1
|
Spyrou A, Vlastos D, Antonopoulou M. Evidence on the genotoxic and ecotoxic effects of PFOA, PFOS and their mixture on human lymphocytes and bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118298. [PMID: 38280522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Considering that the PFOA and PFOS are widely spread chemicals with harmful effects in human and environmental health as well as the increasing interest of the scientific community in the implications that might present especially when they co-exist, this study aims to assess their harmful impacts, both individually and as a mixture on human lymphocytes and aquatic microorganisms. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay was used to examine their potential for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity towards human cells, and Microtox assay using Aliivibrio fischeri assay was used to estimate the environmental risk. Regarding the human lymphocytes, the tested concentrations ranged between 250 and 1000 μg L-1, for all cases. PFOA increased slightly the frequency of micronuclei (MN) but without statistical significance. In the case of PFOS, our results showed a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of micronuclei which showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) at 1000 μg L-1, which is the highest studied concentration. Regarding the CBPI index, statistically significant (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001 respectively) differences were observed at all studied concentrations of PFOS, compared to the control. The mixture was found to be more cytotoxic and genotoxic than the individual tested compounds, causing a higher decrease at the CBPI index even in lower concentrations and increase at the MN frequencies. Aliivibrio fischeri was exposed to various concentrations in the range of 0.5 μg L-1- 20 mg L-1, for 5 and 15 min and significant increase in the inhibition percentage at the highest tested concentration of their mixture after 15 min was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Spyrou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Dimitris Vlastos
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131, Agrinio, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Wang J, Xing H, Bao J. Selenium Mitigates Ammonia-Induced Neurotoxicity by Suppressing Apoptosis, Immune Imbalance, and Gut Microbiota-Driven Metabolic Disturbance in Fattening Pigs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 201:3341-3355. [PMID: 36224318 PMCID: PMC9556289 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03434-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia could be regarded as one detrimental pollutant with an acrid smell in livestock sheds. So far, the pig breeding industry became the main source of atmospheric ammonia. Previous literature demonstrated that excessive ammonia inhalation might cause a series of physiological damage to multiple organs. Unfortunately, the toxicity mechanisms of gaseous ammonia to the porcine nervous system need further research to elucidate. Selenium (Se) involves in many essential physiological processes and has a mitigative effect on the exogenous toxicant. There were scant references that corroborated whether organic Se could intervene in the underlying toxicity of ammonia to the hypothalamus. In the present study, multi-omics tools, ethology, and molecular biological techniques were performed to clarify the detailed mechanisms of relaxation effects of L-selenomethionine on ammonia poisoning. Our results showed that ammonia inhalation caused the clinical symptoms and the increment of positive apoptosis rate in the hypothalamus with the dysfunction of mitochondrial dynamics factors, while obvious mitochondria structure defects were observed. In parallel, the inflammation medium levels and gut microbes-driven metabolism function were altered to mediate the neurotoxicity in fattening pigs through the initiation of inflammation development. Interestingly, L-selenomethionine could attenuate ammonia toxicity by activating the PI3K/Akt/PPAR-γ pathway to inhibit the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis process, blocking the abnormal immune response and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the nucleus. Meanwhile, Se could enhance the production performance of fattening sows. Taken together, our study verified the novel hypothesis for the toxicity identification of aerial ammonia and provided a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of occupational poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Houjuan Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Imir OB, Kaminsky AZ, Zuo QY, Liu YJ, Singh R, Spinella MJ, Irudayaraj J, Hu WY, Prins GS, Madak Erdogan Z. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Exposure Combined with High-Fat Diet Supports Prostate Cancer Progression. Nutrients 2021; 13:3902. [PMID: 34836157 PMCID: PMC8623692 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals utilized in various industrial settings and include products such as flame retardants, artificial film-forming foams, cosmetics, and non-stick cookware, among others. Epidemiological studies suggest a link between increased blood PFAS levels and prostate cancer incidence, but the mechanism through which PFAS impact cancer development is unclear. To investigate the link between PFAS and prostate cancer, we evaluated the impact of metabolic alterations resulting from a high-fat diet combined with PFAS exposure on prostate tumor progression. We evaluated in vivo prostate cancer xenograft models exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a type of PFAS compound, and different diets to study the effects of PFAS on prostate cancer progression and metabolic activity. Metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to understand the metabolic landscape shifts upon PFAS exposure. We evaluated metabolic changes in benign or tumor cells that lead to epigenomic reprogramming and altered signaling, which ultimately increase tumorigenic risk and tumor aggressiveness. Our studies are the first in the field to provide new and clinically relevant insights regarding novel metabolic and epigenetic states as well as to support the future development of effective preventative and therapeutic strategies for PFAS-induced prostate cancers. Our findings enhance understanding of how PFAS synergize with high-fat diets to contribute to prostate cancer development and establish an important basis to mitigate PFAS exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Berk Imir
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Alanna Zoe Kaminsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.Z.K.); (Q.-Y.Z.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Qian-Ying Zuo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.Z.K.); (Q.-Y.Z.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Yu-Jeh Liu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.Z.K.); (Q.-Y.Z.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Ratnakar Singh
- Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.S.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Michael J. Spinella
- Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.S.); (M.J.S.)
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Beckman Institute of Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute of Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (W.-Y.H.); (G.S.P.)
| | - Wen-Yang Hu
- Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (W.-Y.H.); (G.S.P.)
- Chicago Center for Health and Environment, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (W.-Y.H.); (G.S.P.)
- Chicago Center for Health and Environment, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zeynep Madak Erdogan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.Z.K.); (Q.-Y.Z.); (Y.-J.L.)
