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Chofflet N, Naito Y, Pastore AJ, Padmanabhan N, Nguyen PT, Poitras C, Feller B, Yi N, Van Prooijen J, Khaled H, Coulombe B, Clapcote SJ, Bourgault S, Siddiqui TJ, Rudenko G, Takahashi H. Structural and functional characterization of the IgSF21-neurexin2α complex and its related signaling pathways in the regulation of inhibitory synapse organization. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1371145. [PMID: 38571813 PMCID: PMC10989685 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1371145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevailing model behind synapse development and specificity is that a multitude of adhesion molecules engage in transsynaptic interactions to induce pre- and postsynaptic assembly. How these extracellular interactions translate into intracellular signal transduction for synaptic assembly remains unclear. Here, we focus on a synapse organizing complex formed by immunoglobulin superfamily member 21 (IgSF21) and neurexin2α (Nrxn2α) that regulates GABAergic synapse development in the mouse brain. We reveal that the interaction between presynaptic Nrxn2α and postsynaptic IgSF21 is a high-affinity receptor-ligand interaction and identify a binding interface in the IgSF21-Nrxn2α complex. Despite being expressed in both dendritic and somatic regions, IgSF21 preferentially regulates dendritic GABAergic presynaptic differentiation whereas another canonical Nrxn ligand, neuroligin2 (Nlgn2), primarily regulates perisomatic presynaptic differentiation. To explore mechanisms that could underlie this compartment specificity, we targeted multiple signaling pathways pharmacologically while monitoring the synaptogenic activity of IgSF21 and Nlgn2. Interestingly, both IgSF21 and Nlgn2 require c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated signaling, whereas Nlgn2, but not IgSF21, additionally requires CaMKII and Src kinase activity. JNK inhibition diminished de novo presynaptic differentiation without affecting the maintenance of formed synapses. We further found that Nrxn2α knockout brains exhibit altered synaptic JNK activity in a sex-specific fashion, suggesting functional linkage between Nrxns and JNK. Thus, our study elucidates the structural and functional relationship of IgSF21 with Nrxn2α and distinct signaling pathways for IgSF21-Nrxn2α and Nlgn2-Nrxn synaptic organizing complexes in vitro. We therefore propose a revised hypothesis that Nrxns act as molecular hubs to specify synaptic properties not only through their multiple extracellular ligands but also through distinct intracellular signaling pathways of these ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chofflet
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yusuke Naito
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anthony John Pastore
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Nirmala Padmanabhan
- PrairieNeuro Research Centre, Health Sciences Centre, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Phuong Trang Nguyen
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Poitras
- Department of Translational Proteomics, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin Feller
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nayoung Yi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeremie Van Prooijen
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Husam Khaled
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- Department of Translational Proteomics, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Steven J. Clapcote
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tabrez J. Siddiqui
- PrairieNeuro Research Centre, Health Sciences Centre, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gabby Rudenko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Hideto Takahashi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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2
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Medalla M, Mo B, Nasar R, Zhou Y, Park J, Luebke JI. Comparative features of calretinin, calbindin, and parvalbumin expressing interneurons in mouse and monkey primary visual and frontal cortices. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1934-1962. [PMID: 37357562 PMCID: PMC10749991 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental differences in excitatory pyramidal cells across cortical areas and species highlight the implausibility of extrapolation from mouse to primate neurons and cortical networks. Far less is known about comparative regional and species-specific features of neurochemically distinct cortical inhibitory interneurons. Here, we quantified the density, laminar distribution, and somatodendritic morphology of inhibitory interneurons expressing one or more of the calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) (calretinin [CR], calbindin [CB], and/or parvalbumin [PV]) in mouse (Mus musculus) versus rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in two functionally and cytoarchitectonically distinct regions-the primary visual and frontal cortical areas-using immunofluorescent multilabeling, stereological counting, and 3D reconstructions. There were significantly higher densities of CB+ and PV+ neurons in visual compared to frontal areas in both species. The main species difference was the significantly greater density and proportion of CR+ interneurons and lower extent of CaBP coexpression in monkey compared to mouse cortices. Cluster analyses revealed that the somatodendritic morphology of layer 2-3 inhibitory interneurons is more dependent on CaBP expression than on species and area. Only modest effects of species were observed for CB+ and PV+ interneuron morphologies, while CR+ neurons showed no difference. By contrast to pyramidal cells that show highly distinctive area- and species-specific features, here we found more subtle differences in the distribution and features of interneurons across areas and species. These data yield insight into how nuanced differences in the population organization and properties of neurons may underlie specializations in cortical regions to confer species- and area-specific functional capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Bingxin Mo
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
| | - Rakin Nasar
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
| | - Junwoo Park
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
| | - Jennifer I Luebke
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215
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3
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Ghirardini E, Sagona G, Marquez-Galera A, Calugi F, Navarron CM, Cacciante F, Chen S, Di Vetta F, Dadà L, Mazziotti R, Lupori L, Putignano E, Baldi P, Lopez-Atalaya JP, Pizzorusso T, Baroncelli L. Cell-specific vulnerability to metabolic failure: the crucial role of parvalbumin expressing neurons in creatine transporter deficiency. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:34. [PMID: 36882863 PMCID: PMC9990224 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01533-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the solute carrier family 6-member 8 (Slc6a8) gene, encoding the protein responsible for cellular creatine (Cr) uptake, cause Creatine Transporter Deficiency (CTD), an X-linked neurometabolic disorder presenting with intellectual disability, autistic-like features, and epilepsy. The pathological determinants of CTD are still poorly understood, hindering the development of therapies. In this study, we generated an extensive transcriptomic profile of CTD showing that Cr deficiency causes perturbations of gene expression in excitatory neurons, inhibitory cells, and oligodendrocytes which result in remodeling of circuit excitability and synaptic wiring. We also identified specific alterations of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons, exhibiting a reduction in cellular and synaptic density, and a hypofunctional electrophysiological phenotype. Mice lacking Slc6a8 only in PV+ interneurons recapitulated numerous CTD features, including cognitive deterioration, impaired cortical processing and hyperexcitability of brain circuits, demonstrating that Cr deficit in PV+ interneurons is sufficient to determine the neurological phenotype of CTD. Moreover, a pharmacological treatment targeted to restore the efficiency of PV+ synapses significantly improved cortical activity in Slc6a8 knock-out animals. Altogether, these data demonstrate that Slc6a8 is critical for the normal function of PV+ interneurons and that impairment of these cells is central in the disease pathogenesis, suggesting a novel therapeutic venue for CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Ghirardini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128, Calambrone (PI), Italy. .,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giulia Sagona
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angel Marquez-Galera
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Santiago Ramon Y Cajal, S/N, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francesco Calugi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Via Di San Salvi 12, 50135, Florence, Italy.,BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore Di Pisa, Piazza Dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmen M Navarron
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Santiago Ramon Y Cajal, S/N, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francesco Cacciante
- BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore Di Pisa, Piazza Dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Siwei Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3435, USA
| | - Federica Di Vetta
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dadà
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Mazziotti
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Via Di San Salvi 12, 50135, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lupori
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128, Calambrone (PI), Italy
| | - Elena Putignano
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Department of Computer Science and Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3435, USA
| | - Jose P Lopez-Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Santiago Ramon Y Cajal, S/N, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore Di Pisa, Piazza Dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Baroncelli
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128, Calambrone (PI), Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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4
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Medalla M, Mo B, Nasar R, Zhou Y, Park J, Luebke JI. Comparative Features of Calretinin, Calbindin and Parvalbumin Expressing Interneurons in Mouse and Monkey Primary Visual and Frontal Cortices. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.27.530269. [PMID: 36909556 PMCID: PMC10002648 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Much is known about differences in pyramidal cells across cortical areas and species, but studies of interneurons have focused on comparisons within single cortical areas and/or species. Here we quantified the distribution and somato-dendritic morphology of interneurons expressing one or more of the calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) calretinin (CR), calbindin (CB) and/or parvalbumin (PV) in mouse ( Mus musculus ) versus rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) in two functionally and cytoarchitectonically distinct regions- the primary visual and frontal cortical areas. The density, laminar distribution and morphology of interneurons were assessed in serial brain sections using immunofluorescent multi-labeling, stereological counting and 3D reconstructions. There were significantly higher densities of CB+ and PV+ neurons in visual compared to frontal areas in both species. The main species difference was the significantly greater density and proportion of CR+ interneurons and lower extent of CaBP co-expression in monkey compared to mouse cortices. Cluster analyses revealed that the somato-dendritic morphology of layer 2-3 inhibitory interneurons is more dependent on CaBP expression than on species and area. Only modest effects of species were observed for CB+ and PV+ interneuron morphologies, while CR+ neurons showed no difference. By contrast to pyramidal cells which show highly distinctive area- and species-specific features, here we found more subtle differences in the distribution and features of interneurons across areas and species. These data yield insight into how nuanced differences in the population organization and properties of neurons may underlie specializations in cortical regions to confer species and area-specific functional capacities. Key Points Somato-dendritic morphology of distinct interneurons did not substantially scale and vary across areas and species- differences were mainly dependent on CaBP expression.Cortical diversity in inhibitory function across areas and species is thus likely to be derived from differential laminar distribution and densities of distinct interneuron subclasses.In contrast to pyramidal cells which differ widely in distribution and morphology across areas and species, the features of interneurons appears to be relatively more conserved across areas and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Bingxin Mo
