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Zhao S, Zhang Y, Bao S, Jiang L, Li Q, Kong Y, Cao J. A novel HMGA2/MPC-1/mTOR signaling pathway promotes cell growth via facilitating Cr (VI)-induced glycolysis. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 399:111141. [PMID: 38992767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier 1 (MPC1) is localized on mitochondrial outer membrane to mediate the transport of pyruvate from cytosol to mitochondria. It is also well known to act as a tumor suppressor. Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) contamination poses a global challenge due to its high toxicity and carcinogenesis. This research was intended to probe the potential mechanism of MPC1 in the effect of Cr (VI)-induced carcinogenesis. First, Cr (VI)-treatments decreased the expression of MPC1 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of MPC1 inhibited Cr (VI)-induced glycolysis and migration in A549 cells. Then, high mobility group A2 (HMGA2) protein strongly suppressed the transcription of MPC1 by binding to its promoter, and HMGA2/MPC1 axis played an important role in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), glycolysis and cell migration. Furthermore, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress made a great effect on the interaction between HMGA2 and MPC1. Finally, the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) was determined to mediate MPC1-regulated OXPHOS, aerobic glycolysis and cell migration. Collectively, our data revealed a novel HMGA2/MPC-1/mTOR signaling pathway to promote cell growth via facilitating the metabolism reprogramming from OXPHOS to aerobic glycolysis, which might be a potential therapy for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China; Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, No.18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Shibo Bao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Qiujuan Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China.
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2
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Jiang J, Sun M, Wang Y, Huang W, Xia L. Deciphering the roles of the HMGB family in cancer: Insights from subcellular localization dynamics. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024:S1359-6101(24)00047-9. [PMID: 39019664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The high-mobility group box (HMGB) family consists of four DNA-binding proteins that regulate chromatin structure and function. In addition to their intracellular functions, recent studies have revealed their involvement as extracellular damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), contributing to immune responses and tumor development. The HMGB family promotes tumorigenesis by modulating multiple processes including proliferation, metabolic reprogramming, metastasis, immune evasion, and drug resistance. Due to the predominant focus on HMGB1 in the literature, little is known about the remaining members of this family. This review summarizes the structural, distributional, as well as functional similarities and distinctions among members of the HMGB family, followed by a comprehensive exploration of their roles in tumor development. We emphasize the distributional and functional hierarchy of the HMGB family at both the organizational and subcellular levels, with a focus on their relationship with the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), aiming to prospect potential strategies for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Mengyu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Limin Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China; State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi' an 710032, China.
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3
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Chikhirzhina E, Tsimokha A, Tomilin AN, Polyanichko A. Structure and Functions of HMGB3 Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7656. [PMID: 39062899 PMCID: PMC11276821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
HMGB3 protein belongs to the group of HMGB proteins from the superfamily of nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility. HMGB proteins play an active part in almost all cellular processes associated with DNA-repair, replication, recombination, and transcription-and, additionally, can act as cytokines during infectious processes, inflammatory responses, and injuries. Although the structure and functions of HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins have been intensively studied for decades, very little attention has been paid to HMGB3 until recently. In this review, we summarize the currently available data on the molecular structure, post-translational modifications, and biological functions of HMGB3, as well as the possible role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system-dependent HMGB3 degradation in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chikhirzhina
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.); (A.N.T.); (A.P.)
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Rajabloo Y, Latifi H, Akhlaghipour I, Taghehchian N, Moghbeli M. MicroRNA-409: Molecular functions and clinical applications in cancer. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101728. [PMID: 38737729 PMCID: PMC11087923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Late diagnosis is one of the main reasons for high mortality rates in cancer patients. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression can improve the cancer diagnosis in the early stages of the tumor progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have important roles in regulation of cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and migration. Since, deregulation of miR-409 has been reported in a wide range of cancers, in the present review, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of miR-409 during tumor progression and invasion. It has been shown that miR-409 functions as a tumor suppressor in different tumor types. MiR-409 can reduce tumor cell proliferation, growth, and migration by regulation of signaling pathways, cellular metabolism, transcription factors, and cellular adhesion. This review can be an effective step in introducing miR-409 as a non-invasive marker in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Rajabloo
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hanieh Latifi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iman Akhlaghipour
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negin Taghehchian
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Takahata S, Taguchi A, Takenaka A, Mori M, Chikashige Y, Tsutsumi C, Hiraoka Y, Murakami Y. The HMG-box module in FACT is critical for suppressing epigenetic variegation of heterochromatin in fission yeast. Genes Cells 2024; 29:567-583. [PMID: 38837646 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Chromatin condensation state is the key for retrieving genetic information. High-mobility group protein (HMG) proteins exhibit DNA-binding and bending activities, playing an important role in the regulation of chromatin structure. We have shown that nucleosomes tightly packaged into heterochromatin undergo considerable dynamic histone H2A-H2B maintenance via the direct interaction between HP1/Swi6 and facilitate chromatin transcription (FACT), which is composed of the Spt16/Pob3 heterodimer and Nhp6. In this study, we analyzed the role of Nhp6, an HMG box protein, in the FACT at heterochromatin. Pob3 mutant strains showed derepressed heterochromatin-dependent gene silencing, whereas Nhp6 mutant strains did not show significant defects in chromatin regulation or gene expression, suggesting that these two modules play different roles in chromatin regulation. We expressed a protein fusing Nhp6 to the C-terminus of Pob3, which mimics the multicellular FACT component Ssrp1. The chromatin-binding activity of FACT increased with the number of Nhp6 fused to Pob3, and the heterochromatin formation rate was promoted more strongly. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this promotion of heterochromatinization inhibited the heterochromatic variegation caused by epe1+ disruption. Heterochromatic variegation can be observed in a variety of regulatory steps; however, when it is caused by fluctuations in chromatin arrangement, it can be eliminated through the strong recruitment of the FACT complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Takahata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Asahi Taguchi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Takenaka
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Mori
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Chikashige
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsutsumi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yota Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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6
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Kong D, Zha L, Yao Y, Zhang Z, Gao J, Zhang R, Chen L, Wang Z. Effects of HMGA2 on the biological characteristics and stemness acquisition of gastric cancer cells. Arab J Gastroenterol 2024; 25:135-142. [PMID: 38378354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS The high mobility group A2 (HMGA2), a nonhistone nuclear binding protein, modulates transcription by altering the chromatin architecture of the target gene DNA in its specific AT-hooks region. HMGA2 overexpression has been observed in embryonic tissue and many malignant neoplasms. This study sought to verify whether HMGA2 plays a role in the biological functions of gastric cancer cells, such as cell proliferation, invasiveness, migration, and stem cell acquisition, and to provide some ideas for further research on the metastatic mechanism of gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS HMGA2's effects on the proliferation, invasiveness, and migration capabilities of gastric cancer cells were individually detected by BrdU, Transwell, and wound healing assays. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate whether HMGA2 could promote the acquisition of gastric cancer cells. Biostatistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 for Windows. RESULTS HMGA2 expression levels in gastric cancer cell lines were significantly higher than those in human immortalized gastric epithelial cell lines (p < 0.01). Gastric cancer cell proliferation was inhibited when HMGA2 was overexpressed (p < 0.05). The invasiveness and migration capabilities of gastric cancer cells with HMGA2 overexpression were enhanced more than those of the corresponding control groups (p < 0.05). HMGA2 overexpression promotes the stemness acquisition of stem cells from gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS This study verified that the HMGA2 structural transcription factor promotes invasiveness, migration, and acquisition of gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, our findings provide significant insight for further research on the metastatic mechanism of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Kong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China.
