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Vaz de Sousa D, Greve M, Oberlander KC. Friends without benefits: Extensive cytotype sympatry and polyploid persistence in an African geophyte. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16291. [PMID: 38439133 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Polyploidy is a major factor in plant adaptation and speciation. Multiple mechanisms contribute to autopolyploid frequency within populations, but uncertainties remain regarding mechanisms that facilitate polyploid establishment and persistence. Here we aimed to document and predict cytotype distributions of Oxalis obliquifolia Steud. ex A. Rich. across Gauteng, South Africa, and test for evidence of possible mechanisms, including morphological, phenological, and reproductive traits, that may potentially facilitate polyploid persistence. METHODS Over 320 O. obliquifolia plants from 25 sites were cytotyped using flow cytometry, and DNA ploidy was confirmed using meiotic chromosome squashes. Cytotypes were mapped and correlations with abiotic variables assessed using ordinations. To assess morphological and phenological associations with cytotype, we grew multiple cytotypes in a common garden, measured phenotypic traits and compared them using linear models and discriminant analyses. Intercytotype reproductive isolation was assessed using crossing experiments, and AMOVAs based on ITS DNA sequences tested for cytogeographic structure. RESULTS Six cytotypes were identified, and most sites had multiple cytotypes. Abiotic variables were not predictive of cytotype distribution. A clear gigas effect was present. Differences in flower size and phenology suggested pollinator interactions could play a role in polyploid persistence. Intercytotype crosses produced seed at low frequency. DNA data suggested diploids and polyploids were largely reproductively isolated in situ, and polyploidization events were not frequent enough to explain high cytotype sympatry. CONCLUSIONS Diploids and polyploids are behaving as separate species, despite little observable niche differentiation and non-zero potential intercytotype seed set. Tests on biotic interactions and intercytotype F1 fitness may provide insights into diploid and polyploid coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Vaz de Sousa
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
- H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michelle Greve
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kenneth C Oberlander
- H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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2
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Blonder BW. Why are triploid quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) common? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16325. [PMID: 38704729 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Quaking aspen is a clonal tree species that has mixed ploidy, often with high relative abundance of both diploids and triploids but no haploids or tetraploids. Triploids typically have low fertility, leaving their occurrence apparently unlikely from an evolutionary perspective, unless they provide a "triploid bridge" to generating higher-fitness tetraploids-which are not observed in this species. This study focused on how triploidy can be maintained in quaking aspen. METHODS A computational model was used to simulate gamete production, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, parent survival, and offspring survival in a population. All parameters were assumed to be cytotype-dependent and environment-independent. Sampling methods were used to identify parameter combinations consistent with observed cytotype frequencies. RESULTS Many processes and parameter values were sufficient to yield a moderate frequency of triploids, and very few were necessary. The most plausible route involved higher triploid survival at the parent or offspring stage and limited unreduced gamete production by either diploid or triploid parents. Triploid fertility was helpful but not necessary. CONCLUSIONS The coexistence of diploids and triploids in quaking aspen is statistically likely and promoted by the existence of commonly observed, long-lived triploid clones. However, other mechanisms not captured by the model related to environmental variation could also occur. Further empirical data or more complex but difficult-to-parameterize models are needed to gain further insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wong Blonder
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720 USA, CA
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Lin YE, Chiu HL, Wu CS, Chaw SM. Phylogenomics identifies parents of naturally occurring tetraploid bananas. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2024; 65:19. [PMID: 38995516 PMCID: PMC11245450 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triploid bananas are almost sterile. However, we succeeded in harvesting seeds from two edible triploid banana individuals (Genotype: ABB) in our conservation repository where various wild diploid bananas were also grown. The resulting rare offspring survived to seedling stages. DNA content analyses reveal that they are tetraploid. Since bananas contain maternally inherited plastids and paternally inherited mitochondria, we sequenced and assembled plastomes and mitogenomes of these seedlings to trace their hybridization history. RESULTS The coding sequences of both organellar genomic scaffolds were extracted, aligned, and concatenated for constructing phylogenetic trees. Our results suggest that these tetraploid seedlings be derived from hybridization between edible triploid bananas and wild diploid Musa balbisiana (BB) individuals. We propose that generating female triploid gametes via apomeiosis may allow the triploid maternal bananas to produce viable seeds. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests a practical avenue towards expanding genetic recombination and increasing genetic diversity of banana breeding programs. Further cellular studies are needed to understand the fusion and developmental processes that lead to formation of hybrid embryos in banana reproduction, polyploidization, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-En Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Lung Chiu
- Crop Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, 413008, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shien Wu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Miaw Chaw
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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4
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Khouider S, Gehring M. Parental dialectic: Epigenetic conversations in endosperm. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102591. [PMID: 38944896 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Endosperm is a major evolutionary innovation of flowering plants, and its proper development critically impacts seed growth and viability. Epigenetic regulators have a key function in parental control of endosperm development. Notably, epigenetic regulation of parental genome dosage is a major determinant of seed development success, and disruption of this balance can produce inviable seed, as observed in some interploidy and interspecific crosses. These postzygotic reproduction barriers are also a potent driver of speciation. The molecular machinery and regulatory architecture governing endosperm development is proposed to have evolved under parental conflict. In this review, we emphasize parental conflict as a dialectic conflict and discuss recent findings about the epigenetic molecular machinery that mediates parental conflict in the endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souraya Khouider
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Mary Gehring
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139, USA.
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5
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Braglia L, Ceschin S, Iannelli MA, Bog M, Fabriani M, Frugis G, Gavazzi F, Gianì S, Mariani F, Muzzi M, Pelella E, Morello L. Characterization of the cryptic interspecific hybrid Lemna×mediterranea by an integrated approach provides new insights into duckweed diversity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3092-3110. [PMID: 38387000 PMCID: PMC11103106 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Lemnaceae taxonomy is challenged by the particular morphology of these tiny free-floating angiosperms. Although molecular taxonomy has helped clarify the phylogenetic history of this family, some inconsistency with morphological data leads to frequent misclassifications in the genus Lemna. Recently, the finding that Lemna japonica is an interspecific hybrid between Lemna minor and Lemna turionifera provided a clear explanation for one such taxonomic question. Here we demonstrated that L. minor is also capable of hybridizing with Lemna gibba, generating a cryptic but widespread taxon in the Mediterranean area. The nothotaxon Lemna ×mediterranea is described and compared with clones of the putative parental species L. minor and L. gibba. Genetic analysis by nuclear and plastid markers, as well as genome size measurement, revealed that two different cytotypes, diploid and triploid, originated by at least two independent hybridization events. Despite high overall similarity, morphometrical, physiological, and biochemical analyses showed an intermediate position of L. ×mediterranea between its parental species in most qualitative and quantitative characters, and also separation of the two hybrid cytotypes by some criteria. These data provide evidence that hybridization and polyploidization, driving forces of terrestrial plant evolution, contribute to duckweed genetic diversity and may have shaped the phylogenetic history of these mainly asexual, aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Braglia
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Ceschin
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
- NBFC-National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Adelaide Iannelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Bog
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, Soldmannstr. 15, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco Fabriani
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Floriana Gavazzi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gianì
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Flaminia Mariani
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muzzi
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pelella
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Morello
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Brown MR, Abbott RJ, Twyford AD. The emerging importance of cross-ploidy hybridisation and introgression. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17315. [PMID: 38501394 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Natural hybridisation is now recognised as pervasive in its occurrence across the Tree of Life. Resurgent interest in natural hybridisation fuelled by developments in genomics has led to an improved understanding of the genetic factors that promote or prevent species cross-mating. Despite this body of work overturning many widely held assumptions about the genetic barriers to hybridisation, it is still widely thought that ploidy differences between species will be an absolute barrier to hybridisation and introgression. Here, we revisit this assumption, reviewing findings from surveys of polyploidy and hybridisation in the wild. In a case study in the British flora, 203 hybrids representing 35% of hybrids with suitable data have formed via cross-ploidy matings, while a wider literature search revealed 59 studies (56 in plants and 3 in animals) in which cross-ploidy hybridisation has been confirmed with genetic data. These results show cross-ploidy hybridisation is readily overlooked, and potentially common in some groups. General findings from these studies include strong directionality of hybridisation, with introgression usually towards the higher ploidy parent, and cross-ploidy hybridisation being more likely to involve allopolyploids than autopolyploids. Evidence for adaptive introgression across a ploidy barrier and cases of cross-ploidy hybrid speciation shows the potential for important evolutionary outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Brown
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard J Abbott
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Alex D Twyford
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Othmani A, Hamza H, Kadri K, Sellemi A, Leus L, Werbrouck SPO. The Promising Potential of Triploidy in Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) Breeding. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:815. [PMID: 38592841 PMCID: PMC10975707 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Date palms are a vital part of oasis ecosystems and are an important source of income in arid and semi-arid areas. Crossbreeding is limited due to the long juvenile stage of date palms and their dioecious nature. The aim of this study was to create triploid date palms to obtain larger and seedless fruits and to increase resilience to abiotic stresses. A tetraploid date palm mutant was crossed with a diploid male palm, yielding hundreds of seeds suspected of containing triploid embryos. Six years after planting, four palms with confirmed triploidy reached maturity. They are phenotypically distinct from diploids, with a thicker rachis, thinner spines, wider and longer midleaf spines, and a longer apical spine. They were classified as sterile bisexual, sterile male and fertile female. One of the latter produced very tasty dates with a very small seed, which is promising for the marketability and profitability of date palm fruits. This first report on triploid date palms provides a way in which to make a significant leap forward in date palm breeding. Given the vigor and fruit quality of female triploid date palms, compared to their diploid counterparts, they will be the target of breeding programs and may spearhead new oases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Othmani
- Laboratory for In Vitro Tissue Culture, Regional Centre for Research in Oasis Agriculture, Tozeur Km1, Degueche 2260, Tunisia; (A.O.); (A.S.)
