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Leroy A, Fanuel M, Alvarado C, Rogniaux H, Grisel S, Haon M, Berrin JG, Paës G, Guillon F. In situ imaging of LPMO action on plant tissues. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 343:122465. [PMID: 39174080 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that oxidatively cleave recalcitrant polysaccharides such as cellulose. Several studies have reported LPMO action in synergy with other carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass but direct LPMO action at the plant tissue level remains challenging to investigate. Here, we have developed a MALDI-MS imaging workflow to detect oxidised oligosaccharides released by a cellulose-active LPMO at cellular level on maize tissues. Using this workflow, we imaged LPMO action and gained insight into the spatial variation and relative abundance of oxidised and non-oxidised oligosaccharides. We reveal a targeted action of the LPMO related to the composition and organisation of plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Leroy
- INRAE, UR 1268 BIA, 44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, FARE, UMR A 614, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRAE, UR 1268 BIA, 44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS Facility, 44316 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR 1268 BIA, 44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS Facility, 44316 Nantes, France.
| | - Sacha Grisel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), 13009 Marseille, France; INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE platform, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), 13009 Marseille, France; INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE platform, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Gabriel Paës
- INRAE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, FARE, UMR A 614, 51100 Reims, France.
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Liao G, Sun E, Kana EBG, Huang H, Sanusi IA, Qu P, Jin H, Liu J, Shuai L. Renewable hemicellulose-based materials for value-added applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 341:122351. [PMID: 38876719 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The importance of renewable resources and environmentally friendly materials has grown globally in recent time. Hemicellulose is renewable lignocellulosic materials that have been the subject of substantial valorisation research. Due to its distinctive benefits, including its wide availability, low cost, renewability, biodegradability, simplicity of chemical modification, etc., it has attracted increasing interest in a number of value-added fields. In this review, a systematic summarizes of the structure, extraction method, and characterization technique for hemicellulose-based materials was carried out. Also, their most current developments in a variety of value-added adsorbents, biomedical, energy-related, 3D-printed materials, sensors, food packaging applications were discussed. Additionally, the most recent challenges and prospects of hemicellulose-based materials are emphasized and examined in-depth. It is anticipated that in the near future, persistent scientific efforts will enable the renewable hemicellulose-based products to achieve practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Liao
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Enhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-Alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - E B Gueguim Kana
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Hongying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-Alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Isaac A Sanusi
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Ping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-Alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hongmei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-Alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Li Shuai
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China..
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Tong L, Li Y, Lou X, Wang B, Jin C, Fang W. Powerful cell wall biomass degradation enzymatic system from saprotrophic Aspergillus fumigatus. Cell Surf 2024; 11:100126. [PMID: 38827922 PMCID: PMC11143905 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2024.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell wall biomass, Earth's most abundant natural resource, holds significant potential for sustainable biofuel production. Composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and other polymers, the plant cell wall provides essential structural support to diverse organisms in nature. In contrast, non-plant species like insects, crustaceans, and fungi rely on chitin as their primary structural polysaccharide. The saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has been widely recognized for its adaptability to various environmental conditions. It achieves this by secreting different cell wall biomass degradation enzymes to obtain essential nutrients. This review compiles a comprehensive collection of cell wall degradation enzymes derived from A. fumigatus, including cellulases, hemicellulases, various chitin degradation enzymes, and other polymer degradation enzymes. Notably, these enzymes exhibit biochemical characteristics such as temperature tolerance or acid adaptability, indicating their potential applications across a spectrum of industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lige Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yunaying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xinke Lou
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Arif S, M’Barek HN, Bekaert B, Aziz MB, Diouri M, Haesaert G, Hajjaj H. Lignocellulolytic Enzymes Production by Four Wild Filamentous Fungi for Olive Stones Valorization: Comparing Three Fermentation Regimens. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:1017-1028. [PMID: 38803105 PMCID: PMC11180923 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2312.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulolytic enzymes play a crucial role in efficiently converting lignocellulose into valuable platform molecules in various industries. However, they are limited by their production yields, costs, and stability. Consequently, their production by producers adapted to local environments and the choice of low-cost raw materials can address these limitations. Due to the large amounts of olive stones (OS) generated in Morocco which are still undervalued, Penicillium crustosum, Fusarium nygamai, Trichoderma capillare, and Aspergillus calidoustus, are cultivated under different fermentation techniques using this by-product as a local lignocellulosic substrate. Based on a multilevel factorial design, their potential to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes during 15 days of dark incubation was evaluated. The results revealed that P. crustosum expressed a maximum total cellulase activity of 10.9 IU/ml under sequential fermentation (SF) and 3.6 IU/ml of β-glucosidase activity under submerged fermentation (SmF). F. nygamai recorded the best laccase activity of 9 IU/ml under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Unlike T. capillare, SF was the inducive culture for the former activity with 7.6 IU/ml. A. calidoustus produced, respectively, 1,009 μg/ml of proteins and 11.5 IU/ml of endoglucanase activity as the best results achieved. Optimum cellulase production took place after the 5th day under SF, while ligninases occurred between the 9th and the 11th days under SSF. This study reports for the first time the lignocellulolytic activities of F. nygamai and A. calidoustus. Furthermore, it underlines the potential of the four fungi as biomass decomposers for environmentally-friendly applications, emphasizing the efficiency of OS as an inducing substrate for enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Arif
- Moulay Ismail University of Meknès, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Valorization, BP 11201, Zitoune Meknes City, Morocco
- Moulay Ismail University of Meknès, Cluster of Competency «Agri-food, Safety and Security» IUC VLIR-UOS, Marjane 2, BP 298, Meknes City, Morocco
| | - Hasna Nait M’Barek
- Moulay Ismail University of Meknès, Cluster of Competency «Agri-food, Safety and Security» IUC VLIR-UOS, Marjane 2, BP 298, Meknes City, Morocco
- Paris-Saclay University, CentraleSupélec, European Center of Biotechnology and Bioeconomy (CEBB) - LGPM, 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110 Pomacle, France
| | - Boris Bekaert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Schoonmeersen - gebouw C 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Ben Aziz
- Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Higher School of Technology, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Bioresources, and Bioinformatics (3BIO), 54000 Khenifra, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Diouri
- Moulay Ismail University of Meknès, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Valorization, BP 11201, Zitoune Meknes City, Morocco
- Moulay Ismail University of Meknès, Cluster of Competency «Agri-food, Safety and Security» IUC VLIR-UOS, Marjane 2, BP 298, Meknes City, Morocco
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Schoonmeersen - gebouw C 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hassan Hajjaj
- Moulay Ismail University of Meknès, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Valorization, BP 11201, Zitoune Meknes City, Morocco
- Moulay Ismail University of Meknès, Cluster of Competency «Agri-food, Safety and Security» IUC VLIR-UOS, Marjane 2, BP 298, Meknes City, Morocco
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Chen X, Liu Y, Guo W, Wang M, Zhao J, Zhang X, Zheng W. The development and nutritional quality of Lyophyllum decastes affected by monochromatic or mixed light provided by light-emitting diode. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1404138. [PMID: 38860159 PMCID: PMC11163063 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1404138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Edible fungi has certain photo-sensitivity during the mushroom emergence stage, but there has been few relevant studies on the responses of Lyophyllum decastes to different light quality. L. decastes were planted in growth chambers with different light qualities that were, respectively, white light (CK), monochromatic red light (R), monochromatic blue light (B), mixed red and blue light (RB), and the mixture of far-red and blue light (FrB). The photo-sensitivity of L. decastes was investigated by analyzing the growth characteristics, nutritional quality, extracellular enzymes as well as the light photoreceptor genes in mushroom exposed to different light treatments. The results showed that R led to mycelium degeneration, fungal skin inactivation and failure of primordial formation in L. decastes. The stipe length, stipe diameter, pileus diameter and the weight of fruiting bodies exposed to RB significantly increased by 8.0, 28.7, 18.3, and 58.2% respectively, compared to the control (p < 0.05). B significantly decreased the stipe length and the weight of fruiting body, with a decrease of 8.5 and 20.2% respectively, compared to the control (p < 0.05). Increased color indicators and deepened simulated color were detected in L. decastes pileus treated with B and FrB in relative to the control. Meanwhile, the expression levels of blue photoreceptor genes such as WC-1, WC-2 and Cry-DASH were significantly up-regulated in mushroom exposed to B and FrB (p < 0.05). Additionally, the contents of crude protein and crude polysaccharide in pileus treated with RB were, respectively, increased by 26.5 and 9.4% compared to the control, while those in stipes increased by 5.3 and 58.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the activities of extracellular enzyme such as cellulase, hemicellulase, laccase, manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and amylase were significant up-regulated in mushroom subjected to RB (p < 0.05), which may promote the degradation of the culture materials. On the whole, the largest volume and weight as well as the highest contents of nutrients were all detected in L. decastes treated with RB. The study provided a theoretical basis for the regulation of light environment in the industrial production of high quality L. decastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Horticultural and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhong Guo
