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Hurley ME, Sonig A, Herrington J, Storch EA, Lázaro-Muñoz G, Blumenthal-Barby J, Kostick-Quenet K. Ethical considerations for integrating multimodal computer perception and neurotechnology. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1332451. [PMID: 38435745 PMCID: PMC10904467 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1332451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Artificial intelligence (AI)-based computer perception technologies (e.g., digital phenotyping and affective computing) promise to transform clinical approaches to personalized care in psychiatry and beyond by offering more objective measures of emotional states and behavior, enabling precision treatment, diagnosis, and symptom monitoring. At the same time, passive and continuous nature by which they often collect data from patients in non-clinical settings raises ethical issues related to privacy and self-determination. Little is known about how such concerns may be exacerbated by the integration of neural data, as parallel advances in computer perception, AI, and neurotechnology enable new insights into subjective states. Here, we present findings from a multi-site NCATS-funded study of ethical considerations for translating computer perception into clinical care and contextualize them within the neuroethics and neurorights literatures. Methods We conducted qualitative interviews with patients (n = 20), caregivers (n = 20), clinicians (n = 12), developers (n = 12), and clinician developers (n = 2) regarding their perspective toward using PC in clinical care. Transcripts were analyzed in MAXQDA using Thematic Content Analysis. Results Stakeholder groups voiced concerns related to (1) perceived invasiveness of passive and continuous data collection in private settings; (2) data protection and security and the potential for negative downstream/future impacts on patients of unintended disclosure; and (3) ethical issues related to patients' limited versus hyper awareness of passive and continuous data collection and monitoring. Clinicians and developers highlighted that these concerns may be exacerbated by the integration of neural data with other computer perception data. Discussion Our findings suggest that the integration of neurotechnologies with existing computer perception technologies raises novel concerns around dignity-related and other harms (e.g., stigma, discrimination) that stem from data security threats and the growing potential for reidentification of sensitive data. Further, our findings suggest that patients' awareness and preoccupation with feeling monitored via computer sensors ranges from hypo- to hyper-awareness, with either extreme accompanied by ethical concerns (consent vs. anxiety and preoccupation). These results highlight the need for systematic research into how best to implement these technologies into clinical care in ways that reduce disruption, maximize patient benefits, and mitigate long-term risks associated with the passive collection of sensitive emotional, behavioral and neural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Hurley
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anika Sonig
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John Herrington
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric A. Storch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel Lázaro-Muñoz
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Kristin Kostick-Quenet
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Belfry KD, Ham E, Kolla NJ, Hilton NZ. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Offending as a Function of Acquired Brain Injury Among Men in a High Secure Forensic Psychiatric Hospital. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2023; 68:453-460. [PMID: 36537143 PMCID: PMC10331256 DOI: 10.1177/07067437221144629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a serious problem that disproportionately affects individuals in correctional services, but relatively little is known about ABI risks and correlates in forensic psychiatric services. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of all admissions to a high secure forensic hospital in Ontario, Canada from January 2009 to December 2012 (n = 637) and collected data on ABI, psychiatric diagnoses, developmental disadvantage, criminal offending, and in-hospital aggression. A k-means cluster analysis was employed to assess risk factors by which men with ABI could be identified and multivariate general linear models were used to identify ABI-related differences in offending history and in-hospital aggression. RESULTS One-fifth of the men had a documented ABI indicator. Based on our cluster analysis, ABI was more likely to be identified by greater adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), more health problems from pregnancy to childhood, and lower socioeconomic status, suggesting that ABI within the forensic context is associated with greater developmental disadvantage. Men with ABI had more serious pre-admission offences, but not more serious admission offences or in-hospital aggression. Men with ABI were more likely than those without to have higher scores on the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide or to be diagnosed with mood and personality disorders, and less likely to have a schizophrenia diagnosis, suggesting an association between ABI and general mental health pathologies but not with psychotic illness. CONCLUSIONS The disadvantage of ABI among men in forensic psychiatric hospitals is most likely evinced in antisocial behaviour rather than serious mental illness. Given that ACEs are likely to precede or co-occur with ABI, strategies that mitigate ACEs hold promise for ABI prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D. Belfry
- Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elke Ham
- Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan J. Kolla
- Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N. Zoe Hilton
- Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lavazza A, Giorgi R. Philosophical foundation of the right to mental integrity in the age of neurotechnologies. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-023-09517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
AbstractNeurotechnologies broadly understood are tools that have the capability to read, record and modify our mental activity by acting on its brain correlates. The emergence of increasingly powerful and sophisticated techniques has given rise to the proposal to introduce new rights specifically directed to protect mental privacy, freedom of thought, and mental integrity. These rights, also proposed as basic human rights, are conceived in direct relation to tools that threaten mental privacy, freedom of thought, mental integrity, and personal identity. In this paper, our goal is to give a philosophical foundation to a specific right that we will call right to mental integrity. It encapsulates both the classical concepts of privacy and non-interference in our mind/brain. Such a philosophical foundation refers to certain features of the mind that hitherto could not be reached directly from the outside: intentionality, first-person perspective, personal autonomy in moral choices and in the construction of one's narrative, and relational identity. A variety of neurotechnologies or other tools, including artificial intelligence, alone or in combination can, by their very availability, threaten our mental integrity. Therefore, it is necessary to posit a specific right and provide it with a theoretical foundation and justification. It will be up to a subsequent treatment to define the moral and legal boundaries of such a right and its application.
