Nutritional and phytochemical characterization of radish (Raphanus sativus): A systematic review

Accumulation, translocation, metabolism and subcellular distribution of mandipropamid in cherry radish: A comparative study under hydroponic and soil-cultivated conditions

The accumulation and transportation of pesticides in plants can provide valuable insights to assess potential risks and ensure food safety. The uptake and downward translocation of mandipropamid were examined in hydroponic and soil-cultivated cherry radishes. The uptake of mandipropamid in cherry radish was rapid (bioconcentration factors of 1.1-10.7), whereas the downward translocation was limited (translocation factors of 0.1-0.9). The subcellular distribution results indicated a predominant accumulation in solid fractions of cherry radish (proportions of 52.9-98.7%), potentially because of the hydrophobicity (log Kow of 3.2) of mandipropamid. Owing to the decrease in half-life (>10%), the cultivation of cherry radish enhanced the dissipation of mandipropamid in both nutrient solutions (without stereoselectivity) and soils (with stereoselectivity). In addition, eleven metabolites and three pathways are proposed. This study provides valuable insights for the varying extent of translocation and proper utilization and safety evaluation of mandipropamid in crops.

Combinatorial preparation and structural characterization of anthocyanins and aglycones from Purple-heart Radish for evaluation of physicochemical stability and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity

In this study, an efficient approach to preparation of different anthocyanins from Purple-heart Radish was developed by combining microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), macroporous resin purification (MRP) and ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis (UAAH) for evaluation of physicochemical stability and pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory activity. By optimization of MAE, MRP and UAAH processes, the anthocyanins reached the yield of 6.081 ± 0.106 mg/g, the purity of 78.54 ± 0.62 % (w/w) and the content of 76.29 ± 1.31 % (w/w), respectively. With high-resolution UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS, 15 anthocyanins were identified as pelargonins with diverse glucosides and confirmed by pelargonidin standard. By glycosylation, pelargonins exhibited higher stability in different pH, temperature, light, metal ions environments than that of pelargonidin. However, PL inhibitory assay, kinetic analysis and molecular docking demonstrated that pelargonidin had higher PL inhibitory activity than pelargonins even though with similar binding sites and a dose-effect relationship. The above results revealed that the effect of glycosylation and deglycosylation on PL inhibitory activity and physicochemical stability.

The role of water distribution, cell wall polysaccharides, and microstructure on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) textural properties during dry-salting process

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) undergoes texture changes in their phy-chemical properties during the long-term dry-salting process. In our study, we found that during the 60-day salting period, the hardness and crispness of radish decreased significantly. In further investigation, we observed that the collaborative action of pectin methylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG) significantly decreased the total pectin, alkali-soluble pectin (ASP), and chelator-soluble pectin (CSP) content, while increasing the water-soluble pectin (WSP) content. Furthermore, the elevated activities of cellulase and hemicellulase directly led to the notable fragmentation of cellulose and hemicellulose. The above reactions jointly induced the depolymerization and degradation of cell wall polysaccharides, resulting in an enlargement of intercellular spaces and shrinkage of the cell wall, which ultimately led to a reduction in the hardness and crispness of the salted radish. This study provided key insights and guidance for better maintaining textural properties during the dry-salting process of radish.

Characterization of flavor and taste profile of different radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) varieties by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC/IMS) and E-nose/tongue

A comprehensive study of the overall flavor and taste profile of different radishes is lacking. This study systematically compared the volatile profile of six radish varieties using HS-GC-IMS and their correlation with the E-nose analysis. Organic acids and amino acids were quantified, and their association with the E-tongues analysis was explored. A total of 73 volatile compounds were identified, with diallyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide being the primary sulfides responsible for the unpleasant flavor in radish. Compared to other varieties, cherry radishes boast a significantly higher concentration of allyl isothiocyanate, which likely contributes to their characteristic radish flavor. Moreover, oxalic acid was identified as the most abundant organic acid in radish, accounting for over 97% of its content, followed by malic acid and succinic acid. In conclusion, the distinct flavor and taste characteristics of different radish varieties partially explain their suitability for diverse culinary preferences.

Comparison of Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Properties of Raphanus sativus L. Leaf and Root Kombucha-Fermented Extracts

In the cosmetics industry, the extract from Raphanus sativus L. is fermented using specific starter cultures. These cosmetic ingredients act as preservatives and skin conditioners. Kombucha is traditionally made by fermenting sweetened tea using symbiotic cultures of bacteria and yeast and is used in cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cosmetic properties of radish leaf and root extract fermented with the SCOBY. Both unfermented water extracts and extracts after 7, 14, and 21 days of fermentation were evaluated. The analysis of secondary plant metabolites by UPLC-MS showed higher values for ferments than for extracts. A similar relationship was noted when examining the antioxidant properties using DPPH and ABTS radicals and the protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes using the fluorogenic dye H2DCFDA. The results also showed no cytotoxicity to skin cells using Alamar Blue and Neutral Red tests. The ability of the samples to inhibit IL-1β and COX-2 activity in LPS-treated fibroblasts was also demonstrated using ELISA assays. The influence of extracts and ferments on bacterial strains involved in inflammatory processes of skin diseases was also assessed. Additionally, application tests were carried out, which showed a positive effect of extracts and ferments on TEWL and skin hydration using a TEWAmeter and corneometer probe. The results obtained depended on the concentration used and the fermentation time.

