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Preoperative oral probiotics relieve insulin resistance and gut dysbacteriosis in patients with gastric cancer after gastrectomy. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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2
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Teitelman G. Abnormal Expression of an Insulin Synthesizing Enzyme in Islets of Adult Autoantibody Positive Donors. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:695-706. [PMID: 36341551 PMCID: PMC9660365 DOI: 10.1369/00221554221138368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that the two active forms of proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) were differentially expressed in beta cells of normal islets raised the possibility that this heterogeneity is lost during type 1 diabetes (T1D) progression. To test this hypothesis, the expression of the convertase was evaluated by confocal microscopy in sections of human pancreas of autoantibody positive (AA+) and T1D donors and compared with that of control. Islets of T1D pancreas were comprised of beta cells expressing either low or high PC1/3 levels and all islets of a pancreatic section contained only one beta cell type. Pancreata of AA+ donors contained either of these two classes of islets intermixed with normal islets comprised of beta cells with heterogeneous PC1/3 expression. This alteration affected the expression of proinsulin and insulin, which in most AA+ and T1D donors were lower than in controls. The present results indicate that the heterogeneity of PC1/3 expression is lost in all beta cells in a subset islets of AA+ donors and in all islets of T1D donors. These findings suggest that the heterogeneity of PC1/3 expression is a biomarker of human beta cell health and that its loss coincides with the initial stages of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Teitelman
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health
Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY
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3
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Yang X, Feng P, Ji R, Ren Y, Wei W, Hölscher C. Therapeutic application of GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:445-460. [PMID: 35584372 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2079492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and shares similar dysregulated insulin pathways. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs originally designed to treat diabetes have shown potent neuroprotective activity in preclinical studies of PD. They are neuroprotective by inhibiting inflammation, improving neuronal survival, maintenance of synapses, and dopaminergic transmission in the brain. Building on this, three clinical studies have reported impressive effects in patients with PD, testing exendin-4 (Exenatide, Bydureon) or liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is another peptide hormone that has shown good effects in animal models of PD. Novel dual GLP-1/GIP agonists have been developed that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and show superior effects in animal models compared to GLP-1 drugs. AREAS COVERED The review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies testing GLP-1R agonists and dual GLP-1/GIPR agonists in PD and discusses possible mechanisms of action. EXPERT OPINION Current strategies to treat PD by lowering the levels of alpha-synuclein have not shown effects in clinical trials. It is time to move on from the 'misfolding protein' hypothesis. Growth factors such as GLP-1 that can cross the BBB have already shown impressive effects in patients and are the future of drug discovery in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Rong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Ren
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenshi Wei
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.,Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 233 Zhongyuan Road, Zhengzhou, China
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Rhyu J, Yu R. Newly discovered endocrine functions of the liver. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1611-1628. [PMID: 34904032 PMCID: PMC8637678 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i11.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver, the largest solid visceral organ of the body, has numerous endocrine functions, such as direct hormone and hepatokine production, hormone metabolism, synthesis of binding proteins, and processing and redistribution of metabolic fuels. In the last 10 years, many new endocrine functions of the liver have been discovered. Advances in the classical endocrine functions include delineation of mechanisms of liver production of endocrine hormones [including 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and angiotensinogen], hepatic metabolism of hormones (including thyroid hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1, and steroid hormones), and actions of specific binding proteins to glucocorticoids, sex steroids, and thyroid hormones. These studies have furthered insight into cirrhosis-associated endocrinopathies, such as hypogonadism, osteoporosis, IGF-1 deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, alterations in glucose and lipid homeostasis, and controversially relative adrenal insufficiency. Several novel endocrine functions of the liver have also been unraveled, elucidating the liver’s key negative feedback regulatory role in the pancreatic α cell-liver axis, which regulates pancreatic α cell mass, glucagon secretion, and circulating amino acid levels. Betatrophin and other hepatokines, such as fetuin-A and fibroblast growth factor 21, have also been discovered to play important endocrine roles in modulating insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and body weight. It is expected that more endocrine functions of the liver will be revealed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Rhyu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Run Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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Buckels EJ, Bloomfield FH, Oliver MH, Spiroski AM, Harding JE, Jaquiery AL. Sexually dimorphic changes in the endocrine pancreas and skeletal muscle in young adulthood following intra-amniotic IGF-I treatment of growth-restricted fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E530-E542. [PMID: 34459219 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00111.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with decreased insulin secretory capacity and decreased insulin sensitivity in muscle in adulthood. We investigated whether intra-amniotic IGF-I treatment in late gestation mitigated the adverse effects of FGR on the endocrine pancreas and skeletal muscle at 18 mo of age. Singleton-bearing ewes underwent uterine artery embolization between 103 and 107 days of gestational age, followed by 5 once-weekly intra-amniotic injections of 360-µg IGF-I (FGRI) or saline (FGRS) and were compared with an unmanipulated control group (CON). We measured offspring pancreatic endocrine cell mass and pancreatic and skeletal muscle mRNA expression at 18 mo of age (n = 7-9/sex/group). Total α-cell mass was increased ∼225% in FGRI males versus CON and FGRS males, whereas β-cell mass was not different between groups of either sex. Pancreatic mitochondria-related mRNA expression was increased in FGRS females versus CON (NRF1, MTATP6, UCP2), and FGRS males versus CON (TFAM, NRF1, UCP2) but was largely unchanged in FGRI males versus CON. In skeletal muscle, mitochondria-related mRNA expression was decreased in FGRS females versus CON (PPARGC1A, TFAM, NRF1, UCP2, MTATP6), FGRS males versus CON (NRF1 and UCP2), and FGRI females versus CON (TFAM and UCP2), with only MTATP6 expression decreased in FGRI males versus CON. Although the window during which IGF-I treatment was delivered was limited to the final 5 wk of gestation, IGF-I therapy of FGR altered the endocrine pancreas and skeletal muscle in a sex-specific manner in young adulthood.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with compromised metabolic function throughout adulthood. Here, we explored the long-term effects of fetal IGF-I therapy on the adult pancreas and skeletal muscle. This is the first study demonstrating that IGF-I therapy of FGR has sex-specific long-term effects at both the tissue and molecular level on metabolically active tissues in adult sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Buckels
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark H Oliver
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jane E Harding
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne L Jaquiery
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Bethea M, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Sandoval DA. Preproglucagon Products and Their Respective Roles Regulating Insulin Secretion. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6329397. [PMID: 34318874 PMCID: PMC8375443 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Historically, intracellular function and metabolic adaptation within the α-cell has been understudied, with most of the attention being placed on the insulin-producing β-cells due to their role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there is a growing interest in understanding the function of other endocrine cell types within the islet and their paracrine role in regulating insulin secretion. For example, there is greater appreciation for α-cell products and their contributions to overall glucose homeostasis. Several recent studies have addressed a paracrine role for α-cell-derived glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in regulating glucose homeostasis and responses to metabolic stress. Further, other studies have demonstrated the ability of glucagon to impact insulin secretion by acting through the GLP-1 receptor. These studies challenge the central dogma surrounding α-cell biology describing glucagon's primary role in glucose counterregulation to one where glucagon is critical in regulating both hyper- and hypoglycemic responses. Herein, this review will update the current understanding of the role of glucagon and α-cell-derived GLP-1, placing emphasis on their roles in regulating glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion, and β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maigen Bethea