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4
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Morse SJ. Neurolaw: Challenges and limits. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 197:235-250. [PMID: 37633713 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
This chapter canvasses the current relevance of behavioral neuroscience to the law, especially to issues of criminal responsibility and competence. It begins with an explanation of the legal doctrines at stake. I then explore the source of the often-inflated claims for the legal relevance of neuroscience. The next section discusses the scientific status of behavioral neuroscience. Then, it addresses two radical challenges to current conceptions of criminal responsibility that neuroscience allegedly poses: determinism and the death of agency. The question of the specific relevance of neuroscience to criminal law doctrine, practice, and institutions is considered next. This is followed by a discussion of how neuroscience evidence is being used in criminal cases in five different countries, including the United States. The penultimate section points to some areas warranting modest optimism. A brief conclusion suggests that neuroscience is at present of limited legal relevance, and advances in the science might alter that judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Morse
- Law School and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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5
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Levy J, Influs M, Masalha S, Goldstein A, Feldman R. Dialogue intervention for youth amidst intractable conflict attenuates neural prejudice response and promotes adults' peacemaking. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac236. [PMID: 36712372 PMCID: PMC9802066 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans' dependence on group living has led to the formation of tenacious, often nonconscious negative perceptions of other social groups, a phenomenon termed "intergroup bias" that sustains one of the world's most imminent problem: intergroup conflicts. Adolescents' participation in intergroup conflicts has been continuously on the rise, rendering the need to devise interventions that can mitigate some of their deleterious effects on youth an urgent societal priority. Framed within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and targeting youth, we implemented a dialogue-enhancing intervention for adolescents (16 to 18 years) reared amidst intractable conflict that builds on social synchrony and the neurobiology of affiliation. Implementing a randomized controlled trial design, before and after the 8-week intervention adolescents underwent magnetoencephalography to assess a neural marker of implicit prejudice and interviewed on their attitudes toward the conflict. Adolescents who received the intervention showed attenuation of the neural prejudice response, as indexed by sustained occipital alpha that was significantly reduced at post-intervention and adopted attitudes of peacemaking. Change in the neural prejudice response predicted attitudes of compromise and support in peacebuilding 7 years later, when young adults can already engage in active civil duties and responsibilities. These results underscore adolescence as a window of opportunity for enhancing inter-group dialogue and demonstrate the long-term associations between the neural evaluation of prejudice and self-reported measures of proclivity for compromise and peace in the context of an intractable century-long conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Levy
- Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, 8 Ha'universita Street, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Moran Influs
- Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, 8 Ha'universita Street, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | | | - Abraham Goldstein
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center and Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ruth Feldman
- Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, 8 Ha'universita Street, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Relating psychiatric symptoms and self-regulation during the COVID-19 crisis. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:271. [PMID: 35820995 PMCID: PMC9274960 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions of self-regulation are a hallmark of numerous psychiatric disorders. Here, we examine the relationship between transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology and changes in self-regulation in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a data-driven approach on a large number of cognitive tasks and self-reported surveys in training datasets. Then, we derived measures of self-regulation and psychiatric functioning in an independent population sample (N = 102) tested both before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the restrictions in place represented a threat to mental health and forced people to flexibly adjust to modifications of daily routines. We found independent relationships between transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology and longitudinal alterations in specific domains of self-regulation defined using a diffusion decision model. Compared to the period preceding the onset of the pandemic, a symptom dimension related to anxiety and depression was characterized by a more cautious behavior, indexed by the need to accumulate more evidence before making a decision. Instead, social withdrawal related to faster non-decision processes. Self-reported measures of self-regulation predicted variance in psychiatric symptoms both concurrently and prospectively, revealing the psychological dimensions relevant for separate transdiagnostic dimensions of psychiatry, but tasks did not. Taken together, our results are suggestive of potential cognitive vulnerabilities in the domain of self-regulation in people with underlying psychiatric difficulties in face of real-life stressors. More generally, they also suggest that the study of cognition needs to take into account the dynamic nature of real-world events as well as within-subject variability over time.
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7
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Mapping out the Trajectory of Islamic Perspectives on Neuroethics. Asian Bioeth Rev 2022; 14:217-223. [PMID: 35791330 PMCID: PMC9250563 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancements of medical technology incited multi-disciplinary discussions with regard to its ethical implications. Within the neuroscientific domain, the term ‘neuroethics’ has gained prominence over recent years. However, the contributions of religious perspectives in the nascent field of neuroethics are particularly few. The scarce literature on Islamic perspectives on neuroethics merely questioned its importance and introduced a sharia-based framework that can be implemented. Building upon this, the possible trajectories of Islamic perspectives on neuroethics can be mapped out by tapping into several issues within Islamic bioethics, such as cloning and genomics. Topics such as these are deliberated through the collective discussions by contemporary Muslim scholars and biomedical scientists, thus producing well-informed dialogues and decisions. Building upon these may assist in developing further the Islamic perspectives on issues within neuroethics. This lays the groundwork for all the stakeholders involved in advance, in order to predict and prevent potential harms and challenges.
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8
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Estano N. Quelles évolutions possibles pour l’expertise psychiatrique et psychologique en France ? ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Moses TEH, Javanbakht A. How Should Clinicians Determine a Traumatized Patient's Readiness to Return to Work? AMA J Ethics 2022; 24:E111-119. [PMID: 35324097 PMCID: PMC8958981 DOI: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A clinician's standard primary role is to treat and monitor their patients' health and to be their ally. Clinicians with obligations to patients and to organizations, however, must also assess patients for nontherapeutic purposes (eg, readiness to resume work). These 2 obligations can conflict, and, when they do, clinicians must balance their duties to patients and to society. We propose criteria clinicians should consider when determining a patient's readiness to return to work and offer recommendations for interpreting factors that influence this decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha E. H. Moses
- Translational Neuroscience Program at Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit, Michigan
| | - Arash Javanbakht
- Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Research Clinic at Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit, Michigan
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10
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Panhwar MA, Pathan MM, Pirzada N, Abbasi MAK, ZhongLiang D, Panhwar G. Examining the Effects of Normal Ageing on Cortical Connectivity of Older Adults. Brain Topogr 2022; 35:507-524. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-021-00884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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11
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Eickhoff SB, Heinrichs B. [The predictable human : Possibilities and risks of AI-based prediction of cognitive abilities, personality traits and mental illnesses]. DER NERVENARZT 2021; 92:1140-1148. [PMID: 34608537 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-021-01197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New approaches to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze data from neuroimaging but also passively collected data from so-called wearables, such as smartphones or smartwatches, as well as data that can be extracted from social media and other online activities, already make it possible to predict cognitive abilities, personality traits, and mental illnesses, as well as to reveal acute mental states. In this article, we explain the methodological concepts behind these current developments, illuminate the possibilities and limitations, and address ethical and social aspects arising from the use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Eickhoff