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
| | - Rakin Nasar
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
| | - Junwoo Park
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
| | - Jennifer I Luebke
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. L10, Boston MA 02118
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215
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5
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Urrutia-Piñones J, Morales-Moraga C, Sanguinetti-González N, Escobar AP, Chiu CQ. Long-Range GABAergic Projections of Cortical Origin in Brain Function. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:841869. [PMID: 35392440 PMCID: PMC8981584 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.841869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of long-range GABAergic projections has traditionally been focused on those with subcortical origin. In the last few years, cortical GABAergic neurons have been shown to not only mediate local inhibition, but also extend long-range axons to remote cortical and subcortical areas. In this review, we delineate the different types of long-range GABAergic neurons (LRGNs) that have been reported to arise from the hippocampus and neocortex, paying attention to the anatomical and functional circuits they form to understand their role in behavior. Although cortical LRGNs are similar to their interneuron and subcortical counterparts, they comprise distinct populations that show specific patterns of cortico-cortical and cortico-fugal connectivity. Functionally, cortical LRGNs likely induce timed disinhibition in target regions to synchronize network activity. Thus, LRGNs are emerging as a new element of cortical output, acting in concert with long-range excitatory projections to shape brain function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Urrutia-Piñones
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila Morales-Moraga
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nicole Sanguinetti-González
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Angelica P. Escobar
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Chiayu Q. Chiu
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- *Correspondence: Chiayu Q. Chiu,
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6
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Wang D, Wu J, Liu P, Li X, Li J, He M, Li A. VIP interneurons regulate olfactory bulb output and contribute to odor detection and discrimination. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110383. [PMID: 35172159 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the olfactory bulb (OB), olfactory information represented by mitral/tufted cells (M/Ts) is extensively modulated by local inhibitory interneurons before being transmitted to the olfactory cortex. While the crucial roles of cortical vasoactive-intestinal-peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons have been extensively studied, their precise function in the OB remains elusive. Here, we identify the synaptic connectivity of VIP interneurons onto mitral cells (MCs) and demonstrate their important role in olfactory behaviors. Optogenetic activation of VIP interneurons reduced both spontaneous and odor-evoked activity of M/Ts in awake mice. Whole-cell recordings revealed that VIP interneurons decrease MC firing through direct inhibitory synaptic connections with MCs. Furthermore, inactivation of VIP interneurons leads to increased MC firing and impaired olfactory detection and odor discrimination. Therefore, our results demonstrate that VIP interneurons control OB output and play critical roles in odor processing and olfactory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Penglai Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Anan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
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7
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Banaie Boroujeni K, Tiesinga P, Womelsdorf T. Interneuron-specific gamma synchronization indexes cue uncertainty and prediction errors in lateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex. eLife 2021; 10:69111. [PMID: 34142661 PMCID: PMC8248985 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons are believed to realize critical gating functions in cortical circuits, but it has been difficult to ascertain the content of gated information for well-characterized interneurons in primate cortex. Here, we address this question by characterizing putative interneurons in primate prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex while monkeys engaged in attention demanding reversal learning. We find that subclasses of narrow spiking neurons have a relative suppressive effect on the local circuit indicating they are inhibitory interneurons. One of these interneuron subclasses showed prominent firing rate modulations and (35–45 Hz) gamma synchronous spiking during periods of uncertainty in both, lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In LPFC, this interneuron subclass activated when the uncertainty of attention cues was resolved during flexible learning, whereas in ACC it fired and gamma-synchronized when outcomes were uncertain and prediction errors were high during learning. Computational modeling of this interneuron-specific gamma band activity in simple circuit motifs suggests it could reflect a soft winner-take-all gating of information having high degree of uncertainty. Together, these findings elucidate an electrophysiologically characterized interneuron subclass in the primate, that forms gamma synchronous networks in two different areas when resolving uncertainty during adaptive goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Tiesinga
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Thilo Womelsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Biology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada
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8
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Yamashiro K, Liu J, Matsumoto N, Ikegaya Y. Deep Learning-Based Classification of GAD67-Positive Neurons Without the Immunosignal. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:643067. [PMID: 33867947 PMCID: PMC8044854 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.643067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory neurons and GABAergic interneurons constitute neural circuits and play important roles in information processing. In certain brain regions, such as the neocortex and the hippocampus, there are fewer interneurons than excitatory neurons. Interneurons have been quantified via immunohistochemistry, for example, for GAD67, an isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase. Additionally, the expression level of other proteins varies among cell types. For example, NeuN, a commonly used marker protein for postmitotic neurons, is expressed differently across brain regions and cell classes. Thus, we asked whether GAD67-immunopositive neurons can be detected using the immunofluorescence signals of NeuN and the fluorescence signals of Nissl substances. To address this question, we stained neurons in layers 2/3 of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the primary motor cortex (M1) of mice and manually labeled the neurons as either cell type using GAD67 immunosignals. We then sought to detect GAD67-positive neurons without GAD67 immunosignals using a custom-made deep learning-based algorithm. Using this deep learning-based model, we succeeded in the binary classification of the neurons using Nissl and NeuN signals without referring to the GAD67 signals. Furthermore, we confirmed that our deep learning-based method surpassed classic machine-learning methods in terms of binary classification performance. Combined with the visualization of the hidden layer of our deep learning algorithm, our model provides a new platform for identifying unbiased criteria for cell-type classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Barron HC, Mars RB, Dupret D, Lerch JP, Sampaio-Baptista C. Cross-species neuroscience: closing the explanatory gap. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190633. [PMID: 33190601 PMCID: PMC7116399 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience has seen substantial development in non-invasive methods available for investigating the living human brain. However, these tools are limited to coarse macroscopic measures of neural activity that aggregate the diverse responses of thousands of cells. To access neural activity at the cellular and circuit level, researchers instead rely on invasive recordings in animals. Recent advances in invasive methods now permit large-scale recording and circuit-level manipulations with exquisite spatio-temporal precision. Yet, there has been limited progress in relating these microcircuit measures to complex cognition and behaviour observed in humans. Contemporary neuroscience thus faces an explanatory gap between macroscopic descriptions of the human brain and microscopic descriptions in animal models. To close the explanatory gap, we propose adopting a cross-species approach. Despite dramatic differences in the size of mammalian brains, this approach is broadly justified by preserved homology. Here, we outline a three-armed approach for effective cross-species investigation that highlights the need to translate different measures of neural activity into a common space. We discuss how a cross-species approach has the potential to transform basic neuroscience while also benefiting neuropsychiatric drug development where clinical translation has, to date, seen minimal success. This article is part of the theme issue 'Key relationships between non-invasive functional neuroimaging and the underlying neuronal activity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C. Barron
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rogier B. Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David Dupret
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5G 1L7
| | - Cassandra Sampaio-Baptista
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
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10
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Li C, Lei Y, Tian Y, Xu S, Shen X, Wu H, Bao S, Wang F. The etiological contribution of GABAergic plasticity to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2020; 15:1744806919847366. [PMID: 30977423 PMCID: PMC6509976 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919847366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain developing after peripheral or central nerve injury is the result of pathological changes generated through complex mechanisms. Disruption in the homeostasis of excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the central nervous system is a crucial factor in the formation of hyperalgesia or allodynia occurring with neuropathic pain. The central GABAergic pathway has received attention for its extensive distribution and function in neural circuits, including the generation and development of neuropathic pain. GABAergic inhibitory changes that occur in the interneurons along descending modulatory and nociceptive pathways in the central nervous system are believed to generate neuronal plasticity, such as synaptic plasticity or functional plasticity of the related genes or proteins, that is the foundation of persistent neuropathic pain. The primary GABAergic plasticity observed in neuropathic pain includes GABAergic synapse homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity, decreased synthesis of GABA, down-expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA transporter, abnormal expression of NKCC1 or KCC2, and disturbed function of GABA receptors. In this review, we describe possible mechanisms associated with GABAergic plasticity, such as central sensitization and GABAergic interneuron apoptosis, and the epigenetic etiologies of GABAergic plasticity in neuropathic pain. Moreover, we summarize potential therapeutic targets of GABAergic plasticity that may allow for successful relief of hyperalgesia from nerve injury. Finally, we compare the effects of the GABAergic system in neuropathic pain to other types of chronic pain to understand the contribution of GABAergic plasticity to neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Li
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanying Lei
- 2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yi Tian
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Shiqin Xu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Senzhu Bao
- 2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,4 Group of Neuropharmacology and Neurophysiology, Division of Neuroscience, The Bonoi Academy of Science and Education, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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11