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Correspondence: Darleen A. Sandoval, PhD, University of Colorado Anschut, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes,12801 E 17th Ave. Research Complex 1 South 7th Floor, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. E-mail:
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Yossef RR, Al-Yamany MF, Saad MA, El-Sahar AE. Neuroprotective effects of vildagliptin on drug induced Alzheimer's disease in rats with metabolic syndrome: Role of hippocampal klotho and AKT signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173612. [PMID: 33035520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest the presence of several similarities in the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic abnormalities. Adults who develop Metabolic Syndrome (MS) are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pharmacological agents, like dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors that increase the levels of glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and ameliorate symptoms of MS, have become an auspicious candidate as disease modifying agents in the treatment of AD. The present study investigates the beneficial effects of Vildagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor in counteracting cognitive decline in different models of dementia targeting the AKT, JAK/STAT signaling pathways and hippocampal Klotho expression, to judge the neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of the drug. Cognitive decline was induced by either administration of high fat high sugar (HFHS) diet for 45 days alone, or with oral administration of AlCl3 (100 mg/kg/day) for 60 days. Rats were orally administered Vildagliptin (10 mg/kg) for 60 days along with AlCl3 administration. Vildagliptin treatment improved spatial memory and activities in morris water maze (MWM) test and open field test respectively. Results revealed an increase of both hippocampal klotho and Bcl-2 expressions along with an increase in both AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In contrast, Vildagliptin treatment decreased hippocampal contents of inflammatory, apoptotic and oxidative stress biomarkers as TNF-α, caspase-3 and FOXO1 along with restoring metabolic abnormalities. A significant decrease in BAX expressions with JAK2/STAT3 inhibition was observed. These findings demonstrate that the neuroprotective role of vildagliptin is possibly via modulating Klotho protein together with AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha R Yossef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed F Al-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Ayman E El-Sahar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Malaguarnera R, Scamporrino A, Filippello A, Di Mauro S, Minardo A, Purrello F, Piro S. The entero-insular axis: a journey in the physiopathology of diabetes. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycemic homeostasis is an essential mechanism for the proper working of an organism. However, balance in blood lipid and protein levels also plays an important role. The discovery of the hormone insulin and the description of its function for glycemic control made fundamental scientific progress in this field. However, since then our view of the problem has been deeply influenced only in terms of glucose and insulin (in an insulin-centric and glucose-centric way). Based on recent scientific discoveries, a fine and sophisticated network of hormonal and metabolic interactions, involving almost every apparatus and tissue of the human body, has been theorized. Efficient metabolic homeostasis is founded on these intricate interactions. Although it is still not fully defined, this complex network can undergo alterations that lead to metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus (DM). The endocrine pancreas plays a crucial role in the metabolic balance of an organism, but insulin is just one of the elements involved and each single pancreatic islet hormone is worthy of our concern. Moreover, pancreatic hormones need to be considered in a general view, concerning both their systemic function as direct mediators and as hormones, which, in turn, are regulated by other hormones or other substances. This more complex scenario should be taken into account for a better understanding of the pathophysiology and the therapeutic algorithms of DM. As a consequence, improvements in modern medicine could help to contemplate this new perspective. This review is focused on some aspects of gut-pancreas interaction, aiming to integrate this synergy into a wider context involving other organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Malaguarnera
- School of Human and Social Sciences, “Kore” University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scamporrino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Agnese Filippello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Mauro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Minardo
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, IRCCS Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Purrello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy
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L’îlot pancréatique : ce que nous savons 150 ans après Langerhans. BULLETIN DE L'ACADÉMIE NATIONALE DE MÉDECINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Goto R, Kondo T, Ono K, Kitano S, Miyakawa N, Watanabe T, Sakaguchi M, Sato M, Igata M, Kawashima J, Motoshima H, Matsumura T, Shimoda S, Araki E. Mineralocorticoid Receptor May Regulate Glucose Homeostasis through the Induction of Interleukin-6 and Glucagon-Like peptide-1 in Pancreatic Islets. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050674. [PMID: 31091693 PMCID: PMC6571682 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system influences glucose homeostasis, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signal in pancreatic islets may regulate insulin response upon glucose load. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production is stimulated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) in pancreatic α-cells. To determine how glucose homeostasis is regulated by interactions of MR, IL-6 and GLP-1 in islets, we performed glucose tolerance and histological analysis of islets in primary aldosteronism (PA) model rodents and conducted in vitro experiments using α-cell lines. We measured active GLP-1 concentration in primary aldosteronism (PA) patients before and after the administration of MR antagonist eplerenone. In PA model rodents, aldosterone decreased insulin-secretion and the islet/pancreas area ratio and eplerenone added on aldosterone (E+A) restored those with induction of IL-6 in α-cells. In α-cells treated with E+A, IL-6 and GLP-1 concentrations were increased, and anti-apoptotic signals were enhanced. The E+A-treatment also significantly increased MR and IL-6 mRNA and these upregulations were blunted by MR silencing using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Transcriptional activation of the IL-6 gene promoter by E+A-treatment required an intact MR binding element in the promoter. Active GLP-1 concentration was significantly increased in PA patients after eplerenone treatment. MR signal in α-cells may stimulate IL-6 production and increase GLP-1 secretion, thus protecting pancreatic β-cells and improving glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Goto
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Ono
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Kitano
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Nobukazu Miyakawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Takuro Watanabe
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Masaji Sakaguchi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Miki Sato
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Motoyuki Igata
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Junji Kawashima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Motoshima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Matsumura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Seiya Shimoda
- Food and Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan.
| | - Eiichi Araki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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Chen L, Pan X, Zhang YH, Huang T, Cai YD. Analysis of Gene Expression Differences between Different Pancreatic Cells. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:6421-6435. [DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of PMMP, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoyong Pan
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3014ZK, Netherlands
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Pancreatic alpha cells in diabetic rats express active GLP-1 receptor: Endosomal co-localization of GLP-1/GLP-1R complex functioning through intra-islet paracrine mechanism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3725. [PMID: 29487355 PMCID: PMC5829082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21751-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and suppresses glucagon secretion from alpha cells. It remains controversial, however, whether GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is expressed in mature alpha cells. In this study, unlike previous studies using non-diabetic animals, we demonstrated using diabetic model rats and confocal laser scanning microscopy that the GLP-1/GLP-1R complex was located in the endosome of diabetic islets. In addition, we showed that GLP-1 and GLP-1R co-localized with various endosomal markers and adenylate cyclase in the alpha cells of diabetic rats. Diabetic rats had endosomal signaling pathway but normal rats had classical signaling pathway for activated GLP-1R. Furthermore, we performed pancreatic perfusion to assess the functional activity of GLP-1R when stimulated by exendin-4 (EX4). In a pancreas perfusion study, EX4 significantly stimulated glucagon secretion in diabetic rats but not normal rats. However, such glucagon secretion was immediately suppressed, probably due to concomitantly secreted insulin. The GLP-1/GLP-1R complex appears to function through an intra-islet paracrine mechanism in diabetic conditions which could explain, at least in part, the mechanism of paradoxical hyperglucagonaemia in type 2 diabetes.