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute of Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abudayyak M, Öztaş E, Özhan G. Determination of Perflourooctanoic Acid Toxicity in a Human Hepatocarcinoma Cell Line. J Health Pollut 2021; 11:210909. [PMID: 34434601 PMCID: PMC8383792 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is used in different industrial and commercial products. Research shows the presence of PFOA in home dusts, tap and surface water, and in biological samples. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified PFOA as a possible carcinogen for humans. The liver is thought to be a target organ of PFOA accumulation and toxicity. OBJECTIVE Some studies have found toxic effects on the liver and related mechanisms; however, more studies are needed to better understand PFOA - induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS In the present study, a human hepatocarcinoma cell line was exposed to PFOA for 24 hours and cell viability, apoptosis, the oxidative system and immune response were evaluated. RESULTS While apoptosis was the main cell death pathway at low concentration (86.5%), the necrotic cell fraction increased with higher concentrations (46.7%). Significant changes in the reactive oxygen species (5.3-folds) glutathione (GSH) (1.7-folds) and catalase (CAT) (1.4-folds) levels were observed, as well as changes to interleukin-6 (≤1.8-fold) and interleukin-8 levels (35-40%). CONCLUSIONS In light of the data, PFOA is potentially hepatotoxic through the investigated pathways. The results represent a background for future in vivo mechanistic studies. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abudayyak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Öztaş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gül Özhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Logeshwaran P, Sivaram AK, Surapaneni A, Kannan K, Naidu R, Megharaj M. Exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) but not perflurorooctanoic acid (PFOA) at ppb concentration induces chronic toxicity in Daphnia carinata. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144577. [PMID: 33482550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Widespread environmental contamination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is well established. Nevertheless, few studies have reported on the aquatic toxicity of PFAS, especially in indicator species such as Daphnia. In this study, the toxicity of two major PFAS, namely perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), was investigated on water flea (Daphnia carinata) using a battery of comprehensive toxicity tests, including a 48 h acute and a 21-day chronic assays. The survival, growth, and reproduction of D. carinata were monitored over a 21-day life cycle. PFOS exhibited higher toxicity than PFOA. The 48 h LC50 values (confidence interval) based on acute toxicity for PFOA and PFOS were 78.2 (54.9-105) mg L-1 and 8.8 (6.4-11.6) mg L-1, respectively. Chronic exposure to PFOS for 21 days displayed mortality and reproductive defects in D. carinata at a concentration as low as 0.001 mg L-1. Genotoxicity assessment using comet assay revealed that exposure for 96 h to PFOS at 1 and 10.0 mg L-1 significantly damaged the organism's genetic makeup. The results of this study have great implications for risk assessment of PFOS and PFOA in aquatic ecosystems, given the potential of PFOS to pose a risk to Daphnia even at lower concentrations (1 μg L-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panneerselvan Logeshwaran
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Anithadevi Kenday Sivaram
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Aravind Surapaneni
- South East Water, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia; ARC Training Centre for the Transformation of Australia's Biosolids Resource, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang R, Yao Y, Tu L, Luan T, Chen B. Non-targeted metabolomics of multiple human cells revealing differential toxic effects of perfluorooctanoic acid. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:125017. [PMID: 33421881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.125017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Differences in toxic effects of contaminants among human cells are essential for evaluating their health risks to humans. In this study, non-targeted metabolomics of multiple human cell lines (A549 (lung), DLD-1 (intestine) and L-02 (liver) cells) was used to address the differential toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The number of differential metabolites (DMs) identified in the PFOA-treated A549 cells (67) was highest, followed by DLD-1 (12) and L-02 cells (10). The categorization of DMs was almost uniquely specific to each of cell lines. PFOA significantly promoted linoleic acid metabolism in L-02 cells whereas this metabolism was inhibited in the PFOA-treated A549 cells. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-13 were about 1.5 times higher in the PFOA-treated A549 and L-02 cells than in the controls. PFOA stimulated the biosynthesis of arginine and the metabolism of vitamin B6 in A549 cells. Arginine and vitamin B6 supplemented into cell culture effectively decreased the levels of IL-6 and IL-8. The inhibition of purine metabolism by PFOA resulted in the arrestation of DLD-1 cells at the G0/G1-phase. Our results suggest that the differential toxicity of PFOA related to exposure pathways could be elucidated by metabolic profiles specific to various human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Sate Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lanyin Tu
- Sate Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Sate Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Baowei Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of perfluorooctanoic acid administered in feed to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats. NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2021:NTP-TR-598. [PMID: 33556048 PMCID: PMC8039881 DOI: 10.22427/ntp-tr-598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a perfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) with widespread exposure in the environment and human population. Lifetime exposure to this chemical is likely, which includes in utero and postnatal development. Previously conducted chronic carcinogenicity studies of PFOA began exposure after these critical periods of development, so it is unknown whether the carcinogenic response is altered if exposure during gestation and lactation is included. The current PFOA chronic studies were designed to assess the contribution of combined gestational and lactational exposure (herein referred to as perinatal exposure) to the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of PFOA. The hypothesis tested was that including exposure during gestation and lactation (perinatal exposure) with postweaning exposure would change the PFOA carcinogenic response quantitatively (more neoplasms) or qualitatively (different neoplasm types) compared to postweaning exposure alone. (Abstract Abridged).
Collapse
|
8
|
Tsai MS, Chang SH, Kuo WH, Kuo CH, Li SY, Wang MY, Chang DY, Lu YS, Huang CS, Cheng AL, Lin CH, Chen PC. A case-control study of perfluoroalkyl substances and the risk of breast cancer in Taiwanese women. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105850. [PMID: 32580117 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a common cancer in women worldwide; however, the incidence of BC is increasing in younger women, possibly associated with the environment. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are one of endocrine disruptors that accumulate in environment and impact human health. This study aimed to investigate whether the PFAS and BC are associated. We enrolled 120 BCE patients and 119 controls at National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH) and also collected bio-specimen and questionnaire from 2013 to 2015. All subjects' plasma PFAS levels were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). A logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between PFAS and BC. In the ≤50 years age group, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 2.34 (95% CI = 1.02, 5.38) for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure per natural log unit increase. After stratifying the estrogen receptor (ER) status and age group, we obtained a positive association for PFHxS and PFOS concentrations with respect to the risk of ER positive tumors for ≤50 years age group. In conclusion, we found that PFAS were associated with the BC risk of ER positive tumors in young Taiwanese women. Further studies are needed to follow and explore whether these associations are causal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shan Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Departments of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic Medicine and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yi Li
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Wang
- Departments of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Dwan-Ying Chang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shen Lu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chiun-Sheng Huang
- Departments of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Lii Cheng
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oncology and Cancer Research Centre, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Office of Occupational Safety and Health, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Peropadre A, Hazen MJ, Pérez Martín JM, Fernández Freire P. An acute exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid causes non-reversible plasma membrane injury in HeLa cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114008. [PMID: 31995777 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Health and environmental risks regarding perfluorooctanoic acid, a well-known perfluorinated compound, are still a subject of great concern. Ubiquitous exposure and disparity of results make it difficult to determine the underlying mechanism of action, especially at the cellular level. This study proposes an experimental design to assess the reversibility of adverse effects after a one-time exposure to the compound, in comparison with other more conventional timings. Complementary endpoints including total protein content, neutral red uptake and MTT reduction tests along with division rates and microscopic observations were evaluated in HeLa cells. In addition, PFOA quantification inside the cells was performed. The cellular effects exerted after 24 h exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid are non-reversible after a 48 h recovery period. In addition, we describe for the first time the induction of plasma membrane blebbing and the activation of membrane repair mechanisms after recovery from non-cytotoxic treatments with the compound. This experimental design has provided relevant information regarding the toxicity of this perfluorinated compound, relating all the adverse effects detected to its interaction with the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Peropadre
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria José Hazen
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Pérez Martín
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández Freire
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wen Y, Chen J, Li J, Arif W, Kalsotra A, Irudayaraj J. Effect of PFOA on DNA Methylation and Alternative Splicing in Mouse Liver. Toxicol Lett 2020; 329:38-46. [PMID: 32320774 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent organic pollutant prevalent in the environment and implicated in damage to the liver leading to a fatty liver phenotype called hepatocellular steatosis. Our goal is to provide a basis for PFOA-induced hepatocellular steatosis in relation to epigenetic alterations and mRNA splicing. Young adult female mice exposed to different concentrations of PFOA showed an increase in liver weight with decreased global DNA methylation (5-mC). At higher concentrations, the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3A (Dnmt3a) was significantly reduced and the expression of tet methycytosine dioxygenase 1 (Tet1) was significantly increased. There was no significant change in the other Dnmts and Tets. PFOA exposure significantly increased the expression of cell cycle regulators and anti-apoptotic genes. The expression of multiple genes involved in mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway were altered significantly with reduction in Pten (phosphatase and tensin homolog, primary inhibitor of mTOR pathway) expression. Multiple splicing factors whose protein but not mRNA levels affected by PFOA exposure were identified. The changes in protein abundance of the splicing factors was also reflected in altered splicing pattern of their target genes, which provided new insights on the previously unexplored mechanisms of PFOA-mediated hepatotoxicity and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Department of Bioengineering. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Biomedical Research Center in Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jackie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Junya Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Waqar Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Biomedical Research Center in Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu F, Fan Z, Song N, Han M, Yan M, Guo LH, Jihui J, Liu S. XRCC4, which is inhibited by PFDA, regulates DNA damage repair and cell chemosensitivity. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12665-12676. [PMID: 30834581 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of environmental pollution promoting gastric cancer incidence and difficulty of treatment is not fully understood. In the present article, perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), a common persistent environmental pollutant, was used to treat the gastric cell lines and mice to test its genotoxicity. The γ-H2AX immunoblot and plasmid fragment PCR results showed that PFDA had a promotion effect on the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in human and mouse cells. Subsequent results showed that PFDA significantly altered the sensitivity of cells to chemotherapy. Microarray data showed that the expressions of some important DNA repair genes were changed. Further investigation discovered that PFDA inhibition of DNA repair was mediated by X-ray repair cross complementing 4 (XRCC4). The cells deficient in XRCC4 generally exhibited reduced proliferation and premature aging in culture; however, our results indicated that PFDA induced p53 inhibition rescued cells from the apoptosis that was triggered by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) inactivation, and overexpression of p53 expression in PFDA-treated cells enhanced their apoptosis. Finally, T-cell specific factor 4 was suggested by the results as an upstream regulator of XRCC4. This article revealed for the first time that perfluorinated chemicals affect chemotherapeutic sensitivity and the NHEJ pathway, and p53 reduction rescues cells from death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyan Fan
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyong Han
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Jihui