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfei Wang
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuxiao Zhao
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wengang Zheng
- Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Giorgianni A, Zenone A, Sützl L, Csarman F, Ludwig R. Exploring class III cellobiose dehydrogenase: sequence analysis and optimized recombinant expression. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:146. [PMID: 38783303 PMCID: PMC11112829 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an extracellular fungal oxidoreductase with multiple functions in plant biomass degradation. Its primary function as an auxiliary enzyme of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) facilitates the efficient depolymerization of cellulose, hemicelluloses and other carbohydrate-based polymers. The synergistic action of CDH and LPMO that supports biomass-degrading hydrolases holds significant promise to harness renewable resources for the production of biofuels, chemicals, and modified materials in an environmentally sustainable manner. While previous phylogenetic analyses have identified four distinct classes of CDHs, only class I and II have been biochemically characterized so far. RESULTS Following a comprehensive database search aimed at identifying CDH sequences belonging to the so far uncharacterized class III for subsequent expression and biochemical characterization, we have curated an extensive compilation of putative CDH amino acid sequences. A sequence similarity network analysis was used to cluster them into the four distinct CDH classes. A total of 1237 sequences encoding putative class III CDHs were extracted from the network and used for phylogenetic analyses. The obtained phylogenetic tree was used to guide the selection of 11 cdhIII genes for recombinant expression in Komagataella phaffii. A small-scale expression screening procedure identified a promising cdhIII gene originating from the plant pathogen Fusarium solani (FsCDH), which was selected for expression optimization by signal peptide shuffling and subsequent production in a 5-L bioreactor. The purified FsCDH exhibits a UV-Vis spectrum and enzymatic activity similar to other characterized CDH classes. CONCLUSION The successful production and functional characterization of FsCDH proved that class III CDHs are catalytical active enzymes resembling the key properties of class I and class II CDHs. A detailed biochemical characterization based on the established expression and purification strategy can provide new insights into the evolutionary process shaping CDHs and leading to their differentiation into the four distinct classes. The findings have the potential to broaden our understanding of the biocatalytic application of CDH and LPMO for the oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Giorgianni
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Alice Zenone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Leander Sützl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
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Hermann E, Rodrigues CF, Martins LO, Peterbauer C, Oostenbrink C. Engineering A-type Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidases by Modification of a Conserved Glutamate Residue. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300872. [PMID: 38376941 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) are recently identified microbial enzymes that have been used in several Biotechnology applications from wastewater treatment to lignin valorization. However, their properties and mechanism of action still have many open questions. Their heme-containing active site is buried by three conserved flexible loops with a putative role in modulating substrate access and enzyme catalysis. Here, we investigated the role of a conserved glutamate residue in stabilizing interactions in loop 2 of A-type DyPs. First, we did site saturation mutagenesis of this residue, replacing it with all possible amino acids in bacterial DyPs from Bacillus subtilis (BsDyP) and from Kitasatospora aureofaciens (KaDyP1), the latter being characterized here for the first time. We screened the resulting libraries of variants for activity towards ABTS and identified variants with increased catalytic efficiency. The selected variants were purified and characterized for activity and stability. We furthermore used Molecular Dynamics simulations to rationalize the increased catalytic efficiency and found that the main reason is the electron channeling becoming easier from surface-exposed tryptophans. Based on our findings, we also propose that this glutamate could work as a pH switch in the wild-type enzyme, preventing intracellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikö Hermann
- Institute of Food Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department of Material Science and Life Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carolina F Rodrigues
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lígia O Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Clemens Peterbauer
- Institute of Food Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department of Material Science and Life Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Informatics in the Biosciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Waheed A, Chen Y, Rizwan HM, Adnan M, Ma X, Liu G. Genomic characterization and expression profiling of the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases AA9 family in thermophilic fungi Thermothelomyces fergusii in response to carbon source media. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130740. [PMID: 38462117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing enzyme activity and stability in biomass degradation can improve substrate saccharification and, increases biorefinery efficiency. For the first time, we identified 20 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) AA9 genes in the genome of Thermothelomyces fergusii. Our results showed that TfAA9 was categorized into LPMOs1, LPMOs2, and LPMOs3 subgroups based on protein diversity. Protein- 3D structure analysis showed strong interactions between Myceliophthora thermophila AA9 proteins and 17 TfAA9 proteins. Gene ontology analysis indicated a high enrichment of cellulase activity in TfAA9 genes. KEGG pathways analysis revealed the role of TfAA9 proteins in the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose. Numerous TfAA9s gene transcripts were up-regulated on avicel, cellobiose, and glucose, with a higher proportion on avicel. Protein concentration, endoglucanase, and cellulase activity were also boosted on avicel. However, limited fungal biomass was observed on avicel, despite the abundance of AA9 LPMOs in the T. fergusii genome. These findings expand our understanding of fungal AA9 genes and their role in lignocellulolytic degradation. The disparity between biomass and enzymatic activity suggests screening TfAA9 genes for highly active enzymes and redundant genes via heterologous expression. In short, functional characterization of these genes could contribute to improving the saccharification process of industrial raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xuekun Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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9
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Xia Y, Wang W, Wei Y, Guo C, Song S, Cai S, Miao Y. Clustered surface amino acid residues modulate the acid stability of GH10 xylanase in fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:216. [PMID: 38363378 PMCID: PMC10873454 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Acidic xylanases are widely used in industries such as biofuels, animal feeding, and fruit juice clarification due to their tolerance to acidic environments. However, the factors controlling their acid stability, especially in GH10 xylanases, are only partially understood. In this study, we identified a series of thermostable GH10 xylanases with optimal temperatures ranging from 70 to 90 °C, and among these, five enzymes (Xyn10C, Xyn10RE, Xyn10TC, Xyn10BS, and Xyn10PC) exhibited remarkable stability at pH 2.0. Our statistical analysis highlighted several factors contributing to the acid stability of GH10 xylanases, including electrostatic repulsion, π-π stacking, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals interactions. Furthermore, through mutagenesis studies, we uncovered that acid stability is influenced by a complex interplay of amino acid residues. The key amino acid sites determining the acid stability of GH10 xylanases were thus elucidated, mainly concentrated in two surface regions behind the enzyme active center. Notably, the critical residues associated with acid stability markedly enhanced Xyn10RE's thermostability by more than sixfold, indicating a potential acid-thermal interplay in GH10 xylanases. This study not only reported a series of valuable genes but also provided a range of modification targets for enhancing the acid stability of GH10 xylanases. KEY POINTS: • Five acid stable and thermostable GH10 xylanases were reported. • The key amino acid sites, mainly forming two enriched surface regions behind the enzyme active center, were identified responsible for acid stability of GH10 xylanases. • The finding revealed interactive amino acid sites, offering a pathway for synergistic enhancement of both acid stability and thermostability in GH10 xylanase modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Xia
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yaning Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chuanxu Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sisi Song
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Youzhi Miao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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10
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Andrade VB, Tomazetto G, Almeida DV, Tramontina R, Squina FM, Garcia W. Enzymatic and biophysical characterization of a novel modular cellulosomal GH5 endoglucanase multifunctional from the anaerobic gut fungus Piromyces finnis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2024; 1872:140963. [PMID: 37690538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellulases from anaerobic fungi are enzymes less-studied biochemically and structurally than cellulases from bacteria and aerobic fungi. Currently, only thirteen GH5 cellulases from anaerobic fungi were biochemically characterized and two crystal structures were reported. In this context, here, we report the functional and biophysical characterization of a novel multi-modular cellulosomal GH5 endoglucanase from the anaerobic gut fungus Piromyces finnis (named here PfGH5). Multiple sequences alignments indicate that PfGH5 is composed of a GH5 catalytic domain and a CBM1 carbohydrate-binding module connected through a CBM10 dockerin module. Our results showed that PfGH5 is an endoglucanase from anaerobic fungus with a large spectrum of activity. PfGH5 exhibited preference for hydrolysis of oat β-glucan, followed by galactomannan, carboxymethyl cellulose, mannan, lichenan and barley β-glucan, therefore displaying multi-functionality. For oat β-glucan, PfGH5 reaches its optimum enzymatic activity at 40 °C and pH 5.5, with Km of 7.1 μM. Ion exchange chromatography analyzes revealed the production of oligosaccharides with a wide degree of polymerization indicated that PfGH5 has endoglucanase activity. The ability to bind and cleave different types of carbohydrates evidence the potential of PfGH5 for use in biotechnology and provide a useful basis for future investigation and application of new anaerobic fungi enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Brito Andrade
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Geizecler Tomazetto
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering (BCE), Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dnane Vieira Almeida
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson Tramontina
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms (LEBIMO), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais, Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Marcio Squina
- Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais, Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Wanius Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Santos Gomes MMOD, Nicodemos IS, Costa Silva MD, Santos DMRCD, Santos Costa F, Franco M, Pereira HJV. Optimization of enzymatic saccharification of industrial wastes using a thermostable and halotolerant endoglucanase through Box-Behnken experimental design. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:1-11. [PMID: 37071540 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2201936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the production, characterization and application of an endoglucanase from Penicillium roqueforti using lignocellulosic agro-industrial wastes as the substrate during solid-state fermentation. The endoglucanase was generated after culturing with different agro-industrial wastes for 96 h without any pretreatment. The highest activity was obtained at 50 °C and pH 4.0. Additionally, the enzyme showed stability in the temperature and pH ranges of 40-80 °C and 4.0-5.0, respectively. The addition of Ca2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+ increased enzymatic activity. Halotolerance as a characteristic of the enzyme was confirmed when its activity increased by 35% on addition of 2 M NaCl. The endoglucanase saccharified sugarcane bagasse, coconut shell, wheat bran, cocoa fruit shell, and cocoa seed husk. The Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize fermentable sugar production by evaluating the following parameters: time, substrate, and enzyme concentration. Under ideal conditions, 253.19 mg/g of fermentable sugars were obtained following the saccharification of wheat bran, which is 41.5 times higher than that obtained without optimizing. This study presents a thermostable, halotolerant endoglucanase that is resistant to metal ions and organic solvents with the potential to be applied in producing fermentable sugars for manufacturing biofuels from agro-industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monizy da Costa Silva
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Franco
- Department of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
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12
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Lock TJ, Mah SH, Lai ZW. Versatile Applications of Brewer's Spent Grain: Solid-State Fermentation and Nutritional Added Value. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04769-3. [PMID: 37971579 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a major by-product in the beer-brewing process which contributes to 85% of the entire generated by-product in the brewing process. BSG is rich in proteins, and most of the malt proteins (74-78%) remain insoluble in BSG after the mashing process. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a promising bioprocess that enables microorganisms to survive in environments with minimal water and has shown to enhance the nutritional composition of BSG. In this review, the potential application of protein, amino acids (proline, threonine, and serine), phenolic contents, and soluble sugars (glucose, fructose, xylose, arabinose, and cellobiose) extracted from BSG by various microorganisms using SSF is explored. Incorporation of BSG into animal feed, human diets, and as a substrate for microorganisms are the prospects that could be implemented in the industrial scale. This review also discussed various advances to improve the fermentation yield such as symbiotic fermentation, the addition of nitrogen supplements, and an optimal mixture of the agro-industrial waste substrate. Future perspectives on SSF are also addressed to provide important ideas for immediate and future studies. However, challenges include optimizing SSF conditions and design of bioreactors, and operational costs must be addressed in the future to overcome current obstacles. Overall, this mini review highlights the potential benefits of BSG utilization and SSF in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jenq Lock
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Siau Hui Mah
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Zee Wei Lai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
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13
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Lagunes-Reyes M, Sánchez JE, Andrade-Gallegos RH, Gutiérrez-Hernández RF, Camacho-Morales RL. Biodegradation of agave Comiteco bagasse by Pleurotus spp.: a source of cellulases useful in hydrolytic treatment to produce reducing sugars. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:356. [PMID: 37814639 PMCID: PMC10560175 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the production parameters of five strains of Pleurotus spp. during their cultivation on agave Comiteco bagasse, as well as the feasibility of using cellulolytic extracts to produce reducing sugars in the same bagasse. After cultivation, the basidiome production parameters varied between 41.2 and 65.7% (biological efficiency), 0.17 and 0.30 (yield), 0.60 and 0.90% (production rate), 16.4 and 41.1% (Bioconversion) and 9.4 and 21.3 g (mean mushroom weight). At day 15 of growth, P. djamor showed the highest β-glucosidase activity (43.95 ± 4.5 IU/g); on day 33. The same strain had the highest endoglucanase activity (21.12 ± 0.5 IU/ml). Both extracts were partially purified, and the kinetic parameters Vmax and Km were estimated (20.83 µmole/ml sec and 232.01 µmole/ml for β-glucosidase and 685.01 µmole/ml sec and 1,240.34 µmole/ml for endoglucanase). In the enzymatic hydrolysis assay, the highest concentration of reducing sugars (43.13 ± 1.09 g/L; 0.21 g/g bagasse) was obtained by a mixture of the two partially purified extracts acting synergistically after 48 h and with a pH adjustment. The results suggest that the use of agave Comiteco bagasse for cultivating edible mushrooms while obtaining cellulolytic extracts is an alternative treatment for waste reduction and valorization of agro-industrial by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lagunes-Reyes
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carr. Antiguo Aeropuerto km 2.5, 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas Mexico
| | - José E Sánchez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carr. Antiguo Aeropuerto km 2.5, 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas Mexico
| | | | - Rubén F. Gutiérrez-Hernández
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Tapachula, Tecnológico Nacional de México, 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas Mexico
| | - Reyna L. Camacho-Morales
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Álvaro Obregón s/n, Nueva, 21100 Mexicali, BC Mexico
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14
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Xu W, Ren Y, Xia Y, Liu L, Meng X, Chen G, Zhang W, Liu W. A novel transcriptional repressor specifically regulates xylanase gene 1 in Trichoderma reesei. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:161. [PMID: 37891680 PMCID: PMC10612264 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The well-known industrial fungus Trichoderma reesei has an excellent capability of secreting a large amount of cellulases and xylanases. The induced expression of cellulase and xylanase genes is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level. However, compared to the intensive studies on the intricate regulatory mechanism of cellulase genes, efforts to understand how xylanase genes are regulated are relatively limited, which impedes the further improvement of xylanase production by T. reesei via rational strain engineering. RESULTS To identify transcription factors involved in regulating xylanase gene expression in T. reesei, yeast one-hybrid screen was performed based on the promoters of two major extracellular xylanase genes xyn1 and xyn2. A putative transcription factor named XTR1 showing significant binding capability to the xyn1 promoter but not that of xyn2, was successfully isolated. Deletion of xtr1 significantly increased the transcriptional level of xyn1, but only exerted a minor promoting effect on that of xyn2. The xylanase activity was increased by ~ 50% with XTR1 elimination but the cellulase activity was hardly affected. Subcellular localization analysis of XTR1 fused to a green fluorescence protein demonstrated that XTR1 is a nuclear protein. Further analyses revealed the precise binding site of XTR1 and nucleotides critical for the binding within the xyn1 promoter. Moreover, competitive EMSAs indicated that XTR1 competes with the essential transactivator XYR1 for binding to the xyn1 promoter. CONCLUSIONS XTR1 represents a new transcriptional repressor specific for controlling xylanase gene expression. Isolation and functional characterization of this new factor not only contribute to further understanding the stringent regulatory network of xylanase genes, but also provide important clues for boosting xylanase biosynthesis in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Lishan Biotechnology Co., LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Yajing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
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15
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Passoth V, Brandenburg J, Chmielarz M, Martín-Hernández GC, Nagaraj Y, Müller B, Blomqvist J. Oleaginous yeasts for biochemicals, biofuels and food from lignocellulose-hydrolysate and crude glycerol. Yeast 2023; 40:290-302. [PMID: 36597618 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial lipids produced from lignocellulose and crude glycerol (CG) can serve as sustainable alternatives to vegetable oils, whose production is, in many cases, accompanied by monocultures, land use changes or rain forest clearings. Our projects aim to understand the physiology of microbial lipid production by oleaginous yeasts, optimise the production and establish novel applications of microbial lipid compounds. We have established methods for fermentation and intracellular lipid quantification. Following the kinetics of lipid accumulation in different strains, we found high variability in lipid formation even between very closely related oleaginous yeast strains on both, wheat straw hydrolysate and CG. For example, on complete wheat straw hydrolysate, we saw that one Rhodotorula glutinis strain, when starting assimilating D-xylosealso assimilated the accumulated lipids, while a Rhodotorula babjevae strain could accumulate lipids on D-xylose. Two strains (Rhodotorula toruloides CBS 14 and R. glutinis CBS 3044) were found to be the best out of 27 tested to accumulate lipids on CG. Interestingly, the presence of hemicellulose hydrolysate stimulated glycerol assimilation in both strains. Apart from microbial oil, R. toruloides also produces carotenoids. The first attempts of extraction using the classical acetone-based method showed that β-carotene is the major carotenoid. However, there are indications that there are also substantial amounts of torulene and torularhodin, which have a very high potential as antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Passoth
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jule Brandenburg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Klinisk Mikrobiologi Falun, Falun Lasarett, Falun, Sweden
| | - Mikołaj Chmielarz
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Yashaswini Nagaraj
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bettina Müller
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Blomqvist