Impact of cobalt and proline foliar application for alleviation of salinity stress in radish

Salinity stress ranks among the most prevalent stress globally, contributing to soil deterioration. Its negative impacts on crop productivity stem from mechanisms such as osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative stress, all of which impede plant growth and yield. The effect of cobalt with proline on mitigating salinity impact in radish plants is still unclear. That's why the current study was conducted with aim to explore the impact of different levels of Co and proline on radish cultivated in salt affected soils. There were four levels of cobalt, i.e., (0, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L) applied as CoSO4 and two levels of proline (0 and 0.25 mM), which were applied as foliar. The treatments were applied in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Results showed that 20 CoSO4 with proline showed improvement in shoot length (∼ 20%), root length (∼ 23%), plant dry weight (∼ 19%), and plant fresh weight (∼ 41%) compared to control. The significant increase in chlorophyll, physiological and biochemical attributes of radish plants compared to the control confirms the efficacy of 20 CoSO4 in conjunction with 10 mg/L proline for mitigating salinity stress. In conclusion, application of cobalt with proline can help to alleviate salinity stress in radish plants. However, multiple location experiments with various levels of cobalt and proline still needs in-depth investigations to validate the current findings.

In vitro combination effects of plant-derived quercetin with synthetic bicalutamide on prostate cancer and normal cell lines: in silico comparison

Prostate cancer is the second most frequent and the fifth greatest cause of death in men. Although diet has been connected to the prevalence of cancer in addition to other factors, the relation between cancer and prevention is weak. Treatment options are at risk due to cell resistance. To identify new combinations, we tried plant-derived quercetin with bicalutamide on cell lines. To determine the cytotoxicity and apoptotic potential of plant-derived quercetin and its combination, MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] and dual stain assays were performed. In silico protein-ligand interaction was performed to support the in vitro findings. A thin layer, column, and high-performance chromatography were used to purify quercetin along with an authentic sample. In the cytotoxic study, quercetin was minimized by 80% similar to bicalutamide and a combination of quercetin and bicalutamide by 50% when compared to controls by 2%. Quercetin and bicalutamide showed a similar binding affinity for androgen receptors (9.7 and 9.8), hub genes (10.8 and 10.0), and a few other PCa-related genes (9.4 and 9.1). We propose to conclude that the combination of quercetin plus bicalutamide can be used for chemotherapy if additional in vivo studies are conducted. The intake of foods high in polyphenolic compounds can help to prevent prostate cancer. Examination of quercetin on several cell lines will provide a definite conclusion to combat cancers.

Pectic polysaccharides of black radish taproots: Extraction, structural characterization

The mixtures of starch and pectin were isolated by sequential extraction of the pulp and peel of black radish taproots Raphanus sativus L. with cold, hot and acidified water, solutions of ammonium oxalate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. The polysaccharide fractions obtained with ammonium oxalate solutions from the pulp and peel of the taproots gave the highest yields. The pectin was the main polysaccharide component. The yield of pectin (calculated on dry matter) from the pulp was 9.5%, from the peel -10.5%. The polysaccharide fractions obtained from pulp with hot water and ammonium oxalate solutions were subjected to sequential enzymatic degradation by amyloglucosidase and polygalacturonase, followed by fractionation on DEAE-cellulose. NMR spectra showed that rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and galacturonan (HG) regions are in structure of pectin. RG-I has unbranched structure, since there are no signals of 2,4-rhamnose residues in NMR spectra.

Development of S Haplotype-Specific Markers to Identify Genotypes of Self-Incompatibility in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.), a root vegetable belonging to the Brassicaceae family, is considered one of the representative crops displaying sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI). The utilization of a self-incompatibility system in F1 breeding can improve the efficiency of cross-combinations, leading to a reduction in breeding time and aiding in the development of novel F1 varieties. The successful implementation of this system necessitates the rapid and accurate identification of S haplotypes in parental lines. In this study, we identified a total of nine S haplotypes among 22 elite radish lines through Sanger sequencing. Subsequently, we obtained sequences for showing a 95% similarity to nine S haplotypes, along with sequences identified by other researchers using BLAST. Following this, multiple sequence alignment (MSA) was conducted to identify SRK and SLG sequence similarities, as well as polymorphisms within the class I and II groups. Subsequently, S haplotype-specific marker sets were developed, targeting polymorphic regions of SRK and SLG alleles. These markers successfully amplified each of the nine S haplotypes. These markers will play a crucial role in the rapid and precise identification of parental S haplotypes in the radish F1 breeding process, proving instrumental in the radish F1 purity test.

Characterization and Function Analysis of Soluble Dietary Fiber Obtained from Radish Pomace by Different Extraction Methods

Soluble dietary fiber (SDF) benefits human health, and different extraction methods might modify the structure and functions of the SDFs. Radish is rich in dietary fiber. To assess the impact of various extraction techniques on the properties and functions of radish SDF, the SDFs were obtained from white radish pomace using alkaline, ultrasonic-assisted, and fermentation-assisted extraction methods. Analysis was conducted on the structure, physicochemical characteristics, thermal properties, and functional attributes of the SDFs. The study revealed that various extraction techniques can impact the monosaccharides composition and functionality of the SDFs. Compared with the other two extraction methods, the surface structures of SDFs obtained by fermentation-assisted extraction were looser and more porous, and the SDF had better water solubility and water/oil holding capacity. The adsorption capacities of glucose and cholesterol of the SDFs obtained from fermentation-assisted extraction were also improved. Wickerhamomyces anomalus YFJ252 seems the most appropriate strain to ferment white radish pomace to acquire SDF; the water holding, oil holding, glucose absorption capacity, and cholesterol absorption capacity at pH 2 and pH 7 have a 3.06, 1.65, 3.19, 1.27, and 1.83 fold increase than the SDF extracted through alkaline extraction method.