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shili Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kong B, Wang X, He B, Wei L, Zhu J, Jin Y, Fu Z. 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol inhibited proliferation and disturbed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antigen-presenting genes in murine macrophages. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:1052-1060. [PMID: 30558807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs, F(CF2)nCH2CH2OH) are members of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and are increasingly used in surfactant and polymer industries. FTOHs pose hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and endocrine-disrupting risks. Nevertheless, there is limited research on the immunotoxic effects of FTOHs. In this study, we examined the immunotoxicity of 8:2 FTOH (n = 8) on murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. The results showed that 8:2 FTOH exposure reduced cell viability in dose- and time-dependent manners, inhibited cell proliferation and caused cell cycle arrest. Exposure to 8:2 FTOH downregulated the mRNA expression of some cell cycle-related genes, including Cdk4, Ccnd1, Ccne1, and p53, but also upregulated the mRNA expression of other cell cycle related genes, including Ccna2, p21, and p27. Additionally, exposure to 8:2 FTOH under unstimulated and LPS-stimulated conditions downregulated the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including Il1b, Il6, Cxcl1, and Tnfa, and secreted levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Treatment with 8:2 FTOH upregulated the mRNA expression of antigen-presenting-related genes, including H2-K1, H2-Ka, Cd80, and Cd86. The abovementioned immunotoxic effects caused by 8:2 FTOH in RAW 264.7 cells were partially or completely blocked by co-treatment with hydralazine hydrochloride (Hyd), a reactive carbonyl species (RCS) scavenger. However, exposure to 8:2 FTOH did not exhibit any effects on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level with or without LPS stimulation. Taken together, these results suggest that 8:2 FTOH may have immunotoxic effects on macrophages and RCS may underlie the responsible mechanism. The present study aids in understanding the health risks caused by FTOHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baida Kong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Bingnan He
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lai Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05194. [PMID: 32625773 PMCID: PMC7009575 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
Collapse
|
14
|
Peropadre A, Fernández Freire P, Hazen MJ. A moderate exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid causes persistent DNA damage and senescence in human epidermal HaCaT keratinocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:351-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
15
|
Yuan Z, Miao Z, Gong X, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Ma H, Zhang J, Zhao B. Changes on lipid peroxidation,enzymatic activities and gene expression in planarian (Dugesia japonica) following exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:564-568. [PMID: 28800531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-induced stress response in planarians. We administered different concentrations of PFOA to planarians for up to 10 d. PFOA exposure resulted in significant concentration-dependent elevations in lipid peroxidation, glutathione S-transferase and caspase-3 protease activities, and a significant decline in glutathione peroxidase activities compared with control groups. Exposure to PFOA significantly up-regulated the heat shock proteins hsp70 and hsp90, and p53, and down-regulated hsp40 compared with controls. PFOA exposure also increased HSP70 protein levels, as demonstrated by western blot analysis. These alterations indicated that PFOA exposure induced a stress response and affected the regulation of oxidative stress, enzymatic activities and gene expression. These results suggest that these sensitive parameters, together with other biomarkers, could be used for evaluating toxicity, for ecological risk assessment of PFOA in freshwaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Zili Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Xiaoning Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Baoying Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Hongdou Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China.
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu H, Wang J, Sheng N, Cui R, Pan Y, Dai J. Acot1 is a sensitive indicator for PPARα activation after perfluorooctanoic acid exposure in primary hepatocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:299-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
17
|
Tsuda S. Differential toxicity between perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:SP27-SP36. [PMID: 28003637 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.sp27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent environmental contaminants. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are representatives of PFASs. Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) set the health advisory level as 70 parts per trillion for lifetime exposure to PFOS and PFOA from drinking water, based on the EPA's 2016 Health Effects Support Documents. Then, a monograph on PFOA was made available online by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, where the agency classified PFOA as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2B). The distinction between PFOS and PFOA, however, may not be easily understood from the above documents. This paper discussed differential toxicity between PFOS and PFOA focusing on neurotoxicity, developmental toxicity and carcinogenicity, mainly based on these documents. The conclusions are as follows: Further mechanistic studies may be necessary for ultrasonic-induced PFOS-specific neurotoxicity. To support the hypothesis for PFOS-specific neonatal death that PFOS interacts directly with components of natural lung surfactant, in vivo studies to relate the physicochemical effects to lung collapse may be required. PFOA-induced DNA damage secondary to oxidative stress may develop to mutagenicity under the condition where PFOA-induced apoptosis is not sufficient to remove the damaged cells. A study to find whether PFOA induces apoptosis in normal human cells may contribute to assessment of human carcinogenicity. Studies for new targets such as hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) may help clarify the underlying mechanism for PFOA-induced carcinogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Tsuda
- Iwate Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang H, Cui R, Guo X, Hu J, Dai J. Low dose perfluorooctanoate exposure promotes cell proliferation in a human non-tumor liver cell line. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 313:18-28. [PMID: 27045622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is a well-known persistent organic pollutant widely found in the environment, wildlife and humans. Medical surveillance and experimental studies have investigated the potential effects of PFOA on human livers, but the hepatotoxicity of PFOA on humans and its underlying mechanism remain to be clarified. We exposed a human liver cell line (HL-7702) to 50μM PFOA for 48h and 96h, and identified 111 significantly differentially expressed proteins by iTRAQ analysis. A total of 46 proteins were related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. Through further analysis of the cell cycle, apoptosis and their related proteins, we found that low doses of PFOA (50-100μM) promoted cell proliferation and numbers by promoting cells from the G1 to S phases, whereas high doses of PFOA (200-400μM) led to reduced HL-7702 cell numbers compared with that of the control mainly due to cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the promotion of cell cycle progression in human cells following PFOA exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Ruina Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Jiayue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu W, Yang B, Wu L, Zou W, Pan X, Zou T, Liu F, Xia L, Wang X, Zhang D. Involvement of NRF2 in Perfluorooctanoic Acid-Induced Testicular Damage in Male Mice. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:41. [PMID: 26108789 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.128819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) is a hazardous environmental pollutant that has been reported to exert adverse effects on animal and human health. In this study, male mice were orally administered different concentrations of PFOA (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day) to evaluate the reproductive toxicity. Exposure to PFOA for 14 consecutive days obviously disrupted seminiferous tubules and reduced sperm count. The highest concentration of PFOA (10 mg/kg/day) caused growth retardation and diminished absolute testis weight. Furthermore, PFOA treatment significantly increased the generation of oxidative stress indicators malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, decreased the expression of transcription factor NRF2, and inhibited the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in the testis. Moreover, PFOA exposure up-regulated p-p53 and BAX expression and down-regulated BCL-2 expression in the testis. These results indicated that PFOA-induced male reproductive disorders might be involved in developmental impairment and inhibition of NRF2-mediated antioxidant response in the testis of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Bei Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Weiying Zou
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | | | - Ting Zou
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Fangming Liu
- Library, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Liping Xia
- Library, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Library, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Dalei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Webb SJ, Zychowski GV, Bauman SW, Higgins BM, Raudsepp T, Gollahon LS, Wooten KJ, Cole JM, Godard-Codding C. Establishment, characterization, and toxicological application of loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) primary skin fibroblast cell cultures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14728-14737. [PMID: 25384208 DOI: 10.1021/es504182e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pollution is a well-known threat to sea turtles but its impact is poorly understood. In vitro toxicity testing presents a promising avenue to assess and monitor the effects of environmental pollutants in these animals within the legal constraints of their endangered status. Reptilian cell cultures are rare and, in sea turtles, largely derived from animals affected by tumors. Here we describe the full characterization of primary skin fibroblast cell cultures derived from biopsies of multiple healthy loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), and the subsequent optimization of traditional in vitro toxicity assays to reptilian cells. Characterization included validating fibroblast cells by morphology and immunocytochemistry, and optimizing culture conditions by use of growth curve assays with a fractional factorial experimental design. Two cell viability assays, MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and an assay measuring cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) expression by quantitative PCR were optimized in the characterized cells. MTT and LDH assays confirmed cytotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid at 500 μM following 72 and 96 h exposures while CYP1A5 induction was detected after 72 h exposure to 0.1-10 μM benzo[a]pyrene. This research demonstrates the validity of in vitro toxicity testing in sea turtles and highlights the need to optimize mammalian assays to reptilian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Webb
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University , 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Leter G, Consales C, Eleuteri P, Uccelli R, Specht IO, Toft G, Moccia T, Budillon A, Jönsson BAG, Lindh CH, Giwercman A, Pedersen HS, Ludwicki JK, Zviezdai V, Heederik D, Bonde JPE, Spanò M. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and sperm DNA global methylation in Arctic and European populations. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:591-600. [PMID: 24889506 DOI: 10.1002/em.21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely used in a variety of industrial processes and products, and have been detected globally in humans and wildlife. PFASs are suspected to interfere with endocrine signaling and to adversely affect human reproductive health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between exposure to PFASs and sperm global methylation levels in a population of non-occupationally exposed fertile men. Measurements of PFASs in serum from 262 partners of pregnant women from Greenland, Poland and Ukraine, were also carried out by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were detected in 97% of the blood samples. Two surrogate markers were used to assess DNA global methylation levels in semen samples from the same men: (a) average DNA methylation level in repetitive DNA sequences (Alu, LINE-1, Satα) quantified by PCR-pyrosequencing after bisulfite conversion; (b) flow cytometric immunodetection of 5-methyl-cytosines. After multivariate linear regression analysis, no major consistent associations between PFASs exposure and sperm DNA global methylation endpoints could be detected. However, since weak but statistically significant associations of different PFASs with DNA hypo- and hyper-methylation were found in some of the studied populations, effects of PFASs on sperm epigenetic processes cannot be completely excluded, and this issue warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Leter
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu C, Chang VWC, Gin KYH, Nguyen VT. Genotoxicity of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) to the green mussel (Perna viridis). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:117-22. [PMID: 24784736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concerns regarding perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) have grown significantly in recent years. However, regulations and guidelines regarding the emission and treatment of PFCs are still missing in most parts of the world, mostly due to the lack of PFC toxicity data. In the current study, the genotoxic effects of four common PFCs, named perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluoroocanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were investigated on marine mussels. The effects of exposure time and concentration on the toxic behavior of the compounds were also examined. Genotoxicity of PFCs was assessed in biomarker assays, showing that exposure to the target compounds could damage the organism's genetic material to varying extents, including DNA strand breaks and fragmentation, chromosomal breaks and apoptosis. The adverse effects increased with both exposure concentration and time and were related with the organism burden of PFCs. The integrated biomarker response analysis demonstrated that PFOS exhibited a higher genotoxicity than the other tested compounds. The EC50 values and confidence intervals based on integrative genotoxicity were 33 (29-37), 594 (341-1036), 195 (144-265) and 78 (73-84) μg/L for PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFDA respectively, classifying PFOS as a highly genotoxic compound. Although primary DNA damage was shown to be recoverable after exposure ceased, permanent genetic damage caused by elevated PFC concentrations was not restored. This is the first ecotoxicity study of PFCs that focuses on the genotoxic effects of the compounds, clearly indicating the genotoxicity of the tested PFCs and demonstrating that functional groups have a major impact on the compounds' genotoxic behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Liu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 2 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117576
| | - Victor W C Chang
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Karina Y H Gin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 2 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117576.