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Fan X, Markram H. A Brief History of Simulation Neuroscience. Front Neuroinform 2019; 13:32. [PMID: 31133838 PMCID: PMC6513977 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the brain has evolved over millennia in philosophical, experimental and theoretical phases. We suggest that the next phase is simulation neuroscience. The main drivers of simulation neuroscience are big data generated at multiple levels of brain organization and the need to integrate these data to trace the causal chain of interactions within and across all these levels. Simulation neuroscience is currently the only methodology for systematically approaching the multiscale brain. In this review, we attempt to reconstruct the deep historical paths leading to simulation neuroscience, from the first observations of the nerve cell to modern efforts to digitally reconstruct and simulate the brain. Neuroscience began with the identification of the neuron as the fundamental unit of brain structure and function and has evolved towards understanding the role of each cell type in the brain, how brain cells are connected to each other, and how the seemingly infinite networks they form give rise to the vast diversity of brain functions. Neuronal mapping is evolving from subjective descriptions of cell types towards objective classes, subclasses and types. Connectivity mapping is evolving from loose topographic maps between brain regions towards dense anatomical and physiological maps of connections between individual genetically distinct neurons. Functional mapping is evolving from psychological and behavioral stereotypes towards a map of behaviors emerging from structural and functional connectomes. We show how industrialization of neuroscience and the resulting large disconnected datasets are generating demand for integrative neuroscience, how the scale of neuronal and connectivity maps is driving digital atlasing and digital reconstruction to piece together the multiple levels of brain organization, and how the complexity of the interactions between molecules, neurons, microcircuits and brain regions is driving brain simulation to understand the interactions in the multiscale brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Fan
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Sigl-Glöckner J, Brecht M. Polyploidy and the Cellular and Areal Diversity of Rat Cortical Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2575-2583. [PMID: 28903039 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In many species, polyploidy, in which an increase in nuclear DNA content is accompanied by an increase in cell size, contributes to cellular diversity. In the rat visual cortex, most neurons are small and homogeneous in size, while layer 5 cells are heterogeneous, containing some very large neurons. To measure DNA content, we quantified nuclear chromocenters and integrated DNA/DAPI fluorescence. The results suggest that most cortical neurons, non-neuronal cells, parvalbumin-positive interneurons, and large entorhinal layer 2 stellate projection neurons are diploid. In contrast, chromocenter counts and integrated fluorescence are ∼2-fold higher for some excitatory neurons in layer 5, suggesting that large Ctip2-negative and Ctip2-positive layer 5 neurons might be tetraploid. The distribution of putatively tetraploid neurons differed between areas and showed sharp borders aligned with functional subdivisions of the somatosensory cortex. Telomere counting and flow cytometry supported layer 5 polyploidy. We conclude that polyploidy contributes to cellular and areal diversity of rat cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sigl-Glöckner
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Brecht
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Fujiwara T, Kofuji T, Mishima T, Akagawa K. Syntaxin 1B contributes to regulation of the dopaminergic system through GABA transmission in the CNS. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2867-2874. [PMID: 29139159 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In neuronal plasma membrane, two syntaxin isoforms, HPC-1/syntaxin 1A (STX1A) and syntaxin 1B (STX1B), are predominantly expressed as soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein receptors, also known as t-SNAREs. We previously reported that glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmissions are impaired in Stx1b null mutant (Stx1b-/- ) mice but are almost normal in Stx1a null mutant (Stx1a-/- ) mice. These observations suggested that STX1A and STX1B have distinct functions in fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, recent studies indicated that Stx1a-/- or Stx1a+/- mice exhibit disruption in the monoaminergic system in the CNS, causing unusual behaviour that is similar to neuropsychological alterations observed in psychiatric patients. Here, we studied whether STX1B contributes to the regulation of monoaminergic system and if STX1B is related to neuropsychological properties in human neuropsychological disorders similar to STX1A. We found that monoamine release in vitro was normal in Stx1b+/- mice unlike Stx1a-/- or Stx1a+/- mice, but the basal extracellular dopamine (DA) concentration in the ventral striatum was increased. DA secretion in the ventral striatum is regulated by GABAergic neurons, and Stx1b+/- mice exhibited reduced GABA release both in vitro and in vivo, disrupting the DAergic system in the CNS of these mice. We also found that Stx1b+/- mice exhibited reduced pre-pulse inhibition (PPI), which is believed to represent one of the prominent schizotypal behavioural profiles of human psychiatric patients. The reduction in PPI was rescued by DA receptor antagonists. These observations indicated that STX1B contributes to excess activity of the DAergic system through regulation of GABAergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kofuji
- Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.,Radioisotope Laboratory, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mishima
- Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Kimio Akagawa
- Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
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14
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Coulon P, Landisman CE. The Potential Role of Gap Junctional Plasticity in the Regulation of State. Neuron 2017; 93:1275-1295. [PMID: 28334604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrical synapses are the functional correlate of gap junctions and allow transmission of small molecules and electrical current between coupled neurons. Instead of static pores, electrical synapses are actually plastic, similar to chemical synapses. In the thalamocortical system, gap junctions couple inhibitory neurons that are similar in their biochemical profile, morphology, and electrophysiological properties. We postulate that electrical synaptic plasticity among inhibitory neurons directly interacts with the switching between different firing patterns in a state-dependent and type-dependent manner. In neuronal networks, electrical synapses may function as a modifiable resonance feedback system that enables stable oscillations. Furthermore, the plasticity of electrical synapses may play an important role in regulation of state, synchrony, and rhythmogenesis in the mammalian thalamocortical system, similar to chemical synaptic plasticity. Based on their plasticity, rich diversity, and specificity, electrical synapses are thus likely to participate in the control of consciousness and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Coulon
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Carole E Landisman
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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15
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Talebian A, Britton R, Ammanuel S, Bepari A, Sprouse F, Birnbaum SG, Szabó G, Tamamaki N, Gibson J, Henkemeyer M. Autonomous and non-autonomous roles for ephrin-B in interneuron migration. Dev Biol 2017; 431:179-193. [PMID: 28947178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While several studies indicate the importance of ephrin-B/EphB bidirectional signaling in excitatory neurons, potential roles for these molecules in inhibitory neurons are largely unknown. We identify here an autonomous receptor-like role for ephrin-B reverse signaling in the tangential migration of interneurons into the neocortex using ephrin-B (EfnB1/B2/B3) conditional triple mutant (TMlz) mice and a forebrain inhibitory neuron specific Cre driver. Inhibitory neuron deletion of the three EfnB genes leads to reduced interneuron migration, abnormal cortical excitability, and lethal audiogenic seizures. Truncated and intracellular point mutations confirm the importance of ephrin-B reverse signaling in interneuron migration and cortical excitability. A non-autonomous ligand-like role was also identified for ephrin-B2 that is expressed in neocortical radial glial cells and required for proper tangential migration of GAD65-positive interneurons. Our studies thus define both receptor-like and ligand-like roles for the ephrin-B molecules in controlling the migration of interneurons as they populate the neocortex and help establish excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Talebian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Kent Waldrep Center for Basic Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rachel Britton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Kent Waldrep Center for Basic Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Simon Ammanuel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Asim Bepari
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Kent Waldrep Center for Basic Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Francis Sprouse
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Kent Waldrep Center for Basic Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shari G Birnbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Medical Gene Technology Division, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nobuaki Tamamaki
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jay Gibson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mark Henkemeyer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Kent Waldrep Center for Basic Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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16
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Tanabe Y, Naito Y, Vasuta C, Lee AK, Soumounou Y, Linhoff MW, Takahashi H. IgSF21 promotes differentiation of inhibitory synapses via binding to neurexin2α. Nat Commun 2017; 8:408. [PMID: 28864826 PMCID: PMC5581337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated development of excitatory and inhibitory synapses is essential for higher brain function, and impairment in this development is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. In contrast to the large body of accumulated evidence regarding excitatory synapse development, little is known about synaptic adhesion and organization mechanisms underlying inhibitory synapse development. Through unbiased expression screens and proteomics, we identified immunoglobulin superfamily member 21 (IgSF21) as a neurexin2α-interacting membrane protein that selectively induces inhibitory presynaptic differentiation. IgSF21 localizes postsynaptically and recruits axonal neurexin2α in a trans-interaction manner. Deleting IgSF21 in mice impairs inhibitory presynaptic organization, especially in the hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, and also diminishes GABA-mediated synaptic transmission in hippocampal CA1 neurons without affecting their excitatory synapses. Finally, mice lacking IgSF21 show a sensorimotor gating deficit. These findings suggest that IgSF21 selectively regulates inhibitory presynaptic differentiation through interacting with presynaptic neurexin2α and plays a crucial role in synaptic inhibition in the brain. Molecular mechanisms regulating the development of inhibitory synapses are poorly understood. Here the authors show that IgSF21 interacts with neurexin2α to induce presynaptic differentiation of inhibitory synapses, and that mice lacking IgSF21 exhibit deficits in inhibitory synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tanabe
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de RecherchesCliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2W 1R7
| | - Yusuke Naito
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de RecherchesCliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2W 1R7.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2B2
| | - Cristina Vasuta
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de RecherchesCliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2W 1R7
| | - Alfred Kihoon Lee
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de RecherchesCliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2W 1R7.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2B2
| | - Youssouf Soumounou
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de RecherchesCliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2W 1R7
| | - Michael W Linhoff
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,The Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2B5.,Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Hideto Takahashi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de RecherchesCliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2W 1R7. .,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2B2. .,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3T 1J4. .,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0G4.