| | - Lang Zha
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yaben Yao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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7
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Zhang X, Ma L, Wan L, Wang H, Wang Z. Circ_0003945: an emerging biomarker and therapeutic target for human diseases. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1275009. [PMID: 38711855 PMCID: PMC11070578 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1275009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid development of RNA sequencing techniques, a circular non-coding RNA (ncRNA) known as circular RNAs (circRNAs) has gradually come into focus. As a distinguished member of the circRNA family, circ_0003945 has garnered attention for its aberrant expression and biochemical functions in human diseases. Subsequent studies have revealed that circ_0003945 could regulate tumor cells proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and radio resistance through the molecular mechanism of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) during tumorigenesis. The expression of circ_0003945 is frequently associated with some clinical parameters and implies a poorer prognosis in the majority of cancers. In non-malignant conditions, circ_0003945 also holds considerable importance in diseases pathogenesis. This review aims to recapitulate molecular mechanism of circ_0003945 and elucidates its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in neoplasms and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ma
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Guo JR, He KY, Yuan JL, An W, Yin WT, Li QT, Lu LY, Yang JY, Liu MJ, Li YJ, Zhao Y, Yang Q, Lei XY, Gao F, Zhang L, Wu DH, Li JQ, Zhao ZL, Liu H, Zhu LJ, Xiang XY, Sun QH, Jian YP, Xu ZX. HMGA1 sensitizes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to mTOR inhibitors through the ETS1-FKBP12 axis. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:2640-2657. [PMID: 38725843 PMCID: PMC11077367 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.95595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma is amongst the prevalent malignancies worldwide, characterized by unclear molecular classifications and varying clinical outcomes. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, one of the frequently perturbed dysregulated pathways in human malignancies, has instigated the development of various inhibitory agents targeting this pathway, but many ESCC patients exhibit intrinsic or adaptive resistance to these inhibitors. Here, we aim to explore the reasons for the insensitivity of ESCC patients to mTOR inhibitors. We assessed the sensitivity to rapamycin in various ESCC cell lines by determining their respective IC50 values and found that cells with a low level of HMGA1 were more tolerant to rapamycin. Subsequent experiments have supported this finding. Through a transcriptome sequencing, we identified a crucial downstream effector of HMGA1, FKBP12, and found that FKBP12 was necessary for HMGA1-induced cell sensitivity to rapamycin. HMGA1 interacted with ETS1, and facilitated the transcription of FKBP12. Finally, we validated this regulatory axis in in vivo experiments, where HMGA1 deficiency in transplanted tumors rendered them resistance to rapamycin. Therefore, we speculate that mTOR inhibitor therapy for individuals exhibiting a reduced level of HMGA1 or FKBP12 may not work. Conversely, individuals exhibiting an elevated level of HMGA1 or FKBP12 are more suitable candidates for mTOR inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong-Ping Jian
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
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9
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Wang L, He X, Hu G, Liu J, Kang X, Yu L, Dong K, Zhao J, Zhang A, Zhang W, Brands MW, Su H, Zheng Z, Zhou J. A novel mouse model carrying a gene trap insertion into the Hmgxb4 gene locus to examine Hmgxb4 expression in vivo. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16014. [PMID: 38644513 PMCID: PMC11033291 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
HMG (high mobility group) proteins are a diverse family of nonhistone chromosomal proteins that interact with DNA and a wide range of transcriptional regulators to regulate the structural architecture of DNA. HMGXB4 (also known as HMG2L1) is an HMG protein family member that contains a single HMG box domain. Our previous studies have demonstrated that HMGXB4 suppresses smooth muscle differentiation and exacerbates endotoxemia by promoting a systemic inflammatory response in mice. However, the expression of Hmgxb4 in vivo has not fully examined. Herein, we generated a mouse model that harbors a gene trap in the form of a lacZ gene insertion into the Hmgxb4 gene. This mouse enables the visualization of endogenous HMGXB4 expression in different tissues via staining for the β-galactosidase activity of LacZ which is under the control of the endogenous Hmgxb4 gene promoter. We found that HMGXB4 is widely expressed in mouse tissues and is a nuclear protein. Furthermore, the Hmgxb4 gene trap mice exhibit normal cardiac function and blood pressure. Measurement of β-galactosidase activity in the Hmgxb4 gene trap mice demonstrated that the arterial injury significantly induces Hmgxb4 expression. In summary, the Hmgxb4 gene trap reporter mouse described here provides a valuable tool to examine the expression level of endogenous Hmgxb4 in both physiological and pathological settings in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Xiangqin He
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Xiuhua Kang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Luyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Kunzhe Dong
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
- Training CenterGuangxi Medical CollegeNanningChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | | | - Huabo Su
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Zeqi Zheng
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
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10
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Fülle JB, de Almeida RA, Lawless C, Stockdale L, Yanes B, Lane EB, Garrod DR, Ballestrem C. Proximity Mapping of Desmosomes Reveals a Striking Shift in Their Molecular Neighborhood Associated With Maturation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100735. [PMID: 38342409 PMCID: PMC10943070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are multiprotein adhesion complexes that link intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane, ensuring the mechanical integrity of cells across tissues, but how they participate in the wider signaling network to exert their full function is unclear. To investigate this, we carried out protein proximity mapping using biotinylation (BioID). The combined interactomes of the essential desmosomal proteins desmocollin 2a, plakoglobin, and plakophilin 2a (Pkp2a) in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells were mapped and their differences and commonalities characterized as desmosome matured from Ca2+ dependence to the mature, Ca2+-independent, hyper-adhesive state, which predominates in tissues. Results suggest that individual desmosomal proteins have distinct roles in connecting to cellular signaling pathways and that these roles alter substantially when cells change their adhesion state. The data provide further support for a dualistic concept of desmosomes in which the properties of Pkp2a differ from those of the other, more stable proteins. This body of data provides an invaluable resource for the analysis of desmosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith B Fülle
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Craig Lawless
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Liam Stockdale
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bian Yanes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - E Birgitte Lane
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - David R Garrod
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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11
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Huffines AK, Schneider DA. Hmo1 Promotes Efficient Transcription Elongation by RNA Polymerase I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:247. [PMID: 38397236 PMCID: PMC10888141 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase I (Pol I) is responsible for synthesizing the three largest eukaryotic ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), which form the backbone of the ribosome. Transcription by Pol I is required for cell growth and, therefore, is subject to complex and intricate regulatory mechanisms. To accomplish this robust regulation, the cell engages a series of trans-acting transcription factors. One such factor, high mobility group protein 1 (Hmo1), has long been established as a trans-acting factor for Pol I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, the mechanism by which Hmo1 promotes rRNA synthesis has not been defined. Here, we investigated the effect of the deletion of HMO1 on transcription elongation by Pol I in vivo. We determined that Hmo1 is an important activator of transcription elongation, and without this protein, Pol I accumulates across rDNA in a sequence-specific manner. Our results demonstrate that Hmo1 promotes efficient transcription elongation by rendering Pol I less sensitive to pausing in the G-rich regions of rDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
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12
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Su D, Eliason S, Sun Z, Shao F, Amendt BA. Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 (Whsc1) methyltransferase signals via a Pitx2-miR-23/24 axis to effect tooth development. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105324. [PMID: 37806494 PMCID: PMC10656234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a developmental disorder attributed to a partial deletion on the short arm of chromosome 4. WHS patients suffer from oral manifestations including cleft lip and palate, hypodontia, and taurodontism. WHS candidate 1 (WHSC1) gene is a H3K36-specific methyltransferase that is deleted in every reported case of WHS. Mutation in this gene also results in tooth anomalies in patients. However, the correlation between genetic abnormalities and the tooth anomalies has remained controversial. In our study, we aimed to clarify the role of WHSC1 in tooth development. We profiled the Whsc1 expression pattern during mouse incisor and molar development by immunofluorescence staining and found Whsc1 expression is reduced as tooth development proceeds. Using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, Western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase assays, we determined that Whsc1 and Pitx2, the initial transcription factor involved in tooth development, positively and reciprocally regulate each other through their gene promoters. miRNAs are known to regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally during development. We previously reported miR-23a/b and miR-24-1/2 were highly expressed in the mature tooth germ. Interestingly, we demonstrate here that these two miRs directly target Whsc1 and repress its expression. Additionally, this miR cluster is also negatively regulated by Pitx2. We show the expression of these two miRs and Whsc1 are inversely correlated during mouse mandibular development. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the potential role of Whsc1 in regulating tooth development and a possible molecular mechanism underlying the dental defects in WHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Su
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Steve Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Zhao Sun
- College of Medicine, Washington University St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fan Shao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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13
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Jiang Y, Liang F, Chen R, Huang Y, Xiao Z, Zeng H, Han P, Huang X. C2orf48 promotes the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by regulating high mobility group AT-hook 2. Med Oncol 2023; 40:306. [PMID: 37755629 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Recurrence and metastasis are the major factors affecting the survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and the mechanism remains unclear. Long non-coding RNA chromosome 2 open reading frame 48 (C2orf48) has been shown to influence the prognosis of many cancers. However, C2orf48's function in NPC has not been clarified. In this investigation, C2orf48 expression in NPC was measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) at the cellular and tissue levels, and the association between C2orf48 expression and the prognosis of patients with NPC was examined. Additionally, the effects of C2orf48 and high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) upon NPC proliferation, migration, and invasion were examined employing the MTT assay, colony formation assay, and transwell assay, respectively. Furthermore, the association between C2orf48 and HMGA2 in NPC was investigated. Our research demonstrated that C2orf48 was overexpressed in NPC tissues and cell lines, and compared to patients with lower levels of C2orf48 expression, those with higher levels had poorer 5-year overall survival and progression-free survival. Functionally, C2orf48 overexpression accelerated NPC cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. Besides, the tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomic analysis indicated that HMGA2 may be a target of C2orf48. Moreover, upregulation of C2orf48 could increase HMGA2 expression, and HMGA2 silencing could counteract the proliferation, migration, and invasion changes induced by C2orf48 in NPC cells. These results reveal that overexpression of C2orf48 can promote NPC cells proliferation, migration, and invasion via regulating the expression of HMGA2 and C2orf48 may be a potentially important prognostic marker for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 33 Ying Feng Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Faya Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 33 Ying Feng Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renhui Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 33 Ying Feng Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
- The Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Thyroid Center/Thyroid Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haicang Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 33 Ying Feng Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 33 Ying Feng Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 33 Ying Feng Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China.