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Masini M, Martino L, Marselli L, Bugliani M, Boggi U, Filipponi F, Marchetti P, De Tata V. Ultrastructural alterations of pancreatic beta cells in human diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 28303682 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both types of diabetes are characterized by beta-cell failure and death, leading to insulin insufficiency. Very limited information is currently available about the ultrastructural alterations of beta cells in human diabetes. Our aim was to provide a comprehensive ultrastructural analysis of human pancreatic islets in type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetic patients. METHODS We performed a morphometric electron microscopy evaluation of beta cells obtained from the pancreas of 8 nondiabetic (ND), 5 T1D, and 8 T2D organ donors. RESULTS A lower amount of beta cells was found in both T1D and T2D than in ND islets, whereas alpha cells were increased only in T2D. An increased number of bi-hormonal cells (showing both insulin and glucagon granules in their cytoplasm) were found in T1D. Insulin granules were less represented in T2D than in ND beta cells, whereas no significant changes were found in T1D. Volume density of the endoplasmic reticulum was increased in T2D and unchanged in T1D; mitochondria number and volume were significantly higher in T2D than in ND beta cells, whereas no significant differences were found in T1D. In both T1D and T2D, more beta cells showed signs of apoptosis than in ND. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that in each type of diabetes, beta cells exhibit specific ultrastructural alterations, whose better understanding might improve therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Martino
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Boggi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Franco Filipponi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Tata
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Feng AL, Xiang YY, Gui L, Kaltsidis G, Feng Q, Lu WY. Paracrine GABA and insulin regulate pancreatic alpha cell proliferation in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1033-1042. [PMID: 28280900 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of increased proliferation of alpha cells in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Pancreatic beta cells express GAD and produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which inhibits alpha cell secretion of glucagon. We explored the roles of GABA in alpha cell proliferation in conditions corresponding to type 1 diabetes in a mouse model and in vitro. METHODS Type 1 diabetes was induced by injecting the mice with streptozotocin (STZ). Some of the STZ-injected mice were treated with GABA (10 mg/kg daily) for 12 days. Isolated pancreatic islets were treated with STZ or STZ together with GABA for 2 days. The effects of GABA treatment on STZ-induced alpha cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro were assessed. The effect of muscimol, a GABA receptor agonist, on αTC1-6 cell proliferation was also examined. RESULTS STZ injection substantially decreased levels of GAD, GABA and insulin in pancreatic beta cells 12 h after injection; this was followed by an upsurge of phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) in the alpha cells at day 1, and a significant increase in alpha cell mass at day 3. Treating STZ-injected mice with GABA largely restored the immunodetectable levels of insulin and GAD in the beta cells and significantly decreased the number of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A3 (ALDH1a3)-positive cells, alpha cell mass and hyperglucagonaemia. STZ treatment also increased alpha cell proliferation in isolated islets, which was reversed by co-treatment with GABA. Muscimol, together with insulin, significantly lowered the level of cytosolic Ca2+ and p-mTOR, and decreased the proliferation rate of αTC1-6 cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION GABA signalling critically controls the alpha cell population in pancreatic islets. Low intraislet GABA may contribute to alpha cell hyperplasia in early type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen L Feng
- Robarts Research Institute, Rome: 7240, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yun-Yan Xiang
- Robarts Research Institute, Rome: 7240, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Le Gui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gesthika Kaltsidis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Qingping Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Robarts Research Institute, Rome: 7240, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Kaneto H, Obata A, Kimura T, Shimoda M, Okauchi S, Shimo N, Matsuoka TA, Kaku K. Beneficial effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for preservation of pancreatic β-cell function and reduction of insulin resistance. J Diabetes 2017; 9:219-225. [PMID: 27754601 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance in various insulin target tissues, such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, and insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which are newly developed antidiabetic agents, decrease blood glucose levels by enhancing urinary glucose excretion and thereby function in an insulin-independent manner. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors exert beneficial effects to reduce insulin resistance and preserve pancreatic β-cell function. In addition, SGLT2 inhibitors exhibit a variety of beneficial effects in various insulin target tissues, such as amelioration of fatty liver, reduction of visceral fat mass, and increasing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, SGLT2 inhibitors protect pancreatic β-cells against glucose toxicity and preserve insulin secretory capacity. Together, these observations indicate that SGLT2 inhibitors are promising newly developed antidiabetic agents that are gaining attention in both clinical medicine and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Obata
- Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Kimura
- Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Masashi Shimoda
- Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Seizo Okauchi
- Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimo
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Matsuoka
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- General Internal Medicine 1, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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16
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Ackermann AM, Zhang J, Heller A, Briker A, Kaestner KH. High-fidelity Glucagon-CreER mouse line generated by CRISPR-Cas9 assisted gene targeting. Mol Metab 2017; 6:236-244. [PMID: 28271030 PMCID: PMC5323890 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE α-cells are the second most prominent cell type in pancreatic islets and are responsible for producing glucagon to increase plasma glucose levels in times of fasting. α-cell dysfunction and inappropriate glucagon secretion occur in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Thus, there is growing interest in studying both normal function and pathophysiology of α-cells. However, tools to target gene ablation or activation specifically of α-cells have been limited, compared to those available for β-cells. Previous Glucagon-Cre and Glucagon-CreER transgenic mouse lines have suffered from transgene silencing, and the only available Glucagon-CreER "knock-in" mouse line results in glucagon haploinsufficiency, which can confound the interpretation of gene deletion analyses. Therefore, we sought to develop a Glucagon-CreERT2 mouse line that would maintain normal glucagon expression and would be less susceptible to transgene silencing. METHODS We utilized CRISPR-Cas9 technology to insert an IRES-CreERT2 sequence into the 3' UTR of the Glucagon (Gcg) locus in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Targeted ESC clones were then injected into mouse blastocysts to obtain Gcg-CreERT2 mice. Recombination efficiency in GCG+ pancreatic α-cells and glucagon-like peptide 1 positive (GLP1+) enteroendocrine L-cells was measured in Gcg-CreERT2 ;Rosa26-LSL-YFP mice injected with tamoxifen during fetal development and adulthood. RESULTS Tamoxifen injection of Gcg-CreERT2 ;Rosa26-LSL-YFP mice induced high recombination efficiency of the Rosa26-LSL-YFP locus in perinatal and adult α-cells (88% and 95%, respectively), as well as in first-wave fetal α-cells (36%) and adult enteroendocrine L-cells (33%). Mice homozygous for the Gcg-CreERT2 allele were phenotypically normal. CONCLUSIONS We successfully derived a Gcg-CreERT2 mouse line that expresses CreERT2 in pancreatic α-cells and enteroendocrine L-cells without disrupting preproglucagon gene expression. These mice will be a useful tool for performing temporally controlled genetic manipulation specifically in these cell types.