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Wang M, Hu Q, Huang J, Zhang F, Yao Z, Shao S, Zhao X, Liang T. In Situ Formed ROS-Responsive Hydrogel with STING Agonist and Gemcitabine to Intensify Immunotherapy against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203264. [PMID: 36971070 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, the most revolutionary anticancer strategy, faces major obstacles in yielding desirable outcomes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) due to the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Meanwhile, when used alone, the traditional first-line chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine (GEM) in PDAC treatment is also insufficient to achieve lasting efficacy. In this study, a reactive oxygen species degradable hydrogel system, denoted as GEM-STING@Gel, is engineered to codeliver gemcitabine and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist DMXAA (5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid) into the tumor site. In this work, the strategy addresses the major challenges of current immunotherapies with a facile platform, which can synergistically activate innate immunity and promote the cytotoxic T lymphocytes infiltration at the tumor site, thereby modulating the immunosuppressive TME. Further, the efficient therapeutic potency of the immunotherapy is confirmed in an orthotopic postsurgical model, unleashing the translational potential to prevent tumor recurrence after surgical resection. This study underscores the advantages of this integrative strategy that combines chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and biomaterial-based hydrogel, including improved therapeutic efficacy, operational convenience, and superior biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qida Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Junming Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Fu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhuo Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shiyi Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Research Center for Healthcare Data Science, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121, China
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17
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Liu S, Zhang M, Hong D, Fang Z, Xiao Y, Fang W, Zhang X. Improving the cellobiose hydrolysis activity of glucose-stimulating β-glucosidase Bgl2A. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 169:110289. [PMID: 37473697 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases with high catalytic activity and glucose tolerant properties possess promising applications in lignocellulose-based industries. To obtain enzymes possessing these properties, a semi-rational strategy was employed to engineer the glucose-stimulating β-glucosidase Bgl2A for high cellobiose hydrolysis activity. A total of 18 mutants were constructed. A22S, V224D, and A22S/V224D exhibited high specific activities of 272.06, 237.60, and 239.29 U/mg toward cellobiose, which were 2.5- to 2.8-fold of Bgl2A. A22S, V224D, and A22S/V224D exhibited increased kcat values, which were 2.7- to 3.1-fold of Bgl2A. A22S and V224D maintained glucose-stimulating property, whereas A22S/V224D lost it. Using 150 g/L cellobiose as the substrate, the amount of glucose produced by A22S was the highest, yielding 129.70 g/L glucose after 3 h reaction at 35 °C. The synergistic effects of the engineered enzymes with commercial cellulase on hydrolyzing cellulose were investigated. Supplemented with the commercial cellulase and A22S, the highest glucose amount of 23.30 g/L was yielded from cellulose with hydrolysis rate of 21.02 %. Given its high cellobiose hydrolysis activity and glucose-stimulating properties, A22S can be used as a component of enzyme cocktail to match mesophilic cellulases for efficient cellulose hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifeng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Dengwang Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Wei Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Xuecheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis; Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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18
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Rehman F, Sajjad M, Akhtar MW. Orientation of Cel5A and Xyn10B in a fusion construct is important in facilitating synergistic degradation of plant biomass polysaccharides. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:274-281. [PMID: 36828688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
One approach to achieve efficient and economical saccharification of plant biomass would be using thermostable and multifunctional enzymes from hyperthermophiles such as Thermotoga maritima. Thus, the bifunctional constructs, Cel5A-Xyn10B and Xyn10B-Cel5A, were produced by fusing cellulase Cel5A at the N- and C-terminals of xylanase Xyn10B, respectively. The Cel5A-Xyn10B fusion construct showed cellulase activity of 1483 U μmol-1 against carboxymethyl cellulose, which was nearly the same as that of Cel5A in the free form. However, xylanase activity of this construct increased by 2-fold against beechwood xylan as compared to that of Xyn10B in free form. The synergistic effect between Cel5A and Xyn10B in the form of Cel5A-Xyn10B fusion resulted an overall increase in the release of reducing sugars. However, Xyn10B-Cel5A showed about 60% decrease in activities of both the component enzymes as compared to their activities in the free form. Both the fusion constructs were active in a wide range of pH from 4.0 to 9.0 and temperatures from 50 to 90 °C. Nearly 80% of cellulase and xylanase activities were retained in Cel5A-Xyn10B fusion after incubation at 60 °C for 1 h. Secondary structures of the component enzymes were retained in the Cel5A-Xyn10B fusion as observed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Docking and simulation studies suggested that the enhanced xylanase activity in Cel5A-Xyn10B was due to the high binding energy, favorable orientation of the active sites, as well as relative positioning of the active site residues of Cel5A and Xyn10B in closer vicinity, which facilitated the substrate channeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Rehman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waheed Akhtar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590, Pakistan.
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19
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Cellulose-degrading enzymes: key players in biorefinery development. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Shinde R, Shahi DK, Mahapatra P, Naik SK, Thombare N, Singh AK. Potential of lignocellulose degrading microorganisms for agricultural residue decomposition in soil: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115843. [PMID: 36056484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic crop residues (LCCRs) hold a significant share of the terrestrial biomass, estimated at 5 billion Mg per annum globally. A massive amount of these LCCRs are burnt in many countries resulting in immense environmental pollution; hence, its proper disposal in a cost-effective and eco-friendly manner is a significant challenge. Among the different options for management of LCCRs, the use of lignocellulose degrading microorganisms (LCDMOs), like fungi and bacteria, has emerged as an eco-friendly and effective way for its on-site disposal. LCDMOs achieve degradation through various mechanisms, including multiple supportive enzymes, causing oxidative attacks by which recalcitrance of lignocellulose material is reduced, paving the way to further activity by depolymerizing enzymes. This improves the physical properties of soil, recycles plant nutrients, promotes plant growth and thus helps improve productivity. Rapid and proper microbial degradation may be achieved through the correct combination of the LCDMOs, supplementing nutrients and controlling different factors affecting microbial activity in the field. The review is a critical discussion of previous studies revealing the potential of individuals or a set of LCDMOs, factors controlling the rate of degradation and the key researchable areas for better understanding of the role of these decomposers for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Shinde
- ICAR- Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, 834010, Jharkhand, India.
| | | | | | - Sushanta Kumar Naik
- ICAR- Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, 834010, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nandkishore Thombare
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Natural Resin and Gums, Ranchi, 834010, Jharkhand, India
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- ICAR- Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, 834010, Jharkhand, India
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Vasiliauskienė D, Boris R, Balčiūnas G, Kairytė A, Urbonavičius J. Impact of Cellulolytic Fungi on Biodegradation of Hemp Shives and Corn Starch-Based Composites with Different Flame-Retardants. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091830. [PMID: 36144432 PMCID: PMC9503418 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocomposite boards (BcBs) composed of hemp shives and corn starch are known as thermal insulating or structural building materials. Therefore, they must be stable during exploitation. However, BcBs are exposed to microorganisms present in the environment, and it is of great interest to investigate the biodegradation behaviour of these materials. This work identified microorganisms growing on BcBs that contain either Flovan CGN or expandable graphite as flame retardants and selected fungi such as Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus fumigatus to test the way they affect the materials of interest. For this purpose, the enzymatic activity of cellulases and amylases produced by these organisms were determined. In addition, the apparent density as well as compressive strength of the affected boards were evaluated. The results showed that apparent density and compressive strength deteriorated in BcB composition with the Flovan CGN flame retardant. At the same time, the level of deterioration was lower when the expandable graphite was used, suggesting that it also acts as an antimicrobial agent. A scanning electronic microscopy analysis was employed to monitor the growth of microorganisms in the BcBs. Such analysis demonstrated that, regardless of BcB composition, fungi easily penetrate into the middle layers of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovilė Vasiliauskienė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Renata Boris
- Laboratory of Composite Materials, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Giedrius Balčiūnas
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jaunius Urbonavičius
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5274-4840
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22
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Antoniêto ACC, Nogueira KMV, Mendes V, Maués DB, Oshiquiri LH, Zenaide-Neto H, de Paula RG, Gaffey J, Tabatabaei M, Gupta VK, Silva RN. Use of carbohydrate-directed enzymes for the potential exploitation of sugarcane bagasse to obtain value-added biotechnological products. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:456-471. [PMID: 36070819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, are crucial players in the production of enzymatic cocktails for biomass hydrolysis or the bioconversion of plant biomass into products with industrial relevance. The biotechnology industry can exploit lignocellulosic biomass for the production of high-value chemicals. The generation of biotechnological products from lignocellulosic feedstock presents several bottlenecks, including low efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis, high cost of enzymes, and limitations on microbe metabolic performance. Genetic engineering offers a route for developing improved microbial strains for biotechnological applications in high-value product biosynthesis. Sugarcane bagasse, for example, is an agro-industrial waste that is abundantly produced in sugar and first-generation processing plants. Here, we review the potential conversion of its feedstock into relevant industrial products via microbial production and discuss the advances that have been made in improving strains for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cristina Campos Antoniêto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Karoline Maria Vieira Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - David Batista Maués
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Harumi Oshiquiri
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Hermano Zenaide-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Renato Graciano de Paula
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES 29047-105, Brazil
| | - James Gaffey
- Circular Bioeconomy Research Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technological University, Kerry, Ireland; BiOrbic, Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Center for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
| | - Roberto Nascimento Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.
