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Yang H, Hou B, Ye L, Xu S, Xin H, Zhang S. Groundwater chemical evolution characteristics and human health risk assessment in Shicheng County, Jiangxi Province. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:37337-37355. [PMID: 38771539 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater plays a pivotal role in the water resources of Shicheng County; however, the issue of excessive fluoride content in groundwater and its associated health risks often goes unnoticed. Groundwater assumes a crucial role in the hydrological dynamics of Shicheng County; nevertheless, the matter concerning elevated levels of fluoride within groundwater and its accompanying health hazards frequently evades attention. The hydrogeochemical analysis, obscure comprehensive water quality assessment based on cloud model, and probabilistic human health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation were conducted on 34 collected water samples. The findings indicate that the predominant groundwater hydrochemical types are SO4·Cl-Na and HCO3-Na. The processes of rock weathering and cation exchange play crucial roles in influencing water chemistry. Groundwater samples generally exhibit elevated concentrations of F-, surpassing the drinking water standard, primarily attributed to mineral dissolution. The concentrations of F- in more than 52.94% and 23.53% of the groundwater samples exceeded the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk limits for children and adults, respectively. Considering the inherent uncertainty in model parameters, it is anticipated that both children and adults will have a probability exceeding 49.36% and 30.50%, respectively, of being exposed to elevated levels of F ions in groundwater. The utilization of stochastic simulations, in contrast to deterministic methods, enables a more precise depiction of health risks. The outcomes derived from this investigation possess the potential to assist policymakers in formulating strategies aimed at ensuring the provision of secure domestic water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Baoquan Hou
- Tianjin Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute, Tianjin, 300051, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Lumo Road No. 388, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Shuang Xu
- Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541006, Guangxi, China
| | - Haitao Xin
- Ningxia Technical College of Wine and Desertification Prevention, Yinchuan, 750199, Ningxia, China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research, Maanshan, 243000, Anhui, China
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Malin AJ, Hu H, Martínez-Mier EA, Eckel SP, Farzan SF, Howe CG, Funk W, Meeker JD, Habre R, Bastain TM, Breton CV. Urinary fluoride levels and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California. Environ Health 2023; 22:74. [PMID: 37880740 PMCID: PMC10601173 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-023-01026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoride is ubiquitous in the United States (US); however, data on biomarkers and patterns of fluoride exposure among US pregnant women are scarce. We examined specific gravity adjusted maternal urinary fluoride (MUFsg) in relation to sociodemographic variables and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California. METHODS Participants were from the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) cohort. There were 293 and 490 women with MUFsg measured during first and third trimesters, respectively. An intra-class correlation coefficient examined consistency of MUFsg between trimesters. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests examined associations of MUFsg with sociodemographic variables. Covariate adjusted linear regression examined associations of MUFsg with blood metals and specific gravity adjusted urine metals among a subsample of participants within and between trimesters. A False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction accounted for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Median (IQR) MUFsg was 0.65 (0.5) mg/L and 0.8 (0.59) mg/L, during trimesters one and three respectively. During both trimesters, MUFsg was higher among older participants, those with higher income, and White, non-Hispanic participants than Hispanic participants. MUFsg was also higher for White, non-Hispanic participants than for Black, non-Hispanic participants in trimester three, and for those with graduate training in trimester one. MUFsg was negatively associated with blood mercury in trimester one and positively associated with blood lead in trimester three. MUFsg was positively associated with various urinary metals, including antimony, barium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, tin, and zinc in trimesters one and/or three. CONCLUSIONS MUFsg levels observed were comparable to those found in pregnant women in Mexico and Canada that have been associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes. Lower urinary fluoride levels among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black participants in MADRES compared to non-Hispanic White participants may reflect lower tap water consumption or lower fluoride exposure from other sources. Additional research is needed to examine whether MUFsg levels observed among pregnant women in the US are associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Malin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, 32603, USA.