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Key Words
- CRISPR
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat
- Cre, Cre recombinase
- CreERT2, tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase-estrogen receptor fusion protein
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ESC, embryonic stem cell
- Enteroendocrine L-cell
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GCG, glucagon
- GLP1
- GLP1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- Glucagon
- IRES, internal ribosomal entry site
- Islet
- LSL, loxP-stop-loxP
- UTR, untranslated region
- YFP, yellow fluorescent protein
- gRNA, guide RNA
- α-cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Ackermann
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Jia Zhang
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Aryel Heller
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Anna Briker
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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17
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Athauda D, Foltynie T. Insulin resistance and Parkinson's disease: A new target for disease modification? Prog Neurobiol 2016; 145-146:98-120. [PMID: 27713036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that patients with Type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease and share similar dysregulated pathways suggesting common underlying pathological mechanisms. Historically insulin was thought solely to be a peripherally acting hormone responsible for glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism. However accumulating evidence indicates insulin can cross the blood-brain-barrier and influence a multitude of processes in the brain including regulating neuronal survival and growth, dopaminergic transmission, maintenance of synapses and pathways involved in cognition. In conjunction, there is growing evidence that a process analogous to peripheral insulin resistance occurs in the brains of Parkinson's disease patients, even in those without diabetes. This raises the possibility that defective insulin signalling pathways may contribute to the development of the pathological features of Parkinson's disease, and thereby suggests that the insulin signalling pathway may potentially be a novel target for disease modification. Given these growing links between PD and Type 2 diabetes it is perhaps not unsurprising that drugs used the treatment of T2DM are amongst the most promising treatments currently being prioritised for repositioning as possible novel treatments for PD and several clinical trials are under way. In this review, we will examine the underlying cellular links between insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of PD and then we will assess current and future pharmacological strategies being developed to restore neuronal insulin signalling as a potential strategy for slowing neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Athauda
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
| | - T Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
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18
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Prasadan K, Shiota C, Xiangwei X, Ricks D, Fusco J, Gittes G. A synopsis of factors regulating beta cell development and beta cell mass. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3623-37. [PMID: 27105622 PMCID: PMC5002366 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-secreting beta cells in the endocrine pancreas regulate blood glucose levels, and loss of functional beta cells leads to insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) and diabetes mellitus. Current treatment strategies for type-1 (autoimmune) diabetes are islet transplantation, which has significant risks and limitations, or normalization of blood glucose with insulin injections, which is clearly not ideal. The type-1 patients can lack insulin counter-regulatory mechanism; therefore, hypoglycemia is a potential risk. Hence, a cell-based therapy offers a better alternative for the treatment of diabetes. Past research was focused on attempting to generate replacement beta cells from stem cells; however, recently there has been an increasing interest in identifying mechanisms that will lead to the conversion of pre-existing differentiated endocrine cells into beta cells. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of several of the key factors that regulate new beta cell formation (neogenesis) and beta cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasadan
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Xiao Xiangwei
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - David Ricks
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Joseph Fusco
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - George Gittes
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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19
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Jin T, Weng J. Hepatic functions of GLP-1 and its based drugs: current disputes and perspectives. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E620-7. [PMID: 27507553 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00069.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GLP-1 and its based drugs possess extrapancreatic metabolic functions, including that in the liver. These direct hepatic metabolic functions explain their therapeutic efficiency for subjects with insulin resistance. The direct hepatic functions could be mediated by previously assumed "degradation" products of GLP-1 without involving canonic GLP-1R. Although GLP-1 analogs were created as therapeutic incretins, extrapancreatic functions of these drugs, as well as native GLP-1, have been broadly recognized. Among them, the hepatic functions are particularly important. Postprandial GLP-1 release contributes to insulin secretion, which represses hepatic glucose production. This indirect effect of GLP-1 is known as the gut-pancreas-liver axis. Great efforts have been made to determine whether GLP-1 and its analogs possess direct metabolic effects on the liver, as the determination of the existence of direct hepatic effects may advance the therapeutic theory and clinical practice on subjects with insulin resistance. Furthermore, recent investigations on the metabolic beneficial effects of previously assumed "degradation" products of GLP-1 in the liver and elsewhere, including GLP-128-36 and GLP-132-36, have drawn intensive attention. Such investigations may further improve the development and the usage of GLP-1-based drugs. Here, we have reviewed the current advancement and the existing controversies on the exploration of direct hepatic functions of GLP-1 and presented our perspectives that the direct hepatic metabolic effects of GLP-1 could be a GLP-1 receptor-independent event involving Wnt signaling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Abstract
Islet transplantation has set the ground for diabetes cell therapy and is still undergoing various developments that might improve clinical outcomes. Alternative sources for β-cell replacement strategies are now led by human pluripotent stem cells that demonstrate near-normal β-cell features after in vitro differentiation and which can reverse diabetes in mice. Yet, their propensity for tumor formation is still unresolved. The adult pancreas is suggested as a reservoir of facultative progenitors that could represent adequate candidates for β-cell engineering, either in vivo through pharmacological treatment or after expansion in culture. This review focuses on the latest developments in protocols aiming at de novo production of functional β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A Lysy
- Laboratoire de pédiatrie, institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique, université catholique de Louvain, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgique - Unité d'endocrinologie pédiatrique, cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, université catholique de Louvain, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgique
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21
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The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP) receptor as a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease: mechanisms of action. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:802-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Since insulin discovery, islet transplantation was the first protocol to show the possibility to cure patients with type 1 diabetes using low-risk procedures. The scarcity of pancreas donors triggered a burst of studies focused on the production of new β cells in vitro. These were rapidly dominated by pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) demonstrating diabetes-reversal potential in diabetic mice. Subsequent enthusiasm fostered a clinical trial with immunoisolated embryonic-derived pancreatic progenitors. Yet safety is the Achilles' heel of PSCs, and a whole branch of β cell engineering medicine focuses on transdifferentiation of adult pancreatic cells. New data showed the possibility to chemically stimulate acinar or α cells to undergo β cell neogenesis and provide opportunities to intervene in situ without the need for a transplant, at least after weighing benefits against systemic adverse effects. The current studies suggested the pancreas as a reservoir of facultative progenitors (e.g., in the duct lining) could be exploited ex vivo for expansion and β cell differentiation in timely fashion and without the hurdles of PSC use. Diabetes cell therapy is thus a growing field not only with great potential but also with many pitfalls to overcome for becoming fully envisioned as a competitor to the current treatment standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A Lysy