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X-Ray Scattering Reveals Two Mechanisms of Cellulose Microfibril Degradation by Filamentous Fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0099522. [PMID: 35997493 PMCID: PMC9469724 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00995-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) employ enzymatic and nonenzymatic cellulose degradation mechanisms, the latter presumably relying on Fenton-generated radicals. The effects of the two mechanisms on the cellulose microfibrils structure remain poorly understood. We examined cellulose degradation caused by litter decomposers and wood decomposers, including brown-rot and white-rot fungi and one fungus with uncertain wood decay type, by combining small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. We also examined the effects of commercial enzymes and Fenton-generated radicals on cellulose using the same method. We detected two main degradation or modification mechanisms. The first characterized the mechanism used by most fungi and resembled enzymatic cellulose degradation, causing simultaneous microfibril thinning and decreased crystalline cellulose. The second mechanism was detected in one brown-rot fungus and one litter decomposer and was characterized by patchy amorphogenesis of crystalline cellulose without substantial thinning of the fibers. This pattern did not resemble the effect of Fenton-generated radicals, suggesting a more complex mechanism is involved in the destruction of cellulose crystallinity by fungi. Furthermore, our results showed a mismatch between decay classifications and cellulose degradation patterns and that even within litter decomposers two degradation mechanisms were found, suggesting higher functional diversity under current ecological classifications of fungi. IMPORTANCE Cellulose degradation by fungi plays a fundamental role in terrestrial carbon cycling, but the mechanisms by which fungi cope with the crystallinity of cellulose are not fully understood. We used X-ray scattering to analyze how fungi, a commercial enzyme mix, and a Fenton reaction-generated radical alter the crystalline structure of cellulose. Our data revealed two mechanisms involved in crystalline cellulose degradation by fungi: one that results in the thinning of the cellulose fibers, resembling the enzymatic degradation of cellulose, and one that involves amorphogenesis of crystalline cellulose by yet-unknown pathways, resulting in a patchy-like degradation pattern. These results pave the way to a deeper understanding of cellulose degradation and the development of novel ways to utilize crystalline cellulose.
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24
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Luo H, Liu X, Yu D, Yuan J, Tan J, Li H. Research Progress on Lignocellulosic Biomass Degradation Catalyzed by Enzymatic Nanomaterials. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200566. [PMID: 35862657 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose biomass (LCB) has extensive applications in many fields such as bioenergy, food, medicines, and raw materials for producing value-added products. One of the keys to efficient utilization of LCB is to obtain directly available oligo- and monomers (e.g., glucose). With the characteristics of easy recovery and separation, high efficiency, economy, and environmental protection, immobilized enzymes have been developed as heterogeneous catalysts to degrade LCB effectively. In this review, applications and mechanisms of LCB-degrading enzymes are discussed, and the nanomaterials and methods used to immobilize enzymes are also discussed. Finally, the research progress of lignocellulose biodegradation catalyzed by nano-enzymes was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Luo
- Guiyang University, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, CHINA
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Guiyang University, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, CHINA
| | - Dayong Yu
- Guiyang University, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, CHINA
| | - Junfa Yuan
- Guizhou University, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, CHINA
| | - Jinyu Tan
- Guizhou University, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, CHINA
| | - Hu Li
- Guizhou University, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Huaxi Street, 550025, Guiyang, CHINA
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25
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Extracellular Enzyme of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ziziphus spina Leaves as Medicinal Plant. Int J Biomater 2022; 2022:2135927. [PMID: 35845475 PMCID: PMC9279100 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2135927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi live inside plants or any part of them without creating any visible pathogenic signs. Endophytic fungi are found within medicinal plants and have shown strong biologic activity, such as anticancer and antioxidant activities, as well as producing extracellular enzymes. In this study, different fungal strains were isolated from the leaves of the medicinal plant Ziziphus spina, including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp., Rhizopus sp., and Mucor sp. Extracellular enzymes have been quantified using agar plate-based methods in which fungi were grown in specified growth media to detect the enzymes produced. The results showed that A. niger has the highest ability to produce amylase, Cladosporium sp. has the highest ability to produce protease and pectinase, Rhizopus and Mucor sp. have the highest ability to produce cellulase, and A. niger and Cladosporium sp. have the same ability to produce lipase and laccase. The ability of medicinal plant endophytic fungi to produce extracellular enzymes has great therapeutic potential in clinical microbiology. Some of the isolates showed great activity in secreting particular enzymes, indicating that the enzymes of these fungi could be used in a variety of applications.
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26
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Xia Y, Wang J, Guo C, Xu H, Wang W, Yang M, Shen Q, Zhang R, Miao Y. Exploring the multi-level regulation of lignocellulases in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU4742 from an omics perspective. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:144. [PMID: 35842666 PMCID: PMC9288086 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi are highly efficient at deconstructing plant biomass by secreting a variety of enzymes, but the complex enzymatic regulation underlying this process is not conserved and remains unclear. RESULTS In this study, cellulases and xylanases could specifically respond to Avicel- and xylan-induction, respectively, in lignocellulose-degrading strain Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU4742, however, the differentially regulated cellulases and xylanases were both under the absolute control of the same TgXyr1-mediated pathway. Further analysis showed that Avicel could specifically induce cellulase expression, which supported the existence of an unknown specific regulator of cellulases in strain NJAU4742. The xylanase secretion is very complex, GH10 endoxylanases could only be induced by Avicel, while, other major xylanases were significantly induced by both Avicel and xylan. For GH10 xylanases, an unknown specific regulator was also deduced to exist. Meanwhile, the post-transcriptional inhibition was subsequently suggested to stop the Avicel-induced xylanases secretion, which explained the specifically high xylanase activities when induced by xylan in strain NJAU4742. Additionally, an economical strategy used by strain NJAU4742 was proposed to sense the environmental lignocellulose under the carbon starvation condition, that only slightly activating 4 lignocellulose-degrading genes before largely secreting all 33 TgXyr1-controlled lignocellulases if confirming the existence of lignocellulose components. CONCLUSIONS This study, aiming to explore the unknown mechanisms of plant biomass-degrading enzymes regulation through the combined omics analysis, will open directions for in-depth understanding the complex carbon utilization in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Xia
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfan Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxu Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Youzhi Miao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Wan Mohtar WHM, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Zahuri AA, Ibrahim MF, Show PL, Ilham Z, Jamaludin AA, Abdul Patah MF, Ahmad Usuldin SR, Rowan N. Role of ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi in meeting established and emerging sustainability opportunities: a review. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14903-14935. [PMID: 37105672 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2184785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal biomass is the future's feedstock. Non-septate Ascomycetes and septate Basidiomycetes, famously known as mushrooms, are sources of fungal biomass. Fungal biomass, which on averagely comprises about 34% protein and 45% carbohydrate, can be cultivated in bioreactors to produce affordable, safe, nontoxic, and consistent biomass quality. Fungal-based technologies are seen as attractive, safer alternatives, either substituting or complementing the existing standard technology. Water and wastewater treatment, food and feed, green technology, innovative designs in buildings, enzyme technology, potential health benefits, and wealth production are the key sectors that successfully reported high-efficiency performances of fungal applications. This paper reviews the latest technical know-how, methods, and performance of fungal adaptation in those sectors. Excellent performance was reported indicating high potential for fungi utilization, particularly in the sectors, yet to be utilized and improved on the existing fungal-based applications. The expansion of fungal biomass in the industrial-scale application for the sustainability of earth and human well-being is in line with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Environmental Management Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Research Institutes and Industry Centres, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, MidlandsMidwest, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Afnan Ahmadi Zahuri
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Zul Ilham
- Environmental Science and Management Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin
- Environmental Science and Management Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Rokhiyah Ahmad Usuldin
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Agro-Biotechnology Institute, Malaysia, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Neil Rowan
- Research Institutes and Industry Centres, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, MidlandsMidwest, Westmeath, Ireland
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Areeshi MY. Microbial cellulase production using fruit wastes and its applications in biofuels production. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 378:109814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Seddouk L, Jamai L, Tazi K, Ettayebi M, Alaoui-Mhamdi M, Aleya L, Janati-Idrissi A. Isolation and characterization of a mesophilic cellulolytic endophyte Preussia africana from Juniperus oxycedrus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45589-45600. [PMID: 35146609 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant Juniperus oxycedrus is less recognized for the diversity of its fungal endophytes and their potential to produce extracellular enzymes. The present study is the first report on the isolation and identification of a mesophilic endophytic strain JO-A, Preussia africana, from fresh stems of the J. oxycedrus endemic tree in the Ifrane region-Morocco, and the evaluation of its ability to produce cellulases. A one-time multi-parameter one-factor screening was optimized to select factors that enhance cellulase production in P. africana. The maximum production of both CMCase and FPase activities were 1.913 IU.mL-1 and 0.885 IU.mL-1, respectively, when the medium was supplemented with 2% w/v glucose. These remarkable titers were tenfold greater than those obtained under the initial non-optimized conditions. This mesophilic P. africana JO-A strain grows and actively produces cellulases at 37 °C demonstrating its great potential for various biotechnology applications. The cellulolytic extract showed the highest enzymatic activities at pH 5.0 and 50 °C with a half-life of 24 h at 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Seddouk
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences DM, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 1796 Atlas, Fez, Morocco
| | - Latifa Jamai
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences DM, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 1796 Atlas, Fez, Morocco
| | - Karima Tazi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences DM, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 1796 Atlas, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ettayebi
- The Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammed Alaoui-Mhamdi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences DM, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 1796 Atlas, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- CNRS 6249-Université de Franche-Comté, 16, route de Gray F-25030, Besançon cedex, France
| | - Abellatif Janati-Idrissi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences DM, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 1796 Atlas, Fez, Morocco
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30
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Endophytic fungi: a potential source of industrial enzyme producers. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:86. [PMID: 35273898 PMCID: PMC8894535 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial enzymes have gained interest for their widespread use in various industries and medicine due to their stability, ease of production, and optimization. Endophytic fungi in plant tissues produce a wide range of secondary metabolites and enzymes, which exhibit a variety of biological activities. The present review illustrates promising applications of enzymes produced by endophytic fungi and discusses the characteristic features of the enzymes, application of the endophytic fungal enzymes in therapeutics, agriculture, food, and biofuel industries. Endophytic fungi producing ligninolytic enzymes have possible biotechnological applications in lignocellulosic biorefineries. The global market of industrially important enzymes, challenges, and future prospects are illustrated. However, the commercialization of endophytic fungal enzymes for industrial purposes is yet to be explored. The present review suggests that endophytic fungi can produce various enzymes and may become a novel source for upscaling the production of enzymes of industrial use.