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14
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Henrioux F, Navel V, Belville C, Charnay C, Antoine A, Chiambaretta F, Sapin V, Blanchon L. Inflammation of Dry Eye Syndrome: A Cellular Study of the Epithelial and Macrophagic Involvement of NFAT5 and RAGE. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11052. [PMID: 37446230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye inflammation is a key step in a vicious circle and needs to be better understood in order to break it. The goals of this work were to, first, characterize alarmins and cytokines released by ocular surface cells in the hyperosmolar context and, second, study the role of NFAT5 in this process. Finally, we studied the potential action of these alarmins in ocular surface epithelial cells and macrophages via RAGE pathways. HCE and WKD cell lines were cultured in a NaCl-hyperosmolar medium and the expression of alarmins (S100A4, S100A8, S100A9, and HMGB1), cytokines (IL6, IL8, TNFα, and MCP1), and NFAT5 were assessed using RT-qPCR, ELISA and multiplex, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and luciferase assays. In selected experiments, an inhibitor of RAGE (RAP) or NFAT5 siRNAs were added before the hyperosmolar stimulations. HCE and WKD cells or macrophages were treated with recombinant proteins of alarmins (with or without RAP) and analyzed for cytokine expression and chemotaxis, respectively. Hyperosmolarity induced epithelial cell inflammation depending on cell type. NFAT5, but not RAGE or alarmins, participated in triggering epithelial inflammation. Furthermore, the release of alarmins induced macrophage migration through RAGE. These in vitro results suggest that NFAT5 and RAGE have a role in dry eye inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Henrioux
- Team "Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair", Institute Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valentin Navel
- Team "Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair", Institute Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Ophthalmology Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Corinne Belville
- Team "Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair", Institute Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Coline Charnay
- Team "Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair", Institute Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Audrey Antoine
- Team "Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair", Institute Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Chiambaretta
- Team "Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair", Institute Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Ophthalmology Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Team "Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair", Institute Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loïc Blanchon
- Team "Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair", Institute Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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15
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Siddappa PK, Park WG. Pancreatic Cyst Fluid Analysis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2023; 33:599-612. [PMID: 37245938 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cyst fluid analysis can help diagnose pancreatic cyst type and the risk of high-grade dysplasia and cancer. Recent evidence from molecular analysis of cyst fluid has revolutionized the field with multiple markers showing promise in accurate diagnosis and prognostication of pancreatic cysts. The availability of multi-analyte panels has great potential for more accurate prediction of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Siddappa
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Walter G Park
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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16
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Tornini VA, Miao L, Lee HJ, Gerson T, Dube SE, Schmidt V, Kroll F, Tang Y, Du K, Kuchroo M, Vejnar CE, Bazzini AA, Krishnaswamy S, Rihel J, Giraldez AJ. linc-mipep and linc-wrb encode micropeptides that regulate chromatin accessibility in vertebrate-specific neural cells. eLife 2023; 12:e82249. [PMID: 37191016 PMCID: PMC10188112 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are transcribed throughout the vertebrate genome. A subset of lincRNAs enriched in developing brains have recently been found to contain cryptic open-reading frames and are speculated to encode micropeptides. However, systematic identification and functional assessment of these transcripts have been hindered by technical challenges caused by their small size. Here, we show that two putative lincRNAs (linc-mipep, also called lnc-rps25, and linc-wrb) encode micropeptides with homology to the vertebrate-specific chromatin architectural protein, Hmgn1, and demonstrate that they are required for development of vertebrate-specific brain cell types. Specifically, we show that NMDA receptor-mediated pathways are dysregulated in zebrafish lacking these micropeptides and that their loss preferentially alters the gene regulatory networks that establish cerebellar cells and oligodendrocytes - evolutionarily newer cell types that develop postnatally in humans. These findings reveal a key missing link in the evolution of vertebrate brain cell development and illustrate a genetic basis for how some neural cell types are more susceptible to chromatin disruptions, with implications for neurodevelopmental disorders and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liyun Miao
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Timothy Gerson
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Sarah E Dube
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Valeria Schmidt
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - François Kroll
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Yin Tang
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Katherine Du
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Computer Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Manik Kuchroo
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Computer Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | | | - Ariel Alejandro Bazzini
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of MedicineKansas CityUnited States
| | - Smita Krishnaswamy
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Computer Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Jason Rihel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Antonio J Giraldez
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
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17
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Tomasso A, Koopmans T, Lijnzaad P, Bartscherer K, Seifert AW. An ERK-dependent molecular switch antagonizes fibrosis and promotes regeneration in spiny mice ( Acomys). SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf2331. [PMID: 37126559 PMCID: PMC10132760 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although most mammals heal injured tissues and organs with scarring, spiny mice (Acomys) naturally regenerate skin and complex musculoskeletal tissues. Now, the core signaling pathways driving mammalian tissue regeneration are poorly characterized. Here, we show that, while immediate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation is a shared feature of scarring (Mus) and regenerating (Acomys) injuries, ERK activity is only sustained at high levels during complex tissue regeneration. Following ERK inhibition, ear punch regeneration in Acomys shifted toward fibrotic repair. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified ERK-responsive cell types. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments prompted us to uncover fibroblast growth factor and ErbB signaling as upstream ERK regulators of regeneration. The ectopic activation of ERK in scar-prone injuries induced a pro-regenerative response, including cell proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and hair follicle neogenesis. Our data detail an important distinction in ERK activity between regenerating and poorly regenerating adult mammals and open avenues to redirect fibrotic repair toward regenerative healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tomasso
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany
- Cells in Motion Cluster of Excellence-International Max Planck Research School (CiM-IMPRS Graduate Program), Münster 48149, Germany
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584CT, Netherlands
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastrasse 11, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, 101 T.H. Morgan Building, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Tim Koopmans
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584CT, Netherlands
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastrasse 11, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
| | - Philip Lijnzaad
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Bartscherer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany
- Cells in Motion Cluster of Excellence-International Max Planck Research School (CiM-IMPRS Graduate Program), Münster 48149, Germany
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584CT, Netherlands
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastrasse 11, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, 101 T.H. Morgan Building, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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18
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Vöcking O, Famulski JK. A temporal single cell transcriptome atlas of zebrafish anterior segment development. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5656. [PMID: 37024546 PMCID: PMC10079958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD), resulting in vision impairment, stems from maldevelopment of anterior segment (AS) tissues. Incidence of ASD has been linked to malfunction of periocular mesenchyme cells (POM). POM cells specify into anterior segment mesenchyme (ASM) cells which colonize and produce AS tissues. In this study we uncover ASM developmental trajectories associated with formation of the AS. Using a transgenic line of zebrafish that fluorescently labels the ASM throughout development, Tg[foxc1b:GFP], we isolated GFP+ ASM cells at several developmental timepoints (48-144 hpf) and performed single cell RNA sequencing. Clustering analysis indicates subdifferentiation of ASM as early as 48 hpf and subsequent diversification into corneal epithelium/endothelium/stroma, or annular ligament (AL) lineages. Tracking individual clusters reveals common developmental pathways, up to 72 hpf, for the AL and corneal endothelium/stroma and distinct pathways for corneal epithelium starting at 48 hpf. Spatiotemporal validation of over 80 genes found associated with AS development demonstrates a high degree of conservation with mammalian trabecular meshwork and corneal tissues. In addition, we characterize thirteen novel genes associated with annular ligament and seven with corneal development. Overall, the data provide a molecular verification of the long-standing hypothesis that POM derived ASM give rise to AS tissues and highlight the high degree of conservation between zebrafish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Vöcking
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - J K Famulski
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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19
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Chia L, Wang B, Kim JH, Luo LZ, Shuai S, Herrera I, Chen SY, Li L, Xian L, Huso T, Heydarian M, Reddy K, Sung WJ, Ishiyama S, Guo G, Jaffee E, Zheng L, Cope LM, Gabrielson K, Wood L, Resar L. HMGA1 induces FGF19 to drive pancreatic carcinogenesis and stroma formation. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:151601. [PMID: 36919699 PMCID: PMC10014113 DOI: 10.1172/jci151601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group A1 (HMGA1) chromatin regulators are upregulated in diverse tumors where they portend adverse outcomes, although how they function in cancer remains unclear. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) are highly lethal tumors characterized by dense desmoplastic stroma composed predominantly of cancer-associated fibroblasts and fibrotic tissue. Here, we uncover an epigenetic program whereby HMGA1 upregulates FGF19 during tumor progression and stroma formation. HMGA1 deficiency disrupts oncogenic properties in vitro while impairing tumor inception and progression in KPC mice and subcutaneous or orthotopic models of PDAC. RNA sequencing revealed HMGA1 transcriptional networks governing proliferation and tumor-stroma interactions, including the FGF19 gene. HMGA1 directly induces FGF19 expression and increases its protein secretion by recruiting active histone marks (H3K4me3, H3K27Ac). Surprisingly, disrupting FGF19 via gene silencing or the FGFR4 inhibitor BLU9931 recapitulates most phenotypes observed with HMGA1 deficiency, decreasing tumor growth and formation of a desmoplastic stroma in mouse models of PDAC. In human PDAC, overexpression of HMGA1 and FGF19 defines a subset of tumors with extremely poor outcomes. Our results reveal what we believe is a new paradigm whereby HMGA1 and FGF19 drive tumor progression and stroma formation, thus illuminating FGF19 as a rational therapeutic target for a molecularly defined PDAC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Chia
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology and.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bowen Wang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Li Z Luo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuai Shuai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Iliana Herrera
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Liping Li
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lingling Xian
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tait Huso
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Woo Jung Sung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shun Ishiyama
- Department of Pathology.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology
| | - Gongbo Guo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Leslie M Cope
- Department of Oncology, and.,Division of Biostatistics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Laura Wood
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology and.,Department of Pathology.,Department of Oncology, and
| | - Linda Resar
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology and.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology.,Department of Oncology, and
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20
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TSLP and HMGB1: Inflammatory Targets and Potential Biomarkers for Precision Medicine in Asthma and COPD. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020437. [PMID: 36830972 PMCID: PMC9953666 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium, through pattern recognition receptors expressed transmembrane or intracellularly, acts as a first line of defense for the lungs against many environmental triggers. It is involved in the release of alarmin cytokines, which are important mediators of inflammation, with receptors widely expressed in structural cells as well as innate and adaptive immune cells. Knowledge of the role of epithelial cells in orchestrating the immune response and mediating the clearance of invading pathogens and dead/damaged cells to facilitate resolution of inflammation is necessary to understand how, in many chronic lung diseases, there is a persistent inflammatory response that becomes the basis of underlying pathogenesis. This review will focus on the role of pulmonary epithelial cells and of airway epithelial cell alarmins, in particular thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), as key mediators in driving the inflammation of chronic lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), evaluating the similarities and differences. Moreover, emerging concepts regarding the therapeutic role of molecules that act on airway epithelial cell alarmins will be explored for a precision medicine approach in the context of pulmonary diseases, thus allowing the use of these molecules as possible predictive biomarkers of clinical and biological response.