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: Gehirn und Verhalten (INM-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Deutschland. .,Institut für Systemische Neurowissenschaften, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
| | - Bert Heinrichs
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: Ethik in den Neurowissenschaften (INM-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Deutschland.,Institut für Wissenschaft und Ethik (IWE), Universität Bonn, Bonner Talweg 57, 53113, Bonn, Deutschland
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12
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Sheehan AE, Bounoua N, Miglin R, Spielberg JM, Sadeh N. A multilevel examination of lifetime aggression: integrating cortical thickness, personality pathology and trauma exposure. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:716-725. [PMID: 33837772 PMCID: PMC8259263 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggression represents a significant public health concern, causing serious physical and psychological harm. Although many studies have sought to characterize the etiology of aggression, research on the contributions of risk factors that span multiple levels of analysis for explaining aggressive behavior is lacking. To address this gap, we investigated the direct and unique contributions of cortical thickness (level 1), pathological personality traits (level 2) and trauma exposure (level 3) for explaining lifetime physical aggression in a high-risk sample of community adults (N = 129, 47.3% men). First, the frequency of lifetime aggression was inversely associated with cortical thickness in regions of prefrontal and temporal cortices that have been implicated in executive functioning, inhibitory mechanisms and socio-emotional processing. Further, aggression was positively associated with pathological personality traits (antagonism and disinhibition) and exposure to assaultive trauma. Notably, all three levels of analysis (cortical thickness, pathological personality traits and assaultive trauma exposure) explained non-overlapping variance in aggressive behavior when examined simultaneously in integrative models. Together, the findings provide a multilevel assessment of the biopsychosocial factors associated with the frequency of aggression. They also indicate that cortical thickness explains novel variance in these harmful behaviors not captured by well-established personality and environmental risk factors for aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Sheehan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19176, USA
| | - Nadia Bounoua
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19176, USA
| | - Rickie Miglin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19176, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Spielberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19176, USA
| | - Naomi Sadeh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19176, USA
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13
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Ligthart S, Douglas T, Bublitz C, Kooijmans T, Meynen G. Forensic Brain-Reading and Mental Privacy in European Human Rights Law: Foundations and Challenges. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2021; 14:191-203. [PMID: 35186162 PMCID: PMC7612400 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-020-09438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A central question in the current neurolegal and neuroethical literature is how brain-reading technologies could contribute to criminal justice. Some of these technologies have already been deployed within different criminal justice systems in Europe, including Slovenia, Italy, England and Wales, and the Netherlands, typically to determine guilt, legal responsibility, or recidivism risk. In this regard, the question arises whether brain-reading could permissibly be used against the person's will. To provide adequate legal protection from such non-consensual brain-reading in the European legal context, ethicists have called for the recognition of a novel fundamental legal right to mental privacy. In this paper, we explore whether these ethical calls for recognising a novel legal right to mental privacy are necessary in the European context. We argue that a right to mental privacy could be derived from, or at least developed within in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, and that introducing an additional fundamental right to protect against (forensic) brain-reading is not necessary. What is required, however, is a specification of the implications of existing rights for particular neurotechnologies and purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors Ligthart
- Department of Criminal Law, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037AB Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Douglas
- Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christoph Bublitz
- Faculty of Law, Universität Hamburg, Rothenbaumchaussee 33, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tijs Kooijmans
- Department of Criminal Law, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037AB Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Gerben Meynen
- Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology and UCALL, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Faculty of Humanities, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Furnes D, Gjestad R, Rypdal K, Mehlum L, Hart S, Oedegaard KJ, Mellesdal L. Suicidal and violent ideation in acute psychiatric inpatients: prevalence, co-occurrence, and associated characteristics. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:528-539. [PMID: 33368501 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the point prevalence of suicidal and violent ideation, as well as their co-occurrence and associated characteristics in inpatients with mental health disorders. METHODS Data on suicidal and violent ideation, and sociodemographic and clinical information, were gathered from 1,737 patients when admitted to the acute psychiatric ward. RESULTS The point prevalence was 51.9% for suicidal ideation and 19.8% for violent ideation. The point prevalence of co-occurring suicidal and violent ideation was 12.3%, which was significantly greater than expected by chance. Logistic regression analyses indicated that both suicidal and violent ideation were associated with young age and the absence of diagnoses of psychotic disorders; in addition, suicidal ideation was associated with female gender, violent ideation, and diagnoses of mood- neurotic and personality disorders, whereas violent ideation was associated with male gender, suicidal ideation, and diagnoses of mood and neurotic disorders. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the findings highlight the need for further research on suicidal and violent ideation in people with mental health problems including, but not limited to, their association with adverse behavioral outcomes, as well as the need to routinely assess both suicidal and violent ideation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiré Furnes
- Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Gjestad
- Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut Rypdal
- Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Mehlum
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Hart
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ketil J Oedegaard
- Norment, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukeland, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
| | - Liv Mellesdal
- Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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15
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Jalava J, Griffiths S, Larsen RR, Alcott BE. Is the Psychopathic Brain an Artifact of Coding Bias? A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:654336. [PMID: 33912115 PMCID: PMC8071952 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Questionable research practices are a well-recognized problem in psychology. Coding bias, or the tendency of review studies to disproportionately cite positive findings from original research, has received comparatively little attention. Coding bias is more likely to occur when original research, such as neuroimaging, includes large numbers of effects, and is most concerning in applied contexts. We evaluated coding bias in reviews of structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) studies of PCL-R psychopathy. We used PRISMA guidelines to locate all relevant original sMRI studies and reviews. The proportion of null-findings cited in reviews was significantly lower than those reported in original research, indicating coding bias. Coding bias was not affected by publication date or review design. Reviews recommending forensic applications—such as treatment amenability or reduced criminal responsibility—were no more accurate than purely theoretical reviews. Coding bias may have contributed to a perception that structural brain abnormalities in psychopaths are more consistent than they actually are, and by extension that sMRI findings are suitable for forensic application. We discuss possible sources for the pervasive coding bias we observed, and we provide recommendations to counteract this bias in review studies. Until coding bias is addressed, we argue that this literature should not inform conclusions about psychopaths' neurobiology, especially in forensic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Jalava
- Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Okanagan College, Penticton, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Griffiths