- LR21AGR03-Production and Protection for Sustainable Horticulture (2-PHD), Regional Research Centre on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture Chott Mariem, University of Sousse, Sousse 4042, Tunisia
| | - Hammadi Hamza
- Arid and Oasis Cropping Laboratory, Institute of Arid Lands, Medenine 4119, Tunisia;
| | - Karim Kadri
- Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Laboratory, Regional Centre for Research in Oasis Agriculture, BO 62, Degueche 2260, Tunisia;
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, National Institute for Agronomic Research of Tunis, University of Carthage Tunis, Ariana 2049, Tunisia
| | - Amel Sellemi
- Laboratory for In Vitro Tissue Culture, Regional Centre for Research in Oasis Agriculture, Tozeur Km1, Degueche 2260, Tunisia; (A.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Leen Leus
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium;
| | - Stefaan P. O. Werbrouck
- Department of Plant & Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Suetsugu K, Hirota SK, Shitara T, Ishida K, Nakato N, Hayakawa H, Suyama Y. The absence of bumblebees on an oceanic island blurs the species boundary of two closely related orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1321-1333. [PMID: 37847353 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic islands offer valuable natural laboratories for studying evolution. The Izu Islands, with their recent geological origin, provide an exceptional opportunity to explore the initial evolution on oceanic islands. Another noteworthy aspect is the absence of bumblebee species on most Izu Islands. We used ecological, morphological, and molecular data to investigate the impact of bumblebee absence on the evolution of two closely related orchid species, Goodyera henryi and Goodyera similis, focusing on Kozu Island, the Izu Islands. Our investigation revealed that while G. henryi exclusively relies on a bumblebee species for pollination on the mainland, G. similis is pollinated by scoliid wasps on both the mainland and the island. Intriguingly, all specimens initially categorized as G. henryi on Kozu Island are hybrids of G. henryi and G. similis, leading to the absence of pure G. henryi distribution on the island. These hybrids are pollinated by the scoliid wasp species that also pollinates G. similis on the island. The absence of bumblebees might result in sporadic and inefficient pollination of G. henryi by scoliid wasps, consequently promoting hybrid proliferation on the island. Our findings suggest that the absence of bumblebees can blur plant species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shun K Hirota
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
- Botanical Gardens, Osaka Metropolitan University, 2000 Kisaichi, Katano City, Osaka, 576-0004, Japan
| | - Takuto Shitara
- Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1833-81 Todori-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 193-0843, Japan
| | | | - Narumi Nakato
- Narahashi 1-363, Higashiyamato-shi, Tokyo, 207-0031, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hayakawa
- Museum of Natural and Environmental History, Shizuoka, 5762 Oya, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8017, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
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Zumajo-Cardona C, Gabrieli F, Anire J, Albertini E, Ezquer I, Colombo L. Evolutionary studies of the bHLH transcription factors belonging to MBW complex: their role in seed development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:383-400. [PMID: 37467144 PMCID: PMC10667011 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The MBW complex consist of proteins belonging to three major families (MYB, bHLH and WDR) involved in various processes throughout plant development: epidermal cell development, mucilage secretory cells and flavonoid biosynthesis. Recently, it has been reported that TT8, encoding a bHLH transcription factor, is involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in the seed coat and it also plays a role in bypassing the postzygotic barrier resulting from an unbalance in genetic loads of the parental lines. Here, we focus on the functional evolution, in seed development, of the bHLH proteins that are part of the MBW complex, complemented with a literature review. METHODS Phylogenetic analyses performed across seed plants and expression analyses in the reproductive tissues of four selected angiosperms (Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica napus, Capsella rubella and Solanum lycopersicum) allow us to hypothesize on the evolution of its functions. KEY RESULTS TT8 expression in the innermost layer of the seed coat is conserved in the selected angiosperms. However, except for Arabidopsis, TT8 is also expressed in ovules, carpels and fruits. The homologues belonging to the sister clade of TT8, EGL3/GL3, involved in trichome development, are expressed in the outermost layer of the seed coat, suggesting potential roles in mucilage. CONCLUSIONS The ancestral function of these genes appears to be flavonoid biosynthesis, and the conservation of TT8 expression patterns in the innermost layer of the seed coat in angiosperms suggests that their function in postzygotic barriers might also be conserved. Moreover, the literature review and the results of the present study suggest a sophisticated association, linking the mechanisms of action of these genes to the cross-communication activity between the different tissues of the seed. Thus, it provides avenues to study the mechanisms of action of TT8 in the postzygotic triploid block, which is crucial because it impacts seed development in unbalanced crosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona
- Department of BioScience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Flavio Gabrieli
- Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale DII, University of Padua, via Gradenigo, 6/a, Padova, Italy
| | - Jovannemar Anire
- Department of BioScience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- National Coconut Research Center – Visayas, Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Department of BioScience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Department of BioScience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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10
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Kim H, Choi B, Lee C, Paik JH, Jang CG, Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Jang TS. Does the evolution of micromorphology accompany chromosomal changes on dysploid and polyploid levels in the Barnardia japonica complex (Hyacinthaceae)? BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:485. [PMID: 37817118 PMCID: PMC10565974 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome number and genome size changes via dysploidy and polyploidy accompany plant diversification and speciation. Such changes often impact also morphological characters. An excellent system to address the questions of how extensive and structured chromosomal changes within one species complex affect the phenotype is the monocot species complex of Barnardia japonica. This taxon contains two well established and distinct diploid cytotypes differing in base chromosome numbers (AA: x = 8, BB: x = 9) and their allopolyploid derivatives on several ploidy levels (from 3x to 6x). This extensive and structured genomic variation, however, is not mirrored by gross morphological differentiation. RESULTS The current study aims to analyze the correlations between the changes of chromosome numbers and genome sizes with palynological and leaf micromorphological characters in diploids and selected allopolyploids of the B. japonica complex. The chromosome numbers varied from 2n = 16 and 18 (2n = 25 with the presence of supernumerary B chromosomes), and from 2n = 26 to 51 in polyploids on four different ploidy levels (3x, 4x, 5x, and 6x). Despite additive chromosome numbers compared to diploid parental cytotypes, all polyploid cytotypes have experienced genome downsizing. Analyses of leaf micromorphological characters did not reveal any diagnostic traits that could be specifically assigned to individual cytotypes. The variation of pollen grain sizes correlated positively with ploidy levels. CONCLUSIONS This study clearly demonstrates that karyotype and genome size differentiation does not have to be correlated with morphological differentiation of cytotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Choi
- Department of Biological Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyoung Lee
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyub Paik
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gee Jang
- Department of Biology Education, Kongju National University, Gongju, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1030, Austria.
| | - Tae-Soo Jang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Almeida OFDE, Viana AP, Gomes VM, Souza RMDE, Santos PRD, Amaral Júnior ATDO, Rodrigues DL. Cross preferences and genetic diversity of Psidium interspecific hybrids through morphoagronomic traits and resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20190120. [PMID: 37729294 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320190120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The introgression of M. enterolobii resistance-related genes in guava breeding programs can be compromised by incompatibility among Psidium species. This study aimed to evaluate the female parent preference and genetic diversity of Psidium interspecific hybrids using morphoagronomic traits and resistance to M. enterolobii. There were evaluated cross successes and germination from crosses between accesses of P. cattleyanum, P. guineense and P. guajava and the genetic diversity by Ward-MLM method of hybrids according to descriptors developed for the genus. Crosses were more successful when P. cattleyanum was the female parent. Germination was more successful in crosses involving P. cattleyanum and P. guajava. Four groups were formed. The group IV clustered the most resistant genotypes, composed by genotypes of P. cattleyanum x P. guineense, while the group II was the most susceptible. The groups I and III grouped some genotypes of P. cattleyanum x P. guajava with low levels of susceptibility. There are preferences of female parent species among crosses. Some individuals of groups I and III can be used as source of resistance genes for the breeding program, due the presence of favorable alleles inherited from guava parent. The high susceptibility leads to reduction in root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odimar F DE Almeida
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro/UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre P Viana
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro/UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vicente M Gomes
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Fluminense/IFF, Estrada Cambuci Km 05, s/n, Três Irmãos, 28430-000 Cambuci, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M DE Souza
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro/UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Dos Santos
- Instituto Federal do Amapá/IFAP, Campus Porto Grande, BR210 Km 103, Zona rural, 68997-000 Porto Grande, AP, Brazil
| | - Antônio T DO Amaral Júnior
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro/UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele L Rodrigues
- Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão/UEMASUL, Av. Brejo do Pinto, s/n, 65975-000 Estreito, MA, Brazil
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12
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Rojek J, Ohad N. The phenomenon of autonomous endosperm in sexual and apomictic plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4324-4348. [PMID: 37155961 PMCID: PMC10433939 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm is a key nutritive tissue that supports the developing embryo or seedling, and serves as a major nutritional source for human and livestock feed. In sexually-reproducing flowering plants, it generally develops after fertilization. However, autonomous endosperm (AE) formation (i.e. independent of fertilization) is also possible. Recent findings of AE loci/ genes and aberrant imprinting in native apomicts, together with a successful initiation of parthenogenesis in rice and lettuce, have enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms bridging sexual and apomictic seed formation. However, the mechanisms driving AE development are not well understood. This review presents novel aspects related to AE development in sexual and asexual plants underlying stress conditions as the primary trigger for AE. Both application of hormones to unfertilized ovules and mutations that impair epigenetic regulation lead to AE development in sexual Arabidopsis thaliana, which may point to a common pathway for both phenomena. Apomictic-like AE development under experimental conditions can take place due to auxin-dependent gene expression and/or DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rojek
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nir Ohad
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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He H, Shiragaki K, Tezuka T. Understanding and overcoming hybrid lethality in seed and seedling stages as barriers to hybridization and gene flow. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1219417. [PMID: 37476165 PMCID: PMC10354522 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1219417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid lethality is a type of reproductive isolation barrier observed in two developmental stages, hybrid embryos (hybrid seeds) and hybrid seedlings. Hybrid lethality has been reported in many plant species and limits distant hybridization breeding including interspecific and intergeneric hybridization, which increases genetic diversity and contributes to produce new germplasm for agricultural purposes. Recent studies have provided molecular and genetic evidence suggesting that underlying causes of hybrid lethality involve epistatic interaction of one or more loci, as hypothesized by the Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller model, and effective ploidy or endosperm balance number. In this review, we focus on the similarities and differences between hybrid seed lethality and hybrid seedling lethality, as well as methods of recovering seed/seedling activity to circumvent hybrid lethality. Current knowledge summarized in our article will provides new insights into the mechanisms of hybrid lethality and effective methods for circumventing hybrid lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai He
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kumpei Shiragaki
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tezuka
- Laboratory of Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
- Education and Research Field, School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Šingliarová B, Hojsgaard D, Müller-Schärer H, Mráz P. The novel expression of clonality following whole-genome multiplication compensates for reduced fertility in natural autopolyploids. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230389. [PMID: 37357859 PMCID: PMC10291721 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring the fitness consequences of whole-genome multiplication (WGM) is essential for understanding the establishment of autopolyploids in diploid parental populations, but suitable model systems are rare. We examined the impact of WGM on reproductive traits in three major cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x) of Pilosella rhodopea, a species with recurrent formation of neo-autopolyploids in mixed-ploidy populations. We found that diploids had normal female sporogenesis and gametogenesis, high fertility, and produced predominantly euploid seed progeny. By contrast, autopolyploids had highly disturbed developmental programs that resulted in significantly lower seed set and a high frequency of aneuploid progeny. All cytotypes, but particularly triploids, produced gametes of varying ploidy, including unreduced ones, that participated in frequent intercytotype mating. Noteworthy, the reduced investment in sexual reproduction in autopolyploids was compensated by increased production of axillary rosettes and the novel expression of two clonal traits: adventitious rosettes on roots (root-sprouting), and aposporous initial cells in ovules which, however, do not result in functional apomixis. The combination of increased vegetative clonal growth in autopolyploids and frequent intercytotype mating are key mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of the largest diploid-autopolyploid primary contact zone ever recorded in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Šingliarová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Diego Hojsgaard
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Patrik Mráz
- Herbarium Collections and Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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15
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Zalewska-Gałosz J, Kwiatkowska M, Prančl J, Skubała K, Lučanová M, Gebler D, Szoszkiewicz K. Origin, genetic structure and evolutionary potential of the natural hybrid Ranunculus circinatus × R. fluitans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9030. [PMID: 37270656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic variability of hybrids provides information on their current and future evolutionary role. In this paper, we focus on the interspecific hybrid Ranunculus circinatus × R. fluitans that forms spontaneously within the group Ranuculus L. sect. Batrachium DC. (Ranunculaceae Juss.). Genome-wide DNA fingerprinting using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) was employed to determine the genetic variation among 36 riverine populations of the hybrid and their parental species. The results demonstrate a strong genetic structure of R. circinatus × R. fluitans within Poland (Central Europe), which is attributed to independent hybridization events, sterility of hybrid individuals, vegetative propagation, and isolation through geographical distance within populations. The hybrid R. circinatus × R. fluitans is a sterile triploid, but, as we have shown in this study, it may participate in subsequent hybridization events, resulting in a ploidy change that can lead to spontaneous fertility recovery. The ability to produce unreduced female gametes of the hybrid R. circinatus × R. fluitans and the parental species R. fluitans is an important evolutionary mechanism in Ranunculus sect. Batrachium that could give rise to new taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zalewska-Gałosz
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - M Kwiatkowska
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Prančl
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - K Skubała
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Lučanová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - D Gebler
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - K Szoszkiewicz
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
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16
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Sugi N, Maruyama D. Exploring Novel Polytubey Reproduction Pathways Utilizing Cumulative Genetic Tools. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:454-460. [PMID: 36943745 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the anthers and ovaries of flowers, pollen grains and embryo sacs are produced with uniform cell compositions. This stable gametogenesis enables elaborate interactions between male and female gametophytes after pollination, forming the highly successful sexual reproduction system in flowering plants. As most ovules are fertilized with a single pollen tube, the resulting genome set in the embryo and endosperm is determined in a single pattern by independent fertilization of the egg cell and central cell by two sperm cells. However, if ovules receive four sperm cells from two pollen tubes, the expected options for genome sets in the developing seeds would more than double. In wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants, around 5% of ovules receive two pollen tubes. Recent studies have elucidated the abnormal fertilization in supernumerary pollen tubes and sperm cells related to polytubey, polyspermy, heterofertilization and fertilization recovery. Analyses of model plants have begun to uncover the mechanisms underlying this new pollen tube biology. Here, we review unusual fertilization phenomena and propose several breeding applications for flowering plants. These arguments contribute to the remodeling of plant reproduction, a challenging concept that alters typical plant fertilization by utilizing the current genetic toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Sugi
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
| | - Daisuke Maruyama
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
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17
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Šemberová K, Svitok M, Marhold K, Suda J, Schmickl RE. Morphological and environmental differentiation as prezygotic reproductive barriers between parapatric and allopatric Campanula rotundifolia agg. cytotypes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:71-86. [PMID: 34559179 PMCID: PMC9904352 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reproductive isolation and local establishment are necessary for plant speciation. Polyploidy, the possession of more than two complete chromosome sets, creates a strong postzygotic reproductive barrier between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes. However, this barrier weakens between polyploids (e.g. tetraploids and hexaploids). Reproductive isolation may be enhanced by cytotype morphological and environmental differentiation. Moreover, morphological adaptations to local conditions contribute to plant establishment. However, the relative contributions of ploidy level and the environment to morphology have generally been neglected. Thus, the extent of morphological variation driven by ploidy level and the environment was modelled for diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes of Campanula rotundifolia agg. Cytotype distribution was updated, and morphological and environmental differentiation was tested in the presence and absence of natural contact zones. METHODS Cytotype distribution was assessed from 231 localities in Central Europe, including 48 localities with known chromosome counts, using flow cytometry. Differentiation in environmental niche and morphology was tested for cytotype pairs using discriminant analyses. A structural equation model was used to explore the synergies between cytotype, environment and morphology. KEY RESULTS Tremendous discrepancies were revealed between the reported and detected cytotype distribution. Neither mixed-ploidy populations nor interploidy hybrids were detected in the contact zones. Diploids had the broadest environmental niche, while hexaploids had the smallest and specialized niche. Hexaploids and spatially isolated cytotype pairs differed morphologically, including allopatric tetraploids. While leaf and shoot morphology were influenced by environmental conditions and polyploidy, flower morphology depended exclusively on the cytotype. CONCLUSIONS Reproductive isolation mechanisms vary between cytotypes. While diploids and polyploids are isolated postzygotically, the environmental niche shift is essential between higher polyploids. The impact of polyploidy and the environment on plant morphology implies the adaptive potential of polyploids, while the exclusive relationship between flower morphology and cytotype highlights the role of polyploidy in reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Svitok
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Marhold
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Roswitha E Schmickl
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská, Prague, Czech Republic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Evolutionary Plant Biology, Zámek, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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18
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Zumajo-Cardona C, Aguirre M, Castillo-Bravo R, Mizzotti C, Di Marzo M, Banfi C, Mendes MA, Spillane C, Colombo L, Ezquer I. Maternal control of triploid seed development by the TRANSPARENT TESTA 8 (TT8) transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1316. [PMID: 36693864 PMCID: PMC9873634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between parental genome dosage is critical to offspring development in both animals and plants. In some angiosperm species, despite the imbalance between maternally and paternally inherited chromosome sets, crosses between parental lines of different ploidy may result in viable offspring. However, many plant species, like Arabidopsis thaliana, present a post-zygotic reproductive barrier, known as triploid block which results in the inability of crosses between individuals of different ploidy to generate viable seeds but also, in defective development of the seed. Several paternal regulators have been proposed as active players in establishing the triploid block. Maternal regulators known to be involved in this process are some flavonoid biosynthetic (FB) genes, expressed in the innermost layer of the seed coat. Here we explore the role of selected flavonoid pathway genes in triploid block, including TRANSPARENT TESTA 4 (TT4), TRANSPARENT TESTA 7 (TT7), SEEDSTICK (STK), TRANSPARENT TESTA 16 (TT16), TT8 and TRANSPARENT TESTA 13 (TT13). This approach allowed us to detect that TT8, a bHLH transcription factor, member of this FB pathway is required for the paternal genome dosage, as loss of function tt8, leads to complete rescue of the triploid block to seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuel Aguirre
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Translational Plant & Microbial Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosa Castillo-Bravo
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBioscience Research Centre (PABC), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Di Marzo
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Camilla Banfi
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta A Mendes
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Charles Spillane
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBioscience Research Centre (PABC), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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19
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Coughlan JM. Indirect Effects of Parental Conflict on Conspecific Offspring Development. Am Nat 2023; 201:154-162. [PMID: 36524928 DOI: 10.1086/721919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHybrid seed inviability is a common reproductive barrier in angiosperms. Recent work suggests that the rapid evolution of hybrid seed inviability may, in part, be due to conflict between maternal and paternal optima for resource allocation to developing offspring (i.e., parental conflict). However, parental conflict requires that paternally derived resource-acquiring alleles impose a maternal cost. I test this requirement using three closely related species in the Mimulus guttatus species complex that exhibit significant hybrid seed inviability and differ in their inferred histories of parental conflict. I show that the presence of hybrid seeds significantly affects conspecific seed size for almost all crosses, such that conspecific seeds are smaller after developing with hybrids sired by fathers with a stronger history of conflict and are larger after developing with hybrids sired by fathers with a weaker history of conflict. This work demonstrates a potential maternal cost of paternally derived alleles and also has implications for species fitness in secondary contact.
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20
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Kolarčik V, Kocová V, Mikoláš V, Mártonfiová L, Hajdučeková N, Mártonfi P. Variability of Reproduction Pathways in the Central-European Populations of Hawthorns with Emphasis on Triploids. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3497. [PMID: 36559608 PMCID: PMC9786806 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of apomeiosis, parthenogenesis, and pseudogamy in the asexual reproduction of some plant groups has not been fully elucidated in relation to species diversification. Quantitative analyses of seed origin may help in gaining better understanding of intercytotypic interactions. Asexual reproduction associated with polyploidy and frequent hybridization plays a crucial role in the evolutionary history of the genus Crataegus in North America. In Europe, the genus represents a taxonomically complex and very difficult species group not often studied using a modern biosystematic approach. We investigated the reproduction pathways in mixed-cytotype populations of selected taxa of Crataegus in eastern Slovakia, Central Europe. The investigated accessions were characterized by seed production data and the ploidy level of mature plants as well as the embryo and endosperm tissues of their seeds determined via flow cytometry. Diploid and polyploid hawthorns reproduce successfully; they also produce high numbers of seeds. An exception is represented by an almost sterile triploid. Diploids reproduce sexually. Polyploids shift to asexual reproduction, but pseudogamy seems to be essential for regular seed development. In rare cases, fertilization of unreduced gametes occurs, which offers opportunity for the establishment of new polyploid cytotypes between diploid sexuals and polyploid asexuals. Opposite to sexual diploids, triploids are obligate, and tetraploids almost obligate apomicts. Apomixis is considered to help stabilize individual weakly differentiated polyploid microspecies. Pseudogamy is a common feature and usually leads to unbalanced maternal to paternal contribution in the endosperm of triploid accessions. Parental contribution to endosperm gene dosage is somehow relaxed in triploids. Our Crataegus plant system resembles reproduction in the diploids and polyploids of North American hawthorns. Our data provide support for the hypothesis that polyploidization, shifts in reproduction modes, and hybridization shape the genus diversity also in Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Kolarčik
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Valéria Kocová
- Botanical Garden, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-043 52 Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Lenka Mártonfiová
- Botanical Garden, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-043 52 Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Pavol Mártonfi
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-041 54 Košice, Slovakia
- Botanical Garden, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-043 52 Košice, Slovakia
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21
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Suetsugu K, Hirota SK, Nakato N, Suyama Y, Serizawa S. Morphological, ecological, and molecular phylogenetic approaches reveal species boundaries and evolutionary history of Goodyeracrassifolia (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae) and its closely related taxa. PHYTOKEYS 2022; 212:111-134. [PMID: 36761312 PMCID: PMC9836457 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.212.91536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Species delimitation within the genus Goodyera is challenging among closely related species, because of phenotypic plasticity, ecological variation, and hybridization that confound identification methods based solely on morphology. In this study, we investigated the identity of Goodyeracrassifolia H.-J.Suh, S.-W.Seo, S.-H.Oh & T.Yukawa, morphologically similar to Goodyeraschlechtendaliana Rchb.f. This recently described taxon has long been known in Japan as "Oh-miyama-uzura" or "Gakunan" and considered a natural hybrid of G.schlechtendaliana and G.similis Blume (= G.velutina Maxim. ex Regel). Because the natural hybrid between G.schlechtendaliana and G.similis was described as G.×tamnaensis N.S.Lee, K.S.Lee, S.H.Yeau & C.S.Lee before the description of G.crassifolia, the latter might be a synonym of G.×tamnaensis. Consequently, we investigated species boundaries and evolutionary history of G.crassifolia and its closely related taxa based on multifaceted evidence. Consequently, morphological examination enabled us to distinguish G.crassifolia from other closely related species owing to the following characteristics: coriaceous leaf texture, laxly flowered inflorescence, long pedicellate ovary, large and weakly opened flowers, and column with lateral appendages. Ecological investigation indicates that G.crassifolia (2n = 60) is agamospermous, requiring neither pollinators nor autonomous self-pollination for fruit set, whereas G.schlechtendaliana (2n = 30) is neither autogamous nor agamospermous but is obligately pollinator-dependent. MIG-seq-based phylogenetic analysis provided no evidence of recent hybridization between G.crassifolia and its close congeners. Thus, molecular phylogeny reconstructed from MIG-seq data together with morphological, cytological, and ecological analyses support the separation of G.crassifolia as an independent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Sakyo, JapanKobe UniversitySakyoJapan
| | - Shun K. Hirota
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, JapanTohoku UniversityOsakiJapan
| | - Narumi Nakato
- Narahashi 1–363, Higashiyamato, Tokyo 207-0031, JapanUnaffiliatedHigashiyamatoJapan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, JapanTohoku UniversityOsakiJapan
| | - Shunsuke Serizawa
- Aichi Green Association, Urahata 198-1, Nagamaki, Oharu-sho, Aichi 490-1131, JapanAichi Green AssociationAichiJapan
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22
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Mráz P, Španiel S, Skokanová K, Šingliarová B. Temporal stability of spatial cytotype structure in mixed-ploidy populations of Centaurea stoebe. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac052. [PMID: 36439406 PMCID: PMC9683110 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spatial segregation of cytotypes reduces the negative effect of frequency-dependent mating on the fitness of minority cytotype(s) and thus allows its establishment and coexistence with the majority cytotype in mixed-ploidy populations. Despite its evolutionary importance, the stability of spatial segregation is largely unknown. Furthermore, closely related sympatric cytotypes that differ in their life histories might exhibit contrasting spatial dynamics over time. We studied the temporal stability of spatial structure at a secondary contact zone of co-occurring monocarpic diploids and polycarpic tetraploids of Centaurea stoebe, whose tetraploid cytotype has undergone a rapid range expansion in Europe and became invasive in North America. Eleven years after the initial screening, we re-assessed the microspatial distribution of diploids and tetraploids and their affinities to varying vegetation-cover density in three mixed-ploidy populations in Central Europe. We found that overall, spatial patterns and frequencies of both cytotypes in all sites were very similar over time, with one exception. At one site, in one previously purely 2x patch, diploids completely disappeared due to intensive succession by shrubby vegetation. The remaining spatial patterns, however, showed the same cytotype clumping and higher frequency of 2x despite subtle changes in vegetation-cover densities. In contrast to the expected expansion of polycarpic tetraploids having higher colonization ability when compared to diploids, the tetraploids remained confined to their former microsites and showed no spatial expansion. Spatial patterns of coexisting diploids and tetraploids, which exhibit contrasting life histories, did not change over more than a decade. Such temporal stability is likely caused by relatively stable habitat conditions and very limited seed dispersal. Our results thus imply that in the absence of a disturbance regime connected with frequent human- or animal-mediated seed dispersal, spatial patterns may be very stable over time, thus contributing to the long-term coexistence of cytotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Mráz
- Herbarium Collections & Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Katarína Skokanová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Šingliarová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Li MM, Su QL, Zu JR, Xie L, Wei Q, Guo HR, Chen J, Zeng RZ, Zhang ZS. Triploid cultivars of Cymbidium act as a bridge in the formation of polyploid plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1029915. [PMID: 36684754 PMCID: PMC9853991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1029915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Triploid is considered a reproductive barrier and also a bridge in the formation of polyploids. However, few reports are available in Cymbidium. In this study, diploid 'Xiaofeng', sexual triploid 'Yuchan' and 'Huanghe' of Cymbidium were used to evaluate hybridization compatibility of the triploids. Results showed that the sexual triploids were fertile whether they were used as male or female parents. 'Yuchan' produced male gametes of 1x, 1x~2x, 2x, 2x~3x, and 3x at frequencies of 8.89%, 77.78%, 6.67%, 3.33%, and 3.33%, respectively; while 'Huanghe' produced 3.33% 1x, 80.00% 1x~2x, 8.89% 2x, 5.56% 2x~3x, and 2.22% 3x male gametes. The cross of 'Xiaofeng' with 'Yuchan' produced progenies with a wide range of ploidy levels, including one diploid, 34 2×~3× aneuploids, 12 triploids, and one tetraploid, indicating that male gametes produced by sexual triploid were fertile and could be transmitted and fused with egg cells. On the other hand, 10 progenies obtained from the cross of 'Yuchan' × 'Xiaofeng' were all aneuploids. The cross of 'Yuchan' with 'Huanghe' produced 40 progenies including three 2×~3× aneuploids, nine 3×~4× aneuploids, 21 tetraploids, six 4×~5× aneuploids, and one pentaploid, suggesting that 2x gametes, instead of the unreduced ones played a more important role in the formation of tetraploids. The survival rates of the hybrids were all above 80.00%, with the tetraploids at 96.67%. Cytological analysis revealed that during meiosis of sexual polyploids, two chromosome sets of the 2n gamete were inclined to enter into the same daughter cell, resulting in the production of 2x gametes. Our results indicate that the triploid cymbidiums are not reproductive barrier but serve as a bridge in the formation of polyploid plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Lian Su
- Guangzhou Flower Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Rui Zu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wei
