1
|
Effah F, Adragna J, Luglio D, Bailey A, Marczylo T, Gordon T. Toxicological assessment of E-cigarette flavored E-liquids aerosols using Calu-3 cells: A 3D lung model approach. Toxicology 2023; 500:153683. [PMID: 38013136 PMCID: PMC10826471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Scientific progress and ethical considerations are increasingly shifting the toxicological focus from in vivo animal models to in vitro studies utilizing physiologically relevant cell cultures. Consequently, we evaluated and validated a three-dimensional (3D) model of the human lung using Calu-3 cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI) for 28 days. Assessment of seven essential genes of differentiation and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements, in conjunction with mucin (MUC5AC) staining, validated the model. We observed a time-dependent increase in TEER, genetic markers of mucus-producing cells (muc5ac, muc5b), basal cells (trp63), ciliated cells (foxj1), and tight junctions (tjp1). A decrease in basal cell marker krt5 levels was observed. Subsequently, we utilized this validated ALI-cultured Calu-3 model to investigate the adversity of the aerosols generated from three flavored electronic cigarette (EC) e-liquids: cinnamon, vanilla tobacco, and hazelnut. These aerosols were compared against traditional cigarette smoke (3R4F) to assess their relative toxicity. The aerosols generated from PG/VG vehicle control, hazelnut and cinnamon e-liquids, but not vanilla tobacco, significantly decreased TEER and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release compared to the incubator and air-only controls. Compared to 3R4F, there were no significant differences in TEER or LDH with the tested flavored EC aerosols other than vanilla tobacco. This starkly contrasted our expectations, given the common perception of e-liquids as a safer alternative to cigarettes. Our study suggests that these results depend on flavor type. Therefore, we strongly advocate for further research, increased user awareness regarding flavors in ECs, and rigorous regulatory scrutiny to protect public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Effah
- Pharmacology Section, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK; UK Health Security Agency, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 ORQ, UK.
| | - John Adragna
- Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Luglio
- Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexis Bailey
- Pharmacology Section, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- UK Health Security Agency, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Terry Gordon
- Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma M, Stucki AO, Verstraelen S, Stedeford TJ, Jacobs A, Maes F, Poelmans D, Van Laer J, Remy S, Frijns E, Allen DG, Clippinger AJ. Human cell-based in vitro systems to assess respiratory toxicity: a case study using silanes. Toxicol Sci 2023; 195:213-230. [PMID: 37498623 PMCID: PMC10535780 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation is a major route by which human exposure to substances can occur. Resources have therefore been dedicated to optimize human-relevant in vitro approaches that can accurately and efficiently predict the toxicity of inhaled chemicals for robust risk assessment and management. In this study-the IN vitro Systems to PredIct REspiratory toxicity Initiative-2 cell-based systems were used to predict the ability of chemicals to cause portal-of-entry effects on the human respiratory tract. A human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and a reconstructed human tissue model (MucilAir, Epithelix) were exposed to triethoxysilane (TES) and trimethoxysilane (TMS) as vapor (mixed with N2 gas) at the air-liquid interface. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and secretion of inflammatory markers were assessed in both cell systems and, for MucilAir tissues, morphology, barrier integrity, cilia beating frequency, and recovery after 7 days were also examined. The results show that both cell systems provide valuable information; the BEAS-2B cells were more sensitive in terms of cell viability and inflammatory markers, whereas MucilAir tissues allowed for the assessment of additional cellular effects and time points. As a proof of concept, the data were also used to calculate human equivalent concentrations. As expected, based on chemical properties and existing data, the silanes demonstrated toxicity in both systems with TMS being generally more toxic than TES. Overall, the results demonstrate that these in vitro test systems can provide valuable information relevant to predicting the likelihood of toxicity following inhalation exposure to chemicals in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monita Sharma
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas O Stucki
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sandra Verstraelen
- Sustainable HEALTH Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), BE-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | - An Jacobs
- Sustainable HEALTH Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), BE-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Frederick Maes
- Sustainable HEALTH Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), BE-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - David Poelmans
- Sustainable HEALTH Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), BE-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Laer
- Sustainable HEALTH Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), BE-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Sustainable HEALTH Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), BE-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Evelien Frijns
- Sustainable HEALTH Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), BE-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - David G Allen
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27560, USA
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
İpek S, Üstündağ A, Can Eke B. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture studies: a review of the field of toxicology. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:523-533. [PMID: 35450503 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2066114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture employed for centuries is extensively used in toxicological studies. There is no doubt that 2D cell culture has made significant contributions to toxicology. However, in today's world, it is necessary to develop more physiologically relevant models. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, which can recapitulate the cell's microenvironment, is, therefore, a more realistic model compared to traditional cell culture. In toxicology, 3D cell culture models are a powerful tool for studying different tissues and organs in similar environments and behave as if they are in in vivo conditions. In this review, we aimed to present 3D cell culture models that have been used in different organ toxicity studies. We reported the results and interpretations obtained from these studies. We aimed to highlight 3D models as the future of cell culture by reviewing 3D models used in different organ toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seda İpek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Üstündağ
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Benay Can Eke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Magliaro C, Ahluwalia A. Biomedical Research on Substances of Abuse: The Italian Case Study. Altern Lab Anim 2022; 50:423-436. [PMID: 36222242 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221132215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Substances of abuse have the potential to cause addiction, habituation or altered consciousness. Most of the research on these substances focuses on addiction, and is carried out through observational and clinical studies on humans, or experimental studies on animals. The transposition of the EU Directive 2010/63 into Italian law in 2014 (IT Law 2014/26) includes a ban on the use of animals for research on substances of abuse. Since then, in Italy, public debate has continued on the topic, while the application of the Article prohibiting animal research in this area has been postponed every couple of years. In the light of this debate, we briefly review a range of methodologies - including animal and non-animal, as well as patient or population-based studies - that have been employed to address the biochemical, neurobiological, toxicological, clinical and behavioural effects of substances of abuse and their dependency. We then discuss the implications of the Italian ban on the use of animals for such research, proposing concrete and evidence-based solutions to allow scientists to pursue high-quality basic and translational studies within the boundaries of the regulatory and legislative framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Magliaro
- Research Centre 'E. Piaggio', 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Centre for the Promotion of 3R Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Centre 'E. Piaggio', 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Centre for the Promotion of 3R Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dhummakupt E, Jenkins C, Rizzo G, Melka A, Carmany D, Prugh A, Horsmon J, Renner J, Angelini D. Proteomic, Metabolomic, and Lipidomic Analyses of Lung Tissue Exposed to Mustard Gas. Metabolites 2022; 12:815. [PMID: 36144218 PMCID: PMC9501011 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (HD) poses a serious threat due to its relatively simple production process. Exposure to HD in the short-term causes an inflammatory response, while long-term exposure results in DNA and RNA damage. Respiratory tract tissue models were exposed to relatively low concentrations of HD and collected at 3 and 24 h post exposure. Histology, cytokine ELISAs, and mass spectrometric-based analyses were performed. Histology and ELISA data confirmed previously seen lung damage and inflammatory markers from HD exposure. The multi-omic mass spectrometry data showed variation in proteins and metabolites associated with increased inflammation, as well as DNA and RNA damage. HD exposure causes DNA and RNA damage that results in variation of proteins and metabolites that are associated with transcription, translation and cellular energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Dhummakupt
- US Army, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center, BioSciences Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010, USA
| | - Conor Jenkins
- US Army, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center, BioSciences Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010, USA
| | - Gabrielle Rizzo
- US Army, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center, BioSciences Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010, USA
| | | | | | - Amber Prugh
- US Army, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center, BioSciences Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010, USA
| | - Jennifer Horsmon
- US Army, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center, Threat Agent Sciences Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010, USA
| | - Julie Renner
- US Army, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center, Threat Agent Sciences Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010, USA
| | - Daniel Angelini
- US Army, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center, BioSciences Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Djidrovski I, Georgiou M, Tasinato E, Leonard MO, Van den Bor J, Lako M, Armstrong L. Direct transcriptomic comparison of xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity pathway induction of airway epithelium models at an air-liquid interface generated from induced pluripotent stem cells and primary bronchial epithelial cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2022; 39:1-18. [PMID: 35641671 PMCID: PMC10042770 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium represents the main barrier between inhaled air and the tissues of the respiratory tract and is therefore an important point of contact with xenobiotic substances into the human body. Several studies have recently shown that in vitro models of the airway grown at an air-liquid interface (ALI) can be particularly useful to obtain mechanistic information about the toxicity of chemical compounds. However, such methods are not very amenable to high throughput since the primary cells cannot be expanded indefinitely in culture to obtain a sustainable number of cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become a popular option in the recent years for modelling the airways of the lung, but despite progress in the field, such models have so far not been assessed for their ability to metabolise xenobiotic compounds and how they compare to the primary bronchial airway model (pBAE). Here, we report a comparative analysis by TempoSeq (oligo-directed sequencing) of an iPSC-derived airway model (iBAE) with a primary bronchial airway model (pBAE). The iBAE and pBAE were differentiated at an ALI and then evaluated in a 5-compound screen with exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of each compound for 24 h. We found that despite lower expression of xenobiotic metabolism genes, the iBAE similarly predicted the toxic pathways when compared to the pBAE model. Our results show that iPSC airway models at ALI show promise for inhalation toxicity assessments with further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Djidrovski