Bioactivity of Raphanus Species against Agricultural Phytopathogens and its Role in Soil Remediation: A Review

Phytopathogens and weeds represent around 20-40% of global agricultural productivity losses. Synthetic pesticide products are the most used to combat these pests, but it reiterates that their use has caused tremendous pressure on ecosystems' self-cleansing capacity and resistance development by pathogens to synthetic fungicides. In the last decades, researchers have demonstrated the vast biological properties of plants against pathogens and diseases. Raphanus species (Brassicaceae) possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, insecticidal, nematicidal, allelopathic, and phytoremediators properties. These are due to the presence of structurally diverse bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and glucosinolates. In this review, we have provided an update on the biological properties of two Raphanus species (R. sativus and R. raphanistrum), detailing the type of natural product (extract or isolated compound), the bioassays displayed, and the results obtained for the main bioactivities of this genus cited in the literature during the last 30 years. Moreover, preliminary studies on phytopathogenic activities performed in our laboratory have also been depicted. We conclude that Raphanus species could be a source of natural bioactive molecules to treat phytopathogens and weeds that affect crops and remediate contaminated soils.

Micro-grinding-based production for sulforaphene-enriched radish seeds extract via facilitating glucosinolates-myrosinase reaction, and evaluation of its anti-adipogenic effects

Sulforaphene (SFEN), an isothiocyanate (ITC) abundant in radish (Raphanus sativus) seeds (RS), has many health benefits, including anti-obesity effects. SFEN content is affected by multiple factors during processing, such as glucoraphenin (GLE) (the precursor of SFEN) availability, myrosinase (essential for conversion from GLE to SFEN) activity, and SFEN stability. We examined the physiochemical-properties and anti-adipogenic effects of SFEN-enriched RSE produced by two processes, roasting and micro-grinding. The roasting process lowered SFEN content and myrosinase activity over 50 °C. However, among micro-grinding conditions, smaller particle size (#2 grind, ≈11.31 μm) more effectively increased SFEN content in RS compared to larger particles (#1 grind, ≈ 179.50 μm) by accelerating available GLE and myrosinase release from RS. Grind #2 also effectively inhibited the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes compared to #1. Thus, micro-grinding can be suggested for producing SFEN-enriched RSE with anti-adipogenic activity as a functional material for obesity prevention or treatment.

Association between dietary phytochemical index, cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome in Switzerland. The CoLaus study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Plant-based diets are associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) and lower risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), probably via phytochemicals acting synergistically. However, dietary phytochemical content estimation is challenging; therefore, the dietary phytochemical index (DPI) was proposed as a practical way to assess total dietary phytochemical content from phytochemical-rich foods (PRFs). We evaluated the association between DPI with CRFs and MetS and its components.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Cross-sectional analysis of 2009-2012 data of Colaus cohort study (Lausanne, Switzerland), including 3879 participants (mean age 57.6 ± 10.4 years, 53.5% women). Dietary intake was assessed via a validated food frequency questionnaire. DPI was calculated as the total energy intake percentage obtained from PRFs consumption and assessed as quartiles. Associations were determined using multivariable linear and logistic regression for CRFs and MetS, respectively. Median DPI value was 25.5 (interquartile range: 17.7-34.6). After multivariable-adjusted analyses, significant inverse associations were observed between the last two highest DPI quartiles and waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), insulin, leptin, and hs-CRP. No significant associations were observed for MetS or its components except for central obesity, as subjects in the highest DPI quartile had lower odds (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.97) than those in lowest quartile.

CONCLUSION

A diet high in PRFs assessed via DPI is associated with lower WC, BMI, insulin, leptin, hs-CRP values, and lower odds of central obesity, indicating a potential protective effect of phytochemical intake on these CRFs and highlighting the importance of high PRFs intake in promoting cardiometabolic health.

DNA from herbs can be obtained from air and authenticated by polymerase chain reaction

DNA barcoding of herbs allows accurate species authentication. However, the DNA of herbs are often not easily PCR amplified due to co-extraction of inhibitors. Methods have been developed to improve DNA extraction to reduce contaminants. These methods usually require toxic chemical treatments or expensive commercial kits and are labor intensive. In this report, we collected the air passed from the herbs and directly amplified the DNA obtained. Results showed that DNA could be obtained, and it was PCR amplifiable. Sequencing of the amplified DNA allowed species authentication. This DNA collection method is applicable to herbs from different plant tissues. It has the advantages of reducing the use of toxic substances and more economical.