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Elisa Corritore
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M Sokal
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Abstract
The alpha cells that co-occupy the islets in association with beta cells have been long recognized as the source of glucagon, a hyperglycemia-producing and diabetogenic hormone. Although the mechanisms that control the functions of alpha cells, glucagon secretion, and the role of glucagon in diabetes have remained somewhat enigmatic over the fifty years since their discovery, seminal findings during the past few years have moved alpha cells into the spotlight of scientific discovery. These findings obtained largely from studies in mice are: Alpha cells have the capacity to trans-differentiate into insulin-producing beta cells. Alpha cells contain a GLP-1 generating system that produces GLP-1 locally for paracrine actions within the islets that likely promotes beta cell growth and survival and maintains beta cell mass. Impairment of glucagon signaling both prevents the occurrence of diabetes in conditions of the near absence of insulin and expands alpha cell mass. Alpha cells appear to serve as helper cells or guardians of beta cells to ensure their health and well-being. Of potential relevance to the possibility of promoting the transformation of alpha to beta cells is the observation that impairment of glucagon signaling leads to a marked increase in alpha cell mass in the islets. Such alpha cell hyperplasia provides an increased supply of alpha cells for their transdifferentiation into new beta cells. In this review we discuss these recent discoveries from the perspective of their potential relevance to the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Stanojevic
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joel F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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24
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Spijker HS, Song H, Ellenbroek JH, Roefs MM, Engelse MA, Bos E, Koster AJ, Rabelink TJ, Hansen BC, Clark A, Carlotti F, de Koning EJP. Loss of β-Cell Identity Occurs in Type 2 Diabetes and Is Associated With Islet Amyloid Deposits. Diabetes 2015; 64:2928-38. [PMID: 25918235 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of pancreatic islet β-cell mass and β-cell dysfunction are central in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We recently showed that mature human insulin-containing β-cells can convert into glucagon-containing α-cells ex vivo. This loss of β-cell identity was characterized by the presence of β-cell transcription factors (Nkx6.1, Pdx1) in glucagon(+) cells. Here, we investigated whether the loss of β-cell identity also occurs in vivo, and whether it is related to the presence of (pre)diabetes in humans and nonhuman primates. We observed an eight times increased frequency of insulin(+) cells coexpressing glucagon in donors with diabetes. Up to 5% of the cells that were Nkx6.1(+) but insulin(-) coexpressed glucagon, which represents a five times increased frequency compared with the control group. This increase in bihormonal and Nkx6.1(+)glucagon(+)insulin(-) cells was also found in islets of diabetic macaques. The higher proportion of bihormonal cells and Nkx6.1(+)glucagon(+)insulin(-) cells in macaques and humans with diabetes was correlated with the presence and extent of islet amyloidosis. These data indicate that the loss of β-cell identity occurs in T2DM and could contribute to the decrease of functional β-cell mass. Maintenance of β-cell identity is a potential novel strategy to preserve β-cell function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Siebe Spijker
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Heein Song
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Johanne H Ellenbroek
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike M Roefs
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marten A Engelse
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Bos
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara C Hansen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Anne Clark
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco J P de Koning
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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25
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Ye L, Robertson MA, Hesselson D, Stainier DYR, Anderson RM. Glucagon is essential for alpha cell transdifferentiation and beta cell neogenesis. Development 2015; 142:1407-17. [PMID: 25852199 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interconversion of cell lineages via transdifferentiation is an adaptive mode of tissue regeneration and an appealing therapeutic target. However, its clinical exploitation is contingent upon the discovery of contextual regulators of cell fate acquisition and maintenance. In murine models of diabetes, glucagon-secreting alpha cells transdifferentiate into insulin-secreting beta cells following targeted beta cell depletion, regenerating the form and function of the pancreatic islet. However, the molecular triggers of this mode of regeneration are unknown. Here, using lineage-tracing assays in a transgenic zebrafish model of beta cell ablation, we demonstrate conserved plasticity of alpha cells during islet regeneration. In addition, we show that glucagon expression is upregulated after injury. Through gene knockdown and rescue approaches, we also find that peptides derived from the glucagon gene are necessary for alpha-to-beta cell fate switching. Importantly, whereas beta cell neogenesis was stimulated by glucose, alpha-to-beta cell conversion was not, suggesting that transdifferentiation is not mediated by glucagon/GLP-1 control of hepatic glucose production. Overall, this study supports the hypothesis that alpha cells are an endogenous reservoir of potential new beta cells. It further reveals that glucagon plays an important role in maintaining endocrine cell homeostasis through feedback mechanisms that govern cell fate stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ye
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Van Nuys Medical Sciences Building MS2053, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Morgan A Robertson
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Van Nuys Medical Sciences Building MS2053, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1550 4th Street Rock Hall Room 381, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1550 4th Street Rock Hall Room 381, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ryan M Anderson
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Van Nuys Medical Sciences Building MS2053, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Autoimmune destruction of the β cells is considered the key abnormality in type 1 diabetes mellitus and insulin replacement the primary therapeutic strategy. However, a lack of insulin is accompanied by disturbances in glucagon release, which is excessive postprandially, but insufficient during hypoglycaemia. In addition, replacing insulin alone appears insufficient for adequate glucose control. This review focuses on the growing body of evidence that glucagon abnormalities contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of diabetes and on recent efforts to target the glucagon axis as adjunctive therapy to insulin replacement. RECENT FINDINGS This review discusses recent (since 2013) advances in abnormalities of glucagon regulation and their link to the pathophysiology of diabetes; new mechanisms of glucagon action and regulation; manipulation of glucagon in diabetes treatment; and analytical and systems biology tools to study glucagon regulation. SUMMARY Recent efforts 'resurrected' glucagon as a key hormone in the pathophysiology of diabetes. New studies target its abnormal regulation and action that is key for improving diabetes treatment. The progress is promising, but major questions remain, including unravelling the mechanism of loss of glucagon counterregulation in type 1 diabetes mellitus and how best to manipulate glucagon to achieve more efficient and safer glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon S Farhy
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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27