- The Biosphere, Newcells Biotech Ltd., Draymans way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5BX, UK.,Biosciences Institute, The International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Maria Georgiou
- Biosciences Institute, The International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Elena Tasinato
- The Biosphere, Newcells Biotech Ltd., Draymans way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5BX, UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Harwell Campus, Chilton, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Jelle Van den Bor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Biosciences Institute, The International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- The Biosphere, Newcells Biotech Ltd., Draymans way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5BX, UK. .,Biosciences Institute, The International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bishop E, Terry A, East N, Breheny D, Gaca M, Thorne D. A 3D in vitro comparison of two undiluted e-cigarette aerosol generating systems. Toxicol Lett 2022; 358:69-79. [PMID: 35032609 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies play an important role in supporting the toxicological assessment of e-cigarettes, with many current methods reliant on sophisticated in vitro exposure systems designed for conventional cigarette testing. In this study, we have compared two distinct systems; the modified Vitrocell VC10 and Borgwaldt LM4E designed to deliver undiluted e-cigarette aerosol. We assessed the cytotoxicity response of 3D reconstituted lung tissue (MucilAir) exposed to undiluted aerosol from ePen3 (closed modular e-cigarette) using these two exposure systems. As the induced cytotoxicity profiles were comparable, we then compared these responses against historical eBox (open modular e-cigarette) and 3R4F reference cigarette data to show evolution of product technology. This latter approach was deemed possible by monitoring intrinsic donor-to-donor control variability over a three-year period, bridging between exposure systems and observed biological responses. Despite the differences in the technology, on a puff-by-puff basis these machines gave remarkably similar cytotoxicity profiles for ePen3, as determined by MTT, and consistency of pre-cytotoxicity markers: transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), cilia beat frequency and cilia active area. When responses are compared as a function of exposed nicotine concentration, we see differences due to the dynamics of the exposure systems. The parity of responses between the systems in generated undiluted aerosol has allowed us to compare back to previously published eBox data, irrespective of aerosol generating system and MucilAir donor, showing how evolution from open systems to podmod e-cigarette design can make a step change in the cytotoxicity profile of the product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bishop
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - A Terry
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - N East
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - D Breheny
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - M Gaca
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - D Thorne
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The impact of extractable organic matter from gasoline and alternative fuel emissions on bronchial cell models (BEAS-2B, MucilAir™). Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 80:105316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Bedford R, Perkins E, Clements J, Hollings M. Recent advancements and application of in vitro models for predicting inhalation toxicity in humans. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105299. [PMID: 34920082 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Animals have been indispensable in testing chemicals that can pose a risk to human health, including those delivered by inhalation. In recent years, the combination of societal debate on the use of animals in research and testing, the drive to continually enhance testing methodologies, and technology advancements have prompted a range of initiatives to develop non-animal alternative approaches for toxicity testing. In this review, we discuss emerging in vitro techniques being developed for the testing of inhaled compounds. Advanced tissue models that are able to recreate the human response to toxic exposures alongside examples of their ability to complement in vivo techniques are described. Furthermore, technology being developed that can provide multi-organ toxicity assessments are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Bedford
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - E Perkins
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - J Clements
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - M Hollings
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ji X, Sheng Y, Guan Y, Li Y, Xu Y, Tang L. Evaluation of Calu-3 cell lines as an in vitro model to study the inhalation toxicity of flavoring extracts. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 32:171-179. [PMID: 34488543 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1977880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of Calu-3 cells as a model to examine the toxicological responses of inhalable substances. Calu-3 cells were grown to the confluence at an air-liquid interface (ALI) using a Transwell® permeable support system. The ALI resulted in biomimetic native bronchial epithelium displaying pseudostratified columnar epithelium with more microvilli and secretory vesicles. We further characterized and optimized the Calu-3 cell line model using ALI culturing conditions, immunolabeling of protein expression, ultrastructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements, and then screened for the cytotoxicity of tobacco flavoring extracts. Calu-3 cells displayed dose-dependent responses when treated with the flavoring extract. Within 8-10 days, cell monolayers developed TEER ≥1000 Ω·cm2. During this time, Calu-3 cells exposed to flavoring extracts X01 and X06 exhibited a loss of cellular integrity and decreased ZO-1 and E-cadherin protein expression. In conclusion, we investigated the Calu-3 cell line culture conditions, culture time, and barrier integrity and tested the effect of six new synthetic tobacco flavoring extracts. Our data demonstrate that the Calu-3 human bronchial epithelial cell monolayer system is a potential in vitro model to assess the inhalation toxicity of inhalable substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ji
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Analysis of Chemical Drug Preparations, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhua Sheng
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Analysis of Chemical Drug Preparations, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Guan
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Yinxia Li
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiong Xu
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Liming Tang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Analysis of Chemical Drug Preparations, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ghelli F, Bellisario V, Squillacioti G, Panizzolo M, Santovito A, Bono R. Formaldehyde in Hospitals Induces Oxidative Stress: The Role of GSTT1 and GSTM1 Polymorphisms. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9080178. [PMID: 34437496 PMCID: PMC8402352 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9080178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite the toxicity and health risk characteristics of formaldehyde (FA), it is currently used as a cytological fixative and the definition of safe exposure levels is still a matter of debate. Our aim was to investigate the alterations in both oxidative and inflammatory status in a hospital working population. The 68 workers recruited wore a personal air-FA passive sampler, provided a urine sample to measure 15-F2t-Isoprostane (15-F2t-IsoP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and a blood specimen to measure tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα). Subjects were also genotyped for GSTT1 (Presence/Absence), GSTM1 (Presence/Absence), CYP1A1 exon 7 (A > G), and IL6 (−174, G > C). Workers were ex post split into formalin-employers (57.3 μg/m3) and non-employers (13.5 μg/m3). In the formalin-employers group we assessed significantly higher levels of 15-F2t-IsoP, MDA and TNFα (<0.001) in comparison to the non-employers group. The air-FA levels turned out to be positively correlated with 15-F2t-IsoP (p = 0.027) and MDA (p < 0.001). In the formalin-employers group the MDA level was significantly higher in GSTT1 Null (p = 0.038), GSTM1 Null (p = 0.031), and CYP1A1 exon 7 mutation carrier (p = 0.008) workers, compared to the wild type subjects. This study confirms the role of FA in biomolecular profiles alterations, highlighting how low occupational exposure can also result in measurable biological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ghelli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.G.); (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Valeria Bellisario
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.G.); (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Giulia Squillacioti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.G.); (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Marco Panizzolo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.G.); (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Alfredo Santovito
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy;
| | - Roberto Bono
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.G.); (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-5818
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Welch J, Wallace J, Lansley AB, Roper C. Evaluation of the toxicity of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in the MucilAir™ human airway model in vitro. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105022. [PMID: 34333067 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to use multiple in vitro assays to assess the effects of a model irritant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) (≤10 mM (0.29 %, w/v)), on an in vitro model of the airway, MucilAir™. The use of MucilAir™ in recovery studies was also explored. A 24 h exposure increased IL-8 release at an SDS concentration ≥0.63 mM (0.018 %, w/v). Mucin secretion increased and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) decreased at SDS concentrations ≥1.25 mM (0.04 %, w/v). Cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into basolateral chamber) was observed at SDS concentrations of ≥2.5 mM (0.07 %, w/v). The sensitivity of the assays was IL-8 release > TEER = mucin secretion > LDH release. After 7 days, full or partial recovery was observed for intermediate concentrations of SDS using all assays but not at 5 and 10 mM SDS. Morphologically, erosion and cell loss were observed at these concentrations. Resazurin metabolism at 7 days tended to decrease in a dose-dependent manner at SDS concentrations above 2.5 mM (0.07 %, w/v). Together, these data support a No Observable Effect Level of 0.31 mM (0.009 % w/v) SDS and the use of MucilAir™ as a relevant model for airway toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Welch
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Charles River Laboratories, Tranent, Edinburgh, EH33 2NE, UK.
| | - Joanne Wallace
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Charles River Laboratories, Tranent, Edinburgh, EH33 2NE, UK.
| | - Alison B Lansley
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 1GJ, UK.