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21
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Zhu H, Narita M, Joseph JA, Krainer G, Arter WE, Olan I, Saar KL, Ermann N, Espinosa JR, Shen Y, Kuri MA, Qi R, Welsh TJ, Collepardo‐Guevara R, Narita M, Knowles TPJ. The Chromatin Regulator HMGA1a Undergoes Phase Separation in the Nucleus. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200450. [PMID: 36336658 PMCID: PMC10098602 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The protein high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) is an important regulator of chromatin organization and function. However, the mechanisms by which it exerts its biological function are not fully understood. Here, we report that the HMGA isoform, HMGA1a, nucleates into foci that display liquid-like properties in the nucleus, and that the protein readily undergoes phase separation to form liquid condensates in vitro. By bringing together machine-leaning modelling, cellular and biophysical experiments and multiscale simulations, we demonstrate that phase separation of HMGA1a is promoted by protein-DNA interactions, and has the potential to be modulated by post-transcriptional effects such as phosphorylation. We further show that the intrinsically disordered C-terminal tail of HMGA1a significantly contributes to its phase separation through electrostatic interactions via AT hooks 2 and 3. Our work sheds light on HMGA1 phase separation as an emergent biophysical factor in regulating chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjia Zhu
- Centre for Misfolding DiseasesYusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Masako Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jerelle A. Joseph
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cavendish LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeUK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Georg Krainer
- Centre for Misfolding DiseasesYusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - William E. Arter
- Centre for Misfolding DiseasesYusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Transition Bio Ltd., Maxwell CentreJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeUK
| | - Ioana Olan
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kadi L. Saar
- Centre for Misfolding DiseasesYusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Transition Bio Ltd., Maxwell CentreJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeUK
| | - Niklas Ermann
- Transition Bio Ltd., Maxwell CentreJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeUK
| | - Jorge R. Espinosa
- Cavendish LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeUK
| | - Yi Shen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Masami Ando Kuri
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Runzhang Qi
- Centre for Misfolding DiseasesYusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Timothy J. Welsh
- Centre for Misfolding DiseasesYusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rosana Collepardo‐Guevara
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cavendish LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeUK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Masashi Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding DiseasesYusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cavendish LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeUK
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22
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Wu Z, Huang Y, Yuan W, Wu X, Shi H, Lu M, Xu A. Expression, tumor immune infiltration, and prognostic impact of HMGs in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1056917. [PMID: 36568211 PMCID: PMC9780705 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1056917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decade, considerable research efforts on gastric cancer (GC) have been expended, however, little advancement has been made owing to the lack of effective biomarkers and treatment options. Herein, we aimed to examine the levels of expression, mutations, and clinical relevance of HMGs in GC to provide sufficient scientific evidence for clinical decision-making and risk management. Methods GC samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) XENA, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), Kaplan-Meier Plotter, cBioPortal, GeneMANIA, STRING, LinkedOmics, and DAVID databases were employed. The "ggplot2" package in the R software (×64 3.6.3) was used to thoroughly analyze the effects of HMGs. qRT-PCR was performed to assess HMG levels in GC cell lines. Results A total of 375 GC tissues and 32 paraneoplastic tissues were analyzed. The levels of HMGA1, HMGA2, HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGB3, HMGN1, HMGN2, and HMGN4 expression were increased in GC tissues relative to normal gastric tissues. HMGA1, HMGA2, HMGB1, HMGB2, and HMGB3 were highly expressed in GC cell lines. The OS was significantly different in the group showing low expressions of HMGA1, HMGA2, HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGB3, HMGN2, HMGN3, and HMGN5. There was a significant difference in RFS between the groups with low HMGA2, HMGB3, and high HMGN2 expression. The levels of HMGA2, HMGB3, and HMGN1 had a higher accuracy for prediction to distinguish GC from normal tissues (AUC value > 0.9). HMGs were tightly associated with immune infiltration and tumor immune escape and antitumor immunity most likely participates in HMG-mediated oncogenesis in GC. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that HMGs played a vital role in the cell cycle pathway. Conclusions Our results strongly suggest a vital role of HMGs in GC. HMGA2 and HMGB3 could be potential markers for prognostic prediction and treatment targets for GC by interrupting the cell cycle pathway. Our findings might provide renewed perspectives for the selection of prognostic biomarkers among HMGs in GC and may contribute to the determination of the optimal strategy for the treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiwei Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiong Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, PR China, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Aman Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
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23
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High level of LncRNA MAPKAPK5-AS1 predicts poor prognosis and contributes to the malignant proliferation and EMT of non-small cell lung cancer via sponging miR-490-3p from HMGB2. Genes Genomics 2022; 45:611-625. [PMID: 36445573 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) show a low survival rate, owing to the lack of early diagnostic method and high invasiveness. Long non-coding RNA MAPKAPK5-AS1 that regulates tumor genesis and progression through multiple signals, is upregulated and involved in the growth and apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). OBJECTIVE To investigate whether MAPKAPK5-AS1 affected the malignant progression of NSCLC. METHODS The levels of MAPKAPK5-AS1, miR-490-3p and HMGB2 in lung cancer were first analyzed through StarBase website, and confirmed by a quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. The biological functions of NSCLC cells were examined by CCK-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and flow cytometry assays. The potential binding sequences lncRNA-miRNA and miRNA-mRNA were predicted by StarBase software and verified via dual luciferase reporter experiment. The effects of MAPKAPK5-AS1 on tumor growth were evaluated in a xenografted mice model. RESULTS The expression of MAPKAPK5-AS1 was upregulated in tumor tissues from NSCLC patients. Patients with high expression of MAPKAPK5-AS1 had higher tumor size, advanced TNM stage, higher incidence of lymph node and distant metastasis, and shorter overall survival. Knockdown of MAPKAPK5-AS1 inhibited the proliferation, induced apoptosis and blocked epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of NSCLC cells. Mechanically, MAPKAPK5-AS1 could upregulate the HMGB2 level in NSCLC cells through competitively binding to miR-490-3p. MiR-490-3p inhibitor reversed the roles of MAPKAPK5-AS1 knockdown on tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis and EMT. Also, HMGB2 knockdown suppressed tumor cell malignant phenotypes. Furthermore, interference of MAPKAPK5-AS1 slowed NSCLC tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION Knockdown of MAPKAPK5-AS1 inhibited the aggressive tumor phenotypes through miR-490-3p/HMGB2 axis in NSCLC. MAPKAPK5-AS1/miR-490-3p/HMGB2 might be potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for NSCLC.
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24
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Ueda Y, Miura Y, Tomishige N, Sugimoto N, Murase M, Kawamura G, Sasaki N, Ishiwata T, Ozawa T. Mechanistic insights into cancer drug resistance through optogenetic PI3K signaling hyperactivation. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1576-1587.e5. [PMID: 36288730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hyperactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling is a prominent feature in cancer cells. However, the mechanism underlying malignant behaviors in the state remains unknown. Here, we describe a mechanism of cancer drug resistance through the protein synthesis pathway, downstream of PI3K signaling. An optogenetic tool (named PPAP2) controlling PI3K signaling was developed. Melanoma cells stably expressing PPAP2 (A375-PPAP2) acquired resistance to a cancer drug in the hyperactivation state. Proteome analyses revealed that expression of the antiapoptotic factor tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8) was upregulated. TNFAIP8 upregulation was mediated by protein translation from preexisting mRNA. These results suggest that cancer cells escape death via upregulation of TNFAIP8 expression from preexisting mRNA even though alkylating cancer drugs damage DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshibumi Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuri Miura
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naotoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Megumi Murase
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genki Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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Hu Y, Wu D, Huang R, Shi Z. HMGB3 Targeted by miR-145-5p Impacts Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, and Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1954099. [PMID: 36404911 PMCID: PMC9671717 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1954099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the investigation into how HMGB3 works in breast cancer (BC) progression. Firstly, we analyzed the relationship between HMGB3 and BC patients through the TCGA database. We performed qRT-PCR for determining the HMGB3 mRNA level and Western blot for detecting the protein level of HMGB3 in BC cell lines. CCK-8, flow cytometry, transwell, and wound healing assays were utilized to detect the effect of HMGB3 on BC cell phenotypes. Next, the prediction of the binding site shared by miR-145-5p and HMGB3 was performed by the bioinformatics method. The targeting relationship between miR-145-5p and HMGB3 was validated by using dual-luciferase assay. Finally, rescue experiments were employed for assessing the effect of the miR-145-5p/HMGB3 axis on BC cells. HMGB3 was demonstrated to have a high-level expression in BC cell lines and facilitated BC progression. On the contrary, miR-145-5p was shown a low-level expression in BC cell lines, which could target HMGB3. miR-145-5p restrained the proliferation, migration, and invasion of BC cells via inhibiting HMGB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangying Hu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Deqi Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Pathology Department, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Zhijie Shi
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
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26