Dissipation Kinetics and Risk Assessment of Diniconazole, Dinotefuran, Metconazole, and Tebuconazole in Raphanus sativus L

This study investigated the degradation characteristics and conducted a risk assessment of four pesticides (Diniconazole, Dinotefuran, Metconazole, and Tebuconazole) in the leaves and roots of radish. Radish was cultivated in two greenhouse fields, and samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after pesticide application. Sample analysis was performed using LC-MS/MS, and the recovery rates ranged from 70.1% to 118.6%. The biological half-life of Diniconazole was found to be 6.2 days (leaf and root), Dinotefuran was 5.3 days (leaf) and 4.6 days (root), Metconazole was 9.3 days (leaf) and 3.2 days (root), and Tebuconazole was 8.0 days (leaf) and 5.1 days (root). After comparing the maximum residue limits (MRL) of each pesticide in Korea with the residues during the pre-harvest interval (PHI), Diniconazole showed a Hazard quotient (HQ) exceeding 1, indicating potential risks for true consumers. Furthermore, Tebuconazole showed an HQ of 0.3 or higher, indicating a significant level of risk.

Dynamic profiling of intact glucosinolates in radish by combining UHPLC-HRMS/MS and UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS

Glucosinolates (GSLs) and their degradation products in radish confer plant defense, promote human health, and generate pungent flavor. However, the intact GSLs in radish have not been investigated comprehensively yet. Here, an accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses of 15 intact GSLs from radish, including four major GSLs of glucoraphasatin (GRH), glucoerucin (GER), glucoraphenin (GRE), and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (4MGBS), were conducted using UHPLC-HRMS/MS in combination with UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Simultaneously, three isomers of hexyl GSL, 3-methylpentyl GSL, and 4-methylpentyl GSL were identified in radish. The highest content of GSLs was up to 232.46 μmol/g DW at the 42 DAG stage in the 'SQY' taproot, with an approximately 184.49-fold increase compared to the lowest content in another sample. That the GSLs content in the taproots of two radishes fluctuated in a similar pattern throughout the five vegetative growth stages according to the metabolic profiling, whereas the GSLs content in the '55' leaf steadily decreased over the same period. Additionally, the proposed biosynthetic pathways of radish-specific GSLs were elucidated in this study. Our findings will provide an abundance of qualitative and quantitative data on intact GSLs, as well as a method for detecting GSLs, thus providing direction for the scientific progress and practical utilization of GSLs in radish.

Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of the Raphanus sativus L. sprouts in mice

Raphanus sativus L. (Brassicaceae), commonly known as radish, is consumed worldwide as a vegetable. However, its benefits on mental health are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate its anxiolytic-like effects and safety using different experimental models. An aqueous extract of R. sativus sprouts (AERSS) was pharmacologically evaluated by intraperitoneal route (i.p.) at 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg and orally (p.o.) at 500 mg/kg on behavior by using open-field and plus-maze tests. In addition, its acute toxicity (LD₅₀) was determined by the Lorke's method. Diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and buspirone (4 mg/kg, i.p.) were the reference drugs. A significant and anxiolytic-like dosage of AERSS (30 mg/kg, i.p.) resembling the effects of reference drugs was chosen to explore the involvement of GABA_A/BDZs site (flumazenil, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) and serotonin 5-HT_1A receptors (WAY100635, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) as a possible mechanism of action. A 500 mg/kg, p.o. dosage of AERSS produced an anxiolytic-like response equivalent to 100 mg/kg, i.p. No acute toxicity was observed since a LD₅₀ > 2000 mg/kg, i.p. The phytochemical analysis allowed the identification and quantification of major presence of sulforaphene (2500 µM), sulforaphane (15 µM), iberin (0.75 µM), and indol-3-carbinol (0.75 µM), as major constituents. Both the GABA_A/BDZs site and serotonin 5-HT_1A receptors were involved in the anxiolytic-like activity of AERSS, depending on the pharmacological parameter or the experimental assay tested. Our results demonstrate that the anxiolytic activity of R. sativus sprouts involves GABA_A/BDZs site and serotonin 5-HT_1A receptors supporting its health benefits in the treatment of anxiety beyond the satisfaction of basic nutritional needs.

Synergistic effect of carbon nanoparticles with mild salinity for improving chemical composition and antioxidant activities of radish sprouts

The demand for healthy foods with high functional value has progressively increased. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have a promising application in agriculture including the enhancement of plant growth. However, there are few studies on the interactive effects of CNPs and mild salinity on radish seed sprouting. To this end, the effect of radish seed priming with 80mM CNPs on biomass, anthocyanin, proline and polyamine metabolism, and antioxidant defense system under mild salinity growth condition (25 mM NaCl). The results indicated that seed nanopriming with CNPs along with mild salinity stress enhanced radish seed sprouting and its antioxidant capacity. Priming boosted the antioxidant capacity by increasing antioxidant metabolites such as (polyphenols, flavonoids, polyamines, anthocyanin, and proline). To understand the bases of these increases, precursors and key biosynthetic enzymes of anthocyanin [phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, naringenin, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase (CHS), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL)], proline [pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), Sucrose, Sucrose P synthase, invertase) and polyamines [putrescine, spermine, spermidine, total polyamines, arginine decarboxylase, orinthnine decarboxylase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, spermine synthase] were analyzed. In conclusion, seed priming with CNPs has the potential to further stimulate mild salinity-induced bioactive compound accumulation in radish sprouts.