| | - Clive Roper
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Charles River Laboratories, Tranent, Edinburgh, EH33 2NE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Czekala L, Wieczorek R, Simms L, Yu F, Budde J, Trelles Sticken E, Rudd K, Verron T, Brinster O, Stevenson M, Walele T. Multi-endpoint analysis of human 3D airway epithelium following repeated exposure to whole electronic vapor product aerosol or cigarette smoke. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:99-115. [PMID: 34345855 PMCID: PMC8320624 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a cause of serious diseases in smokers including chronic respiratory diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the tobacco harm reduction (THR) potential of an electronic vapor product (EVP, myblu™) compared to a Kentucky Reference Cigarette (3R4F), and assessed endpoints related to chronic respiratory diseases. Endpoints included: cytotoxicity, barrier integrity (TEER), cilia function, immunohistochemistry, and pro-inflammatory markers. In order to more closely represent the user exposure scenario, we have employed the in vitro 3D organotypic model of human airway epithelium (MucilAir™, Epithelix) for respiratory assessment. The model was repeatedly exposed to either whole aerosol of the EVP, or whole 3R4F smoke, at the air liquid interface (ALI), for 4 weeks to either 30, 60 or 90 puffs on 3-exposure-per-week basis. 3R4F smoke generation used the ISO 20778:2018 regime and EVP aerosol used the ISO 20768:2018 vaping regime. Exposure to undiluted whole EVP aerosol did not trigger any significant changes in the level of pro-inflammatory mediators, cilia beating function, barrier integrity and cytotoxicity when compared with air controls. In contrast, exposure to diluted (1:17) whole cigarette smoke caused significant changes to all the endpoints mentioned above. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the effects of repeated whole cigarette smoke and whole EVP aerosol exposure to a 3D lung model at the ALI. Our results add to the growing body of scientific literature supporting the THR potential of EVPs relative to combustible cigarettes and the applicability of the 3D lung models in human-relevant product risk assessments.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2D, Two Dimensional
- 3D, Three Dimensional
- 3R4F, Scientific Reference Tobacco Cigarette (University of Kentucky)
- ALI, Air-Liquid Interface
- ANOVA, Analysis of Variance
- AOP, Adverse Outcome Pathway
- CAA, Cilia Active Area
- CBF, Cilia Beat Frequency
- COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- CYP450, Cytochrome P450
- Cigarette
- Cilia
- DPBS, Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline containing Ca2+ and Mg2+
- EGFR, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
- EVP, Electronic Vapor Product
- Electronic vapor product
- FOX-J1, Forkhead Box J1 protein
- H&E, Hematoxylin and Eosin
- IIVS, Institute for In Vitro Sciences
- IL-13, Interleukin 13
- IL-1β, Interleukin 1 Beta
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- IL-8, Interleukin-8
- ISO, International Organization for Standardization
- Immunohistochemistry
- KERs, Key Event Relationships
- KEs, Key Events
- LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase
- MIE, Molecular Initiating Event
- MMP-1, Matrix Metalloproteinase-1
- MMP-3, Matrix Metalloproteinase-3
- MMP-9, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
- MUC5AC, Mucin 5AC Protein
- MWP, Multi-Well Plate
- NKT, Natural Killer T Cells
- Organotypic tissue model
- PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline
- PMN, polymorphonuclear
- Pro-inflammatory markers
- SAEIVS, Smoke Aerosol Exposure In Vitro System
- TEER, Transepithelial Electrical Resistance
- THR, Tobacco Harm Reduction
- TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
- TPM, Total Particulate Matter
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Czekala
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Yu
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Budde
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edgar Trelles Sticken
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathryn Rudd
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Verron
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg Brinster
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Tanvir Walele
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hwang JH, Jeong H, Jung YO, Nam KT, Lim KM. Skin irritation and inhalation toxicity of biocides evaluated with reconstructed human epidermis and airway models. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 150:112064. [PMID: 33596452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocides are widely used in household products. Humans are exposed to biocides through dermal, inhalational, and oral routes. However, information on the dermal and inhalational toxicity of biocides is limited. We evaluated the effects of biocides on the skin and airways using the reconstructed human epidermis model KeraSkin™ and the airway model SoluAirway™. We determined the irritancy of 11 commonly used biocides (1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one [BIT], 2-phenoxyethanol [PE], zinc pyrithione, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, 3-iodoprop-2-ynyl N-butylcarbamate [IPBC], 2-octyl-1,2-thiazol-3-one, 2,2-dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol [CC], 2-phenylphenol, deltamethrin, and 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-1,2-thiazol-3-one) in the KeraSkin™ and SoluAirway™ by viability and histological examinations. BIT and CC were found to cause skin irritation at the approved concentrations or at the concentration close to approved limit while the others were non-irritants within the approved concentration. These results were confirmed via histology, wherein skin irritants induced erosion, vacuolation, and necrosis of the tissue. In the SoluAirway™, most of the biocides decreased cell viability even within the approved limits, except for PE, IPBC, and deltamethrin, suggesting that the airway may be more vulnerable to biocides than the skin. Taken together, our result indicates that some biocides can induce toxicity in skin and airway. Further studies on the dermal and inhalational toxicity of biocides are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hyun Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Haengdueng Jeong
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-On Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shah UK, Verma JR, Chapman KE, Wilde EC, Tonkin JA, Brown MR, Johnson GE, Doak SH, Jenkins GJ. Detection of urethane-induced genotoxicity in vitro using metabolically competent human 2D and 3D spheroid culture models. Mutagenesis 2020; 35:445-452. [PMID: 33219664 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity studies are a quick and high throughput approach to assess the genotoxic potential of chemicals; however, the reliability of these tests and their relevance to in vivo effects depends on the choice of representative cell line and optimisation of assay conditions. For chemicals like urethane that require specific metabolic activation to cause genotoxicity, it is important that in vitro tests are conducted using cell lines exhibiting the activity and induction of CYP450 enzymes, including CYP2E1 enzyme that is important in the metabolism of urethane, at a concentration representing actual or perceived chemical exposure. We compared 2D MCL-5 cells and HepG2 cells with 3D HepG2 hanging drop spheroids to determine the genotoxicity of urethane using the micronucleus assay. Our 2D studies with MCL-5 did not show any statistically significant genotoxicity [99% relative population doubling (RPD)] compared to controls for concentrations and time point tested in vitro. HepG2 cells grown as 2D indicated that exposure to urethane of up to 30 mM for 23 h did not cause any genotoxic effect (102% RPD) but, at higher concentrations, genotoxicity was produced with only 89-85% RPD. Furthermore, an exposure of 20-50 mM for 23 h using 3D hanging drop spheroid assays revealed a higher MN frequency, thus exhibiting in vitro genotoxicity of urethane in metabolically active cell models. In comparison with previous studies, this study indicated that urethane genotoxicity is dose, sensitivity of cell model (2D vs. 3D) and exposure dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Jatin R Verma
- Associate Scientist, Genetic & Molecular Toxicology, Covance Laboratories Limited, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Katherine E Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Eleanor C Wilde
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - James A Tonkin
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Martyn R Brown
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - George E Johnson
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Gareth J Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cervena T, Vojtisek-Lom M, Vrbova K, Ambroz A, Novakova Z, Elzeinova F, Sima M, Beranek V, Pechout M, Macoun D, Klema J, Rossnerova A, Ciganek M, Topinka J, Rossner P. Ordinary Gasoline Emissions Induce a Toxic Response in Bronchial Cells Grown at Air-Liquid Interface. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E79. [PMID: 33374749 PMCID: PMC7801947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasoline engine emissions have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans and represent a significant health risk. In this study, we used MucilAir™, a three-dimensional (3D) model of the human airway, and BEAS-2B, cells originating from the human bronchial epithelium, grown at the air-liquid interface to assess the toxicity of ordinary gasoline exhaust produced by a direct injection spark ignition engine. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), production of mucin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and adenylate kinase (AK) activities were analyzed after one day and five days of exposure. The induction of double-stranded DNA breaks was measured by the detection of histone H2AX phosphorylation. Next-generation sequencing was used to analyze the modulation of expression of the relevant 370 genes. The exposure to gasoline emissions affected the integrity, as well as LDH and AK leakage in the 3D model, particularly after longer exposure periods. Mucin production was mostly decreased with the exception of longer BEAS-2B treatment, for which a significant increase was detected. DNA damage was detected after five days of exposure in the 3D model, but not in BEAS-2B cells. The expression of CYP1A1 and GSTA3 was modulated in MucilAir™ tissues after 5 days of treatment. In BEAS-2B cells, the expression of 39 mRNAs was affected after short exposure, most of them were upregulated. The five days of exposure modulated the expression of 11 genes in this cell line. In conclusion, the ordinary gasoline emissions induced a toxic response in MucilAir™. In BEAS-2B cells, the biological response was less pronounced, mostly limited to gene expression changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Cervena
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.C.); (K.V.); (A.A.); (Z.N.); (F.E.); (M.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vojtisek-Lom
- Centre of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.V.-L.); (V.B.)