| | - Viet Tung Nguyen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 2 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117576
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Butenhoff JL, Kennedy GL, Jung R, Chang SC. Evaluation of perfluorooctanoate for potential genotoxicity. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:252-270. [PMID: 28962243 PMCID: PMC5598378 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is a fully fluorinated eight-carbon fatty acid analog with exceptional stability toward degradation that has been used as an industrial surfactant and has been detected in environmental and biological matrices. Exposures to PFOA in the workplace and in the environment have continuously stimulated investigations into its potential human health hazards. In this article, the results of fifteen unpublished genotoxicity assays conducted with perfluorooctanoate (as either the linear or linear/branched ammonium salt (APFO) or the linear/branched sodium salt) are reported and include: seven mutation assays (three in vitro reverse mutation assays with histidine auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium, two in vitro reverse mutation assays with the tryptophan auxotrophic Escherichia coli WP2uvr strain, one in vitro mitotic recombination (gene conversion) assay with Saccharomyces cerevisiae D4, and an in vitro Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) HGPRT forward mutation assay); seven studies to assess potential for chromosomal damage (three in vitro CHO chromosomal aberration studies, an in vitro human whole blood lymphocyte chromosomal aberration study, and three in vivo mouse micronucleus assays); and an in vitro C3H 10T1/2 cell transformation assay. Although PFOA has not been demonstrated to be metabolized, all in vitro assays were conducted both in the presence and in the absence of a mammalian hepatic microsomal activation system. These assays were originally described in twelve contract laboratory reports which have been available via the United States Environmental Protection Agency public docket (Administrative Record 226) for over a decade; however, the details of these assays have not been published previously in the open scientific literature. With the exception of limited positive findings at high and cytotoxic concentrations in some assay trials which reflected the likely consequence of cytotoxic disruption of normal cellular processes and not a specific genotoxic effect, the results of the studies presented in this paper and other published results clearly demonstrate the absence of direct mutagenic or genotoxic risk associated with PFOA. This finding is consistent with the physical/chemical characteristics of PFOA and is supported by other published genotoxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reinhard Jung
- Toxicology Consultant, Muellerwies 12, Taunusstein 65232, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu C, Chang VWC, Gin KYH. Environmental toxicity of PFCs: an enhanced integrated biomarker assessment and structure-activity analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:2226-2233. [PMID: 23765507 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are a group of compounds with varying carbon chains and functional groups. Currently, available toxicity studies of PFCs are limited mainly to dominant species. While many other PFCs are detected in the environment and biota, it is important to extend toxicity studies to different types of PFCs to better assess their environmental and ecological impacts. In the present study, the environmental toxicity of perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluoroocanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, and perfluorodecanoic acid were evaluated in green mussel, Perna viridis, using a new and improved integrated biomarker approach, the enhanced integrated biomarker response (EIBR) system, with biomarkers from multiple biological levels. Structure-activity relationships were also examined based on the biomarker results. The results show that the 4 PFCs have distinct toxicity patterns and the integrative toxicity, in terms of the EIBR value, is governed by the fluorinated chain length. In addition to commonly recognized chain length and functional group effects, several structural factors are also involved in the toxic actions of PFCs, including hydrophobicity and molecular size, and so on. By integrating biomarkers from multiple biological levels with weight-of-evidence, the proposed EIBR provides a new perspective and an ecologically relevant assessment of the environmental toxicity of the pollutants. The results of EIBR and structure-activity analysis are also useful to predict toxic behaviors of other PFCs in the group and facilitate the decision-making process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Perfluorooctanoate suppresses spheroid attachment on endometrial epithelial cells through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and down-regulation of Wnt signaling. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 42:164-71. [PMID: 23978332 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of animals to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a surfactant used in emulsion polymerization processes causes early pregnancy loss, delayed growth and development of fetuses. The mechanisms of action are largely unknown. We studied the effect of PFOA on implantation using an in vitro spheroid-endometrial cell co-culture model. PFOA (10-100μM) significantly reduced Jeg-3 spheroid attachment on RL95-2 endometrial cells. PFOA also suppressed β-catenin expression in Jeg-3 cells. The Wnt agonist Wnt3a stimulated β-catenin expression in Jeg-3 cells and reversed the PFOA suppression of the spheroid attachment. The putative PFOA receptors (PPARα, β, γ) present in both cell lines were not affected by PFOA (0.01-100μM). The PPARα antagonist MK886 restored the β-catenin and E-cadherin expression levels in Jeg-3 cells and reversed the suppression of the spheroid attachment caused by PFOA. Taken together, PFOA suppresses spheroid attachment through PPARα and Wnt signaling pathways via down-regulation of β-catenin and E-cadherin expression.