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17
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Hatch RJ, Mendis GDC, Kaila K, Reid CA, Petrou S. Gap Junctions Link Regular-Spiking and Fast-Spiking Interneurons in Layer 5 Somatosensory Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:204. [PMID: 28769764 PMCID: PMC5511827 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions form electrical synapses that modulate neuronal activity by synchronizing action potential (AP) firing of cortical interneurons (INs). Gap junctions are thought to form predominantly within cortical INs of the same functional class and are therefore considered to act within discrete neuronal populations. Here, we challenge that view and show that the probability of electrical coupling is the same within and between regular-spiking (RS) and fast-spiking (FS) cortical INs in 16–21 days old mice. Firing properties of these two populations were distinct from other INs types including neurogliaform and low-threshold spiking (LTS) cells. We also demonstrate that pre-junctional APs can depolarize post-junctional neurons and increase the probability of firing. Our findings of frequent gap junction coupling between functionally distinct IN subtypes suggest that cortical IN networks are much more extensive and heterogeneous than previously thought. This may have implications on mechanisms ranging from cognitive functions to modulation of pathological states in epilepsy and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hatch
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - G Dulini C Mendis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kai Kaila
- Department of Biosciences and Neuroscience Center (HiLife), The University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Christopher A Reid
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrated Brain Function, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Hull C. Cellular and Synaptic Properties of Local Inhibitory Circuits. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:2017/5/pdb.top095281. [PMID: 28461682 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top095281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons play a key role in sculpting the information processed by neural circuits. Despite the wide range of physiologically and morphologically distinct types of interneurons that have been identified, common principles have emerged that have shed light on how synaptic inhibition operates, both mechanistically and functionally, across cell types and circuits. This introduction summarizes how electrophysiological approaches have been used to illuminate these key principles, including basic interneuron circuit motifs, the functional properties of inhibitory synapses, and the main roles for synaptic inhibition in regulating neural circuit function. It also highlights how some key electrophysiological methods and experiments have advanced our understanding of inhibitory synapse function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Court Hull
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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19
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Dutton SBB, Dutt K, Papale LA, Helmers S, Goldin AL, Escayg A. Early-life febrile seizures worsen adult phenotypes in Scn1a mutants. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:159-171. [PMID: 28373025 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene SCN1A, encoding the Nav1.1 channel, are responsible for a number of epilepsy disorders including genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) and Dravet syndrome (DS). Patients with SCN1A mutations often experience prolonged early-life febrile seizures (FSs), raising the possibility that these events may influence epileptogenesis and lead to more severe adult phenotypes. To test this hypothesis, we subjected 21-23-day-old mice expressing the human SCN1A GEFS+ mutation R1648H to prolonged hyperthermia, and then examined seizure and behavioral phenotypes during adulthood. We found that early-life FSs resulted in lower latencies to induced seizures, increased severity of spontaneous seizures, hyperactivity, and impairments in social behavior and recognition memory during adulthood. Biophysical analysis of brain slice preparations revealed an increase in epileptiform activity in CA3 pyramidal neurons along with increased action potential firing, providing a mechanistic basis for the observed worsening of adult phenotypes. These findings demonstrate the long-term negative impact of early-life FSs on disease outcomes. This has important implications for the clinical management of this patient population and highlights the need for therapeutic interventions that could ameliorate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey B B Dutton
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30022, USA; Department of Biology, Agnes Scott College, Atlanta, GA 30030, USA
| | - Karoni Dutt
- Departments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ligia A Papale
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30022, USA
| | - Sandra Helmers
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30022, USA
| | - Alan L Goldin
- Departments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrew Escayg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30022, USA.
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20
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Yamada J, Jinno S. Molecular heterogeneity of aggrecan-based perineuronal nets around five subclasses of parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the mouse hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1234-1249. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
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21
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Akgül G, McBain CJ. Diverse roles for ionotropic glutamate receptors on inhibitory interneurons in developing and adult brain. J Physiol 2016; 594:5471-90. [PMID: 26918438 PMCID: PMC5043048 DOI: 10.1113/jp271764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-mediated recruitment of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons is a critical determinant of network processing. Early studies observed that many, but not all, interneuron glutamatergic synapses contain AMPA receptors that are GluA2-subunit lacking and Ca(2+) permeable, making them distinct from AMPA receptors at most principal cell synapses. Subsequent studies demonstrated considerable alignment of synaptic AMPA and NMDA receptor subunit composition within specific subtypes of interneurons, suggesting that both receptor expression profiles are developmentally and functionally linked. Indeed glutamate receptor expression profiles are largely predicted by the embryonic origins of cortical interneurons within the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences of the developing telencephalon. Distinct complements of AMPA and NMDA receptors within different interneuron subpopulations contribute to the differential recruitment of functionally divergent interneuron subtypes by common afferent inputs for appropriate feed-forward and feedback inhibitory drive and network entrainment. In contrast, the lesser-studied kainate receptors, which are often present at both pre- and postsynaptic sites, appear to follow an independent developmental expression profile. Loss of specific ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) subunits during interneuron development has dramatic consequences for both cellular and network function, often precipitating circuit inhibition-excitation imbalances and in some cases lethality. Here we briefly review recent findings highlighting the roles of iGluRs in interneuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülcan Akgül
- Porter Neuroscience Research Centre, Rm3C903, Lincoln Drive, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chris J McBain
- Porter Neuroscience Research Centre, Rm3C903, Lincoln Drive, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Neymotin SA, Dura-Bernal S, Lakatos P, Sanger TD, Lytton WW. Multitarget Multiscale Simulation for Pharmacological Treatment of Dystonia in Motor Cortex. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:157. [PMID: 27378922 PMCID: PMC4906029 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of physiomic pathologies can produce hyperexcitability in cortex. Depending on severity, cortical hyperexcitability may manifest clinically as a hyperkinetic movement disorder or as epilpesy. We focus here on dystonia, a movement disorder that produces involuntary muscle contractions and involves pathology in multiple brain areas including basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and sensory and motor cortices. Most research in dystonia has focused on basal ganglia, while much pharmacological treatment is provided directly at muscles to prevent contraction. Motor cortex is another potential target for therapy that exhibits pathological dynamics in dystonia, including heightened activity and altered beta oscillations. We developed a multiscale model of primary motor cortex, ranging from molecular, up to cellular, and network levels, containing 1715 compartmental model neurons with multiple ion channels and intracellular molecular dynamics. We wired the model based on electrophysiological data obtained from mouse motor cortex circuit mapping experiments. We used the model to reproduce patterns of heightened activity seen in dystonia by applying independent random variations in parameters to identify pathological parameter sets. These models demonstrated degeneracy, meaning that there were many ways of obtaining the pathological syndrome. There was no single parameter alteration which would consistently distinguish pathological from physiological dynamics. At higher dimensions in parameter space, we were able to use support vector machines to distinguish the two patterns in different regions of space and thereby trace multitarget routes from dystonic to physiological dynamics. These results suggest the use of in silico models for discovery of multitarget drug cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Neymotin
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, State University of New YorkBrooklyn, NY, USA; Department Neuroscience, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Salvador Dura-Bernal
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Peter Lakatos
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Terence D Sanger
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA; Division Neurology, Child Neurology and Movement Disorders, Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William W Lytton
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, State University of New YorkBrooklyn, NY, USA; Department Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical CenterBrooklyn, NY, USA; Department Neurology, Kings County Hospital CenterBrooklyn, NY, USA; The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral ScienceBrooklyn, NY, US