| | - Kristyna Vrbova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.C.); (K.V.); (A.A.); (Z.N.); (F.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Antonin Ambroz
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.C.); (K.V.); (A.A.); (Z.N.); (F.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Zuzana Novakova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.C.); (K.V.); (A.A.); (Z.N.); (F.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Fatima Elzeinova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.C.); (K.V.); (A.A.); (Z.N.); (F.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Michal Sima
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.C.); (K.V.); (A.A.); (Z.N.); (F.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Vit Beranek
- Centre of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.V.-L.); (V.B.)
| | - Martin Pechout
- Department of Vehicles and Ground Transport, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - David Macoun
- Department of Vehicles and Ground Transport, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Jiri Klema
- Department of Computer Science, Czech Technical University in Prague, 121 35 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Andrea Rossnerova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.C.); (K.V.); (A.A.); (Z.N.); (F.E.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mistry A, Bowen LE, Dzierlenga MW, Hartman JK, Slattery SD. Development of an in vitro approach to point-of-contact inhalation toxicity testing of volatile compounds, using organotypic culture and air-liquid interface exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104968. [PMID: 32805374 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In vitro chemical risk assessment using human cells is emerging as an alternative to in vivo animal testing with reduced costs, fewer animal welfare concerns, and the possibility of greater human health relevance. In vitro inhalation toxicity testing of volatile compounds poses particular challenges. Here we report our efforts to establish a testing protocol in our own lab using the EpiAirway bronchial epithelium cell culture model and the Vitrocell 12/12 system for air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures. For purposes of method development, we used methyl iodide (MeI) as a test compound. We examined viability, cytotoxicity, and epithelial integrity responses. Dose-dependent, reproducible responses were observed with all assays. EpiAirway and BEAS-2B cytotoxicity responses to acute exposure were roughly similar, but EpiAirway was more resistant than BEAS-2B by the viability measurement, suggesting a proliferative response at low MeI concentrations. If wells were sealed to prevent evaporation, in-solution MeI concentration-response could be used to predict the response to MeI vapor within 2-fold by converting from the media- to the air-concentration at equilibrium using the blood:air partition coefficient for MeI. The long-term stability of EpiAirway cultures enabled repeated exposures over a 5-d period, which produced responses at lower concentrations than did acute exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artik Mistry
- ScitoVation, LLC, Durham, NC 27713, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
New Approach Methods to Evaluate Health Risks of Air Pollutants: Critical Design Considerations for In Vitro Exposure Testing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062124. [PMID: 32210027 PMCID: PMC7143849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution consists of highly variable and complex mixtures recognized as major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. The vast number of chemicals, coupled with limitations surrounding epidemiological and animal studies, has necessitated the development of new approach methods (NAMs) to evaluate air pollution toxicity. These alternative approaches include in vitro (cell-based) models, wherein toxicity of test atmospheres can be evaluated with increased efficiency compared to in vivo studies. In vitro exposure systems have recently been developed with the goal of evaluating air pollutant-induced toxicity; though the specific design parameters implemented in these NAMs-based studies remain in flux. This review aims to outline important design parameters to consider when using in vitro methods to evaluate air pollutant toxicity, with the goal of providing increased accuracy, reproducibility, and effectiveness when incorporating in vitro data into human health evaluations. This review is unique in that experimental considerations and lessons learned are provided, as gathered from first-hand experience developing and testing in vitro models coupled to exposure systems. Reviewed design aspects include cell models, cell exposure conditions, exposure chambers, and toxicity endpoints. Strategies are also discussed to incorporate in vitro findings into the context of in vivo toxicity and overall risk assessment.
Collapse
|
19
|
King BM, Janechek NJ, Bryngelson N, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Lersch T, Bunker K, Casuccio G, Thorne PS, Stanier CO, Fiegel J. Lung cell exposure to secondary photochemical aerosols generated from OH oxidation of cyclic siloxanes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125126. [PMID: 31683444 PMCID: PMC6941482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To study the fate of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) undergoing photooxidation in the environment and to assess the acute toxicity of inhaled secondary aerosols from cVMS, we used an oxidative flow reactor (OFR) to produce aerosols from oxidation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). The aerosols produced from this process were characterized for size, shape, and chemical composition. We found that the OFR produced aerosols composed of silicon and oxygen, arranged in chain agglomerates, with primary particles of approximately 31 nm in diameter. Lung cells were exposed to the secondary organosilicon aerosols at estimated doses of 54-116 ng/cm2 using a Vitrocell air-liquid interface system, and organic gases and ozone exposure was minimized through a series of denuders. Siloxane aerosols were not found to be highly toxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M King
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nathan J Janechek
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nathan Bryngelson
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Traci Lersch
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Kristin Bunker
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Gary Casuccio
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Charles O Stanier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Jennifer Fiegel
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sotty J, Garçon G, Denayer FO, Alleman LY, Saleh Y, Perdrix E, Riffault V, Dubot P, Lo-Guidice JM, Canivet L. Toxicological effects of ambient fine (PM 2.5-0.18) and ultrafine (PM 0.18) particles in healthy and diseased 3D organo-typic mucocilary-phenotype models. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108538. [PMID: 31344532 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the underlying mechanisms by which particulate matter (PM) exerts its health effects is still incomplete since it may trigger various symptoms as some persons may be more susceptible than others. Detailed studies realized in more relevant in vitro models are highly needed. Healthy normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE), asthma-diseased human bronchial epithelial (DHBE), and COPD-DHBE cells, differentiated at the air-liquid interface, were acutely or repeatedly exposed to fine (i.e., PM2.5-0.18, also called FP) and quasi-ultrafine (i.e., PM0.18, also called UFP) particles. Immunofluorescence labelling of pan-cytokeratin, MUC5AC, and ZO-1 confirmed their specific cell-types. Baselines of the inflammatory mediators secreted by all the cells were quite similar. Slight changes of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, MCP-1, and/or TGFα, and of H3K9 histone acetylation supported a higher inflammatory response of asthma- and especially COPD-DHBE cells, after exposure to FP and especially UFP. At baseline, 35 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in asthma-DHBE, and 23 DEG in COPD-DHBE, compared to NHBE cells, were reported. They were involved in biological processes implicated in the development of asthma and COPD diseases, such as cellular process (e.g., PLA2G4C, NLRP1, S100A5, MUC1), biological regulation (e.g., CCNE1), developmental process (e.g., WNT10B), and cell component organization and synthesis (e.g., KRT34, COL6A1, COL6A2). In all the FP or UFP-exposed cell models, DEG were also functionally annotated to the chemical metabolic process (e.g., CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP1A2) and inflammatory response (e.g., EREG). Another DEG, FGF-1, was only down-regulated in asthma and specially COPD-DHBE cells repeatedly exposed. While RAB37 could help to counteract the down-regulation of FGF-1 in asthma-DHBE cells, the deregulation of FGR, WNT7B, VIPR1, and PPARGC1A could dramatically contribute to make it worse in COPD-DHBE cells. Taken together, these data contributed to support the highest effects of UFP versus FP and highest sensitivity of asthma- and notably COPD-DHBE versus NHBE cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sotty
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - G Garçon
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
| | - F-O Denayer
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - L-Y Alleman
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Y Saleh
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - E Perdrix
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - V Riffault
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - P Dubot
- MCMC - ICMPE UMR 7182, Rue H. Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - J-M Lo-Guidice
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - L Canivet
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu G, Betts C, Cunoosamy DM, Åberg PM, Hornberg JJ, Sivars KB, Cohen TS. Use of precision cut lung slices as a translational model for the study of lung biology. Respir Res 2019; 20:162. [PMID: 31324219 PMCID: PMC6642541 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models remain invaluable for study of respiratory diseases, however, translation of data generated in genetically homogeneous animals housed in a clean and well-controlled environment does not necessarily provide insight to the human disease situation. In vitro human systems such as air liquid interface (ALI) cultures and organ-on-a-chip models have attempted to bridge the divide between animal models and human patients. However, although 3D in nature, these models struggle to recreate the architecture and complex cellularity of the airways and parenchyma, and therefore cannot mimic the complex cell-cell interactions in the lung. To address this issue, lung slices have emerged as a useful ex vivo tool for studying the respiratory responses to inflammatory stimuli, infection, and novel drug compounds. This review covers the practicality of precision cut lung slice (PCLS) generation and benefits of this ex vivo culture system in modeling human lung biology and disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Liu