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Zini E, Lunardi F, Zanetti R, Heller RS, Coppola LM, Ferro S, Guscetti F, Osto M, Lutz TA, Reusch CE, Cavicchioli L. Endocrine Pancreas in Cats With Diabetes Mellitus. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:136-44. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815591078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic amyloidosis and loss of α and β cells have been shown to occur in cats with diabetes mellitus, although the number of studies currently available is very limited. Furthermore, it is not known whether pancreatic islet inflammation is a common feature. The aims of the present study were to characterize islet lesions and to investigate whether diabetic cats have inflammation of the pancreatic islets. Samples of pancreas were collected postmortem from 37 diabetic and 20 control cats matched for age, sex, breed, and body weight. Histologic sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Congo red; double labeled for insulin/CD3, insulin/CD20, insulin/myeloperoxidase, insulin/proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and glucagon/Ki67; and single labeled for amylin and Iba1. Mean insulin-positive cross-sectional area was approximately 65% lower in diabetic than control cats ( P = .009), while that of amylin and glucagon was similar. Surprisingly, amyloid deposition was similar between groups ( P = .408). Proliferation of insulin- and glucagon-positive cells and the number of neutrophils, macrophages, and T (CD3) and B (CD20) lymphocytes in the islets did not differ. The presence of T and B lymphocytes combined tended to be more frequent in diabetic cats ( n = 8 of 37; 21.6%) than control cats ( n = 1 of 20; 5.0%). The results confirm previous observations that loss of β cells but not α cells occurs in diabetic cats. Islet amyloidosis was present in diabetic cats but was not greater than in controls. A subset of diabetic cats had lymphocytic infiltration of the islets, which might be associated with β-cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production, and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
| | - F. Lunardi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - R. Zanetti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Sciences, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - R. S. Heller
- Department of Histology and Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - L. M. Coppola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production, and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - S. Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Sciences, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - F. Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Osto
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T. A. Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C. E. Reusch
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L. Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Sciences, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Huang C, Yuan L, Cao S. Endogenous GLP-1 as a key self-defense molecule against lipotoxicity in pancreatic islets. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:173-85. [PMID: 25976560 PMCID: PMC4494597 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of pro-α cells is known to increase in response to β cell injury and these cells then generate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), thus attenuating the development of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to further examine the role and the mechanisms responsible for intra-islet GLP-1 production as a self-protective response against lipotoxicity. The levels of the key enzyme, prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), as well as the synthesis and release of GLP-1 in models of lipotoxicity were measured. Furthermore, islet viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as islet structure were assessed after altering GLP-1 receptor signaling. Both prolonged exposure to palmitate and a high-fat diet facilitated PC1/3 expression, as well as the synthesis and release of GLP-1 induced by β cell injury and the generation of pro-α cells. Prolonged exposure to palmitate increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), partially prevented the detrimental effects induced by palmitate on β cells, resulting in decreased GLP-1 levels. Furthermore, the inhibition of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling by treatment with exendin‑(9-39) further decreased cell viability, increased cell apoptosis and caused a stronger inhibition of the β cell-specific transcription factor, pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1). Moreover, treatment with the GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide, normalized islet structure and function, resulting in a decrease in cell death and in the amelioration of β cell marker expression. Importantly, liraglutide maintained the oxidative balance and decreased inflammatory factor and p65 expression. Overall, our data demonstrate that an increase in the number of pro-α cells and the activation of the intra-islet GLP-1 system comprise a self-defense mechanism for enhancing β cell survival to combat lipid overload, which is in part mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghu Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shuyi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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29
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Heinrich C, Spagnoli FM, Berninger B. In vivo reprogramming for tissue repair. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:204-11. [PMID: 25720960 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vital organs such as the pancreas and the brain lack the capacity for effective regeneration. To overcome this limitation, an emerging strategy consists of converting resident tissue-specific cells into the cell types that are lost due to disease by a process called in vivo lineage reprogramming. Here we discuss recent breakthroughs in regenerating pancreatic β-cells and neurons from various cell types, and highlight fundamental challenges that need to be overcome for the translation of in vivo lineage reprogramming into therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Heinrich
- INSERM U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and the Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, and Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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30
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Wali JA, Thomas HE. Pancreatic Alpha Cells Hold the Key to Survival. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:368-9. [PMID: 26137578 PMCID: PMC4486193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jibran A Wali
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
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31
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Li H, Liu T, Lim J, Gounko NV, Hong W, Han W. Increased biogenesis of glucagon-containing secretory granules and glucagon secretion in BIG3-knockout mice. Mol Metab 2015; 4:246-52. [PMID: 25737957 PMCID: PMC4338310 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although both insulin and glucagon are intimately involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, the intrinsic control of glucagon secretion, including the biogenesis and exocytosis of glucagon-containing granules, is far less understood compared with that of insulin. As Brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide exchange protein 3 (BIG3) is a negative regulator of insulin-granule biogenesis and insulin secretion, we investigated whether BIG3 plays any role in alpha-cells and glucagon secretion. METHODS We examined the expression of BIG3 in islet cells by immuno-fluorescence and confocal microscopy, and measured glucagon production and secretion in BIG3-depleted and wild-type mice, islets and cells. RESULTS BIG3 is highly expressed in pancreatic alpha-cells in addition to beta-cells, but is absent in delta-cells. Depletion of BIG3 in alpha-cells leads to elevated glucagon production and secretion. Consistently, BIG3-knockout (BKO) mice display increased glucagon release under hypoglycemic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Together with our previous studies, the current data reveal a conserved role for BIG3 in regulating alpha- and beta-cell functions. We propose that BIG3 negatively regulates hormone production at the secretory granule biogenesis stage and that such regulatory mechanism may be used in secretory pathways of other endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), #02-02 Helios, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Tao Liu
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), #02-02 Helios, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Joy Lim
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), #02-02 Helios, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Natalia V Gounko
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore ; Joint IMB-IMCB Electron Microscopy Suite, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), #02-02 Helios, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138667, Singapore
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32
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Arum O, Boparai RK, Saleh JK, Wang F, Dirks AL, Turner JG, Kopchick JJ, Liu J, Khardori RK, Bartke A. Specific suppression of insulin sensitivity in growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted (GHR-KO) mice attenuates phenotypic features of slow aging. Aging Cell 2014; 13:981-1000. [PMID: 25244225 PMCID: PMC4326932 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their extended lifespans, slow-aging growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene-disrupted (knockout) (GHR-KO) mice are hypoinsulinemic and highly sensitive to the action of insulin. It has been proposed that this insulin sensitivity is important for their longevity and increased healthspan. We tested whether this insulin sensitivity of the GHR-KO mouse is necessary for its retarded aging by abrogating that sensitivity with a transgenic alteration that improves development and secretory function of pancreatic β-cells by expressing Igf-1 under the rat insulin promoter 1 (RIP::IGF-1). The RIP::IGF-1 transgene increased circulating insulin content in GHR-KO mice, and thusly fully normalized their insulin sensitivity, without affecting the proliferation of any non-β-cell cell types. Multiple (nonsurvivorship) longevity-associated physiological and endocrinological characteristics of these mice (namely beneficial blood glucose regulatory control, altered metabolism, and preservation of memory capabilities) were partially or completely normalized, thus supporting the causal role of insulin sensitivity for the decelerated senescence of GHR-KO mice. We conclude that a delayed onset and/or decreased pace of aging can be hormonally regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oge Arum