- Department of Psychology, Okanagan College, Penticton, BC, Canada.,Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rasmus Rosenberg Larsen
- Forensic Science Program and Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - B Emma Alcott
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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16
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Zijlmans J, Marhe R, Bevaart F, Van Duin L, Luijks MJA, Franken I, Tiemeier H, Popma A. The predictive value of neurobiological measures for recidivism in delinquent male young adults. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E271-E280. [PMID: 33844482 PMCID: PMC8061739 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurobiological measures have been associated with delinquent behaviour, but little is known about the predictive power of these measures for criminal recidivism and whether they have incremental value over and above demographic and behavioural measures. This study examined whether selected measures of autonomic functioning, functional neuroimaging and electroencephalography predict overall and serious recidivism in a sample of 127 delinquent young adults. Methods We assessed demographics; education and intelligence; previous delinquency and drug use; behavioural traits, including aggression and psychopathy; and neurobiological measures, including heart rate, heart rate variability, functional brain activity during an inhibition task and 2 electroencephalographic measures of error-processing. We tested longitudinal associations with recidivism using Cox proportional hazard models and predictive power using C-indexes. Results Past offences, long-term cannabis use and reactive aggression were strongly associated with recidivism, as were resting heart rate and error-processing. In the predictive model, demographics, past delinquency, drug use and behavioural traits had moderate predictive power for overall and for serious recidivism (C-index over 30 months [fraction of pairs in the data, where the higher observed survival time was correctly predicted]: C30 = 0.68 and 0.75, respectively). Neurobiological measures significantly improved predictive power (C30 = 0.72 for overall recidivism and C30 = 0.80 for serious recidivism). Limitations Findings cannot be generalized to females, and follow-up was limited to 4 years. Conclusion Demographic and behavioural characteristics longitudinally predicted recidivism in delinquent male young adults, and neurobiological measures improved the models. This led to good predictive function, particularly for serious recidivism. Importantly, the most feasible measures (autonomic functioning and electroencephalography) proved to be useful neurobiological predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josjan Zijlmans
- From the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands (Zijlmans, Marhe, Bevaart, van Duin, Luijks, Popma); the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Marhe, Franken); the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts (Tiemeier); the Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Tiemeier); and Leiden University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden, Netherlands (Popma)
| | - Reshmi Marhe
- From the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands (Zijlmans, Marhe, Bevaart, van Duin, Luijks, Popma); the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Marhe, Franken); the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts (Tiemeier); the Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Tiemeier); and Leiden University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden, Netherlands (Popma)
| | - Floor Bevaart
- From the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands (Zijlmans, Marhe, Bevaart, van Duin, Luijks, Popma); the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Marhe, Franken); the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts (Tiemeier); the Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Tiemeier); and Leiden University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden, Netherlands (Popma)
| | - Laura Van Duin
- From the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands (Zijlmans, Marhe, Bevaart, van Duin, Luijks, Popma); the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Marhe, Franken); the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts (Tiemeier); the Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Tiemeier); and Leiden University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden, Netherlands (Popma)
| | - Marie-Jolette A Luijks
- From the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands (Zijlmans, Marhe, Bevaart, van Duin, Luijks, Popma); the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Marhe, Franken); the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts (Tiemeier); the Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Tiemeier); and Leiden University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden, Netherlands (Popma)
| | - Ingmar Franken
- From the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands (Zijlmans, Marhe, Bevaart, van Duin, Luijks, Popma); the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Marhe, Franken); the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts (Tiemeier); the Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Tiemeier); and Leiden University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden, Netherlands (Popma)
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- From the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands (Zijlmans, Marhe, Bevaart, van Duin, Luijks, Popma); the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Marhe, Franken); the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts (Tiemeier); the Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Tiemeier); and Leiden University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden, Netherlands (Popma)
| | - Arne Popma
- From the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands (Zijlmans, Marhe, Bevaart, van Duin, Luijks, Popma); the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Marhe, Franken); the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts (Tiemeier); the Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Tiemeier); and Leiden University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden, Netherlands (Popma)
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17
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Jiang W, Zhang H, Zeng L, Shen H, Qin J, Thung K, Yap P, Liu H, Hu D, Wang W, Shen D. Dynamic neural circuit disruptions associated with antisocial behaviors. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:329-344. [PMID: 33064332 PMCID: PMC7776000 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisocial behavior (ASB) is believed to have neural substrates; however, the association between ASB and functional brain networks remains unclear. The temporal variability of the functional connectivity (or dynamic FC) derived from resting-state functional MRI has been suggested as a useful metric for studying abnormal behaviors including ASB. This is the first study using low-frequency fluctuations of the dynamic FC to unravel potential system-level neural correlates with ASB. Specifically, we individually associated the dynamic FC patterns with the ASB scores (measured by Antisocial Process Screening Device) of the male offenders (age: 23.29 ± 3.36 years) based on machine learning. Results showed that the dynamic FCs were associated with individual ASB scores. Moreover, we found that it was mainly the inter-network dynamic FCs that were negatively associated with the ASB severity. Three major high-order cognitive functional networks and the sensorimotor network were found to be more associated with ASB. We further found that impaired behavior in the ASB subjects was mainly associated with decreased FC dynamics in these networks, which may explain why ASB subjects usually have impaired executive control and emotional processing functions. Our study shows that temporal variation of the FC could be a promising tool for ASB assessment, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Jiang
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Information Science and EngineeringHunan First Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ling‐Li Zeng
- College of Intelligence Science and TechnologyNational University of Defense TechnologyChangshaHunanChina
| | - Hui Shen
- College of Intelligence Science and TechnologyNational University of Defense TechnologyChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jian Qin
- College of Intelligence Science and TechnologyNational University of Defense TechnologyChangshaHunanChina
| | - Kim‐Han Thung
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Pew‐Thian Yap
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Huasheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Dewen Hu
- College of Intelligence Science and TechnologyNational University of Defense TechnologyChangshaHunanChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Artificial IntelligenceKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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18