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Betts
- Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Danen M Cunoosamy
- Bioscience, Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Present Address: Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Per M Åberg
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jorrit J Hornberg
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kinga Balogh Sivars
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Taylor S Cohen
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20877, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chang Y, Siddens LK, Heine LK, Sampson DA, Yu Z, Fischer KA, Löhr CV, Tilton SC. Comparative mechanisms of PAH toxicity by benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene in primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 379:114644. [PMID: 31255691 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current assumption for assessing carcinogenic risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is that they function through a common mechanism of action; however, recent studies demonstrate that PAHs can act through unique mechanisms potentially contributing to cancer outcomes in a non-additive manner. Using a primary human 3D bronchial epithelial culture (HBEC) model, we assessed potential differences in mechanism of toxicity for two PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC), compared to a complex PAH mixture based on short-term biosignatures identified from transcriptional profiling. Differentiated bronchial epithelial cells were treated with BAP (100-500 μg/ml), DBC (10 μg/ml), and coal tar extract (CTE 500-1500 μg/ml, SRM1597a) for 48 h and gene expression was measured by RNA sequencing or quantitative PCR. Comparison of BAP and DBC gene signatures showed that the majority of genes (~60%) were uniquely regulated by treatment, including signaling pathways for inflammation and DNA damage by DBC and processes for cell cycle, hypoxia and oxidative stress by BAP. Specifically, BAP upregulated targets of AhR, NRF2, and KLF4, while DBC downregulated these same targets, suggesting a chemical-specific pattern in transcriptional regulation involved in antioxidant response, potentially contributing to differences in PAH potency. Other processes were regulated in common by all PAH treatments, BAP, DBC and CTE, including downregulation of genes involved in cell adhesion and reduced functional measurements of barrier integrity. This work supports prior in vivo studies and demonstrates the utility of profiling short-term biosignatures in an organotypic 3D model to identify mechanisms linked to carcinogenic risk of PAHs in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chang
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lauren K Heine
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David A Sampson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zhen Yu
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kay A Fischer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
In vitro model for predicting acute inhalation toxicity by using a Calu-3 epithelium cytotoxicity assay. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 98:106576. [PMID: 31026561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the current methods to predict the inhalation toxicity of chemicals using animal models are limited, alternative methods are required. We present a new in vitro prediction method for acute inhalation toxicity using the Calu-3 epithelial cytotoxicity assay applicable for water-soluble inhalable chemicals. METHOD To confirm the characteristics of the optimal Calu-3 epithelium, tight-junction formation, morphology, and mucus secretion were verified using scanning electron microscopy, transepithelial electrical resistance analysis, and immunofluorescence after growth in an air-liquid interface (ALI). Sixty chemicals, including 38 positive and 22 negative for acute inhalation toxicity, were selected from the European Chemical Agency chemical database. The cell viability of the exposed cells was assessed using an MTT assay to predict the acute inhalation toxicity by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and accuracy. RESULTS When cultivated in an ALI, the epithelium was thicker and secreted more mucin than that under submerged cultivation, characteristic of the in vivo respiratory epithelium. The areas under the ROC curve were 0.75 and 0.78 when exposed to chemicals at concentrations of 2.5 and 5%, respectively. The highest accuracy of the methods was 68 and 78% at cut-off values of 85 and 40% cell viability, respectively. DISCUSSION The in vitro model was moderately accurate with good prediction. It is replicable because of its advantages, i.e., the use of cultured cells and the simplicity of the method. Overall, the Calu-3 epithelial cytotoxicity assay may be a useful and simple approach to identify substances that cause acute inhalation toxicity.
Collapse
|
24
|
Czekala L, Simms L, Stevenson M, Tschierske N, Maione AG, Walele T. Toxicological comparison of cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol using a 3D in vitro human respiratory model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:314-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
25
|
Sedláková V, Kloučková M, Garlíková Z, Vašíčková K, Jaroš J, Kandra M, Kotasová H, Hampl A. Options for modeling the respiratory system: inserts, scaffolds and microfluidic chips. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:971-982. [PMID: 30877077 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory system is continuously exposed to varying levels of hazardous substances ranging from environmental toxins to purposely administered drugs. If the noxious effects exceed the inherent regenerative capacity of the respiratory system, injured tissue undergoes complex remodeling that can significantly affect lung function and lead to various diseases. Advanced near-to-native in vitro lung models are required to understand the mechanisms involved in pulmonary damage and repair and to reliably test the toxicity of compounds to lung tissue. This review is an overview of the development of in vitro respiratory system models used for study of lung diseases. It includes discussion of using these models for environmental toxin assessment and pulmonary toxicity screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sedláková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - Michaela Kloučková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Garlíková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vašíčková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Jaroš
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mário Kandra
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kotasová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hampl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Balogh Sivars K, Sivars U, Hornberg E, Zhang H, Brändén L, Bonfante R, Huang S, Constant S, Robinson I, Betts CJ, Åberg PM. A 3D Human Airway Model Enables Prediction of Respiratory Toxicity of Inhaled Drugs In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2019; 162:301-308. [PMID: 29182718 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract toxicity represents a significant cause of attrition of inhaled drug candidates targeting respiratory diseases. One of the key issues to allow early detection of respiratory toxicities is the lack of reliable and predictive in vitro systems. Here, the relevance and value of a physiologically relevant 3D human airway in vitro model (MucilAir) were explored by repeated administration of a set of compounds with (n = 8) or without (n = 7) respiratory toxicity following inhalation in vivo. Predictability for respiratory toxicity was evaluated by readout of cytotoxicity, barrier integrity, viability, morphology, ciliary beating frequency, mucociliary clearance and cytokine release. Interestingly, the data show that in vivo toxicity can be predicted in vitro by studying cell barrier integrity by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and cell viability determined by the Resazurin method. Both read-outs had 88% sensitivity and 100% specificity, respectively, while the former was more accurate with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) AUC of 0.98 (p = .0018) compared with ROC AUC of 0.90 (p = .0092). The loss of cell barrier integrity could mainly, but not fully, be attributed to a loss of cell coverage in 6 out of 7 compounds with reduced TEER. Notably, these effects occurred only at 400 µM, at concentration levels significantly above primary target cell potency, suggesting that greater attention to high local lung concentrations should be taken into account in safety assessment of inhaled drugs. Thus, prediction of respiratory toxicity in 3D human airway in vitro models may result in improved animal welfare and reduced attrition in inhaled drug discovery projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulf Sivars
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity
| | | | - Hui Zhang
- Pathology, Drug Safety and Metabolism
| | | | | | - Song Huang
- Epithelix Sàrl, CH-1228 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Per M Åberg
- Regulatory Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ferro MP, Leclerc L, Sleiman M, Marchiori B, Pourchez J, Owens RM, Ramuz M. Effect of E Cigarette Emissions on Tracheal Cells Monitored at the Air-Liquid Interface Using an Organic Electrochemical Transistor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:e1800249. [PMID: 32627404 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
E-cigarettes have been suggested as a potentially healthier alternative to cigarettes based on studies using cell viability, DNA damage, and transcriptional response assays. However, little is known about the effect of e-cigarette aerosols on the integrity of the tracheal epithelium, specifically with respect to barrier resistance. This is partly due to the lack of methods for monitoring epithelia at the air-liquid interface (ALI), i.e., under physiological conditions. Here, it is shown that an organic electrochemical transistor can be adapted for the measurement of barrier resistance at the ALI. This technology enables accurate, continuous quantification of tracheal barrier integrity through the use of a conformable gate electrode placed on top of the cell-secreted mucus, obviating the need for addition of culture medium or buffer as a conductance medium for rigid electrodes. This platform allows for the detection of a dose-dependent, rapid decrease in barrier resistance of an in vitro model of human bronchial epithelium (MucilAir) after E-cigarette aerosols exposure. The system represents a powerful tool to study tissue responses of the human airway epithelium to inhaled smoke. The same technology will have broad applications for toxicology studies on other tissues with ALI, including other airway tissues and skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magali P Ferro