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - Ravneet K. Boparai
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - Jamal K. Saleh
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - Feiya Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - Angela L. Dirks
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - Jeremy G. Turner
- Division of ENT‐Otolaryngology Department of Surgery Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine Ohio University Athens OH 45701USA
| | - Jun‐Li Liu
- Fraser Laboratories for Diabetes Research Department of Medicine McGill University Health Centre 687 Pine Avenue West Montreal QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Romesh K. Khardori
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School 700 West Olney Road Norfolk VA 23507 USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
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33
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Cai Y, Yuchi Y, De Groef S, Coppens V, Leuckx G, Baeyens L, Van de Casteele M, Heimberg H. IL-6-dependent proliferation of alpha cells in mice with partial pancreatic-duct ligation. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1420-7. [PMID: 24759958 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS IL-6 was recently shown to control alpha cell expansion. As beta cells expand following partial pancreatic-duct ligation (PDL) in adult mice, we investigated whether PDL also causes alpha cells to expand and whether IL-6 signalling is involved. As alpha cells can reprogramme to beta cells in a number of beta cell (re)generation models, we examined whether this phenomenon also exists in PDL pancreas. METHODS Total alpha cell volume, alpha cell size and total glucagon content were evaluated in equivalent portions of PDL- and sham-operated mouse pancreases. Proliferation of glucagon(+) cells was assessed by expression of the proliferation marker Ki67. Inter-conversions between alpha and beta cells were monitored in transgenic mice with conditional cell-type-specific labelling. The role of IL-6 in regulating alpha cell proliferation was evaluated by in situ delivery of an IL-6-inactivating antibody. RESULTS In response to PDL surgery, alpha cell volume in the ligated tissue was increased threefold, glucagon content fivefold and alpha cell size by 10%. Activation of alpha cell proliferation in PDL pancreas required IL-6 signalling. A minor fraction of alpha cells derived from beta cells, whereas no evidence for alpha to beta cell conversion was obtained. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In PDL-injured adult mouse pancreas, new alpha cells are generated mainly by IL-6-dependent self-duplication and seldom by reprogramming of beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
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van der Meulen T, Huising MO. Maturation of stem cell-derived beta-cells guided by the expression of urocortin 3. Rev Diabet Stud 2014; 11:115-32. [PMID: 25148370 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2014.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a devastating disease precipitated by an autoimmune response directed at the insulin-producing beta-cells of the pancreas for which no cure exists. Stem cell-derived beta-cells show great promise for a cure as they have the potential to supply unlimited numbers of cells that could be derived from a patient's own cells, thus eliminating the need for immunosuppression. Current in vitro protocols for the differentiation of stem cell-derived beta-cells can successfully generate pancreatic endoderm cells. In diabetic rodents, such cells can differentiate further along the beta-cell lineage until they are eventually capable of restoring normoglycemia. While these observations demonstrate that stem cell-derived pancreatic endoderm has the potential to differentiate into mature, glucose-responsive beta-cells, the signals that direct differentiation and maturation from pancreatic endoderm onwards remain poorly understood. In this review, we analyze the sequence of events that culminates in the formation of beta-cells during embryonic development. and summarize how current protocols to generate beta-cells have sought to capitalize on this ontogenic template. We place particular emphasis on the current challenges and opportunities which occur in the later stages of beta-cell differentiation and maturation of transplantable stem cell-derived beta-cells. Another focus is on the question how the use of recently identified maturation markers such as urocortin 3 can be instrumental in guiding these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha van der Meulen
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Clayton Laboratories for Peptide Biology, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Clayton Laboratories for Peptide Biology, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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35
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Abstract
CONTEXT Pancreatic α-cell hyperplasia (ACH) was once an esoteric pathological entity, but it has become an important differential diagnosis of hyperglucagonemia after inactivating glucagon receptor (GCGR) genomic mutations were found in patients with ACH. Recently, the controversy over the pancreatic effects of incretins has stimulated much discussion of ACH that often includes inaccurate statements not supported by the literature. DATA ACQUISITION Literature related to ACH was reviewed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS ACH is defined as a diffuse and specific increase in the number of α-cells. A dozen cases have been reported and fall into three clinical types: reactive, functional, and nonfunctional. Characterized by remarkable hyperglucagonemia without glucagonoma syndrome, reactive ACH is caused by inactivating GCGR mutations, and its main clinical significance is pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors diagnosed at middle age. The Gcgr(-/-) mice, a model of reactive ACH, exhibit a multistage tumorigenesis in their pancreata. Pharmacological agents that inhibit glucagon signaling also cause reactive ACH in animals and possibly in humans as well. The pancreata of incretin-treated humans and those of reactive ACH murine models share similarities. Functional ACH features hyperglucagonemia with glucagonoma syndrome. Nonfunctional ACH is associated with normal glucagon levels. The causes of functional and nonfunctional ACH are unknown as yet. CONCLUSIONS ACH is a histological diagnosis and clinically heterogeneous. Caused by GCGR mutations, reactive ACH is a preneoplastic lesion giving rise to slow-developing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The effects of treatments targeting glucagon signaling in this regard remain controversial. The strong negative feedback control of glucagon signaling conserved in all mammals studied, including humans, makes long-term pancreatic tumor surveillance advisable for the glucagon signaling-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Carcinoid and Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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36
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Chen S, Bastarrachea RA, Roberts BJ, Voruganti VS, Frost PA, Nava-Gonzalez EJ, Arriaga-Cazares HE, Chen J, Huang P, DeFronzo RA, Comuzzie AG, Grayburn PA. Successful β cells islet regeneration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic baboons using ultrasound-targeted microbubble gene therapy with cyclinD2/CDK4/GLP1. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1145-51. [PMID: 24553120 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Both major forms of diabetes mellitus (DM) involve β-cell destruction and dysfunction. New treatment strategies have focused on replenishing the deficiency of β-cell mass common to both major forms of diabetes by islet transplantation or β-cell regeneration. The pancreas, not the liver, is the ideal organ for islet regeneration, because it is the natural milieu for islets. Since islet mass is known to increase during obesity and pregnancy, the concept of stimulating pancreatic islet regeneration in vivo is both rational and physiologic. This paper proposes a novel approach in which non-viral gene therapy is targeted to pancreatic islets using ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) in a non-human primate model (NHP), the baboon. Treated baboons received a gene cocktail comprised of cyclinD2, CDK, and GLP1, which in rats results in robust and durable islet regeneration with normalization of blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels. We were able to generate important preliminary data indicating that gene therapy by UTMD can achieve in vivo normalization of the intravenous (IV) glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) curves in STZ hyperglycemic-induced conscious tethered baboons. Immunohistochemistry clearly demonstrated evidence of islet regeneration and restoration of β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul A Bastarrachea