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He-Rong Guo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Environmental Horticulture Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Rui-Zhen Zeng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Lewanski AL, Golcher-Benavides J, Rick JA, Wagner CE. Variable hybridization between two Lake Tanganyikan cichlid species in recent secondary contact. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:5041-5059. [PMID: 35913373 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Closely related taxa frequently exist in sympatry before the evolution of robust reproductive barriers, which can lead to substantial gene flow. Post-divergence gene flow can promote several disparate trajectories of divergence ranging from the erosion of distinctiveness and eventual collapse of the taxa to the strengthening of reproductive isolation. Among many relevant factors, understanding the demographic history of divergence (e.g. divergence time, extent of historical gene flow) can be particularly informative when examining contemporary gene flow between closely related taxa because this history can influence gene flow's prevalence and consequences. Here, we used genotyping-by-sequencing data to investigate speciation and contemporary hybridization in two closely related and sympatrically distributed Lake Tanganyikan cichlid species in the genus Petrochromis. Demographic modeling supported a speciation scenario involving divergence in isolation followed by secondary contact with bidirectional gene flow. Further investigation of this recent gene flow found evidence of ongoing hybridization between the species that varied in extent between different co-occurring populations. Relationships between abundance and the degree of admixture across populations suggest that the availability of conspecific mates may influence patterns of hybridization. These results, together with the observation that sets of recently diverged cichlid taxa are generally geographically separated in the lake, suggest that ongoing speciation in Lake Tanganyikan cichlids relies on initial spatial isolation. Additionally, the spatially heterogeneous patterns of admixture between the Petrochromis species illustrates the complexities of hybridization when species are in recent secondary contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jimena Golcher-Benavides
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.,Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Jessica A Rick
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.,Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Catherine E Wagner
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.,Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.,Biodiversity Institute, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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25
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Xie L, Ke LZ, Lu XQ, Chen J, Zhang ZS. Exploiting Unreduced Gametes for Improving Ornamental Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:883470. [PMID: 35734261 PMCID: PMC9207335 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.883470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of gametes with somatic chromosome number or unreduced gametes (2n gametes) is an important process involved in the origin of polyploid plants in nature. Unreduced gametes are the result of meiotic mutations occurring during micro- and mega-sporogenesis. 2n gametes have been identified or artificially induced in a large number of plant species. Breeding of plants through 2n gametes can be advantageous because it combines genetic effects of polyploidy with meiotic recombination and sexual hybridization to produce tremendous genetic variation and heterosis. 2n gametes also occur in ornamental plants, but the potential of using 2n gametes in ornamental plant breeding has not been extensively exploited. Ornamental plants are primarily produced for their esthetic appearance and novelty, not for food and yield, and they can be readily propagated through vegetative means. Triploids, tetraploids, and plants with even higher ploidy levels produced through 2n gametes can be propagated through tissue culture to fix their phenotypes, thus leading to the development of new cultivars. In this review article, we intend to discuss the mechanisms underlying the formation of 2n gametes, techniques for 2n gamete identification, methods for enhancing 2n gamete formation, and the current status in the use of 2n gametes for development of novel ornamental plants. We believe that polyploidy breeding through 2n gametes represents a viable way of developing new cultivars, new species, and even new genera of ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-zhen Ke
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-qi Lu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Environmental Horticulture Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Zhi-sheng Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Castillo-Bravo R, Fort A, Cashell R, Brychkova G, McKeown PC, Spillane C. Parent-of-Origin Effects on Seed Size Modify Heterosis Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:835219. [PMID: 35330872 PMCID: PMC8940307 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.835219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Parent-of-origin effects arise when a phenotype depends on whether it is inherited maternally or paternally. Parent-of-origin effects can exert a strong influence on F1 seed size in flowering plants, an important agronomic and life-history trait that can contribute to biomass heterosis. Here we investigate the natural variation in the relative contributions of the maternal and paternal genomes to F1 seed size across 71 reciprocal pairs of F1 hybrid diploids and the parental effect on F1 seed size heterosis. We demonstrate that the paternally derived genome influences F1 seed size more significantly than previously appreciated. We further demonstrate (by disruption of parental genome dosage balance in F1 triploid seeds) that hybridity acts as an enhancer of genome dosage effects on F1 seed size, beyond that observed from hybridity or genome dosage effects on their own. Our findings indicate that interactions between genetic hybridity and parental genome dosage can enhance heterosis effects in plants, opening new avenues for boosting heterosis breeding in crop plants.
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Cheng J, Zhang G, Xu L, Liu C, Jiang H. Altered H3K27 trimethylation contributes to flowering time variations in polyploid Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1402-1414. [PMID: 34698830 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy is a widespread phenomenon in flowering plant species. Polyploid plants frequently exhibit considerable transcriptomic alterations after whole-genome duplication (WGD). It is known that the transcriptomic response to tetraploidization is ecotype-dependent in Arabidopsis; however, the biological significance and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we found that 4x Col-0 presents a delayed flowering time whereas 4x Ler does not. The expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), the major repressor of flowering, was significantly increased in 4x Col-0 but only a subtle change was present in 4x Ler. Moreover, the level of a repressive epigenetic mark, trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), was significantly decreased in 4x Col-0 but not in 4x Ler, potentially leading to the differences in FLC transcription levels and flowering times. Hundreds of other genes in addition to FLC showed H3K27me3 alterations in 4x Col-0 and 4x Ler. LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (LHP1) and transcription factors required for H3K27me3 deposition presented transcriptional changes between the two ecotypes, potentially accounting for the different H3K27me3 alterations. We also found that the natural 4x Arabidopsis ecotype Wa-1 presented an early flowering time, which was associated with low expression of FLC. Taken together, our results demonstrate a role of H3K27me3 alterations in response to genome duplication in Arabidopsis autopolyploids, and that variation in flowering time potentially functions in autopolyploid speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Cheng
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Guiqian Zhang
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Linhao Xu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Epigenetics, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hua Jiang
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
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28
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Oliveira W, Silva JLS, Cruz-Neto O, Oliveira MTP, Fernandes de Albuquerque I, Borges LA, Lopes AV. Higher frequency of legitimate pollinators and fruit set of autotetraploid trees of Libidibia ferrea (Leguminosae) compared to diploids in a mixed tropical urban population. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:235-245. [PMID: 35150366 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In mixed-ploidy populations, newly formed polyploids initially occur at low frequencies when compared to diploids. However, polyploidy may lead to morphological and phenological changes, which promote reproductive isolation and favor polyploid establishment and reproductive success. Additionally, previous studies have shown that polyploidy can confer some adaptive advantages to organisms in stressful environments. Here, we investigate variation in reproductive phenology, floral traits and reproductive success between diploid and autotetraploid trees of Libidibia ferrea (Mart. Ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz (Leguminosae) in a mixed tropical urban population, a stressful environment. We assessed ploidy levels, flowering and fruiting phenology, flowering synchrony, floral and reproductive biology, pollination and fruit and seed set. We tested the hypothesis that autotetraploid individuals have a higher frequency of pollinators and higher fruit and seed set per inflorescence (as a proxy of reproductive success) than diploids in an urban green space. Libidibia ferrea is a good model to test our hypothesis because it is self-incompatible (i.e. relies on pollinators to set fruits). In the urban ecosystem studied, we found that diploids flowered for 6-7 months/year and autotetraploids for 3-5 months/year. Flowering synchrony was low between and within cytotypes and even though autotetraploids and diploids exhibited some overlap in flowering period, diploids flowered alone for 2-3 months. Autotetraploids had significantly more flowers per inflorescences, larger flowers and larger pollen grains (as expected for polyploids), but also a higher frequency of visits by legitimate pollinators including two exclusive ones, and higher fruit and seed set per inflorescence when compared to diploids, despite having a shorter flowering period. Our findings reveal some advantages for polyploids over their related diploids in a tropical urban green space. Also, our results highlight the need for more studies that seek to understand abiotic mechanisms affecting reproductive output of polyploids in urban ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willams Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Biociências (CB), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50372-970, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Luiza S Silva
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Biociências (CB), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50372-970, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Cruz-Neto
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Biociências (CB), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50372-970, Brazil
| | - Marcela Tomaz P Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Biociências (CB), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50372-970, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Fernandes de Albuquerque
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Biociências (CB), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50372-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Angélica Borges
- Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Ariadna Valentina Lopes
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Biociências (CB), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50372-970, Brazil.