- Department of Bioelectronics, Mines Saint-Étienne, 880 route de Mimet, F-13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Lara Leclerc
- Department of Biomaterials and Inhaled Particles, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 cours Fauriel, F-42023, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Mohamad Sleiman
- Department of Photochemical, Sigma Clermont, 27 Rue Roche Genès, 63178, Aubière, France
| | - Bastien Marchiori
- Department of Flexible Electronics, Mines Saint-Étienne, 880 route de Mimet, F-13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Department of Biomaterials and Inhaled Particles, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 cours Fauriel, F-42023, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Roisin M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB30AS, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc Ramuz
- Department of Flexible Electronics, Mines Saint-Étienne, 880 route de Mimet, F-13541, Gardanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nerger BA, Nelson CM. 3D culture models for studying branching morphogenesis in the mammary gland and mammalian lung. Biomaterials 2018; 198:135-145. [PMID: 30174198 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intricate architecture of branched tissues and organs has fascinated scientists and engineers for centuries. Yet-despite their ubiquity-the biophysical and biochemical mechanisms by which tissues and organs undergo branching morphogenesis remain unclear. With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) culture models, an increasingly powerful and diverse set of tools are available for investigating the development and remodeling of branched tissues and organs. In this review, we discuss the application of 3D culture models for studying branching morphogenesis of the mammary gland and the mammalian lung in the context of normal development and disease. While current 3D culture models lack the cellular and molecular complexity observed in vivo, we emphasize how these models can be used to answer targeted questions about branching morphogenesis. We highlight the specific advantages and limitations of using 3D culture models to study the dynamics and mechanisms of branching in the mammary gland and mammalian lung. Finally, we discuss potential directions for future research and propose strategies for engineering the next generation of 3D culture models for studying tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Nerger
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mishra M, Jiang H, Chawsheen HA, Gerard M, Toledano MB, Wei Q. Nrf2-activated expression of sulfiredoxin contributes to urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2018; 432:216-226. [PMID: 29906488 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Cigarette smoking and exposure to chemical carcinogens are among the risk factors of lung tumorigenesis. In this study, we found that cigarette smoke condensate and urethane significantly stimulated the expression of sulfiredoxin (Srx) at the transcript and protein levels in cultured normal lung epithelial cells, and such stimulation was mediated through the activation of nuclear related factor 2 (Nrf2). To study the role of Srx in lung cancer development in vivo, mice with Srx wildtype, heterozygous or knockout genotype were subjected to the same protocol of urethane treatment to induce lung tumors. By comparing tumor multiplicity and volume between groups of mice with different genotype, we found that Srx knockout mice had a significantly lower number and smaller size of lung tumors. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that loss of Srx led to a decrease of tumor cell proliferation as well as an increase of tumor cell apoptosis. These data suggest that Srx may have an oncogenic role that contributes to the development of lung cancer in smokers or urethane-exposed human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murli Mishra
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Hedy A Chawsheen
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Matthieu Gerard
- Epigenetic Regulation and Cancer Group, Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay (iBiTecS), CEA-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel B Toledano
- Oxidative Stress and Cancer Group (LSOC), Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay (iBiTecS), CEA-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Qiou Wei
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jackson GR, Maione AG, Klausner M, Hayden PJ. Prevalidation of an Acute Inhalation Toxicity Test Using the EpiAirway In Vitro Human Airway Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:149-158. [PMID: 29904643 PMCID: PMC5994905 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Knowledge of acute inhalation toxicity potential is important for establishing safe use of chemicals and consumer products. Inhalation toxicity testing and classification procedures currently accepted within worldwide government regulatory systems rely primarily on tests conducted in animals. The goal of the current work was to develop and prevalidate a nonanimal (in vitro) test for determining acute inhalation toxicity using the EpiAirway™ in vitro human airway model as a potential alternative for currently accepted animal tests. Materials and Methods: The in vitro test method exposes EpiAirway tissues to test chemicals for 3 hours, followed by measurement of tissue viability as the test endpoint. Fifty-nine chemicals covering a broad range of toxicity classes, chemical structures, and physical properties were evaluated. The in vitro toxicity data were utilized to establish a prediction model to classify the chemicals into categories corresponding to the currently accepted Globally Harmonized System (GHS) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) system. Results: The EpiAirway prediction model identified in vivo rat-based GHS Acute Inhalation Toxicity Category 1–2 and EPA Acute Inhalation Toxicity Category I–II chemicals with 100% sensitivity and specificity of 43.1% and 50.0%, for GHS and EPA acute inhalation toxicity systems, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the EpiAirway prediction model for identifying GHS specific target organ toxicity-single exposure (STOT-SE) Category 1 human toxicants were 75.0% and 56.5%, respectively. Corrosivity and electrophilic and oxidative reactivity appear to be the predominant mechanisms of toxicity for the most highly toxic chemicals. Conclusions: These results indicate that the EpiAirway test is a promising alternative to the currently accepted animal tests for acute inhalation toxicity.
Collapse
|
31
|
Svensson M, Chen P. Human Organotypic Respiratory Models. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018:29-54. [PMID: 29808337 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical research aiming to understand the molecular basis of human lung tissue development, homeostasis and disease, or to develop new therapies for human respiratory diseases, requires models that faithfully recapitulate the human condition. This has stimulated biologists and engineers to develop in vitro organotypic models mimicking human respiratory tissues. In this chapter, we provide examples of different types of model systems ranging from simple unicellular cultures to more complex multicellular systems. The models contain, in varying degree, cell types present in real tissue in combination with different extracellular matrix components that can critically affect cell phenotype and function. We also describe how organotypic respiratory models can be combined with human innate immune cells, to better recapitulate tissue inflammation, a key component in, for example, infectious diseases. These models have the potential to provide new insights into lung physiology, tissue infection and inflammation, disease mechanisms, as well as provide a platform for identification of novel targets and screening of candidate drugs in human lung disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Svensson
- F59, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Puran Chen
- F59, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nadkarni RR, Abed S, Draper JS. Stem Cells in Pulmonary Disease and Regeneration. Chest 2018; 153:994-1003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
33
|
Lung Toxicity of Condensed Aerosol from E-CIG Liquids: Influence of the Flavor and the In Vitro Model Used. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101254. [PMID: 29053606 PMCID: PMC5664755 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The diffusion of e-cigarette (e-CIG) opens a great scientific and regulatory debate about its safety. The huge number of commercialized devices, e-liquids with almost infinite chemical formulations and the growing market demand for a rapid and efficient toxicity screen system that is able to test all of these references and related aerosols. A consensus on the best protocols for the e-CIG safety assessment is still far to be achieved, since the huge number of variables characterizing these products (e.g., flavoring type and concentration, nicotine concentration, type of the device, including the battery and the atomizer). This suggests that more experimental evidences are needed to support the regulatory frameworks. The present study aims to contribute in this field by testing the effects of condensed aerosols (CAs) from three main e-liquid categories (tobacco, mint, and cinnamon as food-related flavor), with (18 mg/mL) or without nicotine. Two in vitro models, represented by a monoculture of human epithelial alveolar cells and a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture of alveolar and lung microvascular endothelial cells were used. Cell viability, pro-inflammatory cytokines release and alveolar-blood barrier (ABB) integrity were investigated as inhalation toxicity endpoints. Results showed that nicotine itself had almost no influence on the modulation of the toxicity response, while flavor composition did have. The cell viability was significantly decreased in monoculture and ABB after exposure to the mints and cinnamon CAs. The barrier integrity was significantly affected in the ABB after exposure to cytotoxic CAs. With the exception of the significant IL-8 release in the monoculture after Cinnamon exposure, no increase of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and MCP-1) release was observed. These findings point out that multiple assays with different in vitro models are able to discriminate the acute inhalation toxicity of CAs from liquids with different flavors, providing the companies and regulatory bodies with useful tools for the preliminary screening of marketable products.