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute; San Antonio, TX USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Brad J Roberts
- Baylor Research Institute; Dallas, TX USA; Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Cardiology; Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute; Baylor University Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | | | - Patrice A Frost
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute; San Antonio, TX USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Edna J Nava-Gonzalez
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute; San Antonio, TX USA; University of Nuevo Leon School of Nutrition and Public Health; Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Hector E Arriaga-Cazares
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute; San Antonio, TX USA; Hospital Infantil de Tamaulipas; Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Jiaxi Chen
- Baylor Research Institute; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Pintong Huang
- Department of Ultrasonography; The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine; Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division; Department of Medicine; The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute; San Antonio, TX USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Paul A Grayburn
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Cardiology; Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute; Baylor University Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
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37
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Nadkarni P, Chepurny OG, Holz GG. Regulation of glucose homeostasis by GLP-1. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014. [PMID: 24373234 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00002-8.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1) is a secreted peptide that acts as a key determinant of blood glucose homeostasis by virtue of its abilities to slow gastric emptying, to enhance pancreatic insulin secretion, and to suppress pancreatic glucagon secretion. GLP-1 is secreted from L cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa in response to a meal, and the blood glucose-lowering action of GLP-1 is terminated due to its enzymatic degradation by dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Released GLP-1 activates enteric and autonomic reflexes while also circulating as an incretin hormone to control endocrine pancreas function. The GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated directly or indirectly by blood glucose-lowering agents currently in use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These therapeutic agents include GLP-1R agonists (exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, and langlenatide) and DPP-IV inhibitors (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin). Investigational agents for use in the treatment of T2DM include GPR119 and GPR40 receptor agonists that stimulate the release of GLP-1 from L cells. Summarized here is the role of GLP-1 to control blood glucose homeostasis, with special emphasis on the advantages and limitations of GLP-1-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Nadkarni
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA; Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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38
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Nadkarni P, Chepurny OG, Holz GG. Regulation of glucose homeostasis by GLP-1. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:23-65. [PMID: 24373234 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1) is a secreted peptide that acts as a key determinant of blood glucose homeostasis by virtue of its abilities to slow gastric emptying, to enhance pancreatic insulin secretion, and to suppress pancreatic glucagon secretion. GLP-1 is secreted from L cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa in response to a meal, and the blood glucose-lowering action of GLP-1 is terminated due to its enzymatic degradation by dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Released GLP-1 activates enteric and autonomic reflexes while also circulating as an incretin hormone to control endocrine pancreas function. The GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated directly or indirectly by blood glucose-lowering agents currently in use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These therapeutic agents include GLP-1R agonists (exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, and langlenatide) and DPP-IV inhibitors (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin). Investigational agents for use in the treatment of T2DM include GPR119 and GPR40 receptor agonists that stimulate the release of GLP-1 from L cells. Summarized here is the role of GLP-1 to control blood glucose homeostasis, with special emphasis on the advantages and limitations of GLP-1-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Nadkarni
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA; Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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39
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El-Kadre LJ, Tinoco ACA. Interleukin-6 and obesity: the crosstalk between intestine, pancreas and liver. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2013; 16:564-8. [PMID: 23924949 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32836410e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The concept of IL-6 as a deleterious interleukin was challenged by its anti-inflammatory actions. RECENT FINDINGS The beneficial health effects of exercise and the crosstalk between insulin-sensitive tissues and insulin-producing cells are mediated by IL-6. SUMMARY IL-6 displays pleiotropic functions in a tissue-specific and physiological context-dependent manner. There is evidence suggesting that IL-6 worsens insulin resistance in the liver and adipose tissue, while improving insulin sensitivity in the muscle. The effects of this cytokine are influenced by its acute or chronical presence, the latter being associated with insulin resistance. IL-6 has anti-inflammatory effects and a compensatory role in obesity by increasing islet GLP-1 production. The therapeutic approach of blocking IL-6 signal can be diabetogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana J El-Kadre
- Center for Surgical Treatment of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. São José do Avaí Hospital. Itaperuna, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Xu S, Hayashi Y, Takagishi Y, Itoh M, Murata Y. Aristaless-related homeobox plays a key role in hyperplasia of the pancreas islet α-like cells in mice deficient in proglucagon-derived peptides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64415. [PMID: 23671715 PMCID: PMC3650067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in glucagon action can cause hyperplasia of islet α-cells, however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely to be elucidated. Mice homozygous for a glucagon-GFP knock-in allele (Gcggfp/gfp) completely lack proglucagon-derived peptides and exhibit hyperplasia of GFP-positive α-like cells. Expression of the transcription factor, aristaless-related homeobox (ARX), is also increased in the Gcggfp/gfp pancreas. Here, we sought to elucidate the role of ARX in the hyperplasia of α-like cells through analyses of two Arx mutant alleles (ArxP355L/Y and Arx [330insGCG]7/Y) that have different levels of impairment of their function. Expression of Gfp and Arx genes was higher and the size and number of islets increased in the Gcggfp/gfp pancreas compared to and Gcggfp/+ pancreas at 2 weeks of age. In male Gcggfp/gfp mice that are hemizygous for the ArxP355L/Y mutation that results in a protein with a P355L amino acid substitution, expression of Gfp mRNA in the pancreas was comparable to that in control Gcggfp/+Arx+/Y mice. The increases in islet size and number were also reduced in these mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the number of GFP-positive cells was comparable in Gcggfp/gfp ArxP355L/Y and Gcggfp/+Arx+/Y mice. These results indicate that the hyperplasia is reduced by introduction of an Arx mutation. ArxP355L/Y mice appeared to be phenotypically normal; however, Arx [330insGCG]7/Y mice that have a mutant ARX protein with expansion of the polyalanine tract had a reduced body size and shortened life span. The number of GFP positive cells was further reduced in the Gcggfp/gfp Arx [330insGCG]7/Y mice. Taken together, our findings show that the function of ARX is one of the key modifiers for hyperplasia of islet α-like cells in the absence of proglucagon-derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Xu
- Department of Genetics, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Genetics, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshiko Takagishi
- Department of Genetics, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mariko Itoh
- Technical Department, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Murata
- Department of Genetics, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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