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Sensory-Derived Glutamate Regulates Presynaptic Inhibitory Terminals in Mouse Spinal Cord. Neuron 2016; 90:1189-1202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Neymotin SA, McDougal RA, Bulanova AS, Zeki M, Lakatos P, Terman D, Hines ML, Lytton WW. Calcium regulation of HCN channels supports persistent activity in a multiscale model of neocortex. Neuroscience 2016; 316:344-66. [PMID: 26746357 PMCID: PMC4724569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal persistent activity has been primarily assessed in terms of electrical mechanisms, without attention to the complex array of molecular events that also control cell excitability. We developed a multiscale neocortical model proceeding from the molecular to the network level to assess the contributions of calcium (Ca(2+)) regulation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in providing additional and complementary support of continuing activation in the network. The network contained 776 compartmental neurons arranged in the cortical layers, connected using synapses containing AMPA/NMDA/GABAA/GABAB receptors. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) produced inositol triphosphate (IP3) which caused the release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores, with reuptake by sarco/ER Ca(2+)-ATP-ase pumps (SERCA), and influence on HCN channels. Stimulus-induced depolarization led to Ca(2+) influx via NMDA and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs). After a delay, mGluR activation led to ER Ca(2+) release via IP3 receptors. These factors increased HCN channel conductance and produced firing lasting for ∼1min. The model displayed inter-scale synergies among synaptic weights, excitation/inhibition balance, firing rates, membrane depolarization, Ca(2+) levels, regulation of HCN channels, and induction of persistent activity. The interaction between inhibition and Ca(2+) at the HCN channel nexus determined a limited range of inhibition strengths for which intracellular Ca(2+) could prepare population-specific persistent activity. Interactions between metabotropic and ionotropic inputs to the neuron demonstrated how multiple pathways could contribute in a complementary manner to persistent activity. Such redundancy and complementarity via multiple pathways is a critical feature of biological systems. Mediation of activation at different time scales, and through different pathways, would be expected to protect against disruption, in this case providing stability for persistent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Neymotin
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - R A McDougal
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - A S Bulanova
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - M Zeki
- Department of Mathematics, Zirve University, 27260 Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - P Lakatos
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - D Terman
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, 231 W 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - M L Hines
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - W W Lytton
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; Department Neurology, Kings County Hospital Center, 451 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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25
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Norepinephrine versus dopamine and their interaction in modulating synaptic function in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 2016; 1641:217-33. [PMID: 26790349 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the neuromodulators that regulate prefrontal cortical circuit function, the catecholamine transmitters norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) stand out as powerful players in working memory and attention. Perturbation of either NE or DA signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Although the precise mechanisms employed by NE and DA to cooperatively control prefrontal functions are not fully understood, emerging research indicates that both transmitters regulate electrical and biochemical aspects of neuronal function by modulating convergent ionic and synaptic signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This review summarizes previous studies that investigated the effects of both NE and DA on excitatory and inhibitory transmissions in the prefrontal cortical circuitry. Specifically, we focus on the functional interaction between NE and DA in prefrontal cortical local circuitry, synaptic integration, signaling pathways, and receptor properties. Although it is clear that both NE and DA innervate the PFC extensively and modulate synaptic function by activating distinctly different receptor subtypes and signaling pathways, it remains unclear how these two systems coordinate their actions to optimize PFC function for appropriate behavior. Throughout this review, we provide perspectives and highlight several critical topics for future studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
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Parvalbumin-Positive Inhibitory Interneurons Oppose Propagation But Favor Generation of Focal Epileptiform Activity. J Neurosci 2015; 35:9544-57. [PMID: 26134638 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5117-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin (Pv)-positive inhibitory interneurons effectively control network excitability, and their optogenetic activation has been reported to block epileptic seizures. An intense activity in GABAergic interneurons, including Pv interneurons, before seizures has been described in different experimental models of epilepsy, raising the hypothesis that an increased GABAergic inhibitory signal may, under certain conditions, initiate seizures. It is therefore unclear whether the activity of Pv interneurons enhances or opposes epileptiform activities. Here we use a mouse cortical slice model of focal epilepsy in which the epileptogenic focus can be identified and the role of Pv interneurons in the generation and propagation of seizure-like ictal events is accurately analyzed by a combination of optogenetic, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques. We found that a selective activation of Pv interneurons at the focus failed to block ictal generation and induced postinhibitory rebound spiking in pyramidal neurons, enhancing neuronal synchrony and promoting ictal generation. In contrast, a selective activation of Pv interneurons distant from the focus blocked ictal propagation and shortened ictal duration at the focus. We revealed that the reduced ictal duration was a direct consequence of the ictal propagation block, probably by preventing newly generated afterdischarges to travel backwards to the original focus of ictal initiation. Similar results were obtained upon individual Pv interneuron activation by intracellular depolarizing current pulses. The functional dichotomy of Pv interneurons here described opens new perspectives to our understanding of how local inhibitory circuits govern generation and spread of focal epileptiform activities.
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Abstract
For over a century, the neuron doctrine--which states that the neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system--has provided a conceptual foundation for neuroscience. This viewpoint reflects its origins in a time when the use of single-neuron anatomical and physiological techniques was prominent. However, newer multineuronal recording methods have revealed that ensembles of neurons, rather than individual cells, can form physiological units and generate emergent functional properties and states. As a new paradigm for neuroscience, neural network models have the potential to incorporate knowledge acquired with single-neuron approaches to help us understand how emergent functional states generate behaviour, cognition and mental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center and Kavli Institute of Brain Sciences, Departments of Biological Sciences and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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28
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Wende CZ, Zoubaa S, Blak A, Echevarria D, Martinez S, Guillemot F, Wurst W, Guimera J. Hairy/Enhancer-of-Split MEGANE and Proneural MASH1 Factors Cooperate Synergistically in Midbrain GABAergic Neurogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127681. [PMID: 25993409 PMCID: PMC4439124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic neurons are the primary inhibitory cell type in the mature brain and their dysfunction is associated with important neurological conditions like schizophrenia and anxiety. We aimed to discover the underlying mechanisms for dorsal/ventral midbrain GABAergic neurogenesis. Previous work by us and others has provided crucial insights into the key function of Mgn and Mash1 genes in determining GABAergic neurotransmitter fate. Induction of dorsal midbrain GABAergic neurons does not take place at any time during development in either of the single mutant mice. However, GABAergic neurons in the ventral midbrain remained unchanged. Thus, the similarities in MB-GABAergic phenotype observed in the Mgn and Mash1 single mutants suggest the existence of other factors that take over the function of MGN and MASH1 in the ventral midbrain or the existence of different molecular mechanisms. We show that this process essentially depends on heterodimers and homodimers formed by MGN and MASH1 and deciphered the in vivo relevance of the interaction by phenotypic analysis of Mgn/Mash1 double knockout and compound mice. Furthermore, the combination of gain- and loss-of-function experiments in the developing midbrain showed co-operative roles for Mgn and Mash1 genes in determining GABAergic identity. Transcription factors belonging to the Enhancer-of-split-related and proneural families have long been believed to counterpart each other's function. This work uncovers a synergistic cooperation between these two families, and provides a novel paradigm for how these two families cooperate for the acquisition of MB-GABAergic neuronal identity. Understanding their molecular mechanisms is essential for cell therapy strategies to amend GABAergic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara-Zoe Wende
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Saida Zoubaa
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Blak
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Experimental Embryology Laboratory, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Experimental Embryology Laboratory, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - François Guillemot
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jordi Guimera
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Meechan DW, Maynard TM, Tucker ES, Fernandez A, Karpinski BA, Rothblat LA, LaMantia AS. Modeling a model: Mouse genetics, 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and disorders of cortical circuit development. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 130:1-28. [PMID: 25866365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the developmental etiology of autistic spectrum disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia remains a major challenge for establishing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these common, difficult-to-treat diseases that compromise neural circuits in the cerebral cortex. One aspect of this challenge is the breadth and overlap of ASD, ADHD, and SCZ deficits; another is the complexity of mutations associated with each, and a third is the difficulty of analyzing disrupted development in at-risk or affected human fetuses. The identification of distinct genetic syndromes that include behavioral deficits similar to those in ASD, ADHC and SCZ provides a critical starting point for meeting this challenge. We summarize clinical and behavioral impairments in children and adults with one such genetic syndrome, the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, routinely called 22q11DS, caused by micro-deletions of between 1.5 and 3.0 MB on human chromosome 22. Among many syndromic features, including cardiovascular and craniofacial anomalies, 22q11DS patients have a high incidence of brain structural, functional, and behavioral deficits that reflect cerebral cortical dysfunction and fall within the spectrum that defines ASD, ADHD, and SCZ. We show that developmental pathogenesis underlying this apparent genetic "model" syndrome in patients can be defined and analyzed mechanistically using genomically accurate mouse models of the deletion that causes 22q11DS. We conclude that "modeling a model", in this case 22q11DS as a model for idiopathic ASD, ADHD and SCZ, as well as other behavioral disorders like anxiety frequently seen in 22q11DS patients, in genetically engineered mice provides a foundation for understanding the causes and improving diagnosis and therapy for these disorders of cortical circuit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Meechan