| | - Howard Hu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9239, USA
| | - E Angeles Martínez-Mier
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, 1121 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2876, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9239, USA
| | - Shohreh F Farzan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9239, USA
| | - Caitlin G Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Williamson Translational Research Building, 7th Floor, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - William Funk
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 680 N Lake Shore Dr Ste 1400, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1420 Washington Hts, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rima Habre
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9239, USA
| | - Theresa M Bastain
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9239, USA
| | - Carrie V Breton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9239, USA
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Tkachenko H, Kurhaluk N, Skaletska N, Maksin V, Osadowski Z. Elemental Status and Lipid Peroxidation in the Blood of Children with Endemic Fluorosis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1237-1245. [PMID: 32557098 PMCID: PMC7886736 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the levels of trace elements, minerals, and toxic elements as well as lipid peroxidation biomarkers (lipid acyl hydroperoxides, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) in the blood of children with chronic fluorosis from endemic fluorosis areas (Sosnivka village, Lviv region, western Ukraine). The results were compared with healthy children from Staryi Sambir (Lviv region, western Ukraine), whose drinking water contained permissible levels (< 1 ppm) of fluoride. Thirty-one children from the Sosnivka village in the Lviv region, including 16 females and 15 males aged 7-10 years, with clinically diagnosed fluorosis, were recruited for the study. The children had been exposed to fluoride (> 1.5 ppm) through drinking water for more than 5 years. In the blood, eight macro- and microelements (calcium, zinc, potassium, iron, copper, selenium, manganese, chromium), five additional elements (sulfur, bromine, chlorine, nickel, strontium), and four toxic elements (lead, mercury, cadmium, mercury) were assessed with the X-ray fluorescence method. The results of our study demonstrated a 14-fold decrease in the copper level, a 2.5-fold decrease in the calcium and zinc levels, and a 2-fold decrease in the selenium level in the blood of children with chronic fluorosis compared with the healthy children from the non-fluorosis area. In turn, a 1.7- and 1.4-fold increase in the strontium and lead content, respectively, was noted. The sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, copper, zinc, and selenium levels in the blood samples of children with chronic fluorosis were lower than the reference value. The children had higher blood TBARS levels, while the acyl hydroperoxide levels were non-significantly increased in comparison with healthy children living in the non-fluorosis area. Additionally, the bromine level was correlated positively with the selenium level and acyl hydroperoxides. However, more studies are needed to clarify the relationship between blood mineral status, oxidative stress biomarkers, and chronic fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Tkachenko
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences,, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski Str. 22b, 76-200, Słupsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Kurhaluk
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences,, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski Str. 22b, 76-200, Słupsk, Poland.
| | | | - Viktor Maksin
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Zbigniew Osadowski
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences,, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski Str. 22b, 76-200, Słupsk, Poland
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Abstract
Doxycycline, a member of the tetracycline family, is a drug used as an antibiotic (dosage of 100 mg/day) and as an anti-inflammatory drug on the dosage of 20 mg twice a day, this use has Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) inhibitor action. Doxycycline is a calcium chelator and therefore interferes in bone remodeling. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the action of the drug doxycycline in the control of osteopenia. Sixty three Wistars rats were divided into 9 groups with n = 7 each, as follow: the control group with doxycycline 10 mg/kg/day (C10), control with doxycycline 30 mg/kg/day (C30) and control (C), ovariectomized group with doxycycline 10 mg/kg/day (OVX10), ovariectomized with doxycycline 30 mg/kg/day (OVX30), and ovariectomized with water (OVX), sedentary group with 10 mg/kg/day (Se10), sedentary with doxycycline 30 mg/kg/day (Se30), and sedentary group with water (Se). Left femoral bone was used for bone densitometry, right femoral bone for histological analysis. The right tibia was intended for chemical quantifications, the total serum was used for cholesterol and calcium quantification. The length of the left femoral bone was measured after the densitometry analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate general linear model (ANOVA two factors with Bonferroni adjustment) and the TRAP analysis was subjected to normality test and then were subjected to nonparametric test, both with p < 0.05 significance. Statistically significant differences were found, with better results for the groups exposed to the medication (10 and 30 mg/kg/day): Se vs. Se10 and Se vs. Se30 for BMC, quantification of magnesium, amount of cancellous bone in the distal portion; OVX vs. OVX10 for BMC, BMD and calcium in serum; OVX vs. OVX10 and OVX30 for quantification in proximal and distal portion of cancellous bone; Se vs. Se30 and OVX vs. OVX30 for immunostaining for TRAP, all results with minimum of p ≤ 0.05. Doxycycline had a deleterious effect on control groups and positive action for bone organization on female rats affected by bilateral ovariectomy-induced osteopenia and sedentary lifestyle.