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29
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Oliver C, Annacondia ML, Wang Z, Jullien PE, Slotkin RK, Köhler C, Martinez G. The miRNome function transitions from regulating developmental genes to transposable elements during pollen maturation. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:784-801. [PMID: 34755870 PMCID: PMC8824631 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal and plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are essential for the spatio-temporal regulation of development. Together with this role, plant miRNAs have been proposed to target transposable elements (TEs) and stimulate the production of epigenetically active small interfering RNAs. This activity is evident in the plant male gamete containing structure, the male gametophyte or pollen grain. How the dual role of plant miRNAs, regulating both genes and TEs, is integrated during pollen development and which mRNAs are regulated by miRNAs in this cell type at a genome-wide scale are unknown. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of miRNA dynamics and activity during pollen development in Arabidopsis thaliana using small RNA and degradome parallel analysis of RNA end high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore, we uncover miRNAs loaded into the two main active Argonaute (AGO) proteins in the uninuclear and mature pollen grain, AGO1 and AGO5. Our results indicate that the developmental progression from microspore to mature pollen grain is characterized by a transition from miRNAs targeting developmental genes to miRNAs regulating TE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Oliver
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Maria Luz Annacondia
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
- College of Horticulture and State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pauline E Jullien
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3013, Switzerland
| | - R Keith Slotkin
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
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30
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Hörandl E. Novel Approaches for Species Concepts and Delimitation in Polyploids and Hybrids. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020204. [PMID: 35050093 PMCID: PMC8781807 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization and polyploidization are important processes for plant evolution. However, classification of hybrid or polyploid species has been notoriously difficult because of the complexity of processes and different evolutionary scenarios that do not fit with classical species concepts. Polyploid complexes are formed via combinations of allopolyploidy, autopolyploidy and homoploid hybridization with persisting sexual reproduction, resulting in many discrete lineages that have been classified as species. Polyploid complexes with facultative apomixis result in complicated net-work like clusters, or rarely in agamospecies. Various case studies illustrate the problems that apply to traditional species concepts to hybrids and polyploids. Conceptual progress can be made if lineage formation is accepted as an inevitable consequence of meiotic sex, which is established already in the first eukaryotes as a DNA restoration tool. The turnaround of the viewpoint that sex forms species as lineages helps to overcome traditional thinking of species as "units". Lineage formation and self-sustainability is the prerequisite for speciation and can also be applied to hybrids and polyploids. Species delimitation is aided by the improved recognition of lineages via various novel -omics methods, by understanding meiosis functions, and by recognizing functional phenotypes by considering morphological-physiological-ecological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Hörandl
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Goettingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Fumia N, Pironon S, Rubinoff D, Khoury CK, Gore MA, Kantar MB. Wild relatives of potato may bolster its adaptation to new niches under future climate scenarios. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Fumia
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Science University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | | | - Daniel Rubinoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Colin K. Khoury
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Cali Colombia
- San Diego Botanic Garden Encinitas California USA
| | - Michael A. Gore
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Michael B. Kantar
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Science University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii USA
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32
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Ajayi OO, Held MA, Showalter AM. Glucuronidation of type II arabinogalactan polysaccharides function in sexual reproduction of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:164-181. [PMID: 34726315 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are complex, hyperglycosylated plant cell wall proteins with little known about the biological roles of their glycan moieties in sexual reproduction. Here, we report that GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B, and GLCAT14C, three enzymes responsible for the addition of glucuronic acid residues to AGPs, function in pollen development, polytubey block, and normal embryo development in Arabidopsis. Using biochemical and immunolabeling techniques, we demonstrated that the loss of function of the GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B, and GLCAT14C genes resulted in disorganization of the reticulate structure of the exine wall, abnormal development of the intine layer, and collapse of pollen grains in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants. Synchronous development between locules within the same anther was also lost in some glcat14a/b/c stamens. In addition, we observed excessive attraction of pollen tubes targeting glcat14a/b/c ovules, indicating that the polytubey block mechanism was compromised. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed significant reductions in all sugars in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants except for arabinose and galactose, while immunolabeling showed decreased amounts of AGP sugar epitopes recognized by glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants compared with the wild type. This work demonstrates the important roles that AG glucuronidation plays in Arabidopsis sexual reproduction and reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyeyemi O Ajayi
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Michael A Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Allan M Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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Fumia N, Rubinoff D, Zenil-Ferguson R, Khoury CK, Pironon S, Gore MA, Kantar MB. Interactions between breeding system and ploidy affect niche breadth in Solanum. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211862. [PMID: 35116168 PMCID: PMC8767206 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors driving ecological and evolutionary interactions of economically important plant species is important for agricultural sustainability. The geography of crop wild relatives, including wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota), have received attention; however, such information has not been analysed in combination with phylogenetic histories, genomic composition and reproductive systems to identify potential species for use in breeding for abiotic stress tolerance. We used a combination of ordinary least-squares (OLS) and phylogenetic generalized least-squares (PGLM) analyses to identify the discrete climate classes that make up the climate niche that wild potato species inhabit in the context of breeding system and ploidy. Self-incompatible diploid or self-compatible polyploid species significantly increase the number of discrete climate classes within a climate niche inhabited. This result was sustained when correcting for phylogenetic non-independence in the linear model. Our results support the idea that specific breeding system and ploidy combinations increase niche breadth through the decoupling of geographical range and niche diversity, and therefore, these species may be of particular interest for crop adaptation to a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Fumia
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Daniel Rubinoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Colin K. Khoury
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
- San Diego Botanic Garden, Encinitas, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael A. Gore
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael B. Kantar
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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34
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Genome Size, Cytotype Diversity and Reproductive Mode Variation of Cotoneaster integerrimus (Rosaceae) from the Balkans. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122798. [PMID: 34961270 PMCID: PMC8708406 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cotoneaster integerrimus represents a multiploid and facultative apomictic system of widely distributed mountain populations. We used flow cytometry to determine genome size, ploidy level, and reproduction mode variation of the Balkan populations, supplemented by analysis of nuclear microsatellites in order to address: (i) geographic distribution and variation of cytotypes among the populations; (ii) variation of reproduction mode and the frequency of sexuality; (iii) pathways of endosperm formation among the sampled polyploids and their endosperm balance requirements; (iv) genotypic diversity and geographic distribution of clonal lineages of polyploids. The prevalence of apomictic tetraploid cytotype followed by sexual diploids and extremely rare triploids was demonstrated. This prevalence of tetraploids affected the populations’ structure composed from clonal genotypes with varying proportions. The co-occurrence of diploids and tetraploids generated higher cytotype, reproductive mode, and genotypic diversity, but mixed-ploidy sites were extremely rare. The endosperm imbalance facilitates the development and the occurrence of intermediate triploids in mixed-ploidy populations, but also different tetraploid lineages elsewhere with unbalanced endosperm. All these results showed that the South European populations of C. integerrimus have higher levels of cytotype and reproductive diversity compared to the Central European ones. Therefore, the South European populations can be considered as a potential reservoir of regional and global diversity for this species.
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35
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Vigneau J, Borg M. The epigenetic origin of life history transitions in plants and algae. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:267-285. [PMID: 34236522 PMCID: PMC8566409 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants and algae have a complex life history that transitions between distinct life forms called the sporophyte and the gametophyte. This phenomenon-called the alternation of generations-has fascinated botanists and phycologists for over 170 years. Despite the mesmerizing array of life histories described in plants and algae, we are only now beginning to learn about the molecular mechanisms controlling them and how they evolved. Epigenetic silencing plays an essential role in regulating gene expression during multicellular development in eukaryotes, raising questions about its impact on the life history strategy of plants and algae. Here, we trace the origin and function of epigenetic mechanisms across the plant kingdom, from unicellular green algae through to angiosperms, and attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary steps that influenced life history transitions during plant evolution. Central to this evolutionary scenario is the adaption of epigenetic silencing from a mechanism of genome defense to the repression and control of alternating generations. We extend our discussion beyond the green lineage and highlight the peculiar case of the brown algae. Unlike their unicellular diatom relatives, brown algae lack epigenetic silencing pathways common to animals and plants yet display complex life histories, hinting at the emergence of novel life history controls during stramenopile evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérômine Vigneau
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Borg
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.