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Wu E, Zhu J, Ma Z, Tuo B, Terai S, Mizuno K, Li T, Liu X. Gastric alarmin release: A warning signal in the development of gastric mucosal diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008047. [PMID: 36275647 PMCID: PMC9583272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alarmins exist outside cells and are early warning signals to the immune system; as such, alarmin receptors are widely distributed on various immune cells. Alarmins, proinflammatory molecular patterns associated with tissue damage, are usually released into the extracellular space, where they induce immune responses and participate in the damage and repair processes of mucosal diseases.In the stomach, gastric alarmin release has been shown to be involved in gastric mucosal inflammation, antibacterial defense, adaptive immunity, and wound healing; moreover, this release causes damage and results in the development of gastric mucosal diseases, including various types of gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the role of alarmins in gastric mucosal diseases. This review focuses on the contribution of alarmins, including IL33, HMGB1, defensins and cathelicidins, to the gastric mucosal barrier and their role in gastric mucosal diseases. Here, we offer a new perspective on the prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mizuno
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemei Liu, ; Taolang Li,
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemei Liu, ; Taolang Li,
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27
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Bhandari S, Dolma P, Mukerji M, Prasher B, Montgomery H, Kular D, Jain V, Dadhwal V, Williams DJ, Bhattacharyaa A, Gilbert E, Cavalleri GL, Hillman SL. Population history and genome wide association studies of birth weight in a native high altitude Ladakhi population. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269671. [PMID: 36126061 PMCID: PMC9488766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological low birth weight due to fetal growth restriction (FGR) is an important predictor of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. It is more common amongst native lowlanders when gestating in the hypoxic environment of high altitude, whilst populations who have resided at high altitude for many generations are relatively protected. Genetic study of pregnant populations at high altitude permits exploration of the role of hypoxia in FGR pathogenesis, and perhaps of FGR pathogenesis more broadly. We studied the umbilical cord blood DNA of 316 neonates born to pregnant women managed at the Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Ladakh (altitude 3540m) between February 2017 and January 2019. Principal component, admixture and genome wide association studies (GWAS) were applied to dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genetic data, to explore ancestry and genetic predictors of low birth weight. Our findings support Tibetan ancestry in the Ladakhi population, with subsequent admixture with neighboring Indo-Aryan populations. Fetal growth protection was evident in Ladakhi neonates. Although no variants achieved genome wide significance, we observed nominal association of seven variants across genes (ZBTB38, ZFP36L2, HMGA2, CDKAL1, PLCG1) previously associated with birthweight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Padma Dolma
- Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, Ladakh, India
| | - Mitali Mukerji
- Council Scientific Industrial Research-Institute for Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhavana Prasher
- Council Scientific Industrial Research-Institute for Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Hugh Montgomery
- Centre for Human Health and Performance, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vandana Jain
- All India Institute for Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vatsla Dadhwal
- All India Institute for Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - David J. Williams
- University College London Institute for Women’s Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aniket Bhattacharyaa
- Council Scientific Industrial Research-Institute for Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Sara L. Hillman
- University College London Institute for Women’s Health, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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28
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The proteasome activator REGγ promotes diabetic endothelial impairment by inhibiting HMGA2-GLUT1 pathway. Transl Res 2022; 246:33-48. [PMID: 35367424 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic vascular endothelial impairment is one of the main causes of death in patients with diabetes lacking adequately defined mechanisms or effective treatments. REGγ, the 11S proteasome activator known to promote the degradation of cellular proteins in a ubiquitin- and ATP-independent manner, emerges as a new regulator in the cardiovascular system. Here, we found that REGγ was upregulated in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse aortic endothelium in vivo and high glucose (HG)-treated vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. REGγ deficiency ameliorated endothelial impairment in STZ-induced diabetic mice by protecting against a decline in cellular glucose uptake and associated vascular ECs dysfunction by suppressing high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) decay. Mechanically, REGγ interacted with and degraded the transcription factor HMGA2 directly, leading to decreased HMGA2 transcriptional activity, subsequently lowered expression of glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1), and reduced cellular glucose uptake, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and impaired diabetic endothelium. Ablation of endogenous GLUT1 or HMGA2 or overexpressing exogenous HMGA2 in vascular ECs significantly blocked or reestablished the REGγ-dependent action on cellular glucose uptake and vascular endothelial functions of HG stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, exogenously introducing HMGA2 improved diabetic mice endothelial impairment features caused by REGγ in vivo, thereby substantiating a REGγ-HMGA2-GLUT1 pathway in diabetic endothelial impairment. Our findings indicate that modulating REGγ-proteasome activity may be a potential therapeutic approach for diabetic disorders with endothelial impairment.
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29
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Eliason S, Su D, Pinho F, Sun Z, Zhang Z, Li X, Sweat M, Venugopalan SR, He B, Bustin M, Amendt BA. HMGN2 represses gene transcription via interaction with transcription factors Lef-1 and Pitx2 during amelogenesis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102295. [PMID: 35872015 PMCID: PMC9418915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin-associated high mobility group protein N2 (HMGN2) cofactor regulates transcription factor activity through both chromatin and protein interactions. Hmgn2 expression is known to be developmentally regulated, but the post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate Hmgn2 expression and its precise roles in tooth development remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that HMGN2 inhibits the activity of multiple transcription factors as a general mechanism to regulate early development. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, pull-down, and coimmunoprecipitation assays show that HMGN2 interacts with the transcription factor Lef-1 through its HMG-box domain as well as with other early development transcription factors, Dlx2, FoxJ1, and Pitx2. Furthermore, EMSAs demonstrate that HMGN2 binding to Lef-1 inhibits its DNA-binding activity. We found that Pitx2 and Hmgn2 associate with H4K5ac and H3K4me2 chromatin marks in the proximal Dlx2 promoter, demonstrating Hmgn2 association with open chromatin. In addition, we demonstrate that microRNAs (miRs) mir-23a and miR-23b directly target Hmgn2, promoting transcriptional activation at several gene promoters, including the amelogenin promoter. In vivo, we found that decreased Hmgn2 expression correlates with increased miR-23 expression in craniofacial tissues as the murine embryo develops. Finally, we show that ablation of Hmgn2 in mice results in increased amelogenin expression because of increased Pitx2, Dlx2, Lef-1, and FoxJ1 transcriptional activity. Taken together, our results demonstrate both post-transcriptional regulation of Hmgn2 by miR-23a/b and post-translational regulation of gene expression by Hmgn2–transcription factor interactions. We conclude that HMGN2 regulates tooth development through its interaction with multiple transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Zhao Sun
- Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Xiao Li
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Bing He
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Bustin
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
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30
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Nguyen T, Li S, Chang JTH, Watters JW, Ng H, Osunsade A, David Y, Liu S. Chromatin sequesters pioneer transcription factor Sox2 from exerting force on DNA. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3988. [PMID: 35810158 PMCID: PMC9271091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular condensation constitutes an emerging mechanism for transcriptional regulation. Recent studies suggest that the co-condensation between transcription factors (TFs) and DNA can generate mechanical forces driving genome rearrangements. However, the reported forces generated by protein-DNA co-condensation are typically below one piconewton (pN), questioning its physiological significance. Moreover, the force-generating capacity of these condensates in the chromatin context remains unknown. Here, we show that Sox2, a nucleosome-binding pioneer TF, forms co-condensates with DNA and generates forces up to 7 pN, exerting considerable mechanical tension on DNA strands. We find that the disordered domains of Sox2 are required for maximum force generation but not for condensate formation. Furthermore, we show that nucleosomes dramatically attenuate the mechanical stress exerted by Sox2 by sequestering it from coalescing on bare DNA. Our findings reveal that TF-mediated DNA condensation can exert significant mechanical stress on the genome which can nonetheless be attenuated by the chromatin architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Nguyen
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sai Li
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy T-H Chang
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - John W Watters
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Htet Ng
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adewola Osunsade
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yael David
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shixin Liu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Gao J, Xia Z, Vohidova D, Joseph J, Luo JN, Joshi N. Progress in non-viral localized delivery of siRNA therapeutics for pulmonary diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1400-1428. [PMID: 37139423 PMCID: PMC10150162 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging therapies based on localized delivery of siRNA to lungs have opened up exciting possibilities for treatment of different lung diseases. Localized delivery of siRNA to lungs has shown to result in severalfold higher lung accumulation than systemic route, while minimizing non-specific distribution in other organs. However, to date, only 2 clinical trials have explored localized delivery of siRNA for pulmonary diseases. Here we systematically reviewed recent advances in the field of pulmonary delivery of siRNA using non-viral approaches. We firstly introduce the routes of local administration and analyze the anatomical and physiological barriers towards effective local delivery of siRNA in lungs. We then discuss current progress in pulmonary delivery of siRNA for respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, acute lung injury, and lung cancer, list outstanding questions, and highlight directions for future research. We expect this review to provide a comprehensive understanding of current advances in pulmonary delivery of siRNA.