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Hyatt CS, Hallowell ES, Owens MM, Weiss BM, Sweet LH, Miller JD. An fMRI investigation of the relations between Extraversion, internalizing psychopathology, and neural activation following reward receipt in the Human Connectome Project sample. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 3:e13. [PMID: 33354651 PMCID: PMC7737192 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2020.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative models of psychopathology (i.e., HiTOP) propose that personality and psychopathology are intertwined, such that the various processes that characterize personality traits may be useful in describing and predicting manifestations of psychopathology. In the current study, we used data from the Human Connectome Project (N = 1050) to investigate neural activation following receipt of a reward during an fMRI task as one shared mechanism that may be related to the personality trait Extraversion (specifically its sub-component Agentic Extraversion) and internalizing psychopathology. We also conducted exploratory analyses on the links between neural activation following reward receipt and the other Five-Factor Model personality traits, as well as separate analyses by gender. No significant relations (p < .005) were observed between any personality trait or index of psychopathology and neural activation following reward receipt, and most effect sizes were null to very small in nature (i.e., r < |.05|). We conclude by discussing the appropriate interpretation of these null findings, and provide suggestions for future research that spans psychological and neurobiological levels of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Max M. Owens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Brandon M. Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Joshua D. Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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19
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Tisdall L, Frey R, Horn A, Ostwald D, Horvath L, Pedroni A, Rieskamp J, Blankenburg F, Hertwig R, Mata R. Brain-Behavior Associations for Risk Taking Depend on the Measures Used to Capture Individual Differences. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:587152. [PMID: 33281576 PMCID: PMC7705248 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.587152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maladaptive risk taking can have severe individual and societal consequences; thus, individual differences are prominent targets for intervention and prevention. Although brain activation has been shown to be associated with individual differences in risk taking, the directionality of the reported brain-behavior associations is less clear. Here, we argue that one aspect contributing to the mixed results is the low convergence between risk-taking measures, especially between the behavioral tasks used to elicit neural functional markers. To address this question, we analyzed within-participant neuroimaging data for two widely used risk-taking tasks collected from the imaging subsample of the Basel-Berlin Risk Study (N = 116 young human adults). Focusing on core brain regions implicated in risk taking (nucleus accumbens, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex), for the two tasks, we examined group-level activation for risky versus safe choices, as well as associations between local functional markers and various risk-related outcomes, including psychometrically derived risk preference factors. While we observed common group-level activation in the two tasks (notably increased nucleus accumbens activation), individual differences analyses support the idea that the presence and directionality of associations between brain activation and risk taking varies as a function of the risk-taking measures used to capture individual differences. Our results have methodological implications for the use of brain markers for intervention or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreen Tisdall
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Renato Frey
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Horn
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Section, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Ostwald
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lilla Horvath
- Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Pedroni
- Methods of Plasticity Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Rieskamp
- Center for Economic Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Blankenburg
- Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Hertwig
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rui Mata
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Chen X, Xu J, Wang H, Luo J, Wang Z, Chen G, Jiang D, Cao R, Huang H, Luo D, Xiao X, Hu J. Profiling the differences of gut microbial structure between schizophrenia patients with and without violent behaviors based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Int J Legal Med 2020; 135:131-141. [PMID: 33067643 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the violence behaviors in schizophrenia patients has always been the focus of forensic psychiatry. Although many studies show gut microbiota could regulate behavior, to our knowledge, no studies have profiled the gut microbiota structure in schizophrenia patients with violence. We profiled the characteristics of gut microbiota structure in 26 schizophrenia patients with violence (V.SCZ) by comparing with that of 16 schizophrenia patients without violence (NV.SCZ) under the control of confounders, and found the differences of gut microbiota structure between the two groups. Violence was assessed by the MacArthur Community Violence Instrument. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to identify and relatively quantify gut microbial composition. Bioinformatics analysis was used to find differential gut microbial composition between the V.SCZ and NV.SCZ groups. Fifty-nine differential microbial taxonomic compositions were found between the two groups. Fifteen gut microbial compositions were the key microbial taxonomic compositions responsible for the differences between the V.SCZ and NV.SCZ groups, including five enriched microbial taxonomic compositions (p_Bacteroidetes, c_Bacteroidia, o_Bacteroidales, f_Prevotellaceae, s_Bacteroides_uniformis), and ten impoverished microbial taxonomic compositions (p_Actinobacteria, c_unidentified_Actinobacteria, o_Bifidobacteriales, f_ Enterococcaceae, f_Veillonellaceae, f_Bifidobacteriaceae, g_Enterococcus, g_Candidatus_Saccharimonas, g_Bifidobacterium, and s_Bifidobacterium_pseudocatenulatum). This study profiled the differences of gut microbiota between schizophrenia patients with violence and without violence. These results could enrich the etiological understanding of violence in schizophrenia and might be helpful to violence management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiacan Chen
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hongren Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaguo Luo
- Jinxin Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Jinxin Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Jinxin Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruochen Cao
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haolan Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University and the Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junmei Hu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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21
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Pinotsis DA. Statistical decision theory and multiscale analyses of human brain data. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 346:108912. [PMID: 32835705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the era of Big Data, large scale electrophysiological data from animal and human studies are abundant. These data contain information at multiple spatiotemporal scales. However, current approaches for the analysis of electrophysiological data often focus on a single spatiotemporal scale only. NEW METHOD We discuss a multiscale approach for the analysis of electrophysiological data. This is based on combining neural models that describe brain data at different scales. It allows us to make laminar-specific inferences about neurobiological properties of cortical sources using non invasive human electrophysiology data. RESULTS We provide a mathematical proof of this approach using statistical decision theory. We also consider its extensions to brain imaging studies including data from the same subjects performing different tasks. As an illustration, we show that changes in gamma oscillations between different people might originate from differences in recurrent connection strengths of inhibitory interneurons in layers 5/6. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This is a new approach that follows up on our recent work. It is different from other approaches where the scale of spatiotemporal dynamics is fixed. CONCLUSIONS We discuss a multiscale approach for the analysis of human MEG data. This uses a neural mass model that includes constraints informed by a compartmental model. This has two advantages. First, it allows us to find differences in cortical laminar dynamics and understand neurobiological properties like neuromodulation, excitation to inhibition balance etc. using non invasive data. Second, it allows us to validate macroscale models by exploiting animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Pinotsis
- Centre for Mathematical Neuroscience and Psychology and Department of Psychology, City -University of London, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom; The Picower Institute for Learning & Memory and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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22