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Morgan EJ, Čertner M, Lučanová M, Deniz U, Kubíková K, Venon A, Kovářík O, Lafon Placette C, Kolář F. Disentangling the components of triploid block and its fitness consequences in natural diploid-tetraploid contact zones of Arabidopsis arenosa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1449-1462. [PMID: 33768528 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid seed inviability (HSI) is an important mechanism of reproductive isolation and speciation. HSI varies in strength among populations of diploid species but it remains to be tested whether similar processes affect natural variation in HSI within ploidy-variable species (triploid block). Here we used extensive endosperm, seed and F1 -hybrid phenotyping to explore HSI variation within a diploid-autotetraploid species. By leveraging 12 population pairs from three ploidy contact zones, we tested for the effect of interploidy crossing direction (parent of origin), ploidy divergence and spatial arrangement in shaping reproductive barriers in a naturally relevant context. We detected strong parent-of-origin effects on endosperm development, F1 germination and survival, which was also reflected in the rates of triploid formation in the field. Endosperm cellularization failure was least severe and F1 -hybrid performance was slightly better in the primary contact zone, with genetically closest diploid and tetraploid lineages. We demonstrated overall strong parent-of-origin effects on HSI in a ploidy variable species, which translate to fitness effects and contribute to interploidy reproductive isolation in a natural context. Subtle intraspecific variation in these traits suggests the fitness consequences of HSI are predominantly a constitutive property of the species regardless of the evolutionary background of its populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Morgan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čertner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Lučanová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Utku Deniz
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kubíková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony Venon
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Kovářík
- Datamole Inc., Vítězné Náměstí 2, Prague, CZ-160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Clément Lafon Placette
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
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Chen T, Sheng Y, Hao Z, Long X, Fu F, Liu Y, Tang Z, Ali A, Peng Y, Liu Y, Lu L, Hu X, Shi J, Chen J. Transcriptome and proteome analysis suggest enhanced photosynthesis in tetraploid Liriodendron sino-americanum. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1953-1971. [PMID: 33791793 PMCID: PMC8498940 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy generally provides an advantage in phenotypic variation and growth vigor. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The tetraploid Liriodendron sino-americanum (Liriodendron × sinoamericanum P.C Yieh ex C.B. Shang & Zhang R.Wang) exhibits altered morphology compared with its diploid counterpart, including larger, thicker and deeper green leaves, bigger stomata, thicker stems and increased tree height. Such characteristics can be useful in ornamental and industrial applications. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind this variation, we performed a comparative transcriptome and proteome analysis. Our transcriptome data indicated that some photosynthesis genes and pathways were differentially altered and enriched in tetraploid L. sino-americanum, mainly related to F-type ATPase, the cytochrome b6/f complex, photosynthetic electron transport, the light harvesting chlorophyll protein complexes, and photosystem I and II. Most of the differentially expressed proteins we could identify are also involved in photosynthesis. Our physiological results showed that tetraploids have an enhanced photosynthetic capacity, concomitant with great levels of sugar and starch in leaves. This suggests that tetraploid L. sino-americanum might experience comprehensive transcriptome reprogramming of genes related to photosynthesis. This study has especially emphasized molecular changes involved in photosynthesis that accompany polyploidy, and provides a possible explanation for the altered phenotype of polyploidy plants in comparison with their diploid form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yu Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaofei Long
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fangfang Fu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhonghua Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineer and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Asif Ali
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ye Peng
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 266 Jufeng Rd, Baoshan, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210037, China
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38
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Sutherland BL, Galloway LF. Variation in heteroploid reproduction and gene flow across a polyploid complex: One size does not fit all. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9676-9688. [PMID: 34306653 PMCID: PMC8293777 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication is considered an important speciation mechanism in plants. However, its effect on reproductive isolation between higher cytotypes is not well understood. We used backcrosses between different ploidy levels and surveys of mixed-ploidy contact zones to determine how reproductive barriers differed with cytotype across a polyploid complex. We backcrossed F1 hybrids derived from 2X-4X and 4X-6X crosses in the Campanula rotundifolia autopolyploid complex, measured backcross fitness, and estimated backcross DNA cytotype. We then sampled four natural mixed-ploidy contact zones (two 2X-4X and two 4X-6X), estimated ploidy, and genotyped individuals across each contact zone. Reproductive success and capacity for gene flow was markedly lower for 2X-4X than 4X-6X hybrids. In fact, 3X hybrids could not backcross; all 2X-4X backcross progeny resulted from neotetraploid F1 hybrids. Further, no 3X individuals were found in 2X-4X contact zones, and 2X and 4X individuals were genetically distinct. By contrast, backcrosses of 5X hybrids were relatively successful, particularly when crossed to 6X individuals. In 4X-6X contact zones, 5X individuals and aneuploids were common and all cytotypes were largely genetically similar and spatially intermixed. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that reproduction is low between 2X and 4X cytotypes, primarily occurring via unreduced gamete production, but that reproduction and gene flow are ongoing between 4X and 6X cytotypes. Further, it suggests whole-genome duplication can result in speciation between diploids and polyploids, but is less likely to create reproductive barriers between different polyploid cytotypes, resulting in two fundamentally different potentials for speciation across polyploid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Sutherland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayetteLAUSA
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Quezada-Martinez D, Addo Nyarko CP, Schiessl SV, Mason AS. Using wild relatives and related species to build climate resilience in Brassica crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1711-1728. [PMID: 33730183 PMCID: PMC8205867 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will have major impacts on crop production: not just increasing drought and heat stress, but also increasing insect and disease loads and the chance of extreme weather events and further adverse conditions. Often, wild relatives show increased tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses, due to reduced stringency of selection for yield and yield-related traits under optimum conditions. One possible strategy to improve resilience in our modern-day crop cultivars is to utilize wild relative germplasm in breeding, and attempt to introgress genetic factors contributing to greater environmental tolerances from these wild relatives into elite crop types. However, this approach can be difficult, as it relies on factors such as ease of hybridization and genetic distance between the source and target, crossover frequencies and distributions in the hybrid, and ability to select for desirable introgressions while minimizing linkage drag. In this review, we outline the possible effects that climate change may have on crop production, introduce the Brassica crop species and their wild relatives, and provide an index of useful traits that are known to be present in each of these species that may be exploitable through interspecific hybridization-based approaches. Subsequently, we outline how introgression breeding works, what factors affect the success of this approach, and how this approach can be optimized so as to increase the chance of recovering the desired introgression lines. Our review provides a working guide to the use of wild relatives and related crop germplasm to improve biotic and abiotic resistances in Brassica crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Quezada-Martinez
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles P Addo Nyarko
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah V Schiessl
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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40
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Quezada-Martinez D, Addo Nyarko CP, Schiessl SV, Mason AS. Using wild relatives and related species to build climate resilience in Brassica crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1711-1728. [PMID: 33730183 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03793-3.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will have major impacts on crop production: not just increasing drought and heat stress, but also increasing insect and disease loads and the chance of extreme weather events and further adverse conditions. Often, wild relatives show increased tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses, due to reduced stringency of selection for yield and yield-related traits under optimum conditions. One possible strategy to improve resilience in our modern-day crop cultivars is to utilize wild relative germplasm in breeding, and attempt to introgress genetic factors contributing to greater environmental tolerances from these wild relatives into elite crop types. However, this approach can be difficult, as it relies on factors such as ease of hybridization and genetic distance between the source and target, crossover frequencies and distributions in the hybrid, and ability to select for desirable introgressions while minimizing linkage drag. In this review, we outline the possible effects that climate change may have on crop production, introduce the Brassica crop species and their wild relatives, and provide an index of useful traits that are known to be present in each of these species that may be exploitable through interspecific hybridization-based approaches. Subsequently, we outline how introgression breeding works, what factors affect the success of this approach, and how this approach can be optimized so as to increase the chance of recovering the desired introgression lines. Our review provides a working guide to the use of wild relatives and related crop germplasm to improve biotic and abiotic resistances in Brassica crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Quezada-Martinez
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles P Addo Nyarko
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah V Schiessl
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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41
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Ament-Velásquez SL, Tuovinen V, Bergström L, Spribille T, Vanderpool D, Nascimbene J, Yamamoto Y, Thor G, Johannesson H. The Plot Thickens: Haploid and Triploid-Like Thalli, Hybridization, and Biased Mating Type Ratios in Letharia. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:656386. [PMID: 37744149 PMCID: PMC10512270 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.656386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of the reproductive biology of lichen fungal symbionts has been traditionally challenging due to their complex lifestyles. Against the common belief of haploidy, a recent genomic study found a triploid-like signal in Letharia. Here, we infer the genome organization and reproduction in Letharia by analyzing genomic data from a pure culture and from thalli, and performing a PCR survey of the MAT locus in natural populations. We found that the read count variation in the four Letharia specimens, including the pure culture derived from a single sexual spore of L. lupina, is consistent with haploidy. By contrast, the L. lupina read counts from a thallus' metagenome are triploid-like. Characterization of the mating-type locus revealed a conserved heterothallic configuration across the genus, along with auxiliary genes that we identified. We found that the mating-type distributions are balanced in North America for L. vulpina and L. lupina, suggesting widespread sexual reproduction, but highly skewed in Europe for L. vulpina, consistent with predominant asexuality. Taken together, we propose that Letharia fungi are heterothallic and typically haploid, and provide evidence that triploid-like individuals are hybrids between L. lupina and an unknown Letharia lineage, reconciling classic systematic and genetic studies with recent genomic observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veera Tuovinen
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linnea Bergström
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Toby Spribille
- Biological Sciences CW 405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dan Vanderpool
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Juri Nascimbene
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yoshikazu Yamamoto
- Department of Bioproduction Science, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Göran Thor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Johannesson
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang Z, Butel N, Santos-González J, Simon L, Wärdig C, Köhler C. Transgenerational effect of mutants in the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway on the triploid block in Arabidopsis. Genome Biol 2021; 22:141. [PMID: 33957942 PMCID: PMC8101200 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybridization of plants that differ in number of chromosome sets (ploidy) frequently causes endosperm failure and seed arrest, a phenomenon referred to as triploid block. In Arabidopsis, loss of function of NRPD1, encoding the largest subunit of the plant-specific RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV), can suppress the triploid block. Pol IV generates short RNAs required to guide de novo methylation in the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. Recent work suggests that suppression of the triploid block by mutants in RdDM components differs, depending on whether the diploid pollen is derived from tetraploid plants or from the omission in second division 1 (osd1) mutant. This study aims to understand this difference. RESULTS In this study, we find that the ability of mutants in the RdDM pathway to suppress the triploid block depends on their degree of inbreeding. While first homozygous generation mutants in RdDM components NRPD1, RDR2, NRPE1, and DRM2 have weak or no ability to rescue the triploid block, they are able to suppress the triploid block with successive generations of inbreeding. Inbreeding of nrpd1 was connected with a transgenerational loss of non-CG DNA methylation on sites jointly regulated by CHROMOMETHYLASES 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal that loss of RdDM function differs in its effect in early and late generations, which has important implications when interpreting the effect of RdDM mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Nicolas Butel