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Wyss P, Song C, Bina M. Along the Bos taurus genome, uncover candidate imprinting control regions. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:478. [PMID: 35764919 PMCID: PMC9241299 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In mammals, Imprinting Control Regions (ICRs) regulate a subset of genes in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. In both human and mouse, previous studies identified a set of CpG-rich motifs occurring as clusters in ICRs and germline Differentially Methylated Regions (gDMRs). These motifs consist of the ZFP57 binding site (ZFBS) overlapping a subset of MLL binding units known as MLL morphemes. MLL or MLL1 (Mixed Lineage Leukemia 1) is a relatively large multidomain protein that plays a central role in the regulation of transcription. The structures of both MLL1 and MLL2 include a domain (MT) that binds CpG-rich DNA and a conserved domain (SET) that methylates lysine 4 in histone H3 producing H3K4me3 marks in chromatin. Results Since genomic imprinting impacts many developmental and key physiological processes, we followed a previous bioinformatics strategy to pinpoint ICR positions in the Bos taurus genome. Initial genome-wide analyses involved finding the positions of ZFP57 binding sites, and the CpG-rich motifs (ZFBS-morph overlaps) along cattle chromosomal DNA. By creating plots displaying the density of ZFBS-morph overlaps, we removed background noise and thus improved signal detection. With the density-plots, we could view the positions of peaks locating known and candidate ICRs in cattle DNA. Our evaluations revealed the correspondence of peaks in plots to reported known and inferred ICRs/DMRs in cattle. Beside peaks pinpointing such ICRs, the density-plots also revealed additional peaks. Since evaluations validated the robustness of our approach, we inferred that the additional peaks may correspond to candidate ICRs for imprinted gene expression. Conclusion Our bioinformatics strategy offers the first genome-wide approach for systematically localizing candidate ICRs. Furthermore, we have tailored our datasets for upload onto the UCSC genome browser so that researchers could find known and candidate ICRs with respect to a wide variety of annotations at all scales: from the positions of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), to positions of genes, transcripts, and repeated DNA elements. Furthermore, the UCSC genome browser offers tools to produce enlarged views: to uncover the genes in the vicinity of candidate ICRs and thus discover potential imprinted genes for experimental validations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08694-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Wyss
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Carol Song
- Information Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Minou Bina
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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NUCKS1 is a highly modified, chromatin-associated protein involved in a diverse set of biological and pathophysiological processes. Biochem J 2022; 479:1205-1220. [PMID: 35695515 PMCID: PMC10016235 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Nuclear Casein and Cyclin-dependent Kinase Substrate 1 (NUCKS1) protein is highly conserved in vertebrates, predominantly localized to the nucleus and one of the most heavily modified proteins in the human proteome. NUCKS1 expression is high in stem cells and the brain, developmentally regulated in mice and associated with several diverse malignancies in humans, including cancer, metabolic syndrome and Parkinson's disease. NUCKS1 function has been linked to modulating chromatin architecture and transcription, DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. In this review, we summarize and discuss the published information on NUCKS1 and highlight the questions that remain to be addressed to better understand the complex biology of this multifaceted protein.
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Sorin S, Kubota S, Hamidi S, Yokomizo‐Nakano T, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Wongkham S, Waraasawapati S, Pairojkul C, Bai J, Morii M, Sheng G, Sawanyawisuth K, Sashida G. HMGN3 represses transcription of epithelial regulators to promote migration of cholangiocarcinoma in a SNAI2‐dependent manner. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22345. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200386r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Supannika Sorin
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Center for Translational Medicine Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Sho Kubota
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS) Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Sofiane Hamidi
- Laboratory of Developmental Morphogenesis International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS) Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Takako Yokomizo‐Nakano
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS) Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Center for Translational Medicine Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Center for Translational Medicine Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Sakda Waraasawapati
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Chawalit Pairojkul
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Jie Bai
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS) Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Mariko Morii
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS) Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Guojun Sheng
- Laboratory of Developmental Morphogenesis International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS) Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kanlayanee Sawanyawisuth
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Center for Translational Medicine Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Goro Sashida
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS) Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
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Zhang LX, Gao J, Long X, Zhang PF, Yang X, Zhu SQ, Pei X, Qiu BQ, Chen SW, Lu F, Lin K, Xu JJ, Wu YB. The circular RNA circHMGB2 drives immunosuppression and anti-PD-1 resistance in lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas via the miR-181a-5p/CARM1 axis. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:110. [PMID: 35525959 PMCID: PMC9077876 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have confirmed the oncogenic role of HMGB2 in various cancers, but the biological functions of HMGB2-derived circRNAs remain unknown. Thus, we intended to investigate the potential role of HMGB2-derived circRNAs in lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinomas (LUSC). METHODS The expression profiles of HMGB2-derived circRNAs in LUAD and LUSC tissues and matched normal tissues were assessed using qRT-PCR. The role of circHMGB2 in the progression of the LUAD and LUSC was determined in vitro by Transwell, CCK-8, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry assays, as well as in vivo in an immunocompetent mouse model and a humanized mouse model. In addition, in vivo circRNA precipitation assays, luciferase reporter assays and RNA pulldown assays were performed to explore the underlying mechanism by which circHMGB2 promotes anti-PD-1 resistance in the LUAD and LUSC. RESULTS The expression of circHMGB2 (hsa_circ_0071452) was significantly upregulated in NSCLC tissues, and survival analysis identified circHMGB2 as an independent indicator of poor prognosis in the LUAD and LUSC patients. We found that circHMGB2 exerted a mild effect on the proliferation of the LUAD and LUSC cells, but circHMGB2 substantially reshaped the tumor microenvironment by contributing to the exhaustion of antitumor immunity in an immunocompetent mouse model and a humanized mouse model. Mechanistically, circHMGB2 relieves the inhibition of downstream CARM1 by sponging miR-181a-5p, thus inactivating the type 1 interferon response in the LUAD and LUSC. Moreover, we found that the upregulation of circHMGB2 expression decreased the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy, and we revealed that the combination of the CARM1 inhibitor EZM2302 and an anti-PD-1 antibody exerted promising synergistic effects in a preclinical model. CONCLUSION circHMGB2 overexpression promotes the LUAD and LUSC progression mainly by reshaping the tumor microenvironment and regulating anti-PD-1 resistance in the LUAD and LUSC patients. This study provides a new strategy for the LUAD and LUSC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xian Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Ming de Road, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Long
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Ming de Road, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Ming de Road, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Ming de Road, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Pei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Ming de Road, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Quan Qiu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Ming de Road, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Ming de Road, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Ming de Road, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Lin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Ming de Road, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Jun Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Ming de Road, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Bing Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Ming de Road, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Y, Lv G, Bai J, Song L, Ding E, Liu L, Tian Y, Chen Q, Li K, Liu X, Ding Y. Effects of HMGA2 on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes in ACHN renal cell carcinoma cells-derived xenografts in nude mice. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:421. [PMID: 35439951 PMCID: PMC9016978 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The architectural transcriptional regulator high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) is an oncofetal protein which has been reported to be ectopically expressed in a variety of cancers. A high expression of HMGA2 in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is related with tumor invasiveness and poor prognosis. Recent in vitro studies have shown that HMGA2 knockdown was able to decrease cell proliferation and migration, and regulate the gene expression related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods To understand the HMGA2’s effect in vivo, HMGA2 expression was knocked down in ACHN cells using small hairpin RNA (shRNA), then the HMGA2-deficient ACHN cells were xenografted into the BALB/c nude mice. Tumor growth was monitored and the expression of EMT-related genes was analyzed. Results HMGA2 expression was confirmed to be knocked down in the cultured and xenografted ACHN cells. The xenograft tumor of HMGA2-deficient cells demonstrated a retarded growth pattern compared with the control. The expression of E-cadherin was increased, whereas N-cadherin and Snail were decreased in the HMGA2-deficient xenograft tumors. Conclusions In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we have successfully developed an in vivo experiment using HMGA2-silencing ACHN cells to be grown as xenografts in nude mice. Our findings show that HMGA2 deficiency was sufficient to suppress the xenograft tumor growth in vivo, which support our hypothesis that HMGA2-induced renal carcinogenesis occurs at least in part through the regulation of tumor associated EMT genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09537-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
| | - Guangyao Lv
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Jianxin Bai
- Department of Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lingling Song
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Elizabeth Ding
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Navy Qingdao Special Care Center, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuqin Tian
- Department of Surgical Operations, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Xianfeng Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Ding
- The Institute for Translational Medicine Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China. .,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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A Monoclonal Anti-HMGB1 Antibody Attenuates Neurodegeneration in an Experimental Animal Model of Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084107. [PMID: 35456925 PMCID: PMC9028318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a crucial process for the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), a major characteristic of glaucoma. High expression of high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) plays a detrimental role in inflammatory processes and is elevated in the retinas of glaucoma patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the intravitreal injection of an anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody (anti-HMGB1 Ab) in an experimental animal model of glaucoma. Two groups of Spraque Dawley rats received episcleral vein occlusion to chronically elevate intraocular pressure (IOP): (1) the IgG group, intravitreal injection of an unspecific IgG as a control, n = 5, and (2) the HMGB1 group, intravitreal injection of an anti-HMGB1 Ab, n = 6. IOP, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), and the retinal flash response were monitored longitudinally. Post-mortem examinations included immunohistochemistry, microarray, and mass spectrometric analysis. RNFLT was significantly increased in the HMGB1 group compared with the IgG group (p < 0.001). RGC density showed improved neuronal cell survival in the retina in HMGB1 compared with the IgG group (p < 0.01). Mass spectrometric proteomic analysis of retinal tissue showed an increased abundance of RNA metabolism-associated heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), such as hnRNP U, D, and H2, in animals injected with the anti-HMGB1 Ab, indicating that the application of the antibody may cause increased gene expression. Microarray analysis showed a significantly decreased expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8, p < 0.05) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, p < 0.01) in the HMGB1 group. Thus, these data suggest that intravitreal injection of anti-HMGB1 Ab reduced HMGB1-dependent inflammatory signaling and mediated RGC neuroprotection.