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31
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Igbokwe VC, Ezugworie FN, Onwosi CO, Aliyu GO, Obi CJ. Biochemical biorefinery: A low-cost and non-waste concept for promoting sustainable circular bioeconomy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114333. [PMID: 34952394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The transition from a fossil-based linear economy to a circular bioeconomy is no longer an option but rather imperative, given worldwide concerns about the depletion of fossil resources and the demand for innovative products that are ecocompatible. As a critical component of sustainable development, this discourse has attracted wide attention at the regional and international levels. Biorefinery is an indispensable technology to implement the blueprint of the circular bioeconomy. As a low-cost, non-waste innovative concept, the biorefinery concept will spur a myriad of new economic opportunities across a wide range of sectors. Consequently, scaling up biorefinery processes is of the essence. Despite several decades of research and development channeled into upscaling biorefinery processes, the commercialization of biorefinery technology appears unrealizable. In this review, challenges limiting the commercialization of biorefinery technologies are discussed, with a particular focus on biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials. To counteract these challenges, various process intensification strategies such as consolidated bioprocessing, integrated biorefinery configurations, the use of highly efficient bioreactors, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, have been explored. This study also includes an overview of biomass pretreatment-generated inhibitory compounds as platform chemicals to produce other essential biocommodities. There is a detailed examination of the technological, economic, and environmental considerations of a sustainable biorefinery. Finally, the prospects for establishing a viable circular bioeconomy in Nigeria are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Igbokwe
- Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64012, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Flora N Ezugworie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwudi O Onwosi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Godwin O Aliyu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinonye J Obi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Xu W, Fang Y, Ding M, Ren Y, Meng X, Chen G, Zhang W, Liu W. Elimination of the Sugar Transporter GAT1 Increased Xylanase I Production in Trichoderma reesei. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:810066. [PMID: 35154055 PMCID: PMC8825865 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.810066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei secretes large quantities of cellulases and hemicellulases that have found wide applications in industry. Compared with extensive studies on the mechanism controlling cellulase gene expression, less is known about the regulatory mechanism behind xylanase gene expression. Herein, several putative sugar transporter encoding genes that showed significant upregulation on xylan were identified in T. reesei. Deletion of one such gene, gat1, resulted in increased xylanase production but hardly affected cellulase induction. Further analyses demonstrated that deletion of gat1 markedly increased XYNI production at the transcriptional level and only exerted a minor effect on XYNII synthesis. In contrast, overexpressing gat1 caused a continuous decrease in xyn1 expression. Deletion of gat1 also affected the expression of xyn1 and pectinase genes when T. reesei was cultivated with galacturonic acid as the sole carbon source. Transcriptome analyses of Δgat1 and its parental strain identified 255 differentially expressed genes that are enriched in categories of glycoside hydrolases, lipid metabolism, transporters, and transcriptional factors. The results thus implicate a repressive role of the sugar transporter GAT1 in xyn1 expression and reveal that distinct regulatory mechanisms may exist in controlling the expression of different xylanase genes in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingyang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yajing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Sagarika MS, Parameswaran C, Senapati A, Barala J, Mitra D, Prabhukarthikeyan SR, Kumar A, Nayak AK, Panneerselvam P. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) producing microbes: A novel approach for rapid recycling of agricultural wastes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150451. [PMID: 34607097 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Out of the huge quantity of agricultural wastes produced globally, rice straw is one of the most abundant ligno-cellulosic waste. For efficient utilization of these wastes, several cost-effective biological processes are available. The practice of field level in-situ or ex-situ decomposition of rice straw is having less degree of adoption due to its poor decomposition ability within a short time span between rice harvest and sowing of the next crop. Agricultural wastes including rice straw are in general utilized by using lignocellulose degrading microbes for industrial metabolite or compost production. However, bioconversion of crystalline cellulose and lignin present in the waste, into simple molecules is a challenging task. To resolve this issue, researchers have identified a novel new generation microbial enzyme i.e., lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and reported that the combination of LPMOs with other glycolytic enzymes are found efficient. This review explains the progress made in LPMOs and their role in lignocellulose bioconversion and the possibility of exploring LPMOs producers for rapid decomposition of agricultural wastes. Also, it provides insights to identify the knowledge gaps in improving the potential of the existing ligno-cellulolytic microbial consortium for efficient utilization of agricultural wastes at industrial and field levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahapatra Smruthi Sagarika
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India; Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492012, India
| | | | - Ansuman Senapati
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
| | - Jatiprasad Barala
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
| | - Debasis Mitra
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
| | | | - Anjani Kumar
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
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Lee AC, Ibrahim MF, Abd‐Aziz S. Lignin‐Degrading Enzymes. BIOREFINERY OF OIL PRODUCING PLANTS FOR VALUE‐ADDED PRODUCTS 2022:179-198. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527830756.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Naeem M, Manzoor S, Abid MUH, Tareen MBK, Asad M, Mushtaq S, Ehsan N, Amna D, Xu B, Hazafa A. Fungal Proteases as Emerging Biocatalysts to Meet the Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Biomedical Therapies: An Updated Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:109. [PMID: 35205863 PMCID: PMC8875690 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing world population, demand for industrialization has also increased to fulfill humans' living standards. Fungi are considered a source of essential constituents to produce the biocatalytic enzymes, including amylases, proteases, lipases, and cellulases that contain broad-spectrum industrial and emerging applications. The present review discussed the origin, nature, mechanism of action, emerging aspects of genetic engineering for designing novel proteases, genome editing of fungal strains through CRISPR technology, present challenges and future recommendations of fungal proteases. The emerging evidence revealed that fungal proteases show a protective role to many environmental exposures and discovered that an imbalance of protease inhibitors and proteases in the epithelial barriers leads to the protection of chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Moreover, mitoproteases recently were found to execute intense proteolytic processes that are crucial for mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis function, including mitochondrial biogenesis, protein synthesis, and apoptosis. The emerging evidence revealed that CRISPR/Cas9 technology had been successfully developed in various filamentous fungi and higher fungi for editing of specific genes. In addition to medical importance, fungal proteases are extensively used in different industries such as foods to prepare butter, fruits, juices, and cheese, and to increase their shelf life. It is concluded that hydrolysis of proteins in industries is one of the most significant applications of fungal enzymes that led to massive usage of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050025, China;
| | - Saba Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan;
| | | | | | - Mirza Asad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Sajida Mushtaq
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51040, Pakistan;
| | - Nazia Ehsan
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Dua Amna
- Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University (BNU-HKBU) United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Abu Hazafa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
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Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, Alphonsa Jose A, Pugazhendhi A, Binod P, Sirohi R, Reshmy R, Kumar Awasthi M. Engineering interventions in industrial filamentous fungal cell factories for biomass valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126209. [PMID: 34715339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi possess versatile capabilities for synthesizing a variety of valuable bio compounds, including enzymes, organic acids and small molecule secondary metabolites. The advancements of genetic and metabolic engineering techniques and the availability of sequenced genomes discovered their potential as expression hosts for recombinant protein production. Remarkably, plant-biomass degrading filamentous fungi show the unique capability to decompose lignocellulose, an extremely recalcitrant biopolymer. The basic biochemical approaches have motivated several industrial processes for lignocellulose biomass valorisation into fermentable sugars and other biochemical for biofuels, biomolecules, and biomaterials. The review gives insight into current trends in engineering filamentous fungi for enzymes, fuels, and chemicals from lignocellulose biomass. This review describes the variety of enzymes and compounds that filamentous fungi produce, engineering of filamentous fungi for biomass valorisation with a special focus on lignocellulolytic enzymes and other bulk chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India.