Collapse
|
26
|
Çelik A, Eke D, Ekinci SY, Yıldırım S. The protective role of curcumin on perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced genotoxicity: single cell gel electrophoresis and micronucleus test. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 53:249-55. [PMID: 23246701 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a man-made fluorosurfactant and global pollutant. PFOS a persistent and bioaccumulative compound, is widely distributed in humans and wildlife. Therefore, it was added to Annex B of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in May 2009. Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound abundant in the rhizome of the perennial herb turmeric. It is commonly used as a dietary spice and coloring agent in cooking and anecdotally as an herb in traditional Asian medicine. In this study, male rats were treated with three different PFOS doses (0.6, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) and one dose of curcumin, from Curcuma longa (80 mg/kg) and combined three doses of PFOS with 80 mg/kg dose of curcumin by gavage for 30 days at 48 h intervals. Here, we evaluated the DNA damage via single cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay and micronucleus test in bone marrow in vivo. PFOS induced micronucleus frequency and decreased the ratio of polychromatic erythrocyte to normochromatic erythrocyte in bone marrow. Using the alkaline comet assay, we showed that all doses of the PFOS strongly induced DNA damage in rat bone marrow and curcumin prevented the formation of DNA damage induced by PFOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Çelik
- Mersin University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Effects of per- and polyfluorinated compounds on adult rat testicular cells following in vitro exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 33:531-537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
Specht IO, Hougaard KS, Spanò M, Bizzaro D, Manicardi GC, Lindh CH, Toft G, Jönsson BA, Giwercman A, Bonde JPE. Sperm DNA integrity in relation to exposure to environmental perfluoroalkyl substances – A study of spouses of pregnant women in three geographical regions. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 33:577-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Henry ND, Fair PA. Comparison of in vitro cytotoxicity, estrogenicity and anti-estrogenicity of triclosan, perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:265-72. [PMID: 21935973 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Concern with increasing levels of emerging contaminants exists on a global scale. Three commonly observed emerging environmental contaminants: triclosan (2,4,4-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether), a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), used in stain- and water-resistant treatments, have become distributed ubiquitously across ecosystems and have been detected in wildlife and humans. MCF-7 BOS human breast cancer cells were used to investigate the potential for cytotoxicity, estrogenicity and anti-estrogenicity of these three compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt assay (MTS) and the E-SCREEN bioassay. The doses used were 0.002-200 µg ml(-1) for triclosan and 0.03-30 µg ml(-1) for PFOS and PFOA. Quantitative results from the MTS assay revealed no significant cytotoxicity at lower concentrations for any of the test compounds; however, both triclosan and PFOA were cytotoxic at the highest concentrations examined (100-200 and 30 µg ml(-1), respectively), while PFOS showed no significant cytotoxicity at any of the concentrations tested. Positive estrogenic responses (P < 0.05) were elicited from the E-SCREEN at all concentrations examined for triclosan and PFOA and at 30 µg ml(-1) for PFOS. Further, significant anti-estrogenic activity (P < 0.05) was detected for all compounds tested at all concentrations when cells were co-exposed with 10(-9) m 17-β estradiol (E(2)). The overall results demonstrated that triclosan, PFOS and PFOA have estrogenic activities and that co-exposure to contaminants and E(2) produced anti-estrogenic effects. Each of these compounds could provide a source of xenoestrogens to humans and wildlife in the environment. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D Henry
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412–9110, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jacquet N, Maire MA, Rast C, Bonnard M, Vasseur P. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) acts as a tumor promoter on Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 19:2537-2549. [PMID: 22828883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (C(8)F(17)SO(3)) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (C(8)HF(15)O(2)) are synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial applications for their hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. They are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic to mammalian species. Their widespread distribution on earth and contamination of human serum raised concerns about long-term side effects. They are suspected to be carcinogenic through a nongenotoxic mode of action, a mechanism supported by recent findings that PFOS induced cell transformation but no genotoxicity in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. In the present study, we evaluated carcinogenic potential of PFOA using the cell transformation assay on SHE cells. The chemical was applied alone or in combination with a nontransformant concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, 0.4 μM) in order to detect PFOA ability to act as tumor initiator or tumor promoter. The results showed that PFOA tested alone in the range 3.7 × 10(-5) to 300 μM did not induce SHE cell transformation frequency in a 7-day treatment. On the other side, the combination BaP/PFOA induced cell transformation at all PFOA concentrations tested, which revealed synergistic effects. No genotoxicity of PFOA on SHE cells was detected using the comet assay after 5 and 24 h of exposure. No significant increase in DNA breakage was found in BaP-initiated cells exposed to PFOA in a 7-day treatment. The whole results showed that PFOA acts as a tumor promoter and a nongenotoxic carcinogen. Cell transformation in initiated cells was observed at concentrations equivalent to the ones found in human serum of nonoccupationally and occupationally exposed populations. An involvement of PFOA in increased incidence of cancer recorded in occupationally exposed population cannot be ruled out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Jacquet
- Laboratory Interactions Ecotoxicology Biodiversity Ecosystems, University Paul Verlaine, CNRS UMR 7146, Rue du General Delestraint, 57070, Metz, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Picó Y, Farré M, Llorca M, Barceló D. Perfluorinated Compounds in Food: A Global Perspective. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:605-25. [DOI: 10.1080/10408391003721727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
33
|
Perfluorinated compounds differentially affect steroidogenesis and viability in the human adrenocortical carcinoma (H295R) in vitro cell assay. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:62-8. [PMID: 21641976 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) comprise a large class of man-made chemicals of which some are persistent and present throughout the ecosystem. This raises concerns about potential harmful effects of such PFCs on humans and the environment. In order to investigate the effects of potentially harmful PFCs on steroid hormone production, human adrenocortical H295R cells were exposed to three persistent PFCs including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) at six different concentrations (6nM to 600μM) for 48h. Exposure to 600μM PFOS resulted in a dose-responsive increase in oestradiol as well as a smaller dose-responsive increase in progesterone and testosterone secretion measured using radioimmunoassay. The aromatase activity was not significantly altered by PFOS. Only small changes in hormone secretion were detected following exposure to PFOA and PFNA. Gene expression of CYP11A, quantified using qRT-PCR was decreased by all exposure doses of PFOA, whereas HMGR expression was decreased by 60nM PFNA. The viability markedly decreased by exposure to 600μM of PFOA or PFNA, but not PFOS. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a significant increase in apoptosis following exposure to PFNA at the highest concentration. We conclude that PFOS is capable of altering steroidogenesis in the H295R in vitro model by a mechanism other than changes in gene expression or activity of aromatase. Additionally, PFCs appear to differentially affect cell viability with induction of cell death via apoptosis at high doses of PFNA.