Collapse
|
34
|
Application of standard cell cultures and 3D in vitro tissue models as an effective tool in drug design and development. Pharmacol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
35
|
Perry IA, Sexton KJ, Prytherch ZC, Blum JL, Zelikoff JT, BéruBé KA. An In Vitro Versus In Vivo Toxicogenomic Investigation of Prenatal Exposures to Tobacco Smoke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:379-388. [PMID: 30637297 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 1 million women smoke during pregnancy despite evidence demonstrating serious juvenile and/or adult diseases being linked to early-life exposure to cigarette smoke. Susceptibility could be determined by factors in previous generations, that is, prenatal or "maternal" exposures to toxins. Prenatal exposure to airborne pollutants such as mainstream cigarette smoke has been shown to induce early-life insults (i.e., gene changes) in Offspring that serve as biomarkers for disease later in life. In this investigation, we have evaluated genome-wide changes in the lungs of mouse Dams and their juvenile Offspring exposed prenatally to mainstream cigarette smoke. An additional lung model was tested alongside the murine model, as a means to find an alternative in vitro, human tissue-based replacement for the use of animals in medical research. Our toxicogenomic and bio-informatic results indicated that in utero exposure altered the genetic patterns of the fetus, which could put them at greater risk for developing a range of chronic illnesses in later life. The genes altered in the in vitro, cell culture model were reflected in the murine model of prenatal exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke. The use of alternative in vitro models derived from human medical waste tissues could be viable options to achieve human endpoint data and conduct research that meets the remits for scientists to undertake the 3Rs practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain A Perry
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Keith J Sexton
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Zoë C Prytherch
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L Blum
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Centre, Tuxedo, New York
| | - Judith T Zelikoff
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Centre, Tuxedo, New York
| | - Kelly A BéruBé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fields W, Maione A, Keyser B, Bombick B. Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Brian Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Betsy Bombick
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zavala J, O'Brien B, Lichtveld K, Sexton KG, Rusyn I, Jaspers I, Vizuete W. Assessment of biological responses of EpiAirway 3-D cell constructs versus A549 cells for determining toxicity of ambient air pollution. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 28:251-9. [PMID: 27100558 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1157227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT EpiAirway™ 3-D constructs are human-derived cell cultures of differentiated airway epithelial cells that may represent a more biologically relevant model of the human lung. However, limited information is available on their utility for exposures to air pollutants at the air-liquid interface (ALI). OBJECTIVE To assess the biological responses of EpiAirway™ cells in comparison to the responses of A549 human alveolar epithelial cells after exposure to air pollutants at ALI. METHODS Cells were exposed to filtered air, 400 ppb of ozone (O3) or a photochemically aged Synthetic Urban Mixture (SynUrb54) consisting of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, O3 and other secondary oxidation products for 4 h. Basolateral supernatants and apical washes were collected at 9 and 24 h post-exposure. We assessed cytotoxicity by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the culture medium and apical surface. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) proteins were measured in the culture medium and in the apical washes to determine the inflammatory response after exposure. RESULTS Both O3 and SynUrb54 significantly increased basolateral levels of LDH and IL-8 in A549 cells. No significant changes in LDH and IL-8 levels were observed in the EpiAirway™ cells, however, IL-6 in the apical surface was significantly elevated at 24 h after O3 exposure. CONCLUSION LDH and IL-8 are robust endpoints for assessing toxicity in A549 cells. The EpiAirway™ cells show minimal adverse effects after exposure suggesting that they are more toxicologically resistant compared to A549 cells. Higher concentrations or longer exposure times are needed to induce effects on EpiAirway™ cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Bridget O'Brien
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Kim Lichtveld
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Kenneth G Sexton
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA .,b Department of Pediatrics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA , and.,c Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Leclercq B, Happillon M, Antherieu S, Hardy EM, Alleman LY, Grova N, Perdrix E, Appenzeller BM, Lo Guidice JM, Coddeville P, Garçon G. Differential responses of healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseased human bronchial epithelial cells repeatedly exposed to air pollution-derived PM 4. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1074-1088. [PMID: 27593349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
While the knowledge of the underlying mechanisms by which air pollution-derived particulate matter (PM) exerts its harmful health effects is still incomplete, detailed in vitro studies are highly needed. With the aim of getting closer to the human in vivo conditions and better integrating a number of factors related to pre-existing chronic pulmonary inflammatory, we sought to develop primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-diseased human bronchial epithelial (DHBE) cells, grown at the air-liquid interface. Pan-cytokeratin and MUC5AC immunostaining confirmed the specific cell-types of both these healthy and diseased cell models and showed they are closed to human bronchial epithelia. Thereafter, healthy and diseased cells were repeatedly exposed to air pollution-derived PM4 at the non-cytotoxic concentration of 5 μg/cm2. The differences between the oxidative and inflammatory states in non-exposed NHBE and COPD-DHBE cells indicated that diseased cells conserved their specific physiopathological characteristics. Increases in both oxidative damage and cytokine secretion were reported in repeatedly exposed NHBE cells and particularly in COPD-DHBE cells. Diseased cells repeatedly exposed had lower capacities to metabolize the organic chemicals-coated onto the air-pollution-derived PM4, such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), but showed higher sensibility to the formation of OH-B[a]P DNA adducts, because their diseased state possibly affected their defenses. Differential profiles of epigenetic hallmarks (i.e., global DNA hypomethylation, P16 promoter hypermethylation, telomere length shortening, telomerase activation, and histone H3 modifications) occurred in repeatedly exposed NHBE and particularly in COPD-DHBE cells. Taken together, these results closely supported the highest responsiveness of COPD-DHBE cells to a repeated exposure to air pollution-derived PM4. The use of these innovative in vitro exposure systems such as NHBE and COPD-DHBE cells could therefore be consider as a very useful and powerful promising tool in the field of the respiratory toxicology, taking into account sensitive individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Leclercq
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Mines de Douai, SAGE, CS10838, F-59508 Douai, France
| | - M Happillon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France
| | - S Antherieu
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France
| | - E M Hardy
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - L Y Alleman
- Mines de Douai, SAGE, CS10838, F-59508 Douai, France
| | - N Grova
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - E Perdrix
- Mines de Douai, SAGE, CS10838, F-59508 Douai, France
| | - B M Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - J-M Lo Guidice
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France
| | - P Coddeville
- Mines de Douai, SAGE, CS10838, F-59508 Douai, France
| | - G Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li X. In vitro toxicity testing of cigarette smoke based on the air-liquid interface exposure: A review. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:105-113. [PMID: 27470133 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol comprising particulate phase and gaseous vapour phase. The air-liquid interface exposure provides a possible technical means to implement whole smoke exposure for the assessment of tobacco products. In this review, the research progress in the in vitro toxicity testing of cigarette smoke based on the air-liquid interface exposure is summarized. The contents presented involve mainly cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, systems toxicology, 3D culture and cigarette smoke dosimetry related to cigarette smoke, as well as the assessment of electronic cigarette aerosol. Prospect of the application of the air-liquid interface exposure method in assessing the biological effects of tobacco smoke is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
In vitro assays as a tool for determination of VOCs toxic effect on respiratory system: A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
41
|
The development of a tissue-engineered tracheobronchial epithelial model using a bilayered collagen-hyaluronate scaffold. Biomaterials 2016; 85:111-27. [PMID: 26871888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Today, chronic respiratory disease is one of the leading causes of mortality globally. Epithelial dysfunction can play a central role in its pathophysiology. The development of physiologically-representative in vitro model systems using tissue-engineered constructs might improve our understanding of epithelial tissue and disease. This study sought to engineer a bilayered collagen-hyaluronate (CHyA-B) scaffold for the development of a physiologically-representative 3D in vitro tracheobronchial epithelial co-culture model. CHyA-B scaffolds were fabricated by integrating a thin film top-layer into a porous sub-layer with lyophilisation. The film layer firmly connected to the sub-layer with delamination occurring at stresses of 12-15 kPa. Crosslinked scaffolds had a compressive modulus of 1.9 kPa and mean pore diameters of 70 μm and 80 μm, depending on the freezing temperature. Histological analysis showed that the Calu-3 bronchial epithelial cell line attached and grew on CHyA-B with adoption of an epithelial monolayer on the film layer. Immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR studies demonstrated that the CHyA-B scaffolds facilitated Calu-3 cell differentiation, with enhanced mucin expression, increased ciliation and the formation of intercellular tight junctions. Co-culture of Calu-3 cells with Wi38 lung fibroblasts was achieved on the scaffold to create a submucosal tissue analogue of the upper respiratory tract, validating CHyA-B as a platform to support co-culture and cellular organisation reminiscent of in vivo tissue architecture. In summary, this study has demonstrated that CHyA-B is a promising tool for the development of novel 3D tracheobronchial co-culture in vitro models with the potential to unravel new pathways in drug discovery and drug delivery.
Collapse
|
42
|
Bardet G, Mignon V, Momas I, Achard S, Seta N. Human Reconstituted Nasal Epithelium, a promising in vitro model to assess impacts of environmental complex mixtures. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 32:55-62. [PMID: 26631767 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Considering the impact of respiratory diseases around the world, appropriate experimental tools to help understand the mechanisms involved in such diseases are becoming essential. Our aim was to investigate the cellular and morphological reactivity of a human Reconstituted Nasal Epithelium (hRNE) to evaluate the impact of environmental complex mixture (ECM), with tobacco smoke as a model, after three weeks of repeated exposures. Staining of hRNE showed a multilayered ciliated epithelium, with a regular cilia beats, and a mucus production. When hRNE was exposed to ECM for 5 min once or twice a week, during 3 weeks, significant changes occurred: IL-8 production significantly increased 24h after the first exposure compared with Air-exposure and only during the first week, without any loss of tissue integrity. Immunostaining of F-actin cytoskeleton showed a modification in cellular morphology (number and diameter). Taken together our results indicate that hRNE is well suited to study the cellular and morphological effects of repeated exposures to an environmental complex mixture. Human reconstituted epithelium models are currently the best in vitro representation of human respiratory tract physiology, and also the most robust for performing repeated exposures to atmospheric pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Bardet
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris, France; Agence de l'environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Angers, France.