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Eric S Tucker
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alejandra Fernandez
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Beverly A Karpinski
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Lawrence A Rothblat
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anthony-S LaMantia
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
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30
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Varga C, Tamas G, Barzo P, Olah S, Somogyi P. Molecular and Electrophysiological Characterization of GABAergic Interneurons Expressing the Transcription Factor COUP-TFII in the Adult Human Temporal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:4430-49. [PMID: 25787832 PMCID: PMC4768361 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors contribute to the differentiation of cortical neurons, orchestrate specific interneuronal circuits, and define synaptic relationships. We have investigated neurons expressing chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII), which plays a role in the migration of GABAergic neurons. Whole-cell, patch-clamp recording in vitro combined with colocalization of molecular cell markers in the adult cortex differentiates distinct interneurons. The majority of strongly COUP-TFII-expressing neurons were in layers I–III. Most calretinin (CR) and/or cholecystokinin- (CCK) and/or reelin-positive interneurons were also COUP-TFII-positive. CR-, CCK-, or reelin-positive neurons formed 80%, 20%, or 17% of COUP-TFII-positive interneurons, respectively. About half of COUP-TFII-/CCK-positive interneurons were CR-positive, a quarter of them reelin-positive, but none expressed both. Interneurons positive for COUP-TFII fired irregular, accommodating and adapting trains of action potentials (APs) and innervated mostly small dendritic shafts and rarely spines or somata. Paired recording showed that a calretinin-/COUP-TFII-positive interneuron elicited inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in a reciprocally connected pyramidal cell. Calbindin, somatostatin, or parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons and most pyramidal cells express no immunohistochemically detectable COUP-TFII. In layers V and VI, some pyramidal cells expressed a low level of COUP-TFII in the nucleus. In conclusion, COUP-TFII is expressed in a diverse subset of GABAergic interneurons predominantly innervating small dendritic shafts originating from both interneurons and pyramidal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Varga
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience MRC, Brain Networks Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK Current address: Szentágothai Research Centre, Department of Physiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabor Tamas
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience
| | - Pal Barzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Olah
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience
| | - Peter Somogyi
- MRC, Brain Networks Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Bauer R, Zubler F, Pfister S, Hauri A, Pfeiffer M, Muir DR, Douglas RJ. Developmental self-construction and -configuration of functional neocortical neuronal networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003994. [PMID: 25474693 PMCID: PMC4256067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prenatal development of neural circuits must provide sufficient configuration to support at least a set of core postnatal behaviors. Although knowledge of various genetic and cellular aspects of development is accumulating rapidly, there is less systematic understanding of how these various processes play together in order to construct such functional networks. Here we make some steps toward such understanding by demonstrating through detailed simulations how a competitive co-operative (‘winner-take-all’, WTA) network architecture can arise by development from a single precursor cell. This precursor is granted a simplified gene regulatory network that directs cell mitosis, differentiation, migration, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. Once initial axonal connection patterns are established, their synaptic weights undergo homeostatic unsupervised learning that is shaped by wave-like input patterns. We demonstrate how this autonomous genetically directed developmental sequence can give rise to self-calibrated WTA networks, and compare our simulation results with biological data. Models of learning in artificial neural networks generally assume that the neurons and approximate network are given, and then learning tunes the synaptic weights. By contrast, we address the question of how an entire functional neuronal network containing many differentiated neurons and connections can develop from only a single progenitor cell. We chose a winner-take-all network as the developmental target, because it is a computationally powerful circuit, and a candidate motif of neocortical networks. The key aspect of this challenge is that the developmental mechanisms must be locally autonomous as in Biology: They cannot depend on global knowledge or supervision. We have explored this developmental process by simulating in physical detail the fundamental biological behaviors, such as cell proliferation, neurite growth and synapse formation that give rise to the structural connectivity observed in the superficial layers of the neocortex. These differentiated, approximately connected neurons then adapt their synaptic weights homeostatically to obtain a uniform electrical signaling activity before going on to organize themselves according to the fundamental correlations embedded in a noisy wave-like input signal. In this way the precursor expands itself through development and unsupervised learning into winner-take-all functionality and orientation selectivity in a biologically plausible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bauer
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University/ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Frédéric Zubler
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University/ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Pfister
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University/ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hauri
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University/ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Pfeiffer
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University/ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dylan R. Muir
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University/ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rodney J. Douglas
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University/ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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32
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Jones KS, Corbin JG, Huntsman MM. Neonatal NMDA receptor blockade disrupts spike timing and glutamatergic synapses in fast spiking interneurons in a NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109303. [PMID: 25290690 PMCID: PMC4188593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of parvalbumin-positive, fast-spiking interneurons (FSI) is considered a primary contributor to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ), but deficits in FSI physiology have not been explicitly characterized. We show for the first time, that a widely-employed model of schizophrenia minimizes first spike latency and increases GluN2B-mediated current in neocortical FSIs. The reduction in FSI first-spike latency coincides with reduced expression of the Kv1.1 potassium channel subunit which provides a biophysical explanation for the abnormal spiking behavior. Similarly, the increase in NMDA current coincides with enhanced expression of the GluN2B NMDA receptor subunit, specifically in FSIs. In this study mice were treated with the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, during the first week of life. During adolescence, we detected reduced spike latency and increased GluN2B-mediated NMDA current in FSIs, which suggests transient disruption of NMDA signaling during neonatal development exerts lasting changes in the cellular and synaptic physiology of neocortical FSIs. Overall, we propose these physiological disturbances represent a general impairment to the physiological maturation of FSIs which may contribute to schizophrenia-like behaviors produced by this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Jones
- Biology Department, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Joshua G. Corbin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Molly M. Huntsman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Roux L, Buzsáki G. Tasks for inhibitory interneurons in intact brain circuits. Neuropharmacology 2014; 88:10-23. [PMID: 25239808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic inhibition, brought about by a rich variety of interneuron types, counters excitation, modulates the gain, timing, tuning, bursting properties of principal cell firing, and exerts selective filtering of synaptic excitation. At the network level, it allows for coordinating transient interactions among the principal cells to form cooperative assemblies for efficient transmission of information and routing of excitatory activity across networks, typically in the form of brain oscillations. Recent techniques based on targeted expression of neuronal activity modulators, such as optogenetics, allow physiological identification and perturbation of specific interneuron subtypes in the intact brain. Combined with large-scale recordings or imaging techniques, these approaches facilitate our understanding of the multiple roles of inhibitory interneurons in shaping circuit functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Roux
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Roux L, Stark E, Sjulson L, Buzsáki G. In vivo optogenetic identification and manipulation of GABAergic interneuron subtypes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 26:88-95. [PMID: 24440414 PMCID: PMC4024355 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Identification and manipulation of different GABAergic interneuron classes in the behaving animal are important to understand their role in circuit dynamics and behavior. The combination of optogenetics and large-scale neuronal recordings allows specific interneuron populations to be identified and perturbed for circuit analysis in intact animals. A crucial aspect of this approach is coupling electrophysiological recording with spatially and temporally precise light delivery. Focal multisite illumination of neuronal activators and silencers in predetermined temporal configurations or a closed loop manner opens the door to addressing many novel questions. Recent progress demonstrates the utility and power of this novel technique for interneuron research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Roux