Collapse
|
34
|
Liao TT, Jia RW, Shi YL, Jia JW, Wang L, Chua H. Propidium iodide staining method for testing the cytotoxicity of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and perfluorooctane sulfonate at low concentrations with Vero cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:1769-75. [PMID: 22175881 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.624016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the feasibility of propidium iodide (PI) staining based on cell membrane damage as a sensitive and quantitative method to test the cytotoxicity of typical lipophilic compounds including 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was examined. The sensitivity of PI staining was compared to that of the methylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. We found a good correlation between PI uptake and increasing concentrations of TCP (10-50 μM) and PFOS (20-50 μM) at lower concentrations than those between growth inhibition ratio determined by the MTT assay and increasing concentrations of TCP (150-400 μM) and PFOS (100-500 μM). These findings indicated that the PI staining was more sensitive than the MTT assay. Furthermore, both the amount of PI uptake and the ratio of morphologically changed cells increased with increasing TCP concentrations, suggesting that PI staining may be a suitable quantitative substitute for the original method based on the observation of morphological changes in Vero cells. Our data also suggest that it is possible that the cell membrane damage that resulted in increased PI uptake may be due to variations in the phospholipid and protein content of the membrane, which are affected by interactions between the lipophilic compounds and components of the cell membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting T Liao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Salvalaglio M, Muscionico I, Cavallotti C. Determination of Energies and Sites of Binding of PFOA and PFOS to Human Serum Albumin. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:14860-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp106584b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Salvalaglio
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Isabella Muscionico
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavallotti
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liao TT, Shi YL, Jia JW, Jia RW, Wang L. Sensitivity of morphological change of Vero cells exposed to lipophilic compounds and its mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 179:1055-1064. [PMID: 20427127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To find a sensitive cytotoxic response to reflect the toxicity of trace organic pollutants, the sensitivity and reliability of morphological change and proliferation inhibition of Vero cells exposed to lipophilic compounds and the leachate from products related to drinking water (PRDW) were compared, and the mechanism of the morphological change in Vero cells was studied. Results showed the proportion of morphologically changed cells increased with increasing 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP)/perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentration. However, at low TCP concentrations, inhibition of cell proliferation did not correlate to TCP concentration. After exposure to the leachate from PRDW extracted at different temperatures, the percentage of morphologically changed cells increased with extracting temperature, but the inhibition of cell proliferation failed to reflect the correlation to extracting temperature. These imply cell morphological change is a more sensitive and reliable method to reflect toxicity of trace organic pollutants than proliferation inhibition. Flow cytometry analysis indicated cell membrane damage was an early and sensitive cytotoxic response comparing with necrosis, resulting in cell morphological change, which may be due to the interference of lipophilic compounds. Lipophilic compound accumulated in cell membrane to interfere the assembly process of membrane protein and phospholipid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ting Liao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. liaotingting
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fang X, Feng Y, Wang J, Dai J. Perfluorononanoic acid-induced apoptosis in rat spleen involves oxidative stress and the activation of caspase-independent death pathway. Toxicology 2009; 267:54-9. [PMID: 19878704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA)-induced apoptosis has been reported in many cell types. However, minimal information on its mode of action is available. This study explored the possible involvement of apoptotic signaling pathways in a nine-carbon-chain length PFAA-perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)-induced splenocyte apoptosis. After a 14-day exposure to PFNA, rat spleens showed dose-dependent levels of apoptosis. The production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines was significantly increased and decreased, respectively. However, protein levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), caspase 8 and caspase 3, which are involved in inflammation-related and caspase-dependent apoptosis, were discordant. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARalpha) and PPARgamma genes expression was up-regulated in rats treated with 3 or 5 mg/kg/day of PFNA, and the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increased concurrently in rats treated with the highest dose. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and Bcl-2 protein levels were dramatically decreased in spleens after treatment with 3 and 5 mg/kg/day of PFNA. However, protein levels of Bax were unchanged. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), an initiator of caspase-independent apoptosis, was significantly increased in all PFNA-dosed rats. Thus, oxidative stress and the activation of a caspase-independent apoptotic signaling pathway contributed to PFNA-induced apoptosis in rat splenocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jing P, Rodgers PJ, Amemiya S. High lipophilicity of perfluoroalkyl carboxylate and sulfonate: implications for their membrane permeability. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2290-6. [PMID: 19170492 PMCID: PMC2664102 DOI: 10.1021/ja807961s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on remarkably high lipophilicity of perfluoroalkyl carboxylate and sulfonate. A lipophilic nature of this emerging class of organic pollutants has been hypothesized as an origin of their bioaccumulation and toxicity. Both carboxylate and sulfonate, however, are considered hydrophilic while perfluroalkyl groups are not only hydrophobic but also oleophobic. Partition coefficients of a homologous series of perfluoroalkyl and alkyl carboxylates between water and n-octanol were determined as a measure of their lipophilicity by ion-transfer cyclic voltammetry. Very similar lipophilicity of perfluoroalkyl and alkyl chains with the same length is demonstrated experimentally for the first time by fragment analysis of the partition coefficients. This finding is important for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of perfluoroalkyl compounds. Interestingly, approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher lipophilicity of a perfluoroalkyl carboxylate or sulfonate in comparison to its alkyl counterpart is ascribed nearly exclusively to their oxoanion groups. The higher lipophilicity originates from a strong electron-withdrawing effect of the perfluoroalkyl group on the adjacent oxoanion group, which is weakly hydrated to decrease its hydrophilicity. In fact, the inductive effect is dramatically reduced for a fluorotelomer with an ethylene spacer between perfluorohexyl and carboxylate groups, which is only as lipophilic as its alkyl counterpart, nonanoate, and is 400 times less lipophilic than perfluorononanoate. The high lipophilicity of perfluoroalkyl carboxylate and sulfonate implies that their permeation across such a thin lipophilic membrane as a bilayer lipid membrane is limited by their transfer at a membrane/water interface. The limiting permeability is lower and less dependent on their lipophilicity than the permeability controlled by their diffusion in the membrane interior as assumed in the classical solubility-diffusion model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|