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Dey P, Soyer MA, Dey BK. MicroRNA-24-3p promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration by regulating HMGA1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:170. [PMID: 35238991 PMCID: PMC11072726 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have established the critical roles of microRNAs in regulating post-transcriptional gene expression in diverse biological processes. Here, we report on the role and mechanism of miR-24-3p in skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration. miR-24-3p promotes myoblast differentiation and skeletal muscle regeneration by directly targeting high mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) and regulating it and its direct downstream target, the inhibitor of differentiation 3 (ID3). miR-24-3p knockdown in neonatal mice increases PAX7-positive proliferating muscle stem cells (MuSCs) by derepressing Hmga1 and Id3. Similarly, inhibition of miR-24-3p in the tibialis anterior muscle prevents Hmga1 and Id3 downregulation and impairs regeneration. These findings provide evidence that the miR-24-3p/HMGA1/ID3 axis is required for MuSC differentiation and skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Dey
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY), 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Miles A Soyer
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY), 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY), 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Bijan K Dey
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY), 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY), 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
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miR-142-3p simultaneously targets HMGA1, HMGA2, HMGB1, and HMGB3 and inhibits tumorigenic properties and in-vivo metastatic potential of human cervical cancer cells. Life Sci 2021; 291:120268. [PMID: 34973275 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS High-mobility group (HMG) proteins are oncogenic in different cancers, including cervical cancer; silencing their individual expression using sh-RNAs, siRNAs, and miRNAs has had anti-tumorigenic effects, but the consequences of their collective downregulation are not known. Since multiple gene targeting is generally very effective in cancer therapy, the present study highlighted the consequences of silencing the expression of HMGA1, A2, B1, and B3 using sh-RNAs or miR-142-3p (that can potentially target HMGA1, A2, B1, and B3) in cervical cancer cell lines. MAIN METHODS 3' UTR luciferase reporter assays were performed to validate HMGA1, A2, B1, and B3 as targets of miR-142-3p in human cervical cancer cells. Annexin V/PI dual staining and flow cytometry analyses were used to detect apoptotic cells. miR-142-3p-mediated regulation of cell death, colony formation, migration, and invasion was investigated in human cervical cancer cells together with in vivo metastasis in zebrafish. KEY FINDINGS Concurrent knockdown of HMGA1, A2, B1, and B3 through their corresponding sh-RNAs inhibited cell viability and colony formation but induced apoptosis, and these effects were relatively reduced upon their individual knockdown. miR-142-3p targeted HMGA1, A2, B1, and B3 by binding to their 3'UTRs and induced apoptosis but inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of human cervical cancer cells. In addition, miR-142-3p expression decreased phospho-p65 and EMT-related proteins in cervical cancer cells and their in vivo metastatic potential upon implantation in zebrafish. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that miR-142-3p acts as a tumor-suppressive miRNA by targeting HMGA1, A2, B1, and B3 and may serve as a potential therapeutic agent in human cervical cancer.
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Spatial and Temporal Expression of High-Mobility-Group Nucleosome-Binding (HMGN) Genes in Brain Areas Associated with Cognition in Individuals with Down Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12122000. [PMID: 34946949 PMCID: PMC8700945 DOI: 10.3390/genes12122000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications are epigenetics processes that contribute to neurophenotype of Down Syndrome (DS). Previous reports present strong evidence that nonhistone high-mobility-group N proteins (HMGN) are epigenetic regulators. They play important functions in various process to maintain homeostasis in the brain. We aimed to analyze the differential expression of five human HMGN genes in some brain structures and age ranks from DS postmortem brain samples. Methodology: We performed a computational analysis of the expression of human HMGN from the data of a DNA microarray experiment (GEO database ID GSE59630). Using the transformed log2 data, we analyzed the differential expression of five HMGN genes in several brain areas associated with cognition in patients with DS. Moreover, using information from different genome databases, we explored the co-expression and protein interactions of HMNGs with the histones of nucleosome core particle and linker H1 histone. Results: We registered that HMGN1 and HMGN5 were significantly overexpressed in the hippocampus and areas of prefrontal cortex including DFC, OFC, and VFC of DS patients. Age-rank comparisons between euploid control and DS individuals showed that HMGN2 and HMGN4 were overexpressed in the DS brain at 16 to 22 gestation weeks. From the BioGRID database, we registered high interaction scores of HMGN2 and HMGN4 with Hist1H1A and Hist1H3A. Conclusions: Overall, our results give strong evidence to propose that DS would be an epigenetics-based aneuploidy. Remodeling brain chromatin by HMGN1 and HMGN5 would be an essential pathway in the modification of brain homeostasis in DS.
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Wang J, Zhang X, Zhang J, Chen S, Zhu J, Wang X. Long noncoding RNA CRART16 confers 5-FU resistance in colorectal cancer cells by sponging miR-193b-5p. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:638. [PMID: 34844630 PMCID: PMC8628471 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy is the main cause of treatment failure in advanced and metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in 5-FU resistance. Previously, we first detected that lncRNA cetuximab resistance-associated RNA transcript 16 (CRART16) could contribute to cetuximab resistance by upregulating V-Erb-B2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homologue 3 (ERBB3) expression by sponging miR-371a-5p in CRC cells. The current study aimed to explore the role of CRART16 in acquired 5-FU resistance in CRC cells and its possible mechanism. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the expression levels of CRART16 in a 5-FU-resistant CRC cell subline (SW620/5-FU) and the parent cell line. Lentivirus transduction was performed to establish SW620 and Caco-2 cells stably overexpressing CRART16. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays and colony formation assays were applied to measure cell chemosensitivity to 5-FU. Flow cytometric and immunofluorescence staining were adopted to assess cell apoptosis induced by 5-FU. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to validate the direct interactions between CRART16 and miR-193b-5p and between miR-193b-5p and high-mobility group AT-hook-2 (HMGA2). The expression levels of HMGA2, apoptosis-associated proteins and p-ERK were examined by western blotting. The statistical differences within any two groups were used Student’s t test. Results CRART16 was upregulated in SW620/5-FU cells. Overexpression of CRART16 reduced the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU by attenuating apoptosis. In addition, CRART16 promoted 5-FU resistance by suppressing the expression of miR-193b-5p. Furthermore, CRART16 modulated the expression of HMGA2 by inhibiting miR-193b-5p and activated the MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusions CRART16 confers 5-FU resistance in CRC cells through the CRART16/miR-193b-5p/HMGA2/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, NO. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, NO. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 17, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, NO. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, NO. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, NO. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, NO. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China.
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Interactions of HMGB Proteins with the Genome and the Impact on Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101451. [PMID: 34680084 PMCID: PMC8533419 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High Mobility Group Box (HMGB) proteins are small architectural DNA binding proteins that regulate multiple genomic processes such as DNA damage repair, nucleosome sliding, telomere homeostasis, and transcription. In doing so they control both normal cellular functions and impact a myriad of disease states, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. HMGB proteins bind to DNA and nucleosomes to modulate the local chromatin environment, which facilitates the binding of regulatory protein factors to the genome and modulates higher order chromosomal organization. Numerous studies over the years have characterized the structure and function of interactions between HMGB proteins and DNA, both biochemically and inside cells, providing valuable mechanistic insight as well as evidence these interactions influence pathological processes. This review highlights recent studies supporting the roles of HMGB1 and HMGB2 in global organization of the genome, as well as roles in transcriptional regulation and telomere maintenance via interactions with G-quadruplex structures. Moreover, emerging models for how HMGB proteins function as RNA binding proteins are presented. Nuclear HMGB proteins have broad regulatory potential to impact numerous aspects of cellular metabolism in normal and disease states.
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Kwon M, Ghanta S, Ng J, Castano AP, Han J, Ith B, Lederer JA, El‐Chemaly S, Chung SW, Liu X, Perrella MA. Mesenchymal stromal cells expressing a dominant-negative high mobility group A1 transgene exhibit improved function during sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:711-722. [PMID: 33438259 PMCID: PMC8275698 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0720-424r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group (HMG)A proteins are nonhistone chromatin proteins that bind to the minor groove of DNA, interact with transcriptional machinery, and facilitate DNA-directed nuclear processes. HMGA1 has been shown to regulate genes involved with systemic inflammatory processes. We hypothesized that HMGA1 is important in the function of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which are known to modulate inflammatory responses due to sepsis. To study this process, we harvested MSCs from transgenic (Tg) mice expressing a dominant-negative (dn) form of HMGA1 in mesenchymal cells. MSCs harvested from Tg mice contained the dnHMGA1 transgene, and transgene expression did not change endogenous HMGA1 levels. Immunophenotyping of the cells, along with trilineage differentiation revealed no striking differences between Tg and wild-type (WT) MSCs. However, Tg MSCs growth was decreased compared with WT MSCs, although Tg MSCs were more resistant to oxidative stress-induced death and expressed less IL-6. Tg MSCs administered after the onset of Escherichia coli-induced sepsis maintained their ability to improve survival when given in a single dose, in contrast with WT MSCs. This survival benefit of Tg MSCs was associated with less tissue cell death, and also a reduction in tissue neutrophil infiltration and expression of neutrophil chemokines. Finally, Tg MSCs promoted bacterial clearance and enhanced neutrophil phagocytosis, in part through their increased expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 compared with WT MSCs. Taken together, these data demonstrate that expression of dnHMGA1 in MSCs provides a functional advantage of the cells when administered during bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Young Kwon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sailaja Ghanta
- Department of Pediatric Newborn MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Julie Ng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ana P. Castano
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Junwen Han
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Bonna Ith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - James A. Lederer
- Department of SurgeryBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Souheil El‐Chemaly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Su Wol Chung
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of UlsanUlsanSouth Korea
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Pediatric Newborn MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mark A. Perrella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Pediatric Newborn MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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44
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Pujals M, Resar L, Villanueva J. HMGA1, Moonlighting Protein Function, and Cellular Real Estate: Location, Location, Location! Biomolecules 2021; 11:1334. [PMID: 34572547 PMCID: PMC8468999 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the High Mobility Group A1 (HMGA1) chromatin remodeling protein is upregulated in diverse cancers where high levels portend adverse clinical outcomes. Until recently, HMGA1 was assumed to be a nuclear protein exerting its role in cancer by transcriptionally modulating gene expression and downstream signaling pathways. However, the discovery of an extracellular HMGA1-RAGE autocrine loop in invasive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines implicates HMGA1 as a "moonlighting protein" with different functions depending upon cellular location. Here, we review the role of HMGA1, not only as a chromatin regulator in cancer and stem cells, but also as a potential secreted factor that drives tumor progression. Prior work found that HMGA1 is secreted from TNBC cell lines where it signals through the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) to foster phenotypes involved in tumor invasion and metastatic progression. Studies in primary TNBC tumors also suggest that HMGA1 secretion associates with distant metastasis in TNBC. Given the therapeutic potential to target extracellular proteins, further work to confirm this role in other contexts is warranted. Indeed, crosstalk between nuclear and secreted HMGA1 could change our understanding of tumor development and reveal novel therapeutic opportunities relevant to diverse human cancers overexpressing HMGA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Pujals