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Eran Stark
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Lucas Sjulson
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - György Buzsáki
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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STRACK BEATA, JACOBS KIMBERLEM, CIOS KRZYSZTOFJ. SIMULATING VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL INHIBITION WITH SHORT-TERM DYNAMICS IN A MULTI-COLUMN MULTI-LAYER MODEL OF NEOCORTEX. Int J Neural Syst 2014; 24:1440002. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065714400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The paper introduces a multi-layer multi-column model of the cortex that uses four different neuron types and short-term plasticity dynamics. It was designed with details of neuronal connectivity available in the literature and meets these conditions: (1) biologically accurate laminar and columnar flows of activity, (2) normal function of low-threshold spiking and fast spiking neurons, and (3) ability to generate different stages of epileptiform activity. With these characteristics the model allows for modeling lesioned or malformed cortex, i.e. examine properties of developmentally malformed cortex in which the balance between inhibitory neuron subtypes is disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- BEATA STRACK
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - KIMBERLE M. JACOBS
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - KRZYSZTOF J. CIOS
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- IITiS Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
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Packer AM, McConnell DJ, Fino E, Yuste R. Axo-dendritic overlap and laminar projection can explain interneuron connectivity to pyramidal cells. Cereb Cortex 2013; 23:2790-802. [PMID: 22941716 PMCID: PMC3968298 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical GABAergic interneurons have important roles in the normal and pathological states of the circuit. Recent work has revealed that somatostatin-positive (SOM) and parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons connect promiscuously to pyramidal cells (PCs). We investigated whether Peters' rule, that is, the spatial overlap of axons and dendrites, could explain this unspecific connectivity. We reconstructed the morphologies of P11-17 mouse SOM and PV interneurons and their PC targets, and performed Monte Carlo simulations to build maps of predicted connectivity based on Peters' rule. We then compared the predicted with the real connectivity maps, measured with 2-photon uncaging experiments, and found no statistical differences between them in the probability of connection as a function of distance and in the spatial structure of the maps. Finally, using reconstructions of connected SOM-PCs and PV-PCs, we investigated the subcellular targeting specificity, by analyzing the postsynaptic position of the contacts, and found that their spatial distributions match the distribution of postsynaptic PC surface area, in agreement with Peters' rule. Thus, the spatial profile of the connectivity maps and even the postsynaptic position of interneuron contacts could result from the mere overlap of axonal and dendritic arborizations and their laminar projections patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Packer
- HHMI, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Sultan KT, Brown KN, Shi SH. Production and organization of neocortical interneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:221. [PMID: 24312011 PMCID: PMC3836051 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-ergic interneurons are a vital component of the neocortex responsible for shaping its output through a variety of inhibitions. Consisting of many flavors, interneuron subtypes are predominantly defined by their morphological, physiological, and neurochemical properties that help to determine their functional role within the neocortex. During development, these cells are born in the subpallium where they then tangentially migrate over long distances before being radially positioned to their final location in the cortical laminae. As development progresses into adolescence, these cells mature and form chemical and electrical connections with both glutamatergic excitatory neurons and other interneurons ultimately establishing the cortical network. The production, migration, and organization of these cells are determined by vast array of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that work in concert in order to assemble a proper functioning cortical inhibitory network. Failure of these cells to undergo these processes results in abnormal positioning and cortical function. In humans, this can bring about several neurological disorders including schizophrenia, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorders. In this article, we will review previous literature that has revealed the framework for interneuron neurogenesis and migratory behavior as well as discuss recent findings that aim to elucidate the spatial and functional organization of interneurons within the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadeejah T Sultan
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA ; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
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Miyamichi K, Shlomai-Fuchs Y, Shu M, Weissbourd BC, Luo L, Mizrahi A. Dissecting local circuits: parvalbumin interneurons underlie broad feedback control of olfactory bulb output. Neuron 2013; 80:1232-45. [PMID: 24239125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse olfactory bulb, information from sensory neurons is extensively processed by local interneurons before being transmitted to the olfactory cortex by mitral and tufted (M/T) cells. The precise function of these local networks remains elusive because of the vast heterogeneity of interneurons, their diverse physiological properties, and their complex synaptic connectivity. Here we identified the parvalbumin interneurons (PVNs) as a prominent component of the M/T presynaptic landscape by using an improved rabies-based transsynaptic tracing method for local circuits. In vivo two-photon-targeted patch recording revealed that PVNs have exceptionally broad olfactory receptive fields and exhibit largely excitatory and persistent odor responses. Transsynaptic tracing indicated that PVNs receive direct input from widely distributed M/T cells. Both the anatomical and functional extent of this M/T→PVN→M/T circuit contrasts with the narrowly confined M/T→granule cell→M/T circuit, suggesting that olfactory information is processed by multiple local circuits operating at distinct spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Miyamichi
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Cepeda C, Chen JY, Wu JY, Fisher RS, Vinters HV, Mathern GW, Levine MS. Pacemaker GABA synaptic activity may contribute to network synchronization in pediatric cortical dysplasia. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:208-17. [PMID: 24121115 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous pacemaker γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-mediated synaptic activity (PGA) occurs in a subset of tissue samples from pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. In the present study, based on single-cell electrophysiological recordings from 120 cases, we describe the etiologies, cell types, and primary electrophysiological features of PGA. Cells displaying PGA occurred more frequently in the areas of greatest anatomical abnormality in cases of focal cortical dysplasia (CD), often associated with hemimegalencephaly (HME), and only rarely in non-CD etiologies. PGA was characterized by rhythmic synaptic events (5-10Hz) and was observed in normal-like, dysmorphic cytomegalic, and immature pyramidal neurons. PGA was action potential-dependent, mediated by GABAA receptors, and unaffected by antagonism of glutamate receptors. We propose that PGA is a unique electrophysiological characteristic associated with CD and HME. It could represent an abnormal signal that may contribute to epileptogenesis in malformed postnatal cortex by facilitating pyramidal neuron synchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Jane Y Chen
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joyce Y Wu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Robin S Fisher
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Neurology, Section of Neuropathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Gary W Mathern
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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40
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Li H, Hader AT, Han YR, Wong JA, Babiarz J, Ricupero CL, Godfrey SB, Corradi JP, Fennell M, Hart RP, Plummer MR, Grumet M. Isolation of a novel rat neural progenitor clone that expresses Dlx family transcription factors and gives rise to functional GABAergic neurons in culture. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:805-20. [PMID: 21913335 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic interneurons are lost in conditions including epilepsy and central nervous system injury, but there are few culture models available to study their function. Toward the goal of obtaining renewable sources of GABAergic neurons, we used the molecular profile of a functionally incomplete GABAergic precursor clone to screen 17 new clones isolated from GFP(+) rat E14.5 cortex and ganglionic eminence (GE) that were generated by viral introduction of v-myc. The clones grow as neurospheres in medium with FGF2, and after withdrawal of FGF2, they exhibit varying patterns of differentiation. Transcriptional profiling and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated that one clone (GE6) expresses high levels of mRNAs encoding Dlx1, 2, 5, and 6, glutamate decarboxylases, and presynaptic proteins including neuropeptide Y and somatostatin. Protein expression confirmed that GE6 is a progenitor with restricted differentiation giving rise mostly to neurons with GABAergic markers. In cocultures with hippocampal neurons, GE6 neurons became electrically excitable and received both inhibitory and excitatory synapses. After withdrawal of FGF2 in cultures of GE6 alone, neurons matured to express βIII-tubulin, and staining for synaptophysin and vesicular GABA transporter were robust after 1-2 weeks of differentiation. GE6 neurons also became electrically excitable and displayed synaptic activity, but synaptic currents were carried by chloride and were blocked by bicuculline. The results suggest that the GE6 clone, which is ventrally derived from the GE, resembles GABAergic interneuron progenitors that migrate into the developing forebrain. This is the first report of a relatively stable fetal clone that can be differentiated into GABAergic interneurons with functional synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedong Li
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA.
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41
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Temel Y, Blokland A, Lim LW. Deactivation of the parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the hippocampus after fear-like behaviour following electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 233:322-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is necessary for our understanding of cortical function. We discuss current views of how inhibition regulates the function of cortical neurons and point to a number of important open questions.