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juan Santos-González
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lauriane Simon
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Wärdig
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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43
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Mau M, Liiving T, Fomenko L, Goertzen R, Paczesniak D, Böttner L, Sharbel TF. The spread of infectious asexuality through haploid pollen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:804-820. [PMID: 33421128 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of initiation and transmission of apomixis (asexual reproduction through seeds) in natural plant populations are important for understanding the evolution of reproductive variation. Here, we used the phylogenetic diversity of the genus Boechera (Brassicaceae), together with natural diversity in pollen types produced by apomictic lines, to test whether hybridization triggers the transition to asexuality, and whether a 'triploid bridge' is required for the formation of polyploid apomicts. We performed crosses between diploid sexual recipient and diploid apomictic donor lines and tested whether the mating system (interspecific hybridization vs intraspecific outcrossing) or pollen type (haploid vs diploid) influenced the transmission of apomixis from diploid apomictic donors into sexual recipients. We used genetic markers and flow cytometric analyses of embryo and endosperm in seeds to infer the reproductive mode. Within a single generation, initiation of both diploid and polyploid apomixis in sexual Boechera can occur. Diploid apomixis is transmitted through haploid pollen (infectious asexuality) and polyploids can form through multiple pathways. The three functional elements of apomixis occasionally segregate. Variation in pollen ploidy and the segregation of apomixis elements drive reproductive diversity of hybrids and outcrosses and can be utilized for apomixis initiation in crop breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mau
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
| | - Tiina Liiving
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
| | - Liza Fomenko
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
| | - Richard Goertzen
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
| | - Dorota Paczesniak
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
| | - Laura Böttner
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Timothy F Sharbel
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
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Wang P, Yang F, Ma Z, Zhang R. Chromosome Unipolar Division and Low Expression of Tws May Cause Parthenogenesis of Rice Water Weevil ( Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel). INSECTS 2021; 12:278. [PMID: 33805047 PMCID: PMC8064085 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rice water weevil (RWW) is divided into two types of population, triploid parthenogenesis and diploid bisexual reproduction. In this study, we explored the meiosis of triploid parthenogenesis RWW (Shangzhuang Town, Haidian District, Beijing, China) by marking the chromosomes and microtubules of parthenogenetic RWW oocytes via immunostaining. The immunostaining results show that there is a canonical meiotic spindle formed in the triploid parthenogenetic RWW oocytes, but chromosomes segregate at only one pole, which means that there is a chromosomal unipolar division during the oogenesis of the parthenogenetic RWW. Furthermore, we cloned the conserved sequences of parthenogenetic RWW REC8 and Tws, and designed primers based on the parthenogenetic RWW sequence to detect expression patterns by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). Q-PCR results indicate that the expression of REC8 and Tws in ovarian tissue of bisexual Drosophila melanogaster is 0.98 and 10,000.00 times parthenogenetic RWW, respectively (p < 0.01). The results show that Tws had low expression in parthenogenetic RWW ovarian tissue, and REC8 was expressed normally. Our study suggests that the chromosomal unipolar division and deletion of Tws may cause parthenogenesis in RWW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.W.); (F.Y.); (Z.M.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.W.); (F.Y.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhuo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.W.); (F.Y.); (Z.M.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.W.); (F.Y.); (Z.M.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Sex-Linked Molecular Markers Identify Female Lines in Endosperm-Derived Kiwifruit Callus and in Regenerants. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030526. [PMID: 33799868 PMCID: PMC7998832 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of molecular markers application for the analysis of endosperm-derived callus and nonaploid kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa, formerly: Actinidia deliciosa) plants. As a source of explants, fruits of ‘Hayward’, the most popular cultivar, were used. Additionally, analyses of the nuclear DNA content and sex were conducted on the regenerated plants. Hexaploid seedlings were used as control for the flow cytometric analyses. Most of the plants (about 90%) regenerated via endosperm-derived callus possessed 2C = 9Cx DNA, which confirmed their endosperm origin and nonaploidy. Because Actinidia is a dioecious species, and female plants bearing fruits are desired by breeders, it is crucial to identify the sex of an individual at early stages of development. Analyses were conducted with ex vitro and in vitro samples. Results revealed that specific markers for a Y-chromosome applied at the callus stage allowed us to reliably predict the sex of plants regenerated from it. This is a novel application of sex-linked markers for early selection of female and male callus lines when the sex of the initial explants is still unknown, such as fresh isolated embryos and endosperm. It may have significant importance for breeding kiwifruit programs, which involve tissue culture techniques.
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Sandstedt GD, Wu CA, Sweigart AL. Evolution of multiple postzygotic barriers between species of the Mimulus tilingii complex. Evolution 2021; 75:600-613. [PMID: 33044006 PMCID: PMC7987689 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Species are often defined by their ability to interbreed (i.e., Biological Species Concept), but determining how and why reproductive isolation arises between new species can be challenging. In the Mimulus tilingii species complex, three species (M. caespitosa, M. minor, and M. tilingii) are largely allopatric and grow exclusively at high elevations (>2000 m). The extent to which geographic separation has shaped patterns of divergence among the species is not well understood. In this study, we determined that the three species are morphologically and genetically distinct, yet recently diverged. Additionally, we performed reciprocal crosses within and between the species and identified several strong postzygotic reproductive barriers, including hybrid seed inviability, F1 hybrid necrosis, and F1 hybrid male and female sterility. In this study, such postzygotic barriers are so strong that a cross between any species pair in the M. tilingii complex would cause nearly complete reproductive isolation. We consider how geographical and topographical patterns may have facilitated the evolution of several postzygotic barriers and contributed to speciation of closely related members within the M. tilingii species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie A. Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173
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Nagahara S, Takeuchi H, Higashiyama T. Polyspermy Block in the Central Cell During Double Fertilization of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:588700. [PMID: 33510743 PMCID: PMC7835324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During double fertilization in angiosperms, two male gametes (sperm cells), are released from a pollen tube into the receptive region between two female gametes; the egg cell and the central cell of the ovule. The sperm cells fertilize the egg cell and the central cell in a one-to-one manner to yield a zygote and an endosperm, respectively. The one-to-one distribution of the sperm cells to the two female gametes is strictly regulated, possibly via communication among the four gametes. Polyspermy block is the mechanism by which fertilized female gametes prevent fertilization by a secondary sperm cell, and has been suggested to operate in the egg cell rather than the central cell. However, whether the central cell also has the ability to avoid polyspermy during double fertilization remains unclear. Here, we assessed the one-to-one fertilization mechanism of the central cell by laser irradiation of the female gametes and live cell imaging of the fertilization process in Arabidopsis thaliana. We successfully disrupted an egg cell within the ovules by irradiation using a femtosecond pulse laser. In the egg-disrupted ovules, the central cell predominantly showed single fertilization by one sperm cell, suggesting that neither the egg cell nor its fusion with one sperm cell is necessary for one-to-one fertilization (i.e., monospermy) of the central cell. In addition, using tetraspore mutants possessing multiple sperm cell pairs in one pollen, we demonstrated that normal double fertilization was observed even when excess sperm cells were released into the receptive region between the female gametes. In ovules accepting four sperm cells, the egg cell never fused with more than one sperm cell, whereas half of the central cells fused with more than one sperm cell (i.e., polyspermy) even 1 h later. Our results suggest that the central cell can block polyspermy during double fertilization, although the central cell is more permissive to polyspermy than the egg cell. The potential contribution of polyspermy block by the central cell is discussed in terms of how it is involved in the one-to-one distribution of the sperm cells to two distinct female gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Nagahara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takeuchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Arida BL, Scopece G, Machado RM, Moraes AP, Forni-Martins E, Pinheiro F. Reproductive barriers and fertility of two neotropical orchid species and their natural hybrid. Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Spoelhof JP, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. Habitat Shape Affects Polyploid Establishment in a Spatial, Stochastic Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:592356. [PMID: 33304370 PMCID: PMC7701104 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.592356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy contributes massively to the taxonomic and genomic diversity of angiosperms, but certain aspects of polyploid evolution are still enigmatic. The establishment of a new polyploid lineage following whole-genome duplication (WGD) is a critical step for all polyploid species, but this process is difficult to identify and observe in nature. Mathematical models offer an opportunity to study this process by varying parameters related to the populations, habitats, and organisms involved in the polyploid establishment process. While several models of polyploid establishment have been published previously, very few incorporate spatial factors, including spatial relationships between organisms, habitat shape, or population density. This study presents a stochastic, spatial model of polyploid establishment that shows how factors such as habitat shape and dispersal type can influence the fixation and persistence of nascent polyploids and modulate the effects of other factors. This model predicts that narrow, constrained habitats such as roadsides and coastlines may enhance polyploid establishment, particularly in combination with frequent clonal reproduction, limited dispersal, and high population density. The similarity between this scenario and the growth of many invasive or colonizing species along disturbed, narrow habitats such as roadsides may offer a partial explanation of the prevalence of polyploidy among invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Spoelhof
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Meeus S, Šemberová K, De Storme N, Geelen D, Vallejo-Marín M. Effect of Whole-Genome Duplication on the Evolutionary Rescue of Sterile Hybrid Monkeyflowers. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100093. [PMID: 33367262 PMCID: PMC7747968 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is a creative evolutionary force, increasing genomic diversity and facilitating adaptation and even speciation. Hybrids often face significant challenges to establishment, including reduced fertility that arises from genomic incompatibilities between their parents. Whole-genome duplication in hybrids (allopolyploidy) can restore fertility, cause immediate phenotypic changes, and generate reproductive isolation. Yet the survival of polyploid lineages is uncertain, and few studies have compared the performance of recently formed allopolyploids and their parents under field conditions. Here, we use natural and synthetically produced hybrid and polyploid monkeyflowers (Mimulus spp.) to study how polyploidy contributes to the fertility, reproductive isolation, phenotype, and performance of hybrids in the field. We find that polyploidization restores fertility and that allopolyploids are reproductively isolated from their parents. The phenotype of allopolyploids displays the classic gigas effect of whole-genome duplication, in which plants have larger organs and are slower to flower. Field experiments indicate that survival of synthetic hybrids before and after polyploidization is intermediate between that of the parents, whereas natural hybrids have higher survival than all other taxa. We conclude that hybridization and polyploidy can act as sources of genomic novelty, but adaptive evolution is key in mediating the establishment of young allopolyploid lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Meeus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences. University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Kristýna Šemberová
- Department of Botany, Charles University, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Nico De Storme
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mario Vallejo-Marín
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences. University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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