| | - Virginie Mignon
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Cellular and Molecular Imaging Platform, UMS 3612 CNRS, US25 INSERM, Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Momas
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Achard
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Seta
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Biochimie, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
ODEWUMI CAROLINE, LATINWO LEKANM, SINCLAIR ANDRE, BADISA VEERAL, ABDULLAH AHKINYALA, BADISA RAMESHB. Effect of cadmium on the expression levels of interleukin-1α and interleukin-10 cytokines in human lung cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6422-6. [PMID: 26397147 PMCID: PMC4626121 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is an environmentally hazardous metal, which causes toxicity in humans. Inhalation of cigarette smoke and industrial fumes containing cadmium are sources of cadmium exposure. It is responsible for the malfunction of various organs, leading to disease particularly in the lungs, liver and kidneys. In the present study, the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on cell viability, and the expression levels of interleukin (IL)‑1α and IL‑10 cytokines at various concentrations and incubation durations were assessed in MRC‑9 human normal lung and A549 human lung cancer cells to elucidate the mechanism of cadmium toxicity. Cell viability was measured using a crystal violet dye binding assay. The expression levels of the cytokines were measured by cytokine specific enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay kits. The viability assay results revealed higher sensitivity of the A549 lung cancer cells to CdCl2 compared with the normal MRC‑9 lung cells. In the normal MRC‑9 lung cells, higher expression levels of the cytokines were observed at the lowest CdCl2 concentration at a shorter exposure time compared with the lung cancer cells. Higher levels of the cytokines were observed in the A549 lung cancer cells at all other times and concentrations compared with the MRC‑9 cells, indicating higher levels of inflammation. The cytokine levels were reduced at higher CdCl2 concentrations and longer exposure durations, demonstrating the toxic effect of cadmium. The results indicated that CdCl2 affected the expression levels of the cytokines and led to cytotoxicity in human lung cells, and suggested that compounds which reduce inflammation may prevent cadmium toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CAROLINE ODEWUMI
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - LEKAN M. LATINWO
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - ANDRE SINCLAIR
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - VEERA L.D. BADISA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - AHKINYALA ABDULLAH
- Department of Integrated Environmental Science and Natural Science, School of Science Engineering and Math, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA
| | - RAMESH B. BADISA
- Department of Basic Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Development of an in vitro cytotoxicity model for aerosol exposure using 3D reconstructed human airway tissue; application for assessment of e-cigarette aerosol. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1952-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
45
|
|
46
|
Mathis C, Gebel S, Poussin C, Belcastro V, Sewer A, Weisensee D, Hengstermann A, Ansari S, Wagner S, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A systems biology approach reveals the dose- and time-dependent effect of primary human airway epithelium tissue culture after exposure to cigarette smoke in vitro. Bioinform Biol Insights 2015; 9:19-35. [PMID: 25788831 PMCID: PMC4357630 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s19908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish a relevant in vitro model for systems toxicology-based mechanistic assessment of environmental stressors such as cigarette smoke (CS), we exposed human organotypic bronchial epithelial tissue cultures at the air liquid interface (ALI) to various CS doses. Previously, we compared in vitro gene expression changes with published human airway epithelia in vivo data to assess their similarities. Here, we present a follow-up evaluation of these in vitro transcriptomics data, using complementary computational approaches and an integrated mRNA-microRNA (miRNA) analysis. The main cellular pathways perturbed by CS exposure were related to stress responses (oxidative stress and xenobiotic metabolism), inflammation (inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and the interferon gamma-dependent pathway), and proliferation/differentiation. Within post-exposure periods up to 48 hours, a transient kinetic response was observed at lower CS doses, whereas higher doses resulted in more sustained responses. In conclusion, this systems toxicology approach has potential for product testing according to "21st Century Toxicology".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Gebel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carine Poussin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Belcastro
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Weisensee
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnd Hengstermann
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sam Ansari
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Wagner
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Willoughby JA. Predicting Respiratory Toxicity Using a Human 3D Airway (EpiAirway™) Model Combined with Multiple Parametric Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2014.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
48
|
Kuehn D, Majeed S, Guedj E, Dulize R, Baumer K, Iskandar A, Boue S, Martin F, Kostadinova R, Mathis C, Ivanov NV, Frentzel S, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Impact assessment of repeated exposure of organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue culture models to whole cigarette smoke. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25741927 PMCID: PMC4354636 DOI: 10.3791/52325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) has a major impact on lung biology and may result in the development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or lung cancer. To understand the underlying mechanisms of disease development, it would be important to examine the impact of CS exposure directly on lung tissues. However, this approach is difficult to implement in epidemiological studies because lung tissue sampling is complex and invasive. Alternatively, tissue culture models can facilitate the assessment of exposure impacts on the lung tissue. Submerged 2D cell cultures, such as normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell cultures, have traditionally been used for this purpose. However, they cannot be exposed directly to smoke in a similar manner to the in vivo exposure situation. Recently developed 3D tissue culture models better reflect the in vivo situation because they can be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Their basal sides are immersed in the culture medium; whereas, their apical sides are exposed to air. Moreover, organotypic tissue cultures that contain different type of cells, better represent the physiology of the tissue in vivo. In this work, the utilization of an in vitro exposure system to expose human organotypic bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream CS is demonstrated. Ciliary beating frequency and the activity of cytochrome P450s (CYP) 1A1/1B1 were measured to assess functional impacts of CS on the tissues. Furthermore, to examine CS-induced alterations at the molecular level, gene expression profiles were generated from the tissues following exposure. A slight increase in CYP1A1/1B1 activity was observed in CS-exposed tissues compared with air-exposed tissues. A network-and transcriptomics-based systems biology approach was sufficiently robust to demonstrate CS-induced alterations of xenobiotic metabolism that were similar to those observed in the bronchial and nasal epithelial cells obtained from smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kuehn
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Remi Dulize
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Karine Baumer
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Anita Iskandar
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Stephanie Boue
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.;
| | - Florian Martin
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Carole Mathis
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Biological Systems Research, Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
In vitro cadmium effects on ECM gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Cytokine 2014; 72:9-16. [PMID: 25541143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposure to the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and its inhalation from cigarette smoke are associated with emphysema. Many growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) cell signaling molecules are directly involved in the epithelial bronchial cell pathway. This study investigated the direct effects of Cd on the production of several ECM components in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) that were exposed in vitro for 48 h to sub-toxic and toxic concentrations of Cd. Gene expression of collagens, metalloproteases (MMPs), integrins, tenascin and vitronectin were quantified by RT-PCR. To study apoptosis cascade, annexin assay and cellular cytotoxicity by MTT assay were performed. We also investigated whether an imbalance in the TGFβ/TGFβ receptor (TGFβR) expression mediated Cd effects. The results showed the sub-toxic Cd dose significantly increased tenascin, vitronectin, β1 and β5 integrin gene expression. The toxic Cd dose decreased type IV and V collagen, α1, α2 and β3 integrins. Both Cd doses down-regulated type I collagen and up-regulated metalloproteases. Each Cd dose caused a different imbalance in the complex pattern of TGFβ and its receptors. No alteration in classic apoptotic marker protein expression was observed in presence of the sub-toxic dose of Cd, suggesting this metal alters ECM production without apoptotic activation. In conclusion, all these data show even sub-toxic Cd dose exposure alters the specific gene expression of several ECM components that are crucially implicated in the mechanical properties of lung parenchyma supporting the hypothesis that the mechanism underlying Cd-induced lung disease may involve downstream changes in TGFβ/TGFβR signaling.
Collapse
|
50
|
Misra M, Leverette RD, Cooper BT, Bennett MB, Brown SE. Comparative in vitro toxicity profile of electronic and tobacco cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy products: e-liquids, extracts and collected aerosols. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:11325-47. [PMID: 25361047 PMCID: PMC4245615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111111325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) continues to increase worldwide in parallel with accumulating information on their potential toxicity and safety. In this study, an in vitro battery of established assays was used to examine the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, genotoxicity and inflammatory responses of certain commercial e-cigs and compared to tobacco burning cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (SLT) products and a nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) product. The toxicity evaluation was performed on e-liquids and pad-collected aerosols of e-cigs, pad-collected smoke condensates of tobacco cigarettes and extracts of SLT and NRT products. In all assays, exposures with e-cig liquids and collected aerosols, at the doses tested, showed no significant activity when compared to tobacco burning cigarettes. Results for the e-cigs, with and without nicotine in two evaluated flavor variants, were very similar in all assays, indicating that the presence of nicotine and flavors, at the levels tested, did not induce any cytotoxic, genotoxic or inflammatory effects. The present findings indicate that neither the e-cig liquids and collected aerosols, nor the extracts of the SLT and NRT products produce any meaningful toxic effects in four widely-applied in vitro test systems, in which the conventional cigarette smoke preparations, at comparable exposures, are markedly cytotoxic and genotoxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Misra
- Lorillard Tobacco Company, A.W. Spears Research Center, 420 North English Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27405, USA.
| | - Robert D Leverette
- Lorillard Tobacco Company, A.W. Spears Research Center, 420 North English Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27405, USA.
| | - Bethany T Cooper
- Lorillard Tobacco Company, A.W. Spears Research Center, 420 North English Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27405, USA.
| | - Melanee B Bennett
- Lorillard Tobacco Company, A.W. Spears Research Center, 420 North English Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27405, USA.
| | - Steven E Brown
- Lorillard Tobacco Company, A.W. Spears Research Center, 420 North English Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|