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Ananda Jayalal TB, Jayaruwan Bandara TWMA, Mahawithanage STC, Wansapala MAJ, Galappaththi SPL. A quantitative analysis of chronic exposure of selected heavy metals in a model diet in a CKD hotspot in Sri Lanka. BMC Nephrol 2019. [PMID: 31174487 DOI: 10.1186/s12882‐019‐1371‐5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of chronic low levels of exposure to heavy metals in Sri Lanka has emerged in a number of studies carried out in the recent past. The source and magnitude of such exposures have to be understood in order to assess the risk of adverse health effects of this exposure and to propose suitable public health interventions. METHODS An assessment was carried out to quantify chronic exposure to cadmium, lead and arsenic through food in people living in an area in Sri Lanka, where prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown origin (CKDu) is highest. First a dietary survey was carried out in the subjects to estimate the type and quantity of typical food items in order to estimate an average consumption. A model diet was formulated using this dietary consumption data; and this was thereafter used for estimation of chronic dietary exposure of selected contaminants. In parallel, the levels of contaminants of interest in the various identified food items: cadmium, lead and arsenic, were determined. RESULTS Assuming the major route of intake is food, and based on the quantity and type of food items consumed, a 60 kg man is exposed to average doses of 83.7 μg cadmium, 924.1 μg lead, and 180.3 μg arsenic per week. The impact of chronic lead exposure was affirmed by a mean blood lead level of 3.0 μg/dL, with a maximum level of 8.8 μg/dL being observed in some cases. CONCLUSIONS Chronic low dose exposure of lead from food appears to be a public health concern in the studied population. Cadmium exposure through food appears to be of concern also. However, arsenic exposure through food appears to be within safe limits. As there are numbers of possible adverse health outcomes that can be associated with such estimated exposures of heavy metals, public health interventions are warranted to limit the described harmful exposures. Advocacy on dietary patterns and agronomic practices to lower the contaminants identified are the two broad strategies suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ananda Jayalal
- Environmental Health Occupational Health and Food Safety unit, Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Sanath T C Mahawithanage
- Biochemistry; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - M A Jagath Wansapala
- Food Science and Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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Ananda Jayalal TB, Jayaruwan Bandara TWMA, Mahawithanage STC, Wansapala MAJ, Galappaththi SPL. A quantitative analysis of chronic exposure of selected heavy metals in a model diet in a CKD hotspot in Sri Lanka. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:208. [PMID: 31174487 PMCID: PMC6554924 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence of chronic low levels of exposure to heavy metals in Sri Lanka has emerged in a number of studies carried out in the recent past. The source and magnitude of such exposures have to be understood in order to assess the risk of adverse health effects of this exposure and to propose suitable public health interventions. Methods An assessment was carried out to quantify chronic exposure to cadmium, lead and arsenic through food in people living in an area in Sri Lanka, where prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown origin (CKDu) is highest. First a dietary survey was carried out in the subjects to estimate the type and quantity of typical food items in order to estimate an average consumption. A model diet was formulated using this dietary consumption data; and this was thereafter used for estimation of chronic dietary exposure of selected contaminants. In parallel, the levels of contaminants of interest in the various identified food items: cadmium, lead and arsenic, were determined. Results Assuming the major route of intake is food, and based on the quantity and type of food items consumed, a 60 kg man is exposed to average doses of 83.7 μg cadmium, 924.1 μg lead, and 180.3 μg arsenic per week. The impact of chronic lead exposure was affirmed by a mean blood lead level of 3.0 μg/dL, with a maximum level of 8.8 μg/dL being observed in some cases. Conclusions Chronic low dose exposure of lead from food appears to be a public health concern in the studied population. Cadmium exposure through food appears to be of concern also. However, arsenic exposure through food appears to be within safe limits. As there are numbers of possible adverse health outcomes that can be associated with such estimated exposures of heavy metals, public health interventions are warranted to limit the described harmful exposures. Advocacy on dietary patterns and agronomic practices to lower the contaminants identified are the two broad strategies suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ananda Jayalal
- Environmental Health Occupational Health and Food Safety unit, Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Sanath T C Mahawithanage
- Biochemistry; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - M A Jagath Wansapala
- Food Science and Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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Spencer KF, Limeback H. Blood is thicker than water: Flaws in a National Toxicology Program study. Med Hypotheses 2018; 121:160-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yousefi M, Yaseri M, Nabizadeh R, Hooshmand E, Jalilzadeh M, Mