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Pighi C, Rotili A, De Luca M, Chiurchiù S, Calò Carducci FI, Rossetti C, Cifaldi L, Bei R, Caforio L, Bernardi S, Palma P, Amodio D. Characterization of Natural Killer Cell Profile in a Cohort of Infected Pregnant Women and Their Babies and Its Relation to CMV Transmission. Viruses 2024; 16:780. [PMID: 38793661 PMCID: PMC11125694 DOI: 10.3390/v16050780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common herpesvirus causing lifelong latent infection in most people and is a primary cause of congenital infection worldwide. Given the role of NK cells in the materno-fetal barrier, we investigated peripheral blood NK cell behavior in the context of CMV infection acquired during pregnancy. We analyzed the NK phenotype and CD107a surface mobilization on PBMCs from CMV-transmitting and non-transmitting mothers and newborns with or without congenital infection. NK cells from non-transmitting mothers showed the typical phenotype of CMV-adaptive NK cells, characterized by higher levels of NKG2C, CD57, and KIRs, with reduced NKG2A, compared to transmitting ones. A significantly higher percentage of DNAM-1+, PD-1+, and KIR+NKG2A-CD57+PD-1+ CD56dim cells was found in the non-transmitting group. Accordingly, NK cells from congenital-CMV (cCMV)-infected newborns expressed higher levels of NKG2C and CD57, with reduced NKG2A, compared to non-congenital ones. Furthermore, they showed a significant expansion of CD56dim cells co-expressing NKG2C and CD57 or with a memory-like (KIR+NKG2A-CD57+NKG2C+) phenotype, as well as a significant reduction of the CD57-NKG2C- population. Degranulation assays showed a slightly higher CD107a geomean ratio in NK cells of mothers who were non-transmitting compared to those transmitting the virus. Our findings demonstrate that both CMV-transmitting mothers and cCMV newborns show a specific NK profile. These data can guide studies on predicting virus transmission from mothers and congenital infection in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pighi
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.R.); (C.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Arianna Rotili
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.R.); (C.R.); (P.P.)
- PhD Program in “Immunology, Molecular Medicine and Applied Biotechnologies”, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maia De Luca
- Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (S.C.); (F.I.C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Sara Chiurchiù
- Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (S.C.); (F.I.C.C.); (S.B.)
| | | | - Chiara Rossetti
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.R.); (C.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Loredana Cifaldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Leonardo Caforio
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefania Bernardi
- Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (S.C.); (F.I.C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.R.); (C.R.); (P.P.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Amodio
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.R.); (C.R.); (P.P.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Rodríguez-Muñoz MF, Martín-Martín C, Kovacheva K, Olivares ME, Izquierdo N, Pérez-Romero P, García-Ríos E. Hygiene-based measures for the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:172. [PMID: 38424481 PMCID: PMC10905865 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most frequent congenital infection worldwide causing important sequelae. However, no vaccine or antiviral treatments are currently available, thus interventions are restricted to behavioral measures. The aim of this systematic review was to assess evidence from available intervention studies using hygiene-based measures to prevent HCMV infection during pregnancy. METHODS Studies published from 1972 to 2023 were searched in Medline, PsycInfo, and Clinical Trials (PROSPERO, CRD42022344840) according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Methodological quality was assessed by two authors, using ROBE-2 and MINORS. RESULTS After reviewing 6 selected articles, the outcome analysis suggested that implementation of hygiene-based interventions during pregnancy prevent, to some extent, the acquisition of congenital HCMV. CONCLUSIONS However, these conclusions are based on limited and low-quality evidence available from few studies using this type of intervention in clinical practice. Thus, it would be necessary to perform effective and homogeneous intervention studies using hygiene-based measures, evaluated in high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Martín-Martín
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Carretera Majadahonda - Pozuelo km. 2, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain
| | - Katina Kovacheva
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Izquierdo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez-Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Estéfani García-Ríos
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Carretera Majadahonda - Pozuelo km. 2, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain.
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
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3
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Alfi O, Cohen M, Bar-On S, Hashimshony T, Levitt L, Raz Y, Blecher Y, Chaudhry MZ, Cicin-Sain L, Ben-El R, Oiknine-Djian E, Lahav T, Vorontsov O, Cohen A, Zakay-Rones Z, Daniel L, Berger M, Mandel-Gutfreund Y, Panet A, Wolf DG. Decidual-tissue-resident memory T cells protect against nonprimary human cytomegalovirus infection at the maternal-fetal interface. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113698. [PMID: 38265934 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the most common intrauterine infection, leading to infant neurodevelopmental disabilities. An improved knowledge of correlates of protection against cCMV is needed to guide prevention strategies. Here, we employ an ex vivo model of human CMV (HCMV) infection in decidual tissues of women with and without preconception immunity against CMV, recapitulating nonprimary vs. primary infection at the authentic maternofetal transmission site. We show that decidual tissues of women with preconception immunity against CMV exhibit intrinsic resistance to HCMV, mounting a rapid activation of tissue-resident memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cells upon HCMV reinfection. We further reveal the role of HCMV-specific decidual-tissue-resident CD8+ T cells in local protection against nonprimary HCMV infection. The findings could inform the development of a vaccine against cCMV and provide insights for further studies of the integrity of immune defense against HCMV and other pathogens at the human maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Alfi
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mevaseret Cohen
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shikma Bar-On
- Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Hashimshony
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lorinne Levitt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Raz
- Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yair Blecher
- Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Zeeshan Chaudhry
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (a joint venture of HZI and MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Rina Ben-El
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Esther Oiknine-Djian
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Lahav
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Olesya Vorontsov
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adiel Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zichria Zakay-Rones
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leonor Daniel
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Berger
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Amos Panet
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana G Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Radoi CL, Zlatian O, Balasoiu M, Dragomir TL, Sorop MI, Bagiu IC, Boeriu E, Susan M, Sorop B, Oprisoni LA, Iliescu DG. Seroprevalence of Anti-Cytomegalovirus Antibodies in Pregnant Women from South-West Romania. Microorganisms 2024; 12:268. [PMID: 38399672 PMCID: PMC10893531 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), in addition to other agents, is part of the TORCH complex (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex viruses, and other agents). CMV infection is the most frequent cause of congenital malformations. This study aimed to establish the variation of prevalence of anti-CMV antibodies in pregnant women from the South-West region of Romania, according to demographic factors, such as age and area of residence, in two separate time periods (2013-2016 and 2019-2022). We collected from the hospital records the age, place of residence, and anti-CMV antibody test results using immune electrochemiluminescence and chemiluminescence. This study found that the seroprevalence of anti-CMV IgM antibodies increased slightly from 2013-2016 to 2019-2022, from 1.92% to 2.26%, and for IgG antibodies from 93.68% to 94.96%. In both groups was observed a descending trend of anti-CMV IgM seroprevalence with an increase in age, showing a decrease in seroprevalence from 3.57% to 1.09% in pregnant women from rural areas in the 31-35 years age group, while in urban areas, we observed a decrease in seroprevalence from 11.11% to 3.06% in the <20 years age group. The IgG seroprevalence showed an increase both in rural areas (from 93.97% to 95.52%) and urban areas (from 93.52% to 94.27%). In both groups, seroprevalence was higher in rural areas compared to urban regions. These results show a high rate of immunization against CMV in pregnant women in South-West Romania, which led to a low risk of acquiring the primary infection during pregnancy. However, the increase in the rate of primary CMV infections in pregnancy suggests the need for prioritizing screening programs and improving the existing protocols to enhance maternal and child healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Luiza Radoi
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Ovidiu Zlatian
- Medical Laboratory, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (O.Z.); (M.B.)
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Maria Balasoiu
- Medical Laboratory, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (O.Z.); (M.B.)
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Tiberiu-Liviu Dragomir
- Department of Internal Medicine I, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Madalina Ioana Sorop
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Iulia Cristina Bagiu
- Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), Microbiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Estera Boeriu
- Department of Pediatrics, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Monica Susan
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Centre for Preventive Medicine,”Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Sorop
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Licinia Andrada Oprisoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Discipline of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Dominic Gabriel Iliescu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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Syrigos GV, Feige M, Dirlam A, Businger R, Gruska I, Wiebusch L, Hamprecht K, Schindler M. Abemaciclib restricts HCMV replication by suppressing pUL97-mediated phosphorylation of SAMHD1. Antiviral Res 2023; 217:105689. [PMID: 37516154 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that causes life-threatening infections in newborns or immunosuppressed patients. For viral replication, HCMV establishes a network of cellular interactions, among others cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). Furthermore, HCMV encodes pUL97, a viral kinase, which is a CDK-homologue. HCMV uses pUL97 in order to phosphorylate and thereby antagonize SAMHD1, an antiviral host cell factor. Since HCMV has several mechanisms to evade restriction by SAMHD1, we first analyzed the kinetics of SAMHD1-inactivation and found that phosphorylation of SAMHD1 by pUL97 occurs directly after infection of macrophages. We hence hypothesized that inhibition of this process qualifies as efficient antiviral target and FDA approved CDK-inhibitors (CDKIs) might be potent antivirals that prevent the inactivation of SAMHD1. Indeed, Abemaciclib, a 2nd generation CDKI exhibited superior IC50s against HCMV in infected macrophages and the antiviral activity largely relied on its ability to block pUL97-mediated SAMHD1-phosphorylation. Altogether, our study highlights the therapeutic potential of clinically-approved CDKIs as antivirals against HCMV, sheds light on their mode of action and establishes SAMHD1 as a valid and highly potent therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Vavouras Syrigos
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Feige
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alicia Dirlam
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ramona Businger
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iris Gruska
- Laboratory of Molecular Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lüder Wiebusch
- Laboratory of Molecular Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Hamprecht
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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Nigro G, Muselli M. Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Review and Case Series of Valaciclovir versus Hyperimmune Globulin Therapy. Viruses 2023; 15:1376. [PMID: 37376675 PMCID: PMC10302477 DOI: 10.3390/v15061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infections in developed countries because is capable of infecting the fetus after both primary and recurrent maternal infection, and because the virus may be spread for years through infected children. Moreover, CMV is the most serious congenital infection associated with severe neurological and sensorineural sequelae, which can occur at birth or develop later on. Hygienic measures can prevent CMV transmission, which mainly involve contact with children under 3 years of age and attending a nursery or daycare. In animal and human pregnancies, many observational and controlled studies have shown that CMV-specific hyperimmune globulin (HIG) is safe and can significantly decrease maternal-fetal transmission of CMV infection and, mostly, the occurrence of CMV disease. Recently, valaciclovir at the dosage of 8 g/day was also reported to be capable of decreasing the rates of congenital infection and disease. However, comparing the results of our two recent case series, the infants born to women treated with HIG showed significantly lower rates of CMV DNA positivity in urine (9.7% vs. 75.0%; p < 0.0001) and abnormalities after follow-up (0.0% vs. 41.7%; p < 0.0001). The implementation of CMV screening would enable primary prevention via hygiene counseling, improve the understanding and awareness of congenital CMV infection, and increase the knowledge of the potential efficacy of preventive or therapeutic HIG or antiviral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nigro
- Non-Profit Association Mother-Infant Cytomegalovirus Infection (AMICI), 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Muselli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
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7
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Wei XW, Zhang YC, Wu F, Tian FJ, Lin Y. The role of extravillous trophoblasts and uterine NK cells in vascular remodeling during pregnancy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:951482. [PMID: 37408837 PMCID: PMC10319396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.951482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful embryo implantation requires both a receptive endometrium and competent blastocysts. After implantation, the maternal decidua undergoes a series of changes, including uterine spiral artery (SA) remodeling to accommodate the fetus and provide nutrients and oxygen for the fetus to survive. Uterine spiral arteries transform from small-diameter, high-resistance arteries to large-diameter and low-resistance arteries during pregnancy. This transformation includes many changes, such as increased permeability and dilation of vessels, phenotypic switching and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), transient loss of endothelial cells (ECs), endovascular invasion of extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), and presence of intramural EVT, which are regulated by uterine NK (uNK) cells and EVTs. In this review, we mainly focus on the separate and combined roles of uNK cells and EVTs in uterine SA remodeling in establishing and maintaining pregnancy. New insight into related mechanisms will help us better understand the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications such as recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and preeclampsia (PE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Wei
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Chen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Ju Tian
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Coste Mazeau P, Jacquet C, Muller C, Courant M, El Hamel C, Chianea T, Hantz S, Alain S. Potential of Anti-CMV Immunoglobulin Cytotect CP® In Vitro and Ex Vivo in a First-Trimester Placenta Model. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040694. [PMID: 35456746 PMCID: PMC9030298 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Congenital CMV infection is the leading cause of neonatal neurological deficit. We herein studied in vitro and ex vivo the potential of the hyperimmune globulin Cytotect CP® (Biotest, Germany) for congenital infection prevention and treatment. Methods: In vitro neutralization assays were conducted in fibroblasts and retinal epithelial cells on the CMV strains TB40/E and VHL/E to determine the 50% and 90% neutralizing doses (ND50 and ND90). The toxicity was assessed by measuring LDH release. Ex vivo assays were conducted in first-trimester villi explants with the TB40/E strain, namely, neutralization assays, the prevention of villi infection, and the inhibition of viral replication in infected villi. Viability was assessed by β-HCG quantification in supernatants. Results: The in vitro neutralization tests showed that Cytotect CP®® inhibits the development of infection foci (DN50: 0.011–0.014 U/mL for VHL/E and 0.032–0.033 U/mL for TB40E) without any toxicity. In the ex vivo neutralization assays, the DN50 were 0.011 U/mL on day 7 and 0.093 U/mL on day 14. For the prevention of villi infection, the EC50 was 0.024 U/mL on day 7. Cytotect-CP® did not inhibit viral growth in infected villi. No impact on villi viability was observed. Conclusions: These results sustained that Cytotect CP® has the potential to prevent CMV congenital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Coste Mazeau
- RESINFIT, UMR1092, University of Limoges, 2 Rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France; (C.J.); (C.M.); (S.H.)
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM, UMR 1092, 2 Rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France;
- National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, CHU Limoges, 2 Rue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges, France
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, CHU Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
- Correspondence: (P.C.M.); (S.A.); Tel.: +33-5-5505-6164 (P.C.M.); +33-5-5505-6724 (S.A.); Fax: +33-5-5505-6722 (P.C.M. & S.A.)
| | - Chloé Jacquet
- RESINFIT, UMR1092, University of Limoges, 2 Rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France; (C.J.); (C.M.); (S.H.)
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM, UMR 1092, 2 Rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France;
- National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, CHU Limoges, 2 Rue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Clotilde Muller
- RESINFIT, UMR1092, University of Limoges, 2 Rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France; (C.J.); (C.M.); (S.H.)
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM, UMR 1092, 2 Rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France;
| | - Mathis Courant
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM, UMR 1092, 2 Rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France;
| | - Chahrazed El Hamel
- Mother and Child Biobank (CB-HME), Pediatric Department, Hôpital de la Mère et de l’Enfant, CHU Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France;
| | - Thierry Chianea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, CHU Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France;
| | - Sébastien Hantz
- RESINFIT, UMR1092, University of Limoges, 2 Rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France; (C.J.); (C.M.); (S.H.)
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM, UMR 1092, 2 Rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France;
- National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, CHU Limoges, 2 Rue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Sophie Alain
- RESINFIT, UMR1092, University of Limoges, 2 Rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France; (C.J.); (C.M.); (S.H.)
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM, UMR 1092, 2 Rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France;
- National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, CHU Limoges, 2 Rue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges, France
- Correspondence: (P.C.M.); (S.A.); Tel.: +33-5-5505-6164 (P.C.M.); +33-5-5505-6724 (S.A.); Fax: +33-5-5505-6722 (P.C.M. & S.A.)
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9
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Song X, Li Q, Diao J, Li J, Li Y, Zhang S, Chen L, Wei J, Shu J, Liu Y, Sun M, Sheng X, Wang T, Qin J. Association Between First-Trimester Maternal Cytomegalovirus Infection and Stillbirth: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:803568. [PMID: 35372174 PMCID: PMC8970618 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.803568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that the time lag between cytomegalovirus (CMV) screening and diagnosed testing, a better knowledge of the association between pregnant women with CMV screening test positive and stillbirth in an epidemiological perspective was required to assist people being counseled reframe their pregnancy and birth plans based on the magnitude of the risk. METHODS This study recruited 44048 eligible pregnant women from March 13, 2013 to December 31, 2019. Serological tests including CMV-specific IgM and IgG, and IgG avidity index were used to screen for maternal CMV infection and were measured by automated chemiluminescence immunoassay. The association was assessed using the inverse probability of group-weighted multivariate-adjusted log-binomial models. RESULTS A total of 540 infants ended with a stillbirth (12.3 per 1000 pregnancies), and 2472 pregnancies with maternal CMV infection were screened out (56.1 per 1000 pregnancies) among all eligible pregnancies. In the comparison analysis, 326 infants ended with a stillbirth (86.6 per 1000 pregnancies) in the maternal CMV infection group compared with 214 infants (7.8 per 1000 pregnancies) in the group where mothers were not infected with CMV (RR 12.17; 95% CI 9.43-15.71). After excluding the pregnancies of stillbirth with birth defects, a strong association between the two groups was still observed (RR 9.38; 95% CI 6.92-12.70). CONCLUSION Our findings quantified the risk of a woman having a baby with stillbirth if she had a positive serologic CMV screening test in her first trimester, and supported the value of using CMV serologic tests as part of regular testing in pregnant women. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Center; registration number, ChiCTR1800016635; registration date, 06/14/2018 (Retrospectively registered); URL of trial registry record, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=28300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiongxuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingyi Diao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinqi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yihuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Senmao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Letao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhui Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Shu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengting Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoqi Sheng
- National Health Committee (NHC) Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- National Health Committee (NHC) Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jiabi Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Health Committee (NHC) Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, China
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10
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Bergamelli M, Martin H, Bénard M, Ausseil J, Mansuy JM, Hurbain I, Mouysset M, Groussolles M, Cartron G, Tanguy le Gac Y, Moinard N, Suberbielle E, Izopet J, Tscherning C, Raposo G, Gonzalez-Dunia D, D'Angelo G, Malnou CE. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Changes the Pattern of Surface Markers of Small Extracellular Vesicles Isolated From First Trimester Placental Long-Term Histocultures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:689122. [PMID: 34568315 PMCID: PMC8461063 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.689122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have increasingly been recognized as key players in a wide variety of physiological and pathological contexts, including during pregnancy. Notably, EVs appear both as possible biomarkers and as mediators involved in the communication of the placenta with the maternal and fetal sides. A better understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of EVs strongly depends on the development of adequate and reliable study models, specifically at the beginning of pregnancy where many adverse pregnancy outcomes have their origin. In this study, we describe the isolation of small EVs from a histoculture model of first trimester placental explants in normal conditions as well as upon infection by human cytomegalovirus. Using bead-based multiplex cytometry and electron microscopy combined with biochemical approaches, we characterized these small EVs and defined their associated markers and ultrastructure. We observed that infection led to changes in the expression level of several surface markers, without affecting the secretion and integrity of small EVs. Our findings lay the foundation for studying the functional role of EVs during early pregnancy, along with the identification of new predictive biomarkers for the severity and outcome of this congenital infection, which are still sorely lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bergamelli
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Martin
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mélinda Bénard
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Service de Néonatalogie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mansuy
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- CNRS UMR 144, Structure et Compartiments Membranaires, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 144, Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Maïlys Mouysset
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Groussolles
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Service de Diagnostic Prénatal, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Toulouse, France.,INSERM UMR 1027, UPS, Equipe SPHERE Epidémiologie et Analyses en Santé Publique: Risques, Maladies Chroniques et Handicaps, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Géraldine Cartron
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Tanguy le Gac
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Moinard
- Développement Embryonnaire, Fertilité, Environnement (DEFE), INSERM UMR 1203, Université de Toulouse et Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CECOS, Groupe d'Activité de Médecine de la Reproduction, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Toulouse, France
| | - Elsa Suberbielle
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Charlotte Tscherning
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- CNRS UMR 144, Structure et Compartiments Membranaires, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 144, Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Gisela D'Angelo
- CNRS UMR 144, Structure et Compartiments Membranaires, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Cécile E Malnou
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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11
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Sun X, Shen J, Wang L. Insights into the role of placenta thickness as a predictive marker of perinatal outcome. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060521990969. [PMID: 33583234 PMCID: PMC7890726 DOI: 10.1177/0300060521990969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a transitory organ indispensable for normal fetal maturation and growth. Recognition of abnormal placental variants is important in clinical practice, and a broader understanding of the significance of placental variants would help clinicians better manage affected pregnancies. Increased thickness of the placenta is reported to be a nonspecific finding but it is associated with many maternal and fetal abnormalities, including preeclampsia and abnormal fetal growth. In this review, we address the questions regarding the characteristics of placenta thickness and the relationship between thickened placenta and poor pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liquan Wang
- Liquan Wang, Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310000, People’s Republic of China.