Fate and occurrence of indoxacarb during radish cultivation for multi-risk assessment

Agrochemical indoxacarb is an important tool for selective pest control in radish that be consumed globally. A rapid and sensitive analytical method UHPLC-MS/MS was developed for tracing indoxacarb in radish leaves and roots with LOQ of 0.001 mg/kg and RT within 2 min, which were confirmed the satisfied storage stability of indoxacarb in radish matrixes with degradation rates less than 30 %. The occurrence, pharmacokinetics dissipation and concentration variation of indoxacarb were reflected by the original deposition of 2.23-4.12 mg/kg, half-lives of 2.6-8.0 d and terminal magnitude of 0.17 × 10^-2-25.46 mg/kg in radish, and the influencing factors were further illustrated in terms of climate factors, crop cultivars and soil properties. The highest residues of indoxacarb were 25.46 mg/kg in leaves and 0.12 mg/kg in roots, which were higher than international maximum residue limits. A probabilistic model, as well as deterministic model, were introduced to evaluated the health risks of indoxacarb offering a better description for uncertainty. The total chronic dietary risk values of indoxacarb were 146.961-482.065 % in 12 registered crops, of which ADI % in radish was accounted for 19.8 % with risk dilution effects. The unacceptable acute dietary risks of 121.358-220.331 % were observed at 99.9th percentile, whereas the high-potential non-carcinogenic effects were observed over 90th percentile (105.035-1121.943 %). The health risks should be continuously emphasized given the increasing applications and persistent characteristics of indoxacarb, which is vital to protect the human population from hazardous effects, particularly for vulnerable children.

Metabolomic approach of azole fungicides in radish (Raphanus sativus): Perspective of functional metabolites

Azole fungicides is one of the major fungicides in agricultural field. In this study, toxic effects of diniconazole (DIN), metconazole (MET), and tebuconazole (TEB) to radish leaves and roots were investigated using targeted metabolomics with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Especially, the changes of functional chemicals, including phytosterols and glucosinolates evaluated. Radish leaves and roots were harvested after 7 days and 14 days from last exposure. In multivariate analysis, the experimental groups showed clear separation in PCA and PLS-DA score plots. Phytosterols and glucosinolates were significantly changed by azole fungicide. Six metabolic pathways which are affected by fungicides were selected and showed similar patterns regardless of the type of azole fungicide used. As a result, azole fungicide induces the defense mechanisms of plants and affects both primary and secondary metabolism.

Drought stress mitigation by foliar application of L-carnitine and its effect on radish morphophysiology

Drought is the major abiotic stress limiting crop production worldwide, with drought events being expected to be harsher and more frequent due to the global warming. In this context, the development of strategies to mitigate the deleterious effects of drought, such as the use of biostimulants, is imperative. Radish is a globally cultivated root vegetable, with high nutritional and phytochemical value. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of exogenous carnitine application in the mitigation of drought stress on radish morphophysiology. For this, radish plants were grown for 30 days, being irrigated with 80% (well-watered) or 15% (drought stress) of water holding capacity and sprayed with carnitine (5, 50, and 500 µM) or water (0 µM-no carnitine). The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (carnitine concentrations × water conditions) with six replicates, and each experimental unit consisted of one plant. The gas exchanges, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, and biomass production and allocation were evaluated. Drought reduced the photosynthetic capacity of plants by impairing water balance and membrane integrity, decreasing biomass accumulation, mainly in globular roots. The application of low carnitine (5 µM) mitigated these negative effects caused by drought, increasing membrane integrity and water balance of plants, while higher carnitine concentration (50 and 500 µM) aggravated drought stress. This study highlights the potential of carnitine in the mitigation of drought stress on radish plants, supporting its role as a biostimulant.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01308-6.

Thai Rat-Tailed Radish Prevents Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats by Blocking Mutagenicity, Inducing Hepatic Phase II Enzyme, and Decreasing Hepatic Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression

Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef (RS) is an indigenous Thai plant with nutritional and medicinal values such as anticancer activity, but only in vitro. The chemopreventive effects of RS were, therefore, investigated in the initial stage of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a carcinogen, was intraperitoneally injected into rats to induce liver cancer. Along with the DEN injection, either aqueous (RS-H₂O) or dichloromethane (RS-DCM) extract was administered orally. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect glutathione S-transferase placental (GST-P) positive foci and apoptotic cells in rat livers as indicators of initial-stage carcinogenesis. The underlying mechanisms of chemoprevention were investigated with (a) antimutagenic activity, (b) hepatic phase II enzyme induction, and (c) hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. The results showed that RS-DCM was more potent than RS-H₂O in decreasing GST-P positive foci and apoptotic cells induced by DEN. The mechanisms of RS-DCM (phenolics and sulforaphene contents) against liver carcinogenesis (1) block the activity of carcinogens; (2) elevate phase II detoxifying enzymes; and (3) suppress the pro-inflammatory gene expression. RS-H₂O (phenolics contents), in contrast, only decreases pro-inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, the RS extract consisting of phenolics and isothiocyanates exerted significant chemopreventive activity against DEN-induced liver carcinogenesis.