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Tortora L, Meynen G, Bijlsma J, Tronci E, Ferracuti S. Neuroprediction and A.I. in Forensic Psychiatry and Criminal Justice: A Neurolaw Perspective. Front Psychol 2020; 11:220. [PMID: 32256422 PMCID: PMC7090235 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the use of neuroimaging in combination with A.I., and specifically the use of machine learning techniques, have led to the development of brain-reading technologies which, in the nearby future, could have many applications, such as lie detection, neuromarketing or brain-computer interfaces. Some of these could, in principle, also be used in forensic psychiatry. The application of these methods in forensic psychiatry could, for instance, be helpful to increase the accuracy of risk assessment and to identify possible interventions. This technique could be referred to as 'A.I. neuroprediction,' and involves identifying potential neurocognitive markers for the prediction of recidivism. However, the future implications of this technique and the role of neuroscience and A.I. in violence risk assessment remain to be established. In this paper, we review and analyze the literature concerning the use of brain-reading A.I. for neuroprediction of violence and rearrest to identify possibilities and challenges in the future use of these techniques in the fields of forensic psychiatry and criminal justice, considering legal implications and ethical issues. The analysis suggests that additional research is required on A.I. neuroprediction techniques, and there is still a great need to understand how they can be implemented in risk assessment in the field of forensic psychiatry. Besides the alluring potential of A.I. neuroprediction, we argue that its use in criminal justice and forensic psychiatry should be subjected to thorough harms/benefits analyses not only when these technologies will be fully available, but also while they are being researched and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Tortora
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerben Meynen
- Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology/Utrecht Centre for Accountability and Liability Law (UCALL), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Faculty of Humanities, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes Bijlsma
- Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology/Utrecht Centre for Accountability and Liability Law (UCALL), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Enrico Tronci
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferracuti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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23
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Chen X, Xu J, Tang J, Dai X, Huang H, Cao R, Hu J. Dysregulation of amino acids and lipids metabolism in schizophrenia with violence. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:97. [PMID: 32131778 PMCID: PMC7055102 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have related biochemical characteristics to violence and have reported schizophrenia could elevated the risk of violent behaviour. However, the metabolic characteristics of schizophrenia patients with violence (V.SC) are unclear. METHODS To explore the metabolic characteristics of schizophrenia with violence and to identify potential biomarkers, untargeted metabolomics was performed by using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyse the plasma metabolites of fifty-three V.SC and twenty-four schizophrenia patients without violence (NV.SC). Multivariate and univariate analyses were performed to identify differential metabolites and biomarkers. Violence was assessed by the MacArthur Violence Assessment Study method. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. RESULTS Multivariate analysis was unable to distinguish V.SC from NV.SC. Glycerolipid metabolism and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis were the differential metabolic pathways between V.SC and NV.SC. We confirmed ten metabolites and five metabolites as metabolic biomarkers of V.SC by random forest and support vector machine analysis, respectively. The biomarker panel, including the ratio of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid, vanillylmandelic acid and glutaric acid, yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.808. CONCLUSIONS This study gives a holistic view of the metabolic phenotype of schizophrenia with violence which is characterized by the dysregulation of lipids and amino acids. These results might provide information for the aetiological understanding and management of violence in schizophrenia; however, this is a preliminary metabolomics study about schizophrenia with violence, which needs to be repeated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiacan Chen
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Chengdu Compulsory Medical Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinhua Dai
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Haolan Huang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ruochen Cao
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Junmei Hu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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24
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Yoon S, Kim J, Hong G, Kim TD, Hong H, Ha E, Ma J, Lyoo IK. Identification of Tendency to Alcohol Misuse From the Structural Brain Networks. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:9. [PMID: 32194378 PMCID: PMC7062673 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity to engage in risky behaviors including excessive alcohol consumption may impose increased medical, emotional, and psychosocial burdens. Personality and behavioral traits of individuals may contribute in part to the involvement in risky behaviors, and therefore the classification of one’s traits may help identify those who are at risk for future onset of the addictive disorder and related behavioral issues such as alcohol misuse. Personality and behavioral characteristics including impulsivity, anger, reward sensitivity, and avoidance were assessed in a large sample of healthy young adults (n = 475). Participants also underwent diffusion tensor imaging for the analysis of structural brain networks. A data-driven clustering using personality and behavioral traits of the participants identified four subtypes. As compared with individuals clustered into the neutral type, individuals with a high level of impulsivity (A subtype) and those with high levels of reward sensitivity, impulsivity, anger, and avoidance (B subtype) showed significant associations with problem drinking. In contrast, individuals with high levels of impulsivity, anger, and avoidance but not reward sensitivity (C subtype) showed a pattern of social drinking that was similar to those of the neutral subtype. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis with ridge estimators was applied to demonstrate the neurobiological relevance for the identified subtypes according to distinct patterns of structural brain connectivity within the addiction circuitry [neutral vs. A subtype, the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.67–0.81; neutral vs. B subtype, AUC = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.66–0.82; neutral vs. C subtype, AUC = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.70–0.84]. The current findings enable the characterization of individuals according to subtypes based on personality and behavioral traits that are also corroborated by neuroimaging data and may provide a platform to better predict individual risks for addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujung Yoon
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungyoon Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gahae Hong
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tammy D. Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haejin Hong
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunji Ha
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Ma
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- The Brain Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: In Kyoon Lyoo
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Freeman J, Parkes A, Lewis N, Davey JD, Armstrong KA, Truelove V. Past behaviours and future intentions: An examination of perceptual deterrence and alcohol consumption upon a range of drink driving events. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 137:105428. [PMID: 32004859 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The threat of application of legal sanctions remains the prominent approach to reduce the prevalence of drink driving in a vast array of motoring jurisdictions. However, ongoing questions remain regarding: (a) the extent that such mechanisms impact upon offending behaviours, (b) the deleterious effect alcohol consumption has on decisions to drink and drive and (c) how best to operationalise (and measure) the concept of drink driving to enhance the accurate measurement of the dependent variable. METHOD This paper reports on an examination of 773 Queensland motorists' (across nine local government areas) perceptions of both legal and non-legal drink driving sanctions (as well as alcohol consumption) in order to gauge the deterrent impact upon a range of measures of drink driving: the driver thinking they are over the limit, the driver knowing they are over the limit, attempts to evade random breath testing, and intentions to re-offend. The sample completed an online or paper version of the questionnaire. RESULTS The majority of participants reported "never" engaging in "possible" (74.5 %) or "acknowledged" (83.4 %) drink driving events, although a considerable proportion of the sample reported engaging in "possible" (25.5 %) or "acknowledged" (16.6 %) drink driving and attempting to evade RBT (18 %) events, as well as possible intentions to drink and drive in the future (22 %). Males were more likely to report such events. Perceptions of both legal sanctions (certainty, severity and swiftness) as well as non-legal sanctions (fear of social, internal or physical harm) were relatively high and consistent with previous research. Interestingly, non-legal sanctions were reported as stronger deterrents than legal sanctions. However, multivariate analysis revealed that legal deterrents had limited utility predicting offending behaviours, but rather, demographic characteristics (e.g., younger motorists, males) as well as risky drinking behaviour were better predictors. In regards to intentions to offend, a past conviction for drink driving was also a predictor of re-offending. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS These results highlight the ongoing challenges of addressing the problem of drink driving and that some motorists: (a) have entrenched behaviour and/or (b) make the decision to drink and drive before they are under the influence of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Freeman
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia.
| | - Alexander Parkes
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Naomi Lewis
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Davey
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Kerry A Armstrong
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Verity Truelove
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
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26
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Eickhoff SB, Langner R. Neuroimaging-based prediction of mental traits: Road to utopia or Orwell? PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000497. [PMID: 31725713 PMCID: PMC6879158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting individual mental traits and behavioral dispositions from brain imaging data through machine-learning approaches is becoming a rapidly evolving field in neuroscience. Beyond scientific and clinical applications, such approaches also hold the potential to gain substantial influence in fields such as human resource management, education, or criminal law. Although several challenges render real-life applications of such tools difficult, future conflicts of individual, economic, and public interests are preprogrammed, given the prospect of improved personalized predictions across many domains. In this Perspective paper, we thus argue for the need to engage in a discussion on the ethical, legal, and societal implications of the emergent possibilities for brain-based predictions and outline some of the aspects for this discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- * E-mail: (SBE); (RL)
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- * E-mail: (SBE); (RL)
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27
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Freedman D, Zaami S. Neuroscience and mental state issues in forensic assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2019; 65:101437. [PMID: 30952490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroscience has already changed how the law understands an individual's cognitive processes, how those processes shape behavior, and how bio-psychosocial history and neurodevelopmental approaches provide information, which is critical to understanding mental states underlying behavior, including criminal behavior. In this paper, we briefly review the state of forensic assessment of mental conditions in the relative culpability of criminal defendants, focused primarily on the weaknesses of current approaches. We then turn to focus on neuroscience approaches and how they have the potential to improve assessment, but with significant risks and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Freedman
- International Academy of Law and Mental Health, PO Box 205, New York, NY 10276, United States of America.
| | - Simona Zaami
- Forensic Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Neuroethics research and scholarship intersect with dynamic academic disciplines in science, engineering, and the humanities. On the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the formation of the International Neuroethics Society, we identify current and future topics for neuroethics and discuss the many social and political challenges that emerge from the converging dynamics of neurotechnologies and artificial intelligence. We also highlight the need for a global, transdisciplinary, and integrated community of researchers to address the challenges that are precipitated by this rapid sociotechnological transformation.
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Delfin C, Krona H, Andiné P, Ryding E, Wallinius M, Hofvander B. Prediction of recidivism in a long-term follow-up of forensic psychiatric patients: Incremental effects of neuroimaging data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217127. [PMID: 31095633 PMCID: PMC6522126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the primary objectives in forensic psychiatry, distinguishing it from other psychiatric disciplines, is risk management. Assessments of the risk of criminal recidivism are performed on a routine basis, as a baseline for risk management for populations involved in the criminal justice system. However, the risk assessment tools available to clinical practice are limited in their ability to predict recidivism. Recently, the prospect of incorporating neuroimaging data to improve the prediction of criminal behavior has received increased attention. In this study we investigated the feasibility of including neuroimaging data in the prediction of recidivism by studying whether the inclusion of resting-state regional cerebral blood flow measurements leads to an incremental increase in predictive performance over traditional risk factors. A subsample (N = 44) from a cohort of forensic psychiatric patients who underwent single-photon emission computed tomography neuroimaging and clinical psychiatric assessment during their court-ordered forensic psychiatric investigation were included in a long-term (ten year average time at risk) follow-up. A Baseline model with eight empirically established risk factors, and an Extended model which also included resting-state regional cerebral blood flow measurements from eight brain regions were estimated using random forest classification and compared using several predictive performance metrics. Including neuroimaging data in the Extended model increased the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) from .69 to .81, increased accuracy from .64 to .82 and increased the scaled Brier score from .08 to .25, supporting the feasibility of including neuroimaging data in the prediction of recidivism in forensic psychiatric patients. Although our results hint at potential benefits in the domain of risk assessment, several limitations and ethical challenges are discussed. Further studies with larger, carefully characterized clinical samples utilizing higher-resolution neuroimaging techniques are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Delfin
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Växjö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Hedvig Krona
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Andiné
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Ryding
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Märta Wallinius
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Växjö, Sweden
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Hofvander
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Region Skåne, Trelleborg, Sweden
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30
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Assessing drug cue-induced brain response in heroin dependents treated by methadone maintenance and protracted abstinence measures. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:1221-1229. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Baez S, Santamaría-García H, Ibáñez A. Disarming Ex-Combatants' Minds: Toward Situated Reintegration Process in Post-conflict Colombia. Front Psychol 2019; 10:73. [PMID: 30761041 PMCID: PMC6361777 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective violence in the context of armed conflict impacts the economy, health systems, and social stability of affected countries. This is considered a complex phenomenon with interwoven biological, psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. However, most of the research on this topic still lacks suitable established integrative approaches to assess multilevel perspectives. Social, cognitive and affective mental processes (SCAMP) are critical factors that should be considered in multilevel approaches. In this article, we critically discuss some of the classically isolated approaches used in violence research, the absence of successful interventions for ex-combatants reintegration, and the specific neglect of SCAMP in these interventions. We present the case of post-conflict Colombia as a unique opportunity to study the different roots of collective violence, and we call for a more robust and situated approach to understanding of and intervention in this multifaceted phenomenon. In addition, we suggest a two-stage approach for addressing ex-combatants’ reintegration programs, which considers the situated nature of post-conflict scenarios and the urgent need for evidence-based interventions. This approach focuses on the comprehensive scientific assessment of specific factors involved in violence exposure and the subsequent design of successful interventions. The implementation of this approach will contribute to the effective reintegration of individuals who have been exposed to extreme violence for more than 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baez
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Santamaría-García
- Centro de Memoria y Cognición, Intellectus-Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.,Physiology and Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience, INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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32