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43
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Dendrinos G, Hemelt M, Keller A. Prenatal VPA Exposure and Changes in Sensory Processing by the Superior Colliculus. Front Integr Neurosci 2011; 5:68. [PMID: 22025911 PMCID: PMC3198155 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders involving dysfunctional sensory processing are characterized by an inability to filter sensory information, particularly simultaneously arriving multimodal inputs. We examined the effects of prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA), a teratogen linked to sensory dysfunction, on the behavior of juvenile and adult rats, and on the anatomy of the superior colliculus, a critical multisensory integration center in the brain. VPA-exposed rats showed deficits in colliculus-dependent behaviors including startle response, prepulse inhibition, and nociceptive responses. Some deficits reversed with age. Stereological analyses revealed that colliculi of VPA-treated rats had significantly fewer parvalbumin-positive neurons, a subset of GABAergic cells. These results suggest that prenatal VPA treatment affects the development of the superior colliculus and leads to persistent anatomical changes evidenced by aberrant behavior in tasks that require sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Dendrinos
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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44
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Belgard T, Marques A, Oliver P, Abaan HO, Sirey T, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, García-Moreno F, Molnár Z, Margulies E, Ponting C. A transcriptomic atlas of mouse neocortical layers. Neuron 2011; 71:605-16. [PMID: 21867878 PMCID: PMC3163272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian cortex, neurons and glia form a patterned structure across six layers whose complex cytoarchitectonic arrangement is likely to contribute to cognition. We sequenced transcriptomes from layers 1-6b of different areas (primary and secondary) of the adult (postnatal day 56) mouse somatosensory cortex to understand the transcriptional levels and functional repertoires of coding and noncoding loci for cells constituting these layers. A total of 5,835 protein-coding genes and 66 noncoding RNA loci are differentially expressed ("patterned") across the layers, on the basis of a machine-learning model (naive Bayes) approach. Layers 2-6b are each associated with specific functional and disease annotations that provide insights into their biological roles. This new resource (http://genserv.anat.ox.ac.uk/layers) greatly extends currently available resources, such as the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas and microarray data sets, by providing quantitative expression levels, by being genome-wide, by including novel loci, and by identifying candidate alternatively spliced transcripts that are differentially expressed across layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Grant Belgard
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9400, USA
| | - Ana C. Marques
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Peter L. Oliver
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Hatice Ozel Abaan
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9400, USA
| | - Tamara M. Sirey
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | | | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Elliott H. Margulies
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9400, USA
| | - Chris P. Ponting
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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45
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Molnár Z. Evolution of cerebral cortical development. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2011; 78:94-107. [PMID: 21691047 DOI: 10.1159/000327325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the human cerebral cortex evolved to its present complex state is a fascinating topic for neuroscience, genetics, bioinformatics and comparative biology. To gain further insights into the origins of the mammalian neocortex and to understand how the cortex evolved to be able to serve more complex cognitive functions, we study the development of various extant species. Our aim is to correlate cortical cell numbers and neuronal cell types with the elaboration of cortical progenitor populations and their modes of proliferation in different species. There are several progenitors, i.e. the ventricular radial glia, the subventricular intermediate progenitors and subventricular (outer) radial glia types, but the contribution of each to cortical layers and cell types through specific lineages is not fully understood. Recent comparisons of the proportions of these progenitors in various species during embryonic neurogenesis have revealed the elaboration and cytoarchitectonic compartmentalization of the germinal zone, with alterations in the proportions of various types that can be included among the intermediate progenitors. Across species, larger and more diverse intermediate progenitor populations correlate with brain size and cortical cell diversity. Understanding the molecular and cellular interactions regulating the divisions of these intermediate progenitors not only has implications for cortical evolution but also relates to stem cell biology and illuminates the pathomechanisms of several cortical developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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46
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Sassoè-Pognetto M, Frola E, Pregno G, Briatore F, Patrizi A. Understanding the molecular diversity of GABAergic synapses. Front Cell Neurosci 2011; 5:4. [PMID: 21713106 PMCID: PMC3112311 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2011.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAergic synapses exhibit a high degree of subcellular and molecular specialization, which contrasts with their apparent simplicity in ultrastructural appearance. Indeed, when observed in the electron microscope, GABAergic synapses fit in the symmetric, or Gray’s type II category, being characterized by a relatively simple postsynaptic specialization. The inhibitory postsynaptic density cannot be readily isolated, and progress in understanding its molecular composition has lagged behind that of excitatory synapses. However, recent studies have brought significant progress in the identification of new synaptic proteins, revealing an unexpected complexity in the molecular machinery that regulates GABAergic synaptogenesis. In this article, we provide an overview of the molecular diversity of GABAergic synapses, and we consider how synapse specificity may be encoded by selective trans-synaptic interactions between pre- and postsynaptic adhesion molecules and secreted factors that reside in the synaptic cleft. We also discuss the importance of developing cataloguing tools that could be used to decipher the molecular diversity of synapses and to predict alterations of inhibitory transmission in the course of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sassoè-Pognetto
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin Torino, Italy
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47
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Hudson AE, Archila S, Prinz AA. Identifiable cells in the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 25:311-8. [PMID: 20940436 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00019.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits rely on slight physiological differences between the component cells for proper function. When any circuit is analyzed, it is important to characterize the features that distinguish one cell type from another. This review describes the methods used to identify the neurons of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E Hudson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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48
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Braun K, Seidel K, Weigel S, Roski C, Poeggel G. Paternal deprivation alters region- and age-specific interneuron expression patterns in the biparental rodent, Octodon degus. Cereb Cortex 2010; 21:1532-46. [PMID: 21127019 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of paternal care on the postnatal development of inhibitory neuronal subpopulations in prefrontal and limbic brain regions was studied in the rodent Octodon degus. Comparing offspring from biparental families with animals raised by a single mother revealed region-specific deprivation-induced changes in the density of PARV- and CaBP-D28k expressing cells. Some deprivation-induced changes were only seen at P21: elevated CaBP-D28k-positive neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex, CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) and elevated PARV-positive neurons in the lateral orbitofrontal, prelimbic/infralimbic (PL/IL), DG and CA1, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala. Some deprivation-induced changes were obvious in both age groups: increased CaBP-D28k-positive neurons in the nucleus accumbens shell and increased PARV-positive neurons in the ventral orbitofrontal. Some deprivation-induced changes were only seen in adulthood: increased CaBP-D28k-positive neurons in the amygdala and decreased PARV-positive neurons in the PL/IL and in CA3. In CA1, PARV-positive neurons were increased at P21 and decreased in adulthood. The functional significance of the deprivation-induced changes in PARV-positive neurons, which are involved in gamma oscillations and thereby affect information processing and which appear to be key players for critical period plasticity in sensory cortex development, as well as the behavioral implications remain to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Braun
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
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49
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Zhang Z, Jiao YY, Sun QQ. Developmental maturation of excitation and inhibition balance in principal neurons across four layers of somatosensory cortex. Neuroscience 2010; 174:10-25. [PMID: 21115101 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In adult cortices, the ratio of excitatory and inhibitory conductances (E/I ratio) is presumably balanced across a wide range of stimulus conditions. However, it is unknown how the E/I ratio is postnatally regulated, when the strength of synapses are rapidly changing. Yet, understanding of such a process is critically important, because there are numerous neuropsychological disorders, such as autism, epilepsy and schizophrenia, associated with disturbed E/I balances. Here we directly measured the E/I ratio underlying locally induced synaptic conductances in principal neurons from postnatal day 8 (P8) through 60. We found that (1) within each developmental period, the E/I ratio across four major cortical layers was maintained at a similar value under wide range of stimulation intensities; and (2) there was a rapid developmental decrease in the E/I ratio, which occurred within a sensitive period between P8 to P18 with exception of layer II/III. By comparing the excitatory and inhibitory conductances, as well as key synaptic protein expressions, we found a net increase in the number and strength of inhibitory, but not excitatory synapses, is responsible for the developmental decrease in the E/I ratio in the barrel cortex. The inhibitory markers were intrinsically co-regulated, gave rise to a sharp increase in the inhibitory conductance from P8 to P18. These results suggest that the tightly regulated E/I ratios in adults cortex is a result of drastic changes in relative weight of inhibitory but not excitatory synapses during critical period, and the local inhibitory structural changes are the underpinning of altered E/I ratio across postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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50
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Sun QQ, Zhang Z. Whisker experience modulates long-term depression in neocortical γ-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons in barrel cortex. J Neurosci Res 2010; 89:73-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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