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12
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Njue A, Coyne C, Margulis AV, Wang D, Marks MA, Russell K, Das R, Sinha A. The Role of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Review of the Potential Mechanisms. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010020. [PMID: 33374185 PMCID: PMC7823935 DOI: 10.3390/v13010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of nonhereditary adverse birth outcomes, including hearing and visual loss, neurologic deficits, and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and may contribute to outcomes such as stillbirth and preterm delivery. However, the mechanisms by which CMV could cause adverse birth outcomes are not fully understood. This study reviewed proposed mechanisms underlying the role of CMV in stillbirth, preterm birth, and IUGR. Targeted literature searches were performed in PubMed and Embase to identify relevant articles. Several potential mechanisms were identified from in vitro studies in which laboratory-adapted and low-passage strains of CMV and various human placental models were used. Potential mechanisms identified included impairment of trophoblast progenitor stem cell differentiation and function, impairment of extravillous trophoblast invasiveness, dysregulation of Wnt signaling pathways in cytotrophoblasts, tumor necrosis factor-α mediated apoptosis of trophoblasts, CMV-induced cytokine changes in the placenta, inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity, and downregulation of trophoblast class I major histocompatibility complex molecules. Inherent challenges for the field remain in the identification of suitable in vivo animal models. Nonetheless, we believe that our review provides useful insights into the mechanisms by which CMV impairs placental development and function and how these changes could result in adverse birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annete Njue
- RTI Health Solutions, Manchester M20 2LS, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Carolyn Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | | | - Dai Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.W.); (M.A.M.); (K.R.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Morgan A. Marks
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.W.); (M.A.M.); (K.R.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Kevin Russell
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.W.); (M.A.M.); (K.R.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Rituparna Das
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.W.); (M.A.M.); (K.R.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Anushua Sinha
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.W.); (M.A.M.); (K.R.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
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13
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The Role of APOBECs in Viral Replication. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121899. [PMID: 33266042 PMCID: PMC7760323 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) proteins are a diverse and evolutionarily conserved family of cytidine deaminases that provide a variety of functions from tissue-specific gene expression and immunoglobulin diversity to control of viruses and retrotransposons. APOBEC family expansion has been documented among mammalian species, suggesting a powerful selection for their activity. Enzymes with a duplicated zinc-binding domain often have catalytically active and inactive domains, yet both have antiviral function. Although APOBEC antiviral function was discovered through hypermutation of HIV-1 genomes lacking an active Vif protein, much evidence indicates that APOBECs also inhibit virus replication through mechanisms other than mutagenesis. Multiple steps of the viral replication cycle may be affected, although nucleic acid replication is a primary target. Packaging of APOBECs into virions was first noted with HIV-1, yet is not a prerequisite for viral inhibition. APOBEC antagonism may occur in viral producer and recipient cells. Signatures of APOBEC activity include G-to-A and C-to-T mutations in a particular sequence context. The importance of APOBEC activity for viral inhibition is reflected in the identification of numerous viral factors, including HIV-1 Vif, which are dedicated to antagonism of these deaminases. Such viral antagonists often are only partially successful, leading to APOBEC selection for viral variants that enhance replication or avoid immune elimination.
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14
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Pomar L, Lambert V, Madec Y, Vouga M, Pomar C, Matheus S, Fontanet A, Panchaud A, Carles G, Baud D. Placental infection by Zika virus in French Guiana. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2020; 56:740-748. [PMID: 31773804 DOI: 10.1002/uog.21936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe placental findings on prenatal ultrasound and anatomopathological examination in women with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, and to assess their association with congenital ZIKV infection and severe adverse outcome, defined as fetal loss or congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). METHODS This was a prospective study of pregnancies undergoing testing for maternal ZIKV infection at a center in French Guiana during the ZIKV epidemic. In ZIKV-positive women, congenital infection was defined as either a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction result or identification of ZIKV-specific immunoglobulin-M in at least one placental, fetal or neonatal sample. Placental ZIKV-infection status was classified as non-exposed (placentae from non-infected women), exposed (placentae from ZIKV-infected women without congenital infection) or infected (placentae from ZIKV-infected women with proven congenital infection). Placentae were assessed by monthly prenatal ultrasound examinations, measuring placental thickness and umbilical artery Doppler parameters, and by anatomopathological examination after live birth or intrauterine death in women with ZIKV infection. The association of placental thickness during pregnancy and anatomopathological findings with the ZIKV status of the placenta was assessed. The association between placental findings and severe adverse outcome (CZS or fetal loss) in the infected group was also assessed. RESULTS Among 291 fetuses/neonates/placentae from women with proven ZIKV infection, congenital infection was confirmed in 76 cases, of which 16 resulted in CZS and 11 resulted in fetal loss. The 215 remaining placentae from ZIKV-positive women without evidence of congenital ZIKV infection represented the exposed group. A total of 334 placentae from ZIKV-negative pregnant women represented the non-exposed control group. Placentomegaly (placental thickness > 40 mm) was observed more frequently in infected placentae (39.5%) than in exposed placentae (17.2%) or controls (7.2%), even when adjusting for gestational age at diagnosis and comorbidities (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 2.02 (95% CI, 1.22-3.36) and aHR, 3.23 (95% CI, 1.86-5.61), respectively), and appeared earlier in infected placentae. In the infected group, placentomegaly was observed more frequently in cases of CZS (62.5%) or fetal loss (45.5%) than in those with asymptomatic congenital infection (30.6%) (aHR, 5.43 (95% CI, 2.17-13.56) and aHR, 4.95 (95% CI, 1.65-14.83), respectively). Abnormal umbilical artery Doppler was observed more frequently in cases of congenital infection resulting in fetal loss than in those with asymptomatic congenital infection (30.0% vs 6.1%; adjusted relative risk (aRR), 4.83 (95% CI, 1.09-20.64)). Infected placentae also exhibited a higher risk for any pathological anomaly than did exposed placentae (62.8% vs 21.6%; aRR, 2.60 (95% CI, 1.40-4.83)). CONCLUSIONS Early placentomegaly may represent the first sign of congenital infection in ZIKV-infected women, and should prompt enhanced follow-up of these pregnancies. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pomar
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department 'Femme-Mère-Enfant', University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais Franck Joly, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, France
| | - V Lambert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais Franck Joly, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, France
| | - Y Madec
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M Vouga
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department 'Femme-Mère-Enfant', University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Pomar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais Franck Joly, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, France
| | - S Matheus
- Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Center for Arboviruses, Institut Pasteur, Cayenne; Environment and Infections Risks Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - A Fontanet
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- PACRI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - A Panchaud
- Service of Pharmacy, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Carles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais Franck Joly, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, France
| | - D Baud
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department 'Femme-Mère-Enfant', University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Vera Cruz D, Nelson CS, Tran D, Barry PA, Kaur A, Koelle K, Permar SR. Intrahost cytomegalovirus population genetics following antibody pretreatment in a monkey model of congenital transmission. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1007968. [PMID: 32059027 PMCID: PMC7046290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the leading non-genetic cause of congenital birth defects worldwide. While several studies have addressed the genetic composition of viral populations in newborns diagnosed with HCMV, little is known regarding mother-to-child viral transmission dynamics and how therapeutic interventions may impact within-host viral populations. Here, we investigate how preexisting CMV-specific antibodies shape the maternal viral population and intrauterine virus transmission. Specifically, we characterize the genetic composition of CMV populations in a monkey model of congenital CMV infection to examine the effects of passively-infused hyperimmune globulin (HIG) on viral population genetics in both maternal and fetal compartments. In this study, 11 seronegative, pregnant monkeys were challenged with rhesus CMV (RhCMV), including a group pretreated with a standard potency HIG preparation (n = 3), a group pretreated with a high-neutralizing potency HIG preparation (n = 3), and an untreated control group (n = 5). Targeted amplicon deep sequencing of RhCMV glycoprotein B and L genes revealed that one of the three strains present in the viral inoculum (UCD52) dominated maternal and fetal viral populations. We identified minor haplotypes of this strain and characterized their dynamics. Many of the identified haplotypes were consistently detected at multiple timepoints within sampled maternal tissues, as well as across tissue compartments, indicating haplotype persistence over time and transmission between maternal compartments. However, haplotype numbers and diversity levels were not appreciably different between control, standard-potency, and high-potency pretreatment groups. We found that while the presence of maternal antibodies reduced viral load and congenital infection, it had no apparent impact on intrahost viral genetic diversity at the investigated loci. Interestingly, some minor haplotypes present in fetal and maternal-fetal interface tissues were also identified as minor haplotypes in corresponding maternal tissues, providing evidence for a loose RhCMV mother-to-fetus transmission bottleneck even in the presence of preexisting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vera Cruz
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics program / Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cody S. Nelson
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dollnovan Tran
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Katia Koelle
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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16
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Jacquet C, Marschall M, Andouard D, El Hamel C, Chianea T, Tsogoeva SB, Hantz S, Alain S. A highly potent trimeric derivative of artesunate shows promising treatment profiles in experimental models for congenital HCMV infection in vitro and ex vivo. Antiviral Res 2019; 175:104700. [PMID: 31870762 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Jacquet
- Université Limoges, UMR1092, 2 rue du Pr Descottes, 87000, Limoges, France; INSERM, UMR 1092, 2 rue du Pr Descottes, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Déborah Andouard
- Université Limoges, UMR1092, 2 rue du Pr Descottes, 87000, Limoges, France; INSERM, UMR 1092, 2 rue du Pr Descottes, 87000, Limoges, France; National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Virology department, CHU Limoges, 2 rue Martin Luther King, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Charhazed El Hamel
- Mother and Child Biobank (CB-HME), Pediatric department, Hôpital de la mère et de l'enfant, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Thierry Chianea
- Department of Biochemistry and molecular Genetics, CHU Limoges, France
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sébastien Hantz
- Université Limoges, UMR1092, 2 rue du Pr Descottes, 87000, Limoges, France; INSERM, UMR 1092, 2 rue du Pr Descottes, 87000, Limoges, France; National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Virology department, CHU Limoges, 2 rue Martin Luther King, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Sophie Alain
- Université Limoges, UMR1092, 2 rue du Pr Descottes, 87000, Limoges, France; INSERM, UMR 1092, 2 rue du Pr Descottes, 87000, Limoges, France; National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Virology department, CHU Limoges, 2 rue Martin Luther King, 87000, Limoges, France.
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17
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Tabata T, Petitt M, Fang-Hoover J, Freed DC, Li F, An Z, Wang D, Fu TM, Pereira L. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Reduce Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Spread in Developing Placentas. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040135. [PMID: 31569508 PMCID: PMC6963214 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a leading cause of birth defects worldwide, yet the most effective strategies for preventing virus transmission during pregnancy are unknown. We measured the efficacy of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to HCMV attachment/entry factors glycoprotein B (gB) and the pentameric complex, gH/gL-pUL128–131, in preventing infection and spread of a clinical strain in primary placental cells and explants of developing anchoring villi. A total of 109 explants from five first-trimester placentas were cultured, and infection was analyzed in over 400 cell columns containing ~120,000 cytotrophoblasts (CTBs). mAbs to gB and gH/gL, 3-25 and 3-16, respectively, neutralized infection in stromal fibroblasts and trophoblast progenitor cells. mAbs to pUL128-131 of the pentameric complex, 1-103 and 2-18, neutralized infection of amniotic epithelial cells better than mAbs 3-25 and 3-16 and hyperimmune globulin. Select mAbs neutralized infection of cell column CTBs, with mAb 2-18 most effective, followed by mAb 3-25. Treatment of anchoring villi with mAbs postinfection reduced spread in CTBs and impaired formation of virion assembly compartments, with mAb 2-18 achieving better suppression at lower concentrations. These results predict that antibodies generated by HCMV vaccines or used for passive immunization have the potential to reduce transplacental transmission and congenital disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Tabata
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Matthew Petitt
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - June Fang-Hoover
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | | | | | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Dai Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Lenore Pereira
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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18
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Johnson EL, Boggavarapu S, Johnson ES, Lal AA, Agrawal P, Bhaumik SK, Murali-Krishna K, Chakraborty R. Human Cytomegalovirus Enhances Placental Susceptibility and Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), Which May Facilitate In Utero HIV-1 Transmission. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1464-1473. [PMID: 29860306 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several co-pathogens that pose threats to the fetus during gestation, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), may also contribute to mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Within endemic settings, associations between maternal HCMV viral load and increased incidence of MTCT of HIV-1 are documented; however, the mechanisms that promote transmission are poorly characterized. Here we demonstrate that HCMV coinfection enhances susceptibility and viral replication of HIV-1 in placental macrophages (Hofbauer cells) in vitro. Consistent with enhanced viral susceptibility, HCMV exposure upregulates CCR5 and CD80 expression on Hofbauer cells. HCMV also significantly induces type I interferon (IFN), proinflammatory cytokines, and antiviral gene expression. Interestingly, we found that HCMV diminishes type I IFN-mediated phosphorylation of STAT2. Collectively, our data suggest that HCMV-induced activation, local inflammation, and antagonism of type I IFN responses in placental Hofbauer cells promote in utero transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sahithi Boggavarapu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elan S Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Asim A Lal
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Parth Agrawal
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Kaja Murali-Krishna
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rana Chakraborty
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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19
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Manser AR, Scherenschlich N, Thöns C, Hengel H, Timm J, Uhrberg M. KIR Polymorphism Modulates the Size of the Adaptive NK Cell Pool in Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Individuals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2301-2309. [PMID: 31519864 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute infection with human CMV (HCMV) induces the development of adaptive NKG2C+ NK cells. In some cases, large expansions of this subset, characterized by coexpression of HLA-C-specific KIR, are stably maintained during the life-long latent phase of infection. The factors that control these unusual expansions in vivo are currently unknown. In this study, the role of KIR polymorphism and expression in this process was analyzed. It is shown that strong NKG2C+ NK cell expansions are dominated by single KIR clones, whereas moderate expansions are frequently polyclonal (p < 0.0001). Importantly, the choice of KIR was not arbitrary but biased toward usage of HLA-C-specific KIR encoded by the centromeric part of group A (cenA) haplotypes. Consideration of KIR allelic variation and gene copy number revealed that the cenA effect was predominantly due to the HLA-C2-specific KIR2DL1 receptor; presence of KIR2DL1 on NKG2C+ NK cells led to significantly larger clonal expansions than the cenB-encoded KIR2DL2 (p = 0.002). Expansion of NKG2C+KIR2DL1+ NK cells was always accompanied by the cognate ligand HLA-C2. Moreover, in these donors the frequency of NKG2C+ NK cells correlated with the concentration of anti-HCMV IgG (r = 0.62, p = 0.008), suggesting direct relevance of NKG2C+KIR2DL1+ NK cells for virus control. Altogether, the study suggests that the homeostasis of NKG2C+ NK cells in HCMV infection is at least partly controlled by coexpression of cognate inhibitory KIR. In particular, the strong interaction of KIR2DL1 and HLA-C2 ligands seems to promote large and stable expansion of adaptive NK cells in HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Manser
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Scherenschlich
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christine Thöns
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; and.,Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Timm
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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20
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Cazorla-Vázquez S, Steingruber M, Marschall M, Engel FB. Human cytomegaloviral multifunctional protein kinase pUL97 impairs zebrafish embryonic development and increases mortality. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7219. [PMID: 31076608 PMCID: PMC6510723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus is a worldwide-distributed human pathogen, which is the leading cause of congenital virus infection, affecting 0.5 to 2% of live births. To date, it is largely unclear which molecular mechanisms underlie the symptomatic outcomes. This is mainly due to species specificity and limited homology among cytomegalovirus genomes. As it is not possible to infect model organisms with human cytomegalovirus, the aim of this study was to develop a heterologous system allowing in the future the elucidation of the pathological role of individual viral proteins. As a model organism the zebrafish has been chosen due to its ease of manipulation and characterization as well as its large offspring. As cytomegalovirus model protein, pUL97 was characterized because it is multiply involved in virus-host interaction. Here, we show in zebrafish embryos, that (i) pUL97 can be expressed in zebrafish, (ii) increasing pUL97 expression levels quantitatively correlate with both minor and major pathological defects, (iii) pUL97 expression impairs cell cycle progression and induces cell death, (iv) active pUL97, but not an inactive mutant, induces excess mortality, and (v) co-administration of a pUL97 inhibitor reduces embryonic pathology. Collectively, these data indicate the suitability of zebrafish to elucidate the pathological role of human cytomegaloviral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirjam Steingruber
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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21
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Zulu MZ, Martinez FO, Gordon S, Gray CM. The Elusive Role of Placental Macrophages: The Hofbauer Cell. J Innate Immun 2019; 11:447-456. [PMID: 30970346 DOI: 10.1159/000497416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the often overlooked tissue-resident fetal macrophages, Hofbauer cells, which are found within the chorionic villi of the human placenta. Hofbauer cells have been shown to have a phenotype associated with regulatory and anti-inflammatory functions. They are thought to play a crucial role in the regulation of pregnancy and in the maintenance of a homeostatic environment that is crucial for fetal development. Even though the numbers of these macrophages are some of the most abundant immune cells in the human placenta, which are sustained throughout pregnancy, there are very few studies that have identified their origin, their phenotype, and functions and why they are maintained throughout gestation. It is not yet understood how Hofbauer cells may change in function throughout normal pregnancy, and especially in those complicated by maternal gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and viral infections, such as Zika, cytomegalovirus, and human immunodeficiency virus. We review what is known about the origin of these macrophages and explore how common complications of pregnancy dysregulate these cells leading to adverse birth outcomes in humans. Our synthesis sheds light on areas for human studies that can further define these innate regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Zulu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fernando O Martinez
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Chang Gung University, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clive M Gray
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, .,National Health Laboratory Services/Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa,
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22
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Tsuge M, Hida AI, Minematsu T, Honda N, Oshiro Y, Yokoyama M, Kondo Y. Prospective Cohort Study of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection during Pregnancy with Fetal Growth Restriction: Serologic Analysis and Placental Pathology. J Pediatr 2019; 206:42-48.e2. [PMID: 30413316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate prospectively the prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and the pathologic features of the placenta in cases of fetal growth restriction (FGR). STUDY DESIGN Forty-eight pregnant women who were diagnosed with FGR during pregnancy were enrolled for 15 months. Maternal CMV serologic tests, pathologic examinations of the placenta, and newborn urinary CMV-DNA polymerase chain reaction tests were performed in all the cases. The clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of the pregnant women and their newborns were collected. Biomarkers for inflammation, angiogenesis, and placental hormones were measured in the maternal serum at FGR diagnosis or in the neonatal urine at birth. RESULTS One of the 48 cases with FGR was a congenital CMV infection. CMV antigen was detected in the placenta of 7 cases with FGR. The change rate of the estimated fetal body weight was significantly lower in FGR cases with placental CMV detection. Placental villitis was observed more frequently in FGR cases with placental CMV detection. Human placental lactogen was significantly decreased in FGR cases with placental CMV detection. Increased C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A levels in the maternal serum were observed more frequently in FGR cases with placental CMV detection. Newborn urine β-2 microglobulin levels were significantly higher in FGR cases with placental CMV detection. CONCLUSIONS Serologic tests for maternal CMV, the change rate of the estimated fetal body weight, analysis of several biomarkers, and placental pathologic examinations might be helpful in comprehensively predicting the possibility of congenital CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Tsuge
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira I Hida
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Toshio Minematsu
- Research Center for Disease Control, Aisenkai Nichinan Hospital, Nichinan, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Honda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yumi Oshiro
- Department of Pathology, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Mikifumi Yokoyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
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23
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Abstract
Bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens add significant morbidity and even mortality to pregnancy-with adverse effects extending to both the gravida and the newborn. Three herpesviruses deserve considerable attention given the effects of perinatal infection on obstetric outcomes, specifically maternal and neonatal morbidity. In the following review, we will provide a description of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and varicella zoster virus. For each viral pathogen, we will describe the epidemiology, natural history, screening and diagnosis modalities, treatments, and implications for antepartum care. Furthermore, we will highlight future directions of work in reducing the morbidities associated with these viral pathogens.