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Alimardani A, Chin J. Neurolaw in Australia: The Use of Neuroscience in Australian Criminal Proceedings. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-018-09395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Brenninkmeijer J. The brain as an agentic system: how the brain is articulated in the field of neuroenhancement. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2019; 41:112-127. [PMID: 30155996 PMCID: PMC7379945 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article analyses the material of a European Project on Responsible Research and Innovation in Neuroenhancement (NERRI) to explore how the brain is articulated in this field. Since brains are closely connected to ideas of self, responsibility, free will and being human, and since brain metaphors have important effects on research practices and perspectives, it also matters how people talk about and use the brain. In the NERRI project, the brain is articulated as an agent interacting with or substituting the self; as a system that can, cannot or should not be analysed; and as the part of oneself that can potentially change human nature in positive and negative ways. Since most of the material analysed was produced by neuroscientists or other neuroenhancement experts, this article emphasises the responsibility of the experts in this process. By showing what brain images are disseminated within the field of neuroenhancement, and analysing how this depiction is related to ideas of self or being human, this article does not only intend to contribute to a more empirically based and societally relevant neuroenhancement debate, but also to a more realistic and societally relevant idea of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Brenninkmeijer
- Faculty of ScienceInstitute for Science, Innovation & SocietyRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social SciencesTheory & History of PsychologyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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34
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Andiné P, Bergman H. Focus on Brain Health to Improve Care, Treatment, and Rehabilitation in Forensic Psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:840. [PMID: 31849721 PMCID: PMC6901922 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andiné
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Bergman
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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35
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Bourla A, Ferreri F, Ogorzelec L, Peretti CS, Guinchard C, Mouchabac S. Psychiatrists' Attitudes Toward Disruptive New Technologies: Mixed-Methods Study. JMIR Ment Health 2018; 5:e10240. [PMID: 30552086 PMCID: PMC6315247 DOI: 10.2196/10240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent discoveries in the fields of machine learning (ML), Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), computerized adaptive testing (CAT), digital phenotype, imaging, and biomarkers have brought about a new paradigm shift in medicine. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore psychiatrists' perspectives on this paradigm through the prism of new clinical decision support systems (CDSSs). Our primary objective was to assess the acceptability of these new technologies. Our secondary objective was to characterize the factors affecting their acceptability. METHODS A sample of psychiatrists was recruited through a mailing list. Respondents completed a Web-based survey. A quantitative study with an original form of assessment involving the screenplay method was implemented involving 3 scenarios, each featuring 1 of the 3 support systems, namely, EMA and CAT, biosensors comprising a connected wristband-based digital phenotype, and an ML-based blood test or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated 4 acceptability domains based on International Organization for Standardization and Nielsen models (usefulness, usability, reliability, and risk). RESULTS We recorded 515 observations. Regarding our primary objective, overall acceptability was moderate. MRI coupled with ML was considered to be the most useful system, and the connected wristband was considered the least. All the systems were described as risky (410/515, 79.6%). Regarding our secondary objective, acceptability was strongly influenced by socioepidemiological variables (professional culture), such as gender, age, and theoretical approach. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to assess psychiatrists' views on new CDSSs. Data revealed moderate acceptability, but our analysis shows that this is more the result of the lack of knowledge about these new technologies rather than a strong rejection. Furthermore, we found strong correspondences between acceptability profiles and professional culture profiles. Many medical, forensics, and ethical issues were raised, including therapeutic relationship, data security, data storage, and privacy risk. It is essential for psychiatrists to receive training and become involved in the development of new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bourla
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Sorbonne Université, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florian Ferreri
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Sorbonne Université, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Ogorzelec
- Sociology and Anthropology Laboratory, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Charles-Siegfried Peretti
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Sorbonne Université, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christian Guinchard
- Sociology and Anthropology Laboratory, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Stephane Mouchabac
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Sorbonne Université, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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36
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Neuroimaging Abnormalities in Neurological Patients with Criminal Behavior. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 18:47. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Fjellvang M, Grøning L, Haukvik UK. Imaging Violence in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Critical Discussion of the MRI Literature. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:333. [PMID: 30083111 PMCID: PMC6064955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Persons with schizophrenia have a small but significant increase in risk of violence, which remains after controlling for known environmental risk factors. In vivo MRI-studies may point toward the biological underpinnings of psychotic violence, and neuroimaging has increasingly been used in forensic and legal settings despite unclear relevance. Objectives: (1) To present the first systematic review, following standardized guidelines, of MRI studies of violence with schizophrenia. (2) To critically discuss the promises and pitfalls of using this literature to understand violence in schizophrenia in clinical, forensic, and legal settings. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines and literature searches until January 2018, we found 21 original studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria: (1) Studies of persons with schizophrenia, (2) a history of violence or aggressive behavior, (3) the use of one or more MRI-modalities (sMRI, DTI, fMRI). Results: The most consistent findings from the structural studies were reduced volumes of the hippocampus and the frontal lobe (in particular the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex) in schizophrenia patients with a history of violence or higher aggression scores. The functional studies mainly showed differences and aggression correlates in the frontal lobe and amygdala. However, the studies were methodologically heterogeneous, with four particular areas of concern: different definitions of violence, region of interest vs. whole-brain studies, small subject samples, and group comparisons in a heterogeneous diagnostic category (schizophrenia). Conclusion: The literature reports subtle, but inconsistent group level differences in brain structure and function associated with violence and aggression with schizophrenia, in particular in areas involved in the formation of psychosis symptoms and affective regulation. Due to methodological challenges the results should be interpreted with caution. In order to come closer to the neurobiological underpinnings of violence in schizophrenia future studies could: (1) address the neurobiological differences of premeditated and reactive violence, (2) use RDoC criteria, for example, or other symptom-based systems to categorize psychosis patients, (3) increase subject cohorts and apply new data driven methods. In this perspective, MRI-studies of violence in schizophrenia have the potential to inform clinical violence prediction and legal evaluations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fjellvang
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Grøning
- SIFER WEST, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Unn K Haukvik
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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