Understanding the metabolism of the novel plant antiviral agent dufulin by different positional 14C labeling in cherry radishes

Dufulin is a new type of plant antiviral agent. However, its metabolism in plants, which is very important for environmental risk assessment, is still unclear. In this study, we used ¹⁴C markers at different positions and high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS) to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze dufulin metabolites in cherry radish. By combining ion pairs with unique abundance ratios, we clarified the metabolite structures, inferred the metabolic pathway of dufulin, and clarified the criteria for residues. The extractable residue of dufulin from cherry radish stem and leaf tissues was above 98 % and that in the succulent root was above 87 %. In the stem and leaf tissues and succulent root, dufulin underwent both phase I and phase II metabolism, and four metabolites were produced, including a conjugate of glucose malonate and hydroxylated dufulin, which was confirmed by comparison with a standard. However, the proportions and concentrations of the four metabolites did not meet the residue criteria, so only the dufulin precursor compound was included as a residue. This study provides reliable data for evaluating the impacts of dufulin on the environment and human health and for objectively examining the safety of dufulin.

Root Vegetables-Composition, Health Effects, and Contaminants

Root vegetables are known all over the world, but they are being less and less consumed by individuals. The main purpose of this article was to summarize the benefits, health effects, and threats associated with the consumption of carrot, celery, parsley, beetroot, radish, turnip, and horseradish. They are characterized by high nutritional value due to their richness in dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. One of their most important features is their high content of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, phenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C. These compounds are responsible for antioxidant potential. Comparison of their antioxidant effects is difficult due to the lack of standardization among methods used for their assessment. Therefore, there is a need for a reference method that would allow for correct interpretation. Moreover, root vegetables are characterized by several health-promoting effects, including the regulation of metabolic parameters (glucose level, lipid profile, and blood pressure), antioxidant potential, prebiotic function, and anti-cancer properties. However, due to the type of cultivation, root vegetables are vulnerable to contaminants from the soil, such as toxic metals (lead and cadmium), pesticides, pharmaceutical residues, microplastics, and nitrates. Regardless, the low levels of toxic substances present in root vegetables do not pose health risks to the average consumer.

Immunomodulatory Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Black Radish on Mouse Macrophages via the TLR2/4-Mediated Signaling Pathway

Here, we determined the immunostimulatory effects of black radish (Raphanus sativus ver niger) hot water extract (BRHE) on a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and mouse peritoneal macrophages. We found that BRHE treatment increased cell proliferation, phagocytic activity, nitric oxide (NO) levels, cytokine production, and reactive oxygen species synthesis. Moreover, BRHE increased the expression of the following immunomodulators in RAW 264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages: pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), iNOS, and COX-2. BRHE treatment significantly up-regulated the phosphorylation of components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Akt, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Further, the effects of BRHE on macrophages were significantly diminished after the cells were treated with the TLR2 antagonist C29 or the TLR4 antagonist TAK-242. Therefore, BRHE-induced immunostimulatory phenotypes in mouse macrophages were reversed by multiple inhibitors, such as TLR antagonist, MAPK inhibitor, and Akt inhibitor indicating that BRHE induced macrophage activation through the TLR2/4-MAPK-NFκB-Akt-STAT3 signaling pathway. These results indicate that BRHE may serve as a potential immunomodulatory factor or functional food and provide the scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization and evaluation of black radish in future applications.

RsTTG1, a WD40 Protein, Interacts with the bHLH Transcription Factor RsTT8 to Regulate Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in Raphanus sativus

MBW complexes, consisting of MYB, basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH), and WD40 proteins, regulate multiple traits in plants, including anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis and the determination of epidermal cell fate. Here, a WD40 gene from Raphanus sativus, designated TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 (RsTTG1), was cloned and functionally characterized. Heterologous expression of RsTTG1 in the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant ttg1-22 background restored accumulation of anthocyanin and PA in the mutant and rescued trichome development. In radish, RsTTG1 was abundantly expressed in all root and leaf tissues, independently of anthocyanin accumulation, while its MBW partners RsMYB1 and TRANSPARENT TESTA 8 (RsTT8) were expressed at higher levels in pigment-accumulating tissues. In yeast two-hybrid analysis, the full-length RsTTG1 protein interacted with RsTT8. Moreover, transient protoplast co-expression assays demonstrated that RsTTG1, which localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus, moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the presence of RsTT8. When co-expressed with RsMYB1 and RsTT8, RsTTG1 stably activated the promoters of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes CHALCONE SYNTHASE (RsCHS) and DIHYDROFLAVONOL 4-REDUCTASE (RsDFR). Transient expression of RsTTG1 in tobacco leaves exhibited an increase in anthocyanin accumulation due to activation of the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes when simultaneously expressed with RsMYB1 and RsTT8. These results indicate that RsTTG1 is a vital regulator of pigmentation and trichome development as a functional homolog of AtTTG1.