| | - K B Arun
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Anju Alphonsa Jose
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | | | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy & Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226001. Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Reshmy
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara 690 110, Kerala, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712 100, PR China
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Monclaro AV, Gorgulho Silva CDO, Gomes HAR, Moreira LRDS, Filho EXF. The enzyme interactome concept in filamentous fungi linked to biomass valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126200. [PMID: 34710591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomass represents an abundant and inexpensive source of sugars and aromatic compounds that can be used as raw materials for conversion into value-added bioproducts. Filamentous fungi are sources of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in nature. Understanding the interactions between enzymes is crucial for optimizing biomass degradation processes. Herein, the concept of the interactome is presented as a holistic approach that depicts the interactions among enzymes, substrates, metabolites, and inhibitors. The interactome encompasses several stages of biomass degradation, starting with the sensing of the substrate and the subsequent synthesis of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes (fungus-substrate interaction). Enzyme-enzyme interactions are exemplified in the complex processes of lignocellulosic biomass degradation. The enzyme-substrate-metabolite-inhibitor interaction also provides a better understanding of biomass conversion, allowing bioproduct production from recalcitrant agro-industrial residues, thus bringing greater value to residual biomass. Finally, technological applications are presented for optimizing the interactome at various levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonielle Vieira Monclaro
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Advanced Process Technology and Urban Resource Efficiency (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caio de Oliveira Gorgulho Silva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology Section, DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Helder Andrey Rocha Gomes
- Health Science School, University Center of the Federal District (UDF), DF, Brasília 70390045, Brazil
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38
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Vu V, Farkas C, Riyad O, Bujna E, Kilin A, Sipiczki G, Sharma M, Usmani Z, Gupta VK, Nguyen QD. Enhancement of the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of wheat bran using the Bacillus strains and their consortium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126092. [PMID: 34634465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the downstream process, the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass can be improved by applying a biological pretreatment procedure using microorganisms to produce hydrolytic enzymes to modify the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulose. In this study, various Bacillus strains (B. subtilis B.01162 and B.01212, B. coagulans B.01123 and B.01139, B. cereus B.00076 and B.01718, B. licheniformis B.01223 and B.01231) were evaluated for the degrading capacity of wheat bran in the submerged medium using enzymatic activities, reducing sugars and weight loss as indicators. The obtained results revealed that the B. subtilis B.01162, B. coagulans B.01123 and B. cereus B.00076 could be promising degraders for the wheat bran pretreatment. Besides, the application of their consortium (the combination of 2-3 Bacillus species) showed the positive effects on cellulose bioconversion compared with monocultures. Among them, the mixture of B. subtilis B.01162 and B. coagulans B.01123 increased significantly the cellulase, endo-glucanase, and xylanase enzyme activity resulting in accelerating the lignocellulose degradation. Our results served a very good base for the development of microbial consortium for biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi Vu
- Department of Bioengineering and Alcoholic Drink Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Ménesi út 45, Hungary
| | - Csilla Farkas
- Department of Bioengineering and Alcoholic Drink Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Ménesi út 45, Hungary
| | - Ouahab Riyad
- Department of Bioengineering and Alcoholic Drink Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Ménesi út 45, Hungary
| | - Erika Bujna
- Department of Bioengineering and Alcoholic Drink Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Ménesi út 45, Hungary
| | - Akos Kilin
- Department of Bioengineering and Alcoholic Drink Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Ménesi út 45, Hungary
| | - Gizella Sipiczki
- Department of Bioengineering and Alcoholic Drink Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Ménesi út 45, Hungary
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya 793101, India
| | - Zeba Usmani
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya 793101, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Quang D Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering and Alcoholic Drink Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Ménesi út 45, Hungary.
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Kaddouch E, Cleveland ME, Navarro D, Grisel S, Haon M, Brumer H, Lafond M, Berrin JG, Bissaro B. A simple and direct ionic chromatography method to monitor galactose oxidase activity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26042-26050. [PMID: 36199594 PMCID: PMC9469488 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactose oxidase (GalOx, EC.1.1.3.9) is one of the most extensively studied copper radical oxidases (CROs). The reaction catalyzed by GalOx leads to the oxidation of the C-6 hydroxyl group of galactose and galactosides (including galactosylated polysaccharides and glycoproteins) to the corresponding aldehydes, coupled to the reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide. Despite more than 60 years of research including mechanistic studies, enzyme engineering and application development, GalOx activity remains primarily monitored by indirect measurement of the co-product hydrogen peroxide. Here, we describe a simple direct method to measure GalOx activity through the identification of galactosylated oxidized products using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled to pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Using galactose and lactose as representative substrates, we were able to separate and detect the C-6 oxidized products, which were confirmed by LC-MS and NMR analyses to exist in their hydrated (geminal-diol) forms. We show that the HPAEC-PAD method is superior to other methods in terms of sensitivity as we could detect down to 0.08 μM of LacOX (eq. 30 μg L−1). We believe the method will prove useful for qualitative detection of galactose oxidase activity in biological samples or for quantitative purposes to analyze enzyme kinetics or to compare enzyme variants in directed evolution programs. Galactose oxidase (GalOx, EC.1.1.3.9) is one of the most extensively studied copper radical oxidases. Here, we show it can be monitored through the release of oxidized galactosylated products using a simple, direct and sensitive HPAEC-PAD method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Kaddouch
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Maria E. Cleveland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David Navarro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, CIRM-CF, Marseille, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE platform, Marseille, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE platform, Marseille, France
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mickaël Lafond
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE platform, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
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40
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Characterisation of biomass degrading xylanolytic enzymes of Penicillium chrysogenum produced using sugarcane bagasse. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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El-Gendi H, Saleh AK, Badierah R, Redwan EM, El-Maradny YA, El-Fakharany EM. A Comprehensive Insight into Fungal Enzymes: Structure, Classification, and Their Role in Mankind's Challenges. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:23. [PMID: 35049963 PMCID: PMC8778853 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have played a crucial role in mankind's challenges to use different types of biological systems for a diversity of applications. They are proteins that break down and convert complicated compounds to produce simple products. Fungal enzymes are compatible, efficient, and proper products for many uses in medicinal requests, industrial processing, bioremediation purposes, and agricultural applications. Fungal enzymes have appropriate stability to give manufactured products suitable shelf life, affordable cost, and approved demands. Fungal enzymes have been used from ancient times to today in many industries, including baking, brewing, cheese making, antibiotics production, and commodities manufacturing, such as linen and leather. Furthermore, they also are used in other fields such as paper production, detergent, the textile industry, and in drinks and food technology in products manufacturing ranging from tea and coffee to fruit juice and wine. Recently, fungi have been used for the production of more than 50% of the needed enzymes. Fungi can produce different types of enzymes extracellularly, which gives a great chance for producing in large amounts with low cost and easy viability in purified forms using simple purification methods. In the present review, a comprehensive trial has been advanced to elaborate on the different types and structures of fungal enzymes as well as the current status of the uses of fungal enzymes in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada El-Gendi
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Universities and Research Institutes Zone, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed K. Saleh
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Raied Badierah
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.M.R.)
- Medical Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.M.R.)
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Yousra A. El-Maradny
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Esmail M. El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
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Long L, Sun L, Ding D, Chen K, Lin Q, Ding S. Two C1-oxidizing lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases from Ceriporiopsis subvermispora enhance the saccharification of wheat straw by a commercial cellulase cocktail. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gupta GK, Dixit M, Kapoor RK, Shukla P. Xylanolytic Enzymes in Pulp and Paper Industry: New Technologies and Perspectives. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 64:130-143. [PMID: 34580813 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pulp and paper industry discharges massive amount of wastewater containing hazardous organochlorine compounds released during different processing stages. Therefore, some cost-effective and nonpolluting practices such as enzymatic treatments are required for the potential mitigation of effluents released in the environment. Various xylanolytic enzymes such as xylanases, laccases, cellulases and hemicellulases are used to hydrolyse raw materials in the paper manufacturing industry. These enzymes are used either individually or in combination, which has the efficient potential to be considered for bio-deinking and bio-bleaching components. They are highly dynamic, renewable, and high in specificity for enhancing paper quality. The xylanase act on the xylan and cellulases act on the cellulose fibers, and thus increase the bleaching efficacy of paper. Similarly, hemicellulase enzyme like endo-xylanases, arabinofuranosidase and β-D-xylosidases have been described as functional properties towards the biodegradation of biomass. In contrast, laccase enzymes act as multi-copper oxidoreductases, bleaching the paper by the oxidation and reduction process. Laccases possess low redox potential compared to other enzymes, which need some redox mediators to catalyze. The enzymatic process can be affected by various factors such as pH, temperature, metal ions, incubation periods, etc. These factors can either increase or decrease the efficiency of the enzymes. This review draws attention to the xylanolytic enzyme-based advanced technologies for pulp bleaching in the paper industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guddu Kumar Gupta
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Mandeep Dixit
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Kapoor
- Enzyme and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Chanda K, Mozumder AB, Chorei R, Gogoi RK, Prasad HK. A Lignocellulolytic Colletotrichum sp. OH with Broad-Spectrum Tolerance to Lignocellulosic Pretreatment Compounds and Derivatives and the Efficiency to Produce Hydrogen Peroxide and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Tolerant Cellulases. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:785. [PMID: 34682207 PMCID: PMC8540663 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal endophytes are an emerging source of novel traits and biomolecules suitable for lignocellulosic biomass treatment. This work documents the toxicity tolerance of Colletotrichum sp. OH toward various lignocellulosic pretreatment-derived inhibitors. The effects of aldehydes (vanillin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; HMF), acids (gallic, formic, levulinic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid), phenolics (hydroquinone, p-coumaric acid), and two pretreatment chemicals (hydrogen peroxide and ionic liquid), on the mycelium growth, biomass accumulation, and lignocellulolytic enzyme activities, were tested. The reported Colletotrichum sp. OH was naturally tolerant to high concentrations of single inhibitors like HMF (IC50; 17.5 mM), levulinic acid (IC50; 29.7 mM), hydroquinone (IC50; 10.76 mM), and H2O2 (IC50; 50 mM). The lignocellulolytic enzymes displayed a wide range of single and mixed inhibitor tolerance profiles. The enzymes β-glucosidase and endoglucanase showed H2O2- and HMF-dependent activity enhancements. The enzyme β-glucosidase activity was 34% higher in 75 mM and retained 20% activity in 125 mM H2O2. Further, β-glucosidase activity increased to 24 and 32% in the presence of 17.76 and 8.8 mM HMF. This research suggests that the Colletotrichum sp. OH, or its enzymes, can be used to pretreat plant biomass, hydrolyze it, and remove inhibitory by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Himanshu Kishore Prasad
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India; (K.C.); (A.B.M.); (R.C.); (R.K.G.)
