
- Analytical Pharmacotoxicology Unit Head, National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- Analytical Pharmacotoxicology Unit Head, National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, “Politecnica delle Marche” University of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0715-964-727
| | - Alessandro del Rio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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