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24
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Uenaka M, Morizane M, Tanimura K, Deguchi M, Kanzawa M, Itoh T, Yamada H. Histopathological analysis of placentas with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Placenta 2019; 75:62-67. [PMID: 30712668 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common cause of congenital viral infections in humans. The unusual structure of the placenta plays a pivotal role in CMV transmission from mothers to fetuses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological findings of placentas with congenital CMV infections. METHODS We obtained placental specimens from 35 women who had newborns with congenital CMV infections. Placental specimens, extraplacental membranes, and umbilical cords were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. We evaluated the localization of CMV-infected cells and other histological parameters. RESULTS Thirty (86%) of the 35 placentas tested positive for CMV-infected cell proteins by immunohistochemistry. A majority of CMV-positive cells were present in fibroblasts and endothelial cells in the villi. The number of CMV-infected cells was inversely correlated to gestational age at delivery. The frequency of chronic villitis (65% vs. 11%; p < 0.01) and changes of the villi (38% vs. 0%; p < 0.05) in the placentas from mothers with symptomatic congenital CMV infections was higher than those observed in samples from mothers with asymptomatic congenital infections. The frequency of changes of the decidua (43% vs. 5%; p < 0.01) in the placentas from mothers with non-primary CMV infections was higher than those from mothers with primary infections. DISCUSSION Chronic villitis and changes of the villi were associated with symptomatic congenital CMV infections. The changes of the decidua were associated with congenital CMV infections, in mothers with non-primary CMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Uenaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mayumi Morizane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Tanimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masashi Deguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Maki Kanzawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideto Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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25
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Zika virus infection of first-trimester human placentas: utility of an explant model of replication to evaluate correlates of immune protection ex vivo. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 27:48-56. [PMID: 29172071 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of congenital Zika virus (ZIKV) disease, with its devastating effects on the fetus, has prompted development of vaccines and examination of how ZIKV breaches the maternal-fetal barrier. Infection of placental and decidual tissue explants has demonstrated cell types at the uterine-placental interface susceptible to infection and suggests routes for transmission across the placenta and amniochorionic membrane. ZIKV replicates in proliferating Hofbauer cells within chorionic villi in placentas from severe congenital infection. Explants of anchoring villi recapitulate placental architecture and early-stage development and suggest infected Hofbauer cells disseminate virus to fetal blood vessels. ZIKV infection of explants represents a surrogate human model for evaluating protection against transmission by antibodies in vaccine recipients and passive immune formulations and novel therapeutics.
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26
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Abstract
Why certain viruses cross the physical barrier of the human placenta but others do not is incompletely understood. Over the past 20 years, we have gained deeper knowledge of intrauterine infection and routes of viral transmission. This review focuses on human viruses that replicate in the placenta, infect the fetus, and cause birth defects, including rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, parvovirus B19, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and hepatitis E virus type 1. Detailed discussions include ( a) the architecture of the uterine-placental interface, ( b) studies of placental explants ex vivo that provide insights into the infection and spread of CMV and ZIKV to the fetal compartment and how these viruses undermine early development, and ( c) novel treatments and vaccines that limit viral replication and have the potential to reduce dissemination, vertical transmission and the occurrence of congenital disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore Pereira
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;
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27
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Advancing Our Understanding of Protective Maternal Immunity as a Guide for Development of Vaccines To Reduce Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infections. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00030-18. [PMID: 29343580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00030-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenitally transmitted pathogen worldwide, impacting an estimated 1 million newborns annually. Congenital HCMV (cCMV) infection is a major global contributor to long-term neurologic deficits, including deafness, microcephaly, and neurodevelopmental delay, as well as to fetal loss and occasional infant mortality. Accordingly, design of a maternal vaccine to prevent cCMV continues to be a top public health priority. Nevertheless, we remain without a licensed vaccine. Maternal immunity provides partial protection, as the risk of vertical HCMV transmission from chronically infected mothers is reduced compared to settings in which the mother is newly infected during pregnancy. Therefore, an understanding of the maternal immune correlates of protection against cCMV is critical to informing design of an efficacious maternal vaccine. Although vaccine development is being assiduously pursued by a large number of pharmaceutical manufacturers, biotechnology organizations, and academic researchers, some pessimism has been expressed regarding the issue of whether a vaccine to protect against cCMV is possible. This pessimism is based on observations that natural immunity is not completely protective against maternal reinfection and congenital transmission. However, we assert that optimism regarding vaccine development is indeed justified, on the basis of accruing evidence of immune correlates of protection-readily achievable by vaccination-that are associated with reduced transmission of HCMV to the fetus in seronegative women. In light of the substantial burden on society conferred by cCMV infection, even a modest reduction in the occurrence of this fetal disease is an important public health goal and justifies aggressive clinical evaluation of vaccines currently in the pipeline.
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28
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Chesnais V, Ott A, Chaplais E, Gabillard S, Pallares D, Vauloup-Fellous C, Benachi A, Costa JM, Ginoux E. Using massively parallel shotgun sequencing of maternal plasmatic cell-free DNA for cytomegalovirus DNA detection during pregnancy: a proof of concept study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4321. [PMID: 29531245 PMCID: PMC5847603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) primary infections of pregnant women can lead to congenital infections of the fetus that could have severe impacts on the health of the newborn. Recent studies have shown that 10-100 billion DNA fragments per milliliter of plasma are circulating cell-free. The study of this DNA has rapidly expanding applications to non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). In this study, we have shown that we can detect viral specific reads in the massively parallel shotgun sequencing (MPSS) NIPT data. We have also observed a strong correlation between the viral load of calibration samples and the number of reads aligned on the reference genome. Based on these observations we have constructed a statistical model able to quantify the viral load of patient samples. We propose to use this new method to detect and quantify circulating DNA virus like HCMV during pregnancy using the same sequencing results as NIPT data. This method could be used to improve the NIPT diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christelle Vauloup-Fellous
- AP-HP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Virologie, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U1193, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexandra Benachi
- AP-HP, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Médecine de la Reproduction, Université Paris-Sud, Clamart, France
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29
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Itell HL, Nelson CS, Martinez DR, Permar SR. Maternal immune correlates of protection against placental transmission of cytomegalovirus. Placenta 2017; 60 Suppl 1:S73-S79. [PMID: 28456432 PMCID: PMC5650553 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenitally transmitted pathogen worldwide, impacting an estimated 1 million newborns annually. In a subset of infected infants, congenital HCMV causes severe, long-lasting sequelae, including deafness, microcephaly, neurodevelopmental delay, and even death. Accordingly, a maternal vaccine to prevent congenital HCMV infection continues to be a top public health priority. Nevertheless, all vaccines tested to date have failed to meet clinical trial endpoints. Maternal immunity provides partial protection against congenital HCMV transmission, as vertical transmission from seropositive mothers is relatively rare. Therefore, an understanding of the maternal immune correlates of protection against HCMV congenital infection will be critical to inform design of an efficacious maternal vaccine. This review summarizes our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune correlates of protection against congenital transmission of HCMV, and discusses the advantages and applications of a novel nonhuman primate model of congenital CMV transmission to aid in rational vaccine design and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Itell
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cody S Nelson
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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30
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APOBEC3A Is Upregulated by Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the Maternal-Fetal Interface, Acting as an Innate Anti-HCMV Effector. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01296-17. [PMID: 28956761 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01296-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital infection and is associated with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disabilities and intrauterine growth restriction. Yet our current understanding of the mechanisms modulating transplacental HCMV transmission is poor. The placenta, given its critical function in protecting the fetus, has evolved effective yet largely uncharacterized innate immune barriers against invading pathogens. Here we show that the intrinsic cellular restriction factor apolipoprotein B editing catalytic subunit-like 3A (APOBEC3A [A3A]) is profoundly upregulated following ex vivo HCMV infection in human decidual tissues-constituting the maternal aspect of the placenta. We directly demonstrated that A3A severely restricted HCMV replication upon controlled overexpression in epithelial cells, acting by a cytidine deamination mechanism to introduce hypermutations into the viral genome. Importantly, we further found that A3 editing of HCMV DNA occurs both ex vivo in HCMV-infected decidual organ cultures and in vivo in amniotic fluid samples obtained during natural congenital infection. Our results reveal a previously unexplored role for A3A as an innate anti-HCMV effector, activated by HCMV infection in the maternal-fetal interface. These findings pave the way to new insights into the potential impact of APOBEC proteins on HCMV pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE In view of the grave outcomes associated with congenital HCMV infection, there is an urgent need to better understand the innate mechanisms acting to limit transplacental viral transmission. Toward this goal, our findings reveal the role of the intrinsic cellular restriction factor A3A (which has never before been studied in the context of HCMV infection and vertical viral transmission) as a potent anti-HCMV innate barrier, activated by HCMV infection in the authentic tissues of the maternal-fetal interface. The detection of naturally occurring hypermutations in clinical amniotic fluid samples of congenitally infected fetuses further supports the idea of the occurrence of A3 editing of the viral genome in the setting of congenital HCMV infection. Given the widely differential tissue distribution characteristics and biological functions of the members of the A3 protein family, our findings should pave the way to future studies examining the potential impact of A3A as well as of other A3s on HCMV pathogenesis.