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Linda Resar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Departments of Medicine (Hematology), Oncology, Pathology and Institute of Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Pathobiology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Graduate Programs, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Josep Villanueva
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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45
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Ihewulezi C, Saint-Jeannet JP. Function of chromatin modifier Hmgn1 during neural crest and craniofacial development. Genesis 2021; 59:e23447. [PMID: 34478234 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a dynamic embryonic structure that plays a major role in the formation of the vertebrate craniofacial skeleton. Neural crest formation is regulated by a complex sequence of events directed by a network of transcription factors working in concert with chromatin modifiers. The high mobility group nucleosome binding protein 1 (Hmgn1) is a nonhistone chromatin architectural protein, associated with transcriptionally active chromatin. Here we report the expression and function of Hmgn1 during Xenopus neural crest and craniofacial development. Hmgn1 is broadly expressed at the gastrula and neurula stages, and is enriched in the head region at the tailbud stage, especially in the eyes and the pharyngeal arches. Hmgn1 knockdown affected the expression of several neural crest specifiers, including sox8, sox10, foxd3, and twist1, while other genes (sox9 and snai2) were only marginally affected. The specificity of this phenotype was confirmed by rescue, where injection of Hmgn1 mRNA was able to restore sox10 expression in morphant embryos. The reduction in neural crest gene expression at the neurula stage in Hmgn1 morphant embryos correlated with a decreased number of sox10- and twist1-positive cells in the pharyngeal arches at the tailbud stage, and hypoplastic craniofacial cartilages at the tadpole stage. These results point to a novel role for Hmgn1 in the control of gene expression essential for neural crest and craniofacial development. Future work will investigate the precise mode of action of Hmgn1 in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuike Ihewulezi
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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46
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Chen CY, Ueha S, Ishiwata Y, Shichino S, Yokochi S, Yang D, Oppenheim JJ, Ogiwara H, Deshimaru S, Kanno Y, Aoki H, Ogawa T, Shibayama S, Matsushima K. Combining an Alarmin HMGN1 Peptide with PD-L1 Blockade Results in Robust Antitumor Effects with a Concomitant Increase of Stem-Like/Progenitor Exhausted CD8 + T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:1214-1228. [PMID: 34344641 PMCID: PMC10087296 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of intratumoral stem-like/progenitor exhausted CD8+ T (Tstem/Tpex) cells provides a potential approach to improve the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Thus, here we demonstrate a strategy to facilitate Tstem/Tpex cell expansion by combining an alarmin high-mobility group nucleosome binding domain 1 (HMGN1) peptide with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade. The antitumor effects of HMGN1, anti-PD-L1, and their combined treatment were monitored in the B16F10, LLC, Colon26, or EO771 tumor-bearing mice. The comprehensive immunologic analyses, such as high-dimensional flow cytometry, transcriptome analysis, and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), were used to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of antitumor immune responses after treatments. We identified the immunostimulatory domain (EPKRR SARLS AKPPA KVEAK PKK) on HMGN1 and synthesized this domain as a therapeutic peptide (minP1). Combined treatment with minP1 and PD-L1 blockade induced durable tumor regression in tumor-bearing mice. minP1 increased the number of intratumoral mature DCs enriched in immunoregulatory molecules (mregDC) and enhanced their MHC class I antigen-presenting program. minP1 also synergized with PD-L1 blockade in augmenting intratumoral Tstem/Tpex cell number. Analysis of our scRNA-seq dataset by CellPhonDB suggested potential interactions between mregDCs and Tstem/Tpex cells in tumors. Our results indicate that HMGN1 peptide (minP1) serves as an immunoadjuvant to promote effective anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy with increased Tstem/Tpex cells in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yu Chen
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Ishiwata
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Yokochi
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - De Yang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Haru Ogiwara
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shungo Deshimaru
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzuka Kanno
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Aoki
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ogawa
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiro Shibayama
- Research Center of Immunology, Tsukuba Institute, ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Mechanisms of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Control in the DNA Damage Response to Oxidative Stress, Epigenetic Regulation, and Persistent Innate Immune Suppression Following Sepsis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071146. [PMID: 34356379 PMCID: PMC8301080 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved extensive signaling mechanisms to maintain redox homeostasis. While basal levels of oxidants are critical for normal signaling, a tipping point is reached when the level of oxidant species exceed cellular antioxidant capabilities. Myriad pathological conditions are characterized by elevated oxidative stress, which can cause alterations in cellular operations and damage to cellular components including nucleic acids. Maintenance of nuclear chromatin are critically important for host survival and eukaryotic organisms possess an elaborately orchestrated response to initiate repair of such DNA damage. Recent evidence indicates links between the cellular antioxidant response, the DNA damage response (DDR), and the epigenetic status of the cell under conditions of elevated oxidative stress. In this emerging model, the cellular response to excessive oxidants may include redox sensors that regulate both the DDR and an orchestrated change to the epigenome in a tightly controlled program that both protects and regulates the nuclear genome. Herein we use sepsis as a model of an inflammatory pathophysiological condition that results in elevated oxidative stress, upregulation of the DDR, and epigenetic reprogramming of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to discuss new evidence for interplay between the antioxidant response, the DNA damage response, and epigenetic status.
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Zhu Z, Wu X, Li Q, Zhang J, Yu S, Shen Q, Zhou Z, Pan Q, Yue W, Qin D, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Zhang R, Peng S, Li N, Zhang S, Lei A, Miao YL, Liu Z, Chen X, Wang H, Liao M, Hua J. Histone demethylase complexes KDM3A and KDM3B cooperate with OCT4/SOX2 to define a pluripotency gene regulatory network. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21664. [PMID: 34042215 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100230r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pluripotency gene regulatory network of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells(piPSCs), especially in epigenetics, remains elusive. To determine the biological function of epigenetics, we cultured piPSCs in different culture conditions. We found that activation of pluripotent gene- and pluripotency-related pathways requires the erasure of H3K9 methylation modification which was further influenced by mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) served feeder. By dissecting the dynamic change of H3K9 methylation during loss of pluripotency, we demonstrated that the H3K9 demethylases KDM3A and KDM3B regulated global H3K9me2/me3 level and that their co-depletion led to the collapse of the pluripotency gene regulatory network. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) provided evidence that KDM3A and KDM3B formed a complex to perform H3K9 demethylation. The genome-wide regulation analysis revealed that OCT4 (O) and SOX2 (S), the core pluripotency transcriptional activators, maintained the pluripotent state of piPSCs depending on the H3K9 hypomethylation. Further investigation revealed that O/S cooperating with histone demethylase complex containing KDM3A and KDM3B promoted pluripotency genes expression to maintain the pluripotent state of piPSCs. Together, these data offer a unique insight into the epigenetic pluripotency network of piPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshuo Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qun Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juqing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuai Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiaoyan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qin Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wei Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dezhe Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sha Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Anmin Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yi-Liang Miao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, North-East Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xingqi Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Huayan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingzhi Liao
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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49
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Abstract
Telomeres are the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes facilitating the resolution of the ‘end replication and protection’ problems, associated with linearity. At the nucleotide level, telomeres typically represent stretches of tandemly arranged telomeric repeats, which vary in length and sequence among different groups of organisms. Recently, a composition of the telomere-associated protein complex has been scrutinized in Trypanosoma brucei. In this work, we subjected proteins from that list to a more detailed bioinformatic analysis and delineated a core set of 20 conserved proteins putatively associated with telomeres in trypanosomatids. Out of these, two proteins (Ku70 and Ku80) are conspicuously missing in representatives of the genus Blastocrithidia, yet telomeres in these species do not appear to be affected. In this work, based on the analysis of a large set of trypanosomatids widely different in their phylogenetic position and life strategies, we demonstrated that telomeres of trypanosomatids are diverse in length, even within groups of closely related species. Our analysis showed that the expression of two proteins predicted to be associated with telomeres (those encoding telomerase and telomere-associated hypothetical protein orthologous to Tb927.6.4330) may directly affect and account for the differences in telomere length within the species of the Leishmania mexicana complex.
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50
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Schlesinger D, Elsässer SJ. Revisiting sORFs: overcoming challenges to identify and characterize functional microproteins. FEBS J 2021; 289:53-74. [PMID: 33595896 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Short ORFs (sORFs), that is, occurrences of a start and stop codon within 100 codons or less, can be found in organisms of all domains of life, outnumbering annotated protein-coding ORFs by orders of magnitude. Even though functional proteins smaller than 100 amino acids are known, the coding potential of sORFs has often been overlooked, as it is not trivial to predict and test for functionality within the large number of sORFs. Recent advances in ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry approaches, together with refined bioinformatic predictions, have enabled a huge leap forward in this field and identified thousands of likely coding sORFs. A relatively low number of small proteins or microproteins produced from these sORFs have been characterized so far on the molecular, structural, and/or mechanistic level. These however display versatile and, in some cases, essential cellular functions, allowing for the exciting possibility that many more, previously unknown small proteins might be encoded in the genome, waiting to be discovered. This review will give an overview of the steadily growing microprotein field, focusing on eukaryotic small proteins. We will discuss emerging themes in the molecular action of microproteins, as well as advances and challenges in microprotein identification and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörte Schlesinger
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon J Elsässer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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