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Biodegradation of Keratin-Rich Husbandry Waste as a Path to Sustainable Agriculture. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13168691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Every year, the size of the human population grows; with it, the need for agricultural products increases. This leads to an increment in the volume of waste, including hard-to-degrade keratin-rich ones, such as feathers. Currently, most of the agro-industrial complex protein by-products are utilized by incineration, landfilling, and chemical hydrolysis. Such methods do not meet modern trends in the development of a sustainable economy, negatively affecting the environment and humans, and preventing the reusing of waste. An alternative is biodegradation, which consists of the application of living organisms and their enzymes to recycle by-products. This approach is not only sustainable, but also makes it possible to obtain products of waste hydrolysis that are in demand for the manufacture of fertilizers and feed additives. This brings the development of agriculture closer to a circular economy and makes the recycling process more profitable. This review article emphasizes the significance of keratinolytic microorganisms and keratinases for the improvement of green methods for processing hard-to-degrade protein waste of the agro-industrial complex, which is necessary for sustainable economic development.
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Trichoderma reesei ACE4, a Novel Transcriptional Activator Involved in the Regulation of Cellulase Genes during Growth on Cellulose. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0059321. [PMID: 34047636 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00593-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is a model strain for cellulase production. Cellulase gene expression in T. reesei is controlled by multiple transcription factors. Here, we identified by comparative genomic screening a novel transcriptional activator, ACE4 (activator of cellulase expression 4), that positively regulates cellulase gene expression on cellulose in T. reesei. Disruption of the ace4 gene significantly decreased expression of four main cellulase genes and the essential cellulase transcription factor-encoding gene ace3. Overexpression of ace4 increased cellulase production by approximately 22% compared to that in the parental strain. Further investigations using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, DNase I footprinting assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that ACE4 directly binds to the promoter of cellulase genes by recognizing the two adjacent 5'-GGCC-3' sequences. Additionally, ACE4 directly binds to the promoter of ace3 and, in turn, regulates the expression of ACE3 to facilitate cellulase production. Collectively, these results demonstrate an important role for ACE4 in regulating cellulase gene expression, which will contribute to understanding the mechanism underlying cellulase expression in T. reesei. IMPORTANCE T. reesei is commonly utilized in industry to produce cellulases, enzymes that degrade lignocellulosic biomass for the production of bioethanol and bio-based products. T. reesei is capable of rapidly initiating the biosynthesis of cellulases in the presence of cellulose, which has made it useful as a model fungus for studying gene expression in eukaryotes. Cellulase gene expression is controlled through multiple transcription factors at the transcriptional level. However, the molecular mechanisms by which transcription is controlled remain unclear. In the present study, we identified a novel transcription factor, ACE4, which regulates cellulase expression on cellulose by binding to the promoters of cellulase genes and the cellulase activator gene ace3. Our study not only expands the general functional understanding of the novel transcription factor ACE4 but also provides evidence for the regulatory mechanism mediating gene expression in T. reesei.
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Meenakshisundaram S, Fayeulle A, Leonard E, Ceballos C, Pauss A. Fiber degradation and carbohydrate production by combined biological and chemical/physicochemical pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 331:125053. [PMID: 33827779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable biorefinery concepts based on lignocellulosic biomass are gaining worldwide research interest because of their inexpensiveness and abundance. The recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass poses a major hindrance to enhance biofuel production. Therefore, a pretreatment step is critical to prepare the substrates for the downstream process. Combining pretreatment steps help to lower the severity of the drawbacks of a single pretreatment step. This paper systematically reviews the combined biological and chemical/physicochemical pretreatment based on fiber degradation and sugar yield. An energy-efficient biological pretreatment method combined with a chemical pretreatment that accelerates the pretreatment times has been seen to be efficient for fiber degradation and sugar yields. However, fungal species, culture conditions, biomass type, the severity of chemical pretreatment and the order of sequential pretreatment influences the relative component contents and sugar yield. Even the same biomass from different sources undergoing similar pretreatment conditions could result in a varying amount of digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meenakshisundaram
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de recherche Royallieu - CS 60 319, F-60 203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - A Fayeulle
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de recherche Royallieu - CS 60 319, F-60 203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - E Leonard
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de recherche Royallieu - CS 60 319, F-60 203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - C Ceballos
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de recherche Royallieu - CS 60 319, F-60 203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - A Pauss
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de recherche Royallieu - CS 60 319, F-60 203 Compiègne Cedex, France
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Choudhary M, Gupta S, Dhar MK, Kaul S. Endophytic Fungi-Mediated Biocatalysis and Biotransformations Paving the Way Toward Green Chemistry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:664705. [PMID: 34222213 PMCID: PMC8242341 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.664705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysis is a process carried out in the presence of a heterogenous catalyst for accelerating the rate of a chemical reaction. It plays a pivotal role in transition from take, make, and dispose technology to sustainable technology via chemo- and biocatalytic processes. However, chemocatalyzed reactions are usually associated with copious amounts of perilous/hazardous environmental footprints. Therefore, whole-cell biotransformations or enzyme cocktails serve as cleaner biocatalytic alternatives in replacing the classical chemical procedures. These benchmark bioconversion reactions serve as important key technology in achieving the goals of green chemistry by eliminating waste generation at source. For this, nature has always been a driving force in fuelling natural product discovery and related applications. The fungal endophytic community, in particular, has undergone co-evolution with their host plant and has emerged as a powerful tool of genetic diversity. They can serve as a treasure trove of biocatalysts, catalyzing organic transformations of a wide range of substances into enantiopure compounds with biotechnological relevance. Additionally, the biocatalytic potential of endophytic fungi as whole-intact organisms/isolated enzyme systems has been greatly expanded beyond the existing boundaries with the advancement in high-throughput screening, molecular biology techniques, metabolic engineering, and protein engineering. Therefore, the present review illustrates the promising applications of endophytic fungi as biocatalysts for the synthesis of new structural analogs and pharmaceutical intermediates and refinement of existing proteins for novel chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suruchi Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Manoj K Dhar
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Sanjana Kaul
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
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Cano y Postigo LO, Jacobo-Velázquez DA, Guajardo-Flores D, Garcia Amezquita LE, García-Cayuela T. Solid-state fermentation for enhancing the nutraceutical content of agrifood by-products: Recent advances and its industrial feasibility. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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50
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Abstract
Trichoderma reesei has 11 putative β-glucosidases in its genome, playing key parts in the induction and production of cellulase. Nevertheless, the reason why the T. reesei genome encodes so many β-glucosidases and the distinct role each β-glucosidase plays in cellulase production remain unknown. In the present study, the cellular function and distribution of 10 known β-glucosidases (CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, CEL3H, CEL3J, CEL1A, CEL3C, CEL1B, CEL3G, and CEL3D) were explored in T. reesei, leaving out BGL1 (CEL3A), which has been well investigated. We found that the overexpression of cel3b or cel3g significantly enhanced extracellular β-glucosidase production, whereas the overexpression of cel1b severely inhibited cellulase production by cellulose, resulting in nearly no growth of T. reesei. Four types of cellular distribution patterns were observed for β-glucosidases in T. reesei: (i) CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, and CEL3G forming clearly separated protein secretion vesicles in the cytoplasm; (ii) CEL3H and CEL3J diffusing the whole endomembrane as well as the cell membrane with protein aggregation, like a reticular network; (iii) CEL1A and CEL3D in vacuoles; (iv) and CEL3C in the nucleus. β-glucosidases CEL1A, CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, CEL3G, CEL3H, and CEL3J were identified as extracellular, CEL3C and CEL3D as intracellular, and CEL1B as unknown. The extracellular β-glucosidases CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, CEL3H, and CEL3G were secreted through a tip-directed conventional secretion pathway, and CEL1A, via a vacuole-mediated pathway that was achieved without any signal peptide, while CEL3J was secreted via an unconventional protein pathway bypassing the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi.
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