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Bonvicini F, Bua G, Gallinella G. Parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy-awareness and opportunities. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:8-14. [PMID: 29096233 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a human pathogenic virus associated with a wide range of clinical conditions. In pregnancy, B19V poses a potential hazard to the fetus as crossing the placental barrier and infecting erythroid progenitor cells in bone marrow and liver, it blocks fetal erythropoiesis leading to profound anemia, hydrops and/or fetal death. The virus is not regarded as a teratogen, however more scientific awareness is emerging on mechanisms and consequences of intrauterine infection and possible sequelae in the neonatal development. Reliable diagnostic procedures and fetal management strategies, including intrauterine transfusion, are established. In spite of being a recognized fetotropic agent possibly leading to fetal loss, testing for B19V is not routinely included in preconception or antenatal screenings, possibly delaying the management of B19V-complicated pregnancies. Continuous advances in B19V research will provide for better diagnostic methods and algorithms, as well as for the development of effective prophylactic interventions and novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonvicini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gloria Bua
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gallinella
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital - Microbiology, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 remains a significant global health concern despite implementation of maternal combination antiretroviral therapy for treatment as prevention to offset transmission. The risk of in-utero HIV-1 transmission in the absence of interventions is ∼7%. This low rate of transmission points to innate and adaptive mechanisms to restrict lentiviral infection within the placenta. RECENT FINDINGS Placental macrophages (Hofbauer cells) are key mediators in in-utero transmission of HIV-1. Hofbauer cells constitutively express elevated concentrations of regulatory cytokines, which inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro, and possess intrinsic antiviral properties. Hofbauer cells sequester HIV-1 in intracellular compartments that can be accessed by HIV-1-specific antibodies and may occur in vivo to offset MTCT. Intriguingly, studies have reported strong associations between maternal human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) viremia and MTCT of HIV-1. HCMV infection at the placenta promotes inflammation, chronic villitis, and trophoblast damage, providing potential HIV-1 access into CD4CCR5 target cells. The placenta exhibits a variety of mechanisms to limit HIV-1 replication, yet viral-induced activation with maternal HCMV may override this protection to facilitate in-utero transmission of HIV-1. SUMMARY Understanding immune correlates of protection or transmission at the placenta during on-going HIV-1 exposure may contribute to understanding HIV pathogenesis and the development of effective immunotherapies.
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Itell HL, Kaur A, Deere JD, Barry PA, Permar SR. Rhesus monkeys for a nonhuman primate model of cytomegalovirus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:126-133. [PMID: 28888133 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading opportunistic viral infection in solid organ transplant patients and is the most common congenitally transmitted pathogen worldwide. Despite the significant burden of disease HCMV causes in immunosuppressed patients and infected newborns, there are no licensed preventative vaccines or effective immunotherapeutic treatments for HCMV, largely due to our incomplete understanding of the immune correlates of protection against HCMV infection and disease. Though CMV species-specificity imposes an additional challenge in defining a suitable animal model for HCMV, nonhuman primate (NHP) CMVs are the most genetically related to HCMV. In this review, we discuss the advantages and applicability of rhesus monkey models for studying HCMV infections and pathogenesis and ultimately informing vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Itell
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Jesse D Deere
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Aronoff DM, Correa H, Rogers LM, Arav-Boger R, Alcendor DJ. Placental pericytes and cytomegalovirus infectivity: Implications for HCMV placental pathology and congenital disease. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78:10.1111/aji.12728. [PMID: 28741727 PMCID: PMC5561471 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Placental pericytes are essential for placental microvascular function, stability, and integrity. Mechanisms of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis incorporating placental pericytes are unknown. METHOD OF STUDY HCMV-infected placental tissue was stained by dual-labeled immunohistochemistry. Primary placental pericytes, cytotrophoblasts, and villous fibroblasts were exposed to HCMV; and infectivity was analyzed by microscopy and immunofluorescence. Cytokine expression was examined by Luminex assay. A HCMV-GFP recombinant virus was used to examine replication kinetics. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed HCMV in trophoblast and the villous core with T-cell and macrophage infiltration. Primary HCMV isolate from a patient (SBCMV)- infected pericytes showed dysregulation of proinflammatory and angiogenic cytokines when compared to control cells. A tri-cell model of the villous floor showed a unique expression profile. Finally, we show pericytes infected in vivo with HCMV in placental tissue from a congenitally infected child. CONCLUSION Placental pericytes support HCMV replication, inducing proinflammatory and angiogenic cytokines that likely contribute to viral dissemination, placenta inflammation, and dysregulation of placental angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Aronoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
| | - Hernan Correa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Lisa M. Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Ravit. Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Donald J. Alcendor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
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Abstract
Congenital infections with pathogens such as Zika virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, Treponema pallidium, parvovirus, HIV, varicella zoster virus, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpesviruses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the devastating impact of microbial infections on the developing fetus, relatively little is known about how pathogens associated with congenital disease breach the placental barrier to transit vertically during human pregnancy. In this Review, we focus on transplacental transmission of pathogens during human gestation. We introduce the structure of the human placenta and describe the innate mechanisms by which the placenta restricts microbial access to the intrauterine compartment. Based on current knowledge, we also discuss the potential pathways employed by microorganisms to overcome the placental barrier and prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Arora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Pereira L, Tabata T, Petitt M, Fang-Hoover J. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection undermines early development and functions of the human placenta. Placenta 2017; 59 Suppl 1:S8-S16. [PMID: 28477968 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a major viral cause of birth defects, including microcephaly, neurological deficits, loss of hearing and vision, and intrauterine growth restriction. Despite its public health significance, there is no approved treatment for congenital infection during pregnancy; existing antivirals have unacceptable toxicities. The mechanisms of HCMV-induced placental injury, reduced capacity for compensatory development and transmission to the fetus are poorly understood, limiting the development of alternative strategies for clinical management of the disease. Recently, self-renewing, multipotent trophoblast progenitor cells (TBPCs) were reported to reside in the chorion of the human placenta and differentiate into the mature trophoblast subtypes - transport syncytiotrophoblasts and invasive cytotrophoblasts - forming chorionic villi, the functional units of the placenta. HCMV infects TBPCs, reducing the population of progenitor cells and their functional capacity to self-renew, migrate and differentiate. Human TBPCs and chorionic villus explants from first trimester represent relevant models for evaluating efficacies of new antiviral agents in protecting and restoring growth of the developing placenta in response to adverse conditions. Correlating pathology from complications of congenital HCMV infection with impaired development in the tissue environment of anchoring villus explants and defects in TBPC differentiation may enable identification of molecular pathways that could serve as targets for intervention. Here we summarize studies that could open up novel avenues of research on potential therapeutics to sustain placental development, promote differentiation and improve function and pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore Pereira
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
| | - Takako Tabata
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Matthew Petitt
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - June Fang-Hoover
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
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N-glycosylation of mouse TRAIL-R and human TRAIL-R1 enhances TRAIL-induced death. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:500-510. [PMID: 28186505 PMCID: PMC5344210 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
APO2L/TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) induces death of tumor cells through two agonist receptors, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2. We demonstrate here that N-linked glycosylation (N-glyc) plays also an important regulatory role for TRAIL-R1-mediated and mouse TRAIL receptor (mTRAIL-R)-mediated apoptosis, but not for TRAIL-R2, which is devoid of N-glycans. Cells expressing N-glyc-defective mutants of TRAIL-R1 and mouse TRAIL-R were less sensitive to TRAIL than their wild-type counterparts. Defective apoptotic signaling by N-glyc-deficient TRAIL receptors was associated with lower TRAIL receptor aggregation and reduced DISC formation, but not with reduced TRAIL-binding affinity. Our results also indicate that TRAIL receptor N-glyc impacts immune evasion strategies. The cytomegalovirus (CMV) UL141 protein, which restricts cell-surface expression of human TRAIL death receptors, binds with significant higher affinity TRAIL-R1 lacking N-glyc, suggesting that this sugar modification may have evolved as a counterstrategy to prevent receptor inhibition by UL141. Altogether our findings demonstrate that N-glyc of TRAIL-R1 promotes TRAIL signaling and restricts virus-mediated inhibition.
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Zika Virus Infects Early- and Midgestation Human Maternal Decidual Tissues, Inducing Distinct Innate Tissue Responses in the Maternal-Fetal Interface. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01905-16. [PMID: 27974560 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01905-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a cause of congenital brain anomalies and a range of placenta-related abnormalities, highlighting the need to unveil the modes of maternal-fetal transmission. The most likely route of vertical ZIKV transmission is via the placenta. The earliest events of ZIKV transmission in the maternal decidua, representing the maternal uterine aspect of the chimeric placenta, have remained unexplored. Here, we show that ZIKV replicates in first-trimester human maternal-decidual tissues grown ex vivo as three-dimensional (3D) organ cultures. An efficient viral spread in the decidual tissues was demonstrated by the rapid upsurge and continued increase of tissue-associated ZIKV load and titers of infectious cell-free virus progeny, released from the infected tissues. Notably, maternal decidual tissues obtained at midgestation remained similarly susceptible to ZIKV, whereas fetus-derived chorionic villi demonstrated reduced ZIKV replication with increasing gestational age. A genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed that ZIKV substantially upregulated the decidual tissue innate immune responses. Further comparison of the innate tissue response patterns following parallel infections with ZIKV and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) revealed that unlike HCMV, ZIKV did not induce immune cell activation or trafficking responses in the maternal-fetal interface but rather upregulated placental apoptosis and cell death molecular functions. The data identify the maternal uterine aspect of the human placenta as a likely site of ZIKV transmission to the fetus and further reveal distinct patterns of innate tissue responses to ZIKV. Our unique experimental model and findings could further serve to study the initial stages of congenital ZIKV transmission and pathogenesis and evaluate the effect of new therapeutic interventions. IMPORTANCE In view of the rapid spread of the current ZIKV epidemic and the severe manifestations of congenital ZIKV infection, it is crucial to learn the fundamental mechanisms of viral transmission from the mother to the fetus. Our studies of ZIKV infection in the authentic tissues of the human maternal-fetal interface unveil a route of transmission whereby virus originating from the mother could reach the fetal compartment via efficient replication within the maternal decidual aspect of the placenta, coinhabited by maternal and fetal cells. The identified distinct placental tissue innate immune responses and damage pathways could provide a mechanistic basis for some of the placental developmental abnormalities associated with ZIKV infection. The findings in the unique model of the human decidua should pave the way to future studies examining the interaction of ZIKV with decidual immune cells and to evaluation of therapeutic interventions aimed at the earliest stages of transmission.
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Jaïdane H, Halouani A, Jmii H, Elmastour F, Abdelkefi S, Bodart G, Michaux H, Chakroun T, Sane F, Mokni M, Geenen V, Hober D, Aouni M. In-utero coxsackievirus B4 infection of the mouse thymus. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:399-407. [PMID: 27790717 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type B coxsackievirus (CV-B) infections are involved frequently in the triggering of several autoimmune diseases such as myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, pancreatitis, type 1 diabetes, encephalitis, thyroiditis or Sjögren's syndrome. Serological and virological evidence suggests that maternal infections during pregnancy can play a role in the appearance of these diseases in offspring. The current study aims to explore the effect of an in-utero CV-B infection on the fetal thymus, the central site for programming immunological self-tolerance. In this perspective, female Swiss albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally or orally with the diabetogenic CV-B4 E2 strain at gestational days 10 or 17. Offspring were killed at different post-inoculation times, and their thymuses were analysed for evidence of infection and alterations in thymic T cell subsets. In-utero CV-B infection of the thymus was demonstrated during the course of vertical transmission, as attested by viral RNA and infectious virus detection in most analysed samples. No histopathological changes were evident. Thymic T cells were not depleted, despite being positive for viral RNA. As evidenced by flow cytometry analysis, CV-B infection of the fetal thymus induced significant changes of thymic T cell populations, particularly with maternal inoculation at gestational day 10. Altogether, these findings suggest that CV-B infection of the fetal thymus may play an important role in the genesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jaïdane
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Halouani
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H Jmii
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - F Elmastour
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S Abdelkefi
- Université de Sousse, Unité de recherche 'UR06SP05', Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine, Hôpital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - G Bodart
- Université de Liege, GIGA Research - Centre d'Immunologie, CHU-B34, B-4000 Liege-Sart, Tilman, Belgium
| | - H Michaux
- Université de Liege, GIGA Research - Centre d'Immunologie, CHU-B34, B-4000 Liege-Sart, Tilman, Belgium
| | - T Chakroun
- Université de Sousse, Unité de recherche 'UR06SP05', Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine, Hôpital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - F Sane
- Université Lille 2, CHRU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Bâtiment P. Boulanger, Hôpital A. Calmette CHRU, Lille, 59037, France
| | - M Mokni
- Université de Sousse, CHU Farhat Hached, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - V Geenen
- Université de Liege, GIGA Research - Centre d'Immunologie, CHU-B34, B-4000 Liege-Sart, Tilman, Belgium
| | - D Hober
- Université Lille 2, CHRU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Bâtiment P. Boulanger, Hôpital A. Calmette CHRU, Lille, 59037, France
| | - M Aouni
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Pitlick MM, Orr K, Momany AM, McDonald EL, Murray JC, Ryckman KK. Determining the prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in a cohort of preterm infants. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2016; 8:137-41. [PMID: 26410438 DOI: 10.3233/npm-15814057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth is a global public health problem that is a significant cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been proposed as a risk factor for preterm birth, but the rate of CMV in infants born preterm is unclear. CMV is the leading infectious cause of sensorineural hearing loss, which will affect 15% - 20% of congenitally infected infants later in their childhood. 90% of infected infants are asymptomatic at birth and are not recognized as at risk for CMV-associated deficits. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of CMV infection in a large cohort of preterm infants. METHODS DNA was extracted from cord blood, peripheral blood, saliva, and buccal swab samples collected from preterm infants. A total of 1200 unique DNA samples were tested for CMV using a nested PCR protocol. The proportions of preterm infants with CMV was compared by sample collection type, race, gender, and gestational age. RESULTS A total of 37 infants tested positive for CMV (3.08%). After excluding twins, siblings, and infants older than two weeks at the time of sample collection, two out of 589 infants were CMV positive (0.3%), which was lower than the proportion of CMV observed in the general population. All positive samples came from buccal swabs. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that while CMV infection may not be greater in preterm infants than in the general population, given the neurologic consequences of CMV in preterm infants, screening of this population may still be warranted. If so, our results suggest buccal swabs, collected at pregnancy or at birth, may be an ideal method for such a program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin Orr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Allison M Momany
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Erin L McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Tabata T, Petitt M, Puerta-Guardo H, Michlmayr D, Wang C, Fang-Hoover J, Harris E, Pereira L. Zika Virus Targets Different Primary Human Placental Cells, Suggesting Two Routes for Vertical Transmission. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:155-66. [PMID: 27443522 PMCID: PMC5257282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is linked to severe birth defects, but mother-to-fetus transmission routes are unknown. We infected different primary cell types from mid- and late-gestation placentas and explants from first-trimester chorionic villi with the prototype Ugandan and a recently isolated Nicaraguan ZIKV strain. ZIKV infects primary human placental cells and explants-cytotrophoblasts, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and Hofbauer cells in chorionic villi and amniotic epithelial cells and trophoblast progenitors in amniochorionic membranes-that express Axl, Tyro3, and/or TIM1 viral entry cofactors. ZIKV produced NS3 and E proteins and generated higher viral titers in amniotic epithelial cells from mid-gestation compared to late-gestation placentas. Duramycin, a peptide that binds phosphatidylethanolamine in enveloped virions and precludes TIM1 binding, reduced ZIKV infection in placental cells and explants. Our results suggest that ZIKV spreads from basal and parietal decidua to chorionic villi and amniochorionic membranes and that targeting TIM1 could suppress infection at the uterine-placental interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Tabata
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew Petitt
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Henry Puerta-Guardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Daniela Michlmayr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Chunling Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - June Fang-Hoover
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA.
| | - Lenore Pereira
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Kim K, Shresta S. Neuroteratogenic Viruses and Lessons for Zika Virus Models. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:622-636. [PMID: 27387029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed that Zika virus (ZIKV) causes congenital microcephaly. ZIKV now joins five other neuroteratogenic (NT) viruses in humans and ZIKV research is in its infancy. In addition, there is only one other NT human arbovirus (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), which is also poorly understood. But further insight into ZIKV can be found by evaluating arboviruses in domestic animals, of which there are at least seven NT viruses, three of which have been well studied. Here we review two key anatomical structures involved in modeling transplacental NT virus transmission: the placenta and the fetal blood-brain barrier. We then survey major research findings regarding transmission of NT viruses for guidance in establishing a mouse model of Zika disease that is crucial for a better understanding of ZIKV transmission and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kim
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Yaniv G, Hoffmann C, Weisz B, Lipitz S, Katorza E, Kidron D, Bergman D, Biegon A. Region-specific reductions in brain apparent diffusion coefficient in cytomegalovirus-infected fetuses. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2016; 47:600-607. [PMID: 25412951 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the fetal brain in utero. METHODS In this retrospective analysis we compared 58 fetal head magnetic resonance imaging (fhMRI) scans of PCR-verified CMV-infected fetuses, obtained in 2008-2012, with those of a normal control group of 36 gestational age (GA)-matched uninfected fetuses scanned between 2006 and 2012. Estimated GA at infection ranged from 1 to 32 weeks, and fhMRI was performed at 24 to 38 weeks. The frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes (mainly white matter), basal ganglia, thalamus, pons and cerebellum were analyzed by assessing ADC values. Two pregnancies were terminated and postmortem confirmation was available in these cases. RESULTS ADC values of CMV-infected fetuses correlated significantly and negatively with GA in all brain regions except the basal ganglia. The cerebellum had the greatest reduction (r = -0.52, P < 0.0001). Maternal age correlated positively with ADC in the frontal lobe (P < 0.05). GA at infection and overt pathological changes did not affect ADC significantly. Compared with non-infected fetuses, ADC values of affected fetuses were significantly reduced in the frontal (P < 0.0001), parietal (P < 0.0001), occipital (P = 0.0005) and temporal (P = 0.001) lobes and thalamus (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION CMV infection of the fetal brain results in a highly significant, region-dependent reduction of ADC values in the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes and thalamus, probably reflecting hypercellularity and inclusion bodies in damaged areas. Further studies are needed to determine if reduction in ADC values may serve as a prognostic factor in CMV-infected fetuses. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yaniv
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Institute for Research in Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel and the Israeli Defence Force Medical Corps
| | - C Hoffmann
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - B Weisz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Lipitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Katorza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Kidron
- Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Bergman
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - A Biegon
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Abstract