PGPR Kosakonia Radicincitans KR-17 Increases the Salt Tolerance of Radish by Regulating Ion-Homeostasis, Photosynthetic Molecules, Redox Potential, and Stressor Metabolites

Among abiotic stresses, salinity is a significant limiting factor affecting agricultural productivity, survival, and production, resulting in significant economic losses. Considering the salinity problem, the goal of this study was to identify a halotolerant beneficial soil bacterium to circumvent salinity-induced phytotoxicity. Here, strain KR-17 (having an irregular margin; a mucoid colony; Gm-ve short rod; optimum temperature, 30°C; pH 7.0; no any pigmentation; showed a positive response to citrate utilization, catalase, starch, sucrose, lactose, and dextrose, etc.) recovered from rhizosphere soils of the potato-cultivating field, tolerated surprisingly a high (18% NaCl; 3.-M concentration) level of salt and identified as Kosakonia radicincitans (Accession No. OM348535). This strain was discovered to be metabolically active, synthesized essential PGP bioactive molecules like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophore (iron-chelating compounds), ACC deaminase, and ammonia, the quantity of which, however, increased with increasing NaCl concentrations. Here, Raphanus sativus L. (radish) was taken as a model crop to evaluate the adverse impact of NaCl, as well as salinity alleviation by halotolerant K. radicincitans. Salinity-induced toxicity to R. sativus was increased in a dose-dependent way, as observed both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Maximum NaCl levels (15%) demonstrated more extreme harm and considerably reduced the plant's biological features. However, membrane damage, relative leaf water content (RLWC), stressor metabolites, and antioxidant enzymes were increased as NaCl concentration increased. In contrast, halotolerant K. radicincitans KR-17 relieved salinity stress and enhanced the overall performance of R. sativus (L.) by increasing germination efficiency, dry biomass, and leaf pigments even in salt-challenged conditions. Additionally, KR-17 inoculation significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved plant mineral nutrients (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, P, and N). Following inoculation, strain KR-17 enhanced the protein, carbohydrates, root pigments, amino acids (AsA and Lys), lipids, and root alkaloids in R. sativus (L.). Besides these, due to PGPR seed priming in NaCl-stressed/non-stressed conditions, membrane damage, RLWC, stressor metabolites, and antioxidant defense enzymes were dramatically reduced. The strong biofilm-forming capacity of K. radicincitans could result in both in vitro and in vivo colonization under NaCl stress. Conclusively, halotolerant K. radicincitans KR-17 may probably be investigated affordably as the greatest way to increase the production of radish under salinity-stressed soils.

Identification and analysis of major flavor compounds in radish taproots by widely targeted metabolomics

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important Brassicaceous vegetable crop that is cultivated worldwide. The taste of radish can be described as pungent, sweet, and crisp. At present, the metabolic characteristics leading to differences in radish taste remain unclear, due to the lack of large-scale detection and identification of radish metabolites. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS-based targeted metabolome analysis was performed on the taproots of eight radish landraces. We identified a total of 938 metabolites, and each landrace exhibited a specific metabolic profile, making it unique in flavor and quality. Our results show that taste differences among the taproots of different radish landraces can be explained by changes in composition and abundance of glucosinolates, polyphenols, carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, and lipids. This study reveals the potential metabolic causes of variation in the taste and flavor of radish taproots.

Multiomics understanding of improved quality in cherry radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radculus pers) after foliar application of selenium nanomaterials

A selenium (Se)-nanoenabled agriculture strategy was established in this work to improve crop yield and quality. The results demonstrated that Se engineering nanomaterials (Se ENMs, 10 mg·L^-1) were absorbed and translocated in cherry radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radculus pers) from shoots to taproots after foliar application. RNA-Seq and metabolomic results indicated that the glucolysis, pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism pathways were accelerated by exposure to Se ENMs, resulting in increased production of flavonoids (3.2-fold), amino acids (1.4-fold), and TCA (2.5-fold) compared with the control. Moreover, Se content was enhanced by 5.4 and 2.6 times in pericarp and pulp upon Se ENMs exposure, respectively, which was more efficient (2.2 and 1.1 times) than SeO₃^2- treatment. Additionally, the yield of cherry radish was increased by 67.6% under Se ENMs, whereas SeO₃^2- exposure only led to an increase of 7.4%. Therefore, the application of Se ENMs could reduce the amount of fertilizer used to minimize the environmental impact in agriculture while improve crop production and quality. These findings highlighted the significant potential of Se ENMs-enabled agriculture practices as an eco-friendly and sustainable crop strategy.

Metabolic Profiling of White and Green Radish Cultivars (Raphanus sativus)

Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a Brassica vegetable important for human nutrition and health because it is rich in diverse metabolites. Although previous studies have evaluated various metabolites, few studies have comprehensively profiled the primary and secondary metabolites in the roots of white- and green-colored radishes. Thus, this study aimed to provide information about the contents of metabolites beneficial for human health in both cultivars and to investigate the relationships between the various metabolites detected. In particular, among the 55 metabolites detected in radish roots, the levels of most amino acids and phenolic acids, vital to nutrition and health, were higher in green radish roots, while slightly higher levels of glucosinolates were observed in white radish roots—information which can be used to develop an effective strategy to promote vegetable consumption. Furthermore, glutamic acid, as a metabolic precursor of amino acids and chlorophylls, was positively correlated with other amino acids (cysteine, tryptophan, asparagine, alanine, serine, phenylalanine, valine, isoleucine, proline, leucine, beta-alanine, lysine, and GABA), and chlorophylls (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) detected in radish roots and phenylalanine, a metabolic precursor of phenolic compounds, were positively correlated with kaempferol, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and catechin. In addition, strong positive correlations between carbohydrates (sucrose and glucose) and phenolics were observed in this study, indicating that sucrose and glucose function as energy sources for phenolic compounds.

Improvement of Germination and Early Growth of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) through Modulation of Seed Metabolic Processes

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a vegetable cultivated worldwide because of its large succulent hypocotyls. The priming method initiates metabolic processes at early stages and regulates the metabolic events in seed necessary for germination. This research was conducted to examine the influence of various priming treatments on physiological performance (germination, growth, lipid peroxidation, primary and secondary metabolism) and antioxidant activity of radish seedlings. On the basis of germination and growth characteristics, vigor index, and relative water content in leaves, it was confirmed that priming treatments with 0.01% ascorbic acid (AA) and 1% KNO₃ improves the initial stages of radish development. Furthermore, the efficiency of AA as a priming agent was confirmed through the reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) level compared to unprimed seedlings. On the other hand, hormopriming with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) significantly increased the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and total soluble leaf proteins compared to non-primed seedlings. The highest content of total phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, were obtained after hormopriming with 1 mM IAA and halopriming with 1% MgSO₄. On the basis of the percentage of inhibition of DPPH radicals, it was confirmed that treatments with IAA and AA can improve the antioxidant activity of radish seedlings. This study provides useful information regarding the possibilities of pregerminative metabolic modulation through the seed priming for the biochemical and physiological improvement of radish, and this topic should be further investigated in order to determine the potential use of AA and IAA as suitable priming agents in radish commercial production.

Nutritional Content Dynamics and Correlation of Bacterial Communities and Metabolites in Fermented Pickled Radishes Supplemented With Wheat Bran

Wheat bran supplementation in cereal food processing improves the nutritional value and quality of the final products. However, whether wheat bran has the potential as a biofortifier to enhance nutritional and flavor of fermented vegetables remains unknown. The study aimed to evaluate the potential of wheat bran supplementation for nutrition and flavor fortification during radish fermentation, and to explore the role of microorganisms in nutritional and flavor development. Using high-throughput sequencing coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the microbial community profiles and nutritional and flavor changes of wheat bran-treated samples were analyzed and compared with control samples. Correlation analysis between bacteria taxa with metabolites were also performed. The results showed that wheat bran treatment increased the content of most free amino acids (FAAs), α-linolenate, thiamine, and riboflavin in the samples (p < 0.05). In addition, the increased consumption of reducing sugar and glutamate in the wheat bran-treated samples was due to the production of secondary metabolites such as lactic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, and GABA (p < 0.05). Moreover, compared with control samples, the flavor of the wheat bran-treated pickled radish was preferable. Wheat bran increased the amount of alcohol, ester, acid, and ketones compounds but reduced the number of sulfides, which increased the aroma but decreased the pungent flavor. Additionally, the correlation analysis suggested that Lactobacillus, the most dominant genus, was boosted by wheat bran and was positively associated with most of FAAs, GABA, and lactate, while negatively associated with most sulfides. Therefore, compared with the control, wheat bran treatment could improve the nutritional values and sensorial properties of radish pickles. New areas of research should explore the co-fermentation of other vegetables with wheat bran, and the potential of this processing technique to provide consumers with products of high nutritional quality.

Effect of sodium nitroprusside on physiological and anatomical features of salt-stressed Raphanus sativus

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which produces nitric oxide (NO) has the well-documented potential to alleviate the adverse effects of various abiotic stressors such as salinity. The present study aimed at investigating how the application of SNP can ameliorate the adverse effects of salt stress and boost tolerance in Raphanus sativus. Salt stress induced by application of 100 or 200 mM NaCl significantly decreased photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence, followed by a significant reduction in carbohydrate content. SNP treatment increased salt-tolerance in plants by inhibiting the adverse effect of salinity on the photosynthetic apparatus and the accumulation of sugars. Salt stress was accompanied by a reduction in total antioxidant power (FRAP), accumulation of damaging levels of H₂O₂, lipid peroxidation, and reduction in protein, while SNP enhanced FRAP, reduced H₂O₂ and lipid peroxidation, and restored protein abundance. SNP treatment also increased hypocotyl growth of salt-stressed plants, accompanied by improvement in anatomical structure. Cross sections of the hypocotyl showed increased diameter of the central cylinder and thickness of the casparian strip in the SNP-treated plants under stress conditions. Indeed, the observed improvement in the growth of hypocotyl and leaves of salt-stressed radish plants treated with SNP, in parallel with improved physiology and anatomical features, suggested that NO can regulate diverse mechanisms to effectively increase salt tolerance.

Irradiance-regulated biomass allocation in Raphanus sativus plants depends on gibberellin biosynthesis

Gibberellin has been proposed to increase leaf elongation in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plants, which is associated with decreased tuber growth. Since light intensity can control growth through interaction with gibberellin, investigation of the effect of gibberellin levels on the growth of radish plants would be a step forward towards unraveling factors that underlie biomass accumulation and allocation in response to irradiance levels. Here, we report that the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) decreased petiole elongation, but not lamina growth of radish plants grown under full sunlight. However, shading promoted an increase in shoot elongation, while in plants treated with PAC the petiole and leaf lamina fail to elongate. Plants treated with PAC allocated proportionally more biomass to their tubers and less to shoot compared to control under shade. Moreover, PAC decreased the abundance of transcripts encoding cell wall expansion proteins in leaf lamina and petiole of plants grown under shade, which was positively correlated with sugar consumption by the tuber, thereby increasing the mass fraction and concentrations of minerals for tuber. Thus, allocation of biomass during the growth of radish plants and nutritional quality of tubers depend on gibberellin and light intensity.