Throughout pregnancy, the placenta acts as a physical and immunological barrier against the hematogenous transmission of viruses from mother to fetus. Despite this, very little is known regarding the specific mechanisms by which the placenta shields the developing fetus from viral infections or about the strategies utilized by select viruses to bypass and/or weaken the placental barrier. In this review, we summarize studies regarding virus-host interactions at the placental interface and explore key areas for future investigation. We focus our review on placental trophoblasts, which form the barrier between maternal and fetal circulations and thus govern the cross talk between the maternal and fetal microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Delorme-Axford
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219;
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219; .,Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219; .,Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
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Cardin RD, Bravo FJ, Pullum DA, Orlinger K, Watson EM, Aspoeck A, Fuhrmann G, Guirakhoo F, Monath T, Bernstein DI. Replication-defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus vectors expressing guinea pig cytomegalovirus gB and pp65 homologs are protective against congenital guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection. Vaccine 2016; 34:1993-9. [PMID: 26973071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital cytomegalovirus infection can be life-threatening and often results in significant developmental deficits and/or hearing loss. Thus, there is a critical need for an effective anti-CMV vaccine. OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of replication-defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV) vectors expressing the guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) antigens, gB and pp65, in the guinea pig model of congenital CMV infection. METHODS Female Hartley strain guinea pigs were divided into three groups: Buffer control group (n = 9), rLCMV-gB group (n = 11), and rLCMV-pp65 (n = 11). The vaccines were administered three times IM at 1.54 × 10(6)FFU per dose at 21-day intervals. At two weeks after vaccination, the female guinea pigs underwent breeding. Pregnant guinea pigs were challenged SQ at ∼ 45-55 days of gestation with 1 × 10(5)PFU of GPCMV. Viremia in the dams, pup survival, weights of pups at delivery, and viral load in both dam and pup tissues were determined. RESULTS Pup survival was significantly increased in the LCMV-gB vaccine group. There was 23% pup mortality in the gB vaccine group (p = 0.044) and 26% pup mortality in the pp65 vaccine group (p = 0.054) compared to 49% control pup mortality. The gB vaccine induced high levels of gB binding and detectable neutralizing antibodies, reduced dam viremia, and significantly reduced viral load in dam tissues compared to control dams (p < 0.03). Reduced viral load and transmission in pups born to gB-vaccinated dams was observed compared to pups from pp65-vaccinated or control dams. CONCLUSIONS The rLCMV-gB vaccine significantly improved pup survival and also increased pup weights and gestation time. The gB vaccine was also more effective at decreasing viral load in dams and pups and limiting congenital transmission. Thus, rLCMV vectors that express CMV antigens may be an effective vaccine strategy for congenital CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Cardin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Fernando J Bravo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Derek A Pullum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David I Bernstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD4 T Cells Are Cytolytic and Mediate Vaccine Protection. J Virol 2015; 90:650-8. [PMID: 26491148 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02123-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD4 T cells provide protection against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and other persistent viruses, and the ability to quantify and characterize epitope-specific responses is essential to gain a more precise understanding of their effector roles in this regard. Here, we report the first two I-A(d)-restricted CD4 T cell responses specific for mouse CMV (MCMV) epitopes and use a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) tetramer to characterize their phenotypes and functions. We demonstrate that MCMV-specific CD4 T cells can express high levels of granzyme B and kill target cells in an epitope- and organ-specific manner. In addition, CD4 T cell epitope vaccination of immunocompetent mice reduced MCMV replication in the same organs where CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was observed. Together, our studies show that MCMV epitope-specific CD4 T cells have the potential to mediate antiviral defense by multiple effector mechanisms in vivo. IMPORTANCE CD4 T cells mediate immune protection by using their T cell receptors to recognize specific portions of viral proteins, called epitopes, that are presented by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules on the surfaces of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we discovered the first two epitopes derived from mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) that are recognized by CD4 T cells in BALB/c mice, a mouse strain commonly used to study the pathogenesis of this virus infection. Here, we report the sequences of these epitopes, characterize the CD4 T cells that recognize them to fight off MCMV infection, and show that we can use the epitopes to vaccinate mice and protect against MCMV.
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Ohlin M, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Human antibody technology and the development of antibodies against cytomegalovirus. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:153-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Vaccine-Derived Neutralizing Antibodies to the Human Cytomegalovirus gH/gL Pentamer Potently Block Primary Cytotrophoblast Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:11884-98. [PMID: 26378171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01701-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) elicits neutralizing antibodies (NAb) of various potencies and cell type specificities to prevent HCMV entry into fibroblasts (FB) and epithelial/endothelial cells (EpC/EnC). NAb targeting the major essential envelope glycoprotein complexes gB and gH/gL inhibit both FB and EpC/EnC entry. In contrast to FB infection, HCMV entry into EpC/EnC is additionally blocked by extremely potent NAb to conformational epitopes of the gH/gL/UL128/130/131A pentamer complex (PC). We recently developed a vaccine concept based on coexpression of all five PC subunits by a single modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector, termed MVA-PC. Vaccination of mice and rhesus macaques with MVA-PC resulted in a high titer and sustained NAb that blocked EpC/EnC infection and lower-titer NAb that inhibited FB entry. However, antibody function responsible for the neutralizing activity induced by the MVA-PC vaccine is uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate that MVA-PC elicits NAb with cell type-specific neutralization potency and antigen recognition pattern similar to human NAb targeting conformational and linear epitopes of the UL128/130/131A subunits or gH. In addition, we show that the vaccine-derived PC-specific NAb are significantly more potent than the anti-gH NAb to prevent HCMV spread in EpC and infection of human placental cytotrophoblasts, cell types thought to be of critical importance for HCMV transmission to the fetus. These findings further validate MVA-PC as a clinical vaccine candidate to elicit NAb that resembles those induced during HCMV infection and provide valuable insights into the potency of PC-specific NAb to interfere with HCMV cell-associated spread and infection of key placental cells. IMPORTANCE As a consequence of the leading role of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in causing permanent birth defects, developing a vaccine against HCMV has been assigned a major public health priority. We have recently introduced a vaccine strategy based on a widely used, safe, and well-characterized poxvirus vector platform to elicit potent and durable neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses targeting the HCMV envelope pentamer complex (PC), which has been suggested as a critical component for a vaccine to prevent congenital HCMV infection. With this work, we confirm that the NAb elicited by the vaccine vector have properties that are similar to those of human NAb isolated from individuals chronically infected with HCMV. In addition, we show that PC-specific NAb have potent ability to prevent infection of key placental cells that HCMV utilizes to cross the fetal-maternal interface, suggesting that NAb targeting the PC may be essential to prevent HCMV vertical transmission.
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Weisblum Y, Panet A, Zakay-Rones Z, Vitenshtein A, Haimov-Kochman R, Goldman-Wohl D, Oiknine-Djian E, Yamin R, Meir K, Amsalem H, Imbar T, Mandelboim O, Yagel S, Wolf DG. Human cytomegalovirus induces a distinct innate immune response in the maternal-fetal interface. Virology 2015; 485:289-96. [PMID: 26318261 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The initial interplay between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and innate tissue response in the human maternal-fetal interface, though crucial for determining the outcome of congenital HCMV infection, has remained unknown. We studied the innate response to HCMV within the milieu of the human decidua, the maternal aspect of the maternal-fetal interface, maintained ex vivo as an integral tissue. HCMV infection triggered a rapid and robust decidual-tissue innate immune response predominated by interferon (IFN)γ and IP-10 induction, dysregulating the decidual cytokine/chemokine environment in a distinctive fashion. The decidual-tissue response was already elicited during viral-tissue contact, and was not affected by neutralizing HCMV antibodies. Of note, IFNγ induction, reflecting immune-cell activation, was distinctive to the maternal decidua, and was not observed in concomitantly-infected placental (fetal) villi. Our studies in a clinically-relevant surrogate human model, provide a novel insight into the first-line decidual tissue response which could affect the outcome of congenital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiska Weisblum
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Biochemistry and the Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amos Panet
- Department of Biochemistry and the Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zichria Zakay-Rones
- Department of Biochemistry and the Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alon Vitenshtein
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronit Haimov-Kochman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Debra Goldman-Wohl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Oiknine-Djian
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Biochemistry and the Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Yamin
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Karen Meir
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagai Amsalem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Imbar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Simcha Yagel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana G Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Leghmar K, Cenac N, Rolland M, Martin H, Rauwel B, Bertrand-Michel J, Le Faouder P, Bénard M, Casper C, Davrinche C, Fournier T, Chavanas S. Cytomegalovirus Infection Triggers the Secretion of the PPARγ Agonists 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid (15-HETE) and 13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic Acid (13-HODE) in Human Cytotrophoblasts and Placental Cultures. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132627. [PMID: 26171612 PMCID: PMC4501751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Congenital infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of congenital abnormalities of the central nervous system. Placenta infection by HCMV allows for viral spread to fetus and may result in intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia-like symptoms, or miscarriages. We previously reported that HCMV activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) for its own replication in cytotrophoblasts. Here, we investigated the molecular bases of PPARγ activation in infected cytotrophoblasts. Results We show that onboarded cPLA2 carried by HCMV particles is required for effective PPARγ activation in infected HIPEC cytotrophoblasts, and for the resulting inhibition of cell migration. Natural PPARγ agonists are generated by PLA2 driven oxidization of linoleic and arachidonic acids. Therefore, using HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry, we disclosed that cellular and secreted levels of 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) were significantly increased in and from HIPEC cytotrophoblasts at soon as 6 hours post infection. 13-HODE treatment of uninfected HIPEC recapitulated the effect of infection (PPARγ activation, migration impairment). We found that infection of histocultures of normal, first-term, human placental explants resulted in significantly increased levels of secreted 15-HETE and 13-HODE. Conclusion Our findings reveal that 15-HETE and 13-HODE could be new pathogenic effectors of HCMV congenital infection They provide a new insight about the pathogenesis of congenital infection by HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoutar Leghmar
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Maude Rolland
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Martin
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Rauwel
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Pauline Le Faouder
- MetaToul Lipidomics facility, Toulouse, France
- I2MC INSERM U1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Mélinda Bénard
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Neonatal Unit, Children’s Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Charlotte Casper
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Neonatal Unit, Children’s Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Davrinche
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- PremUP, Fondation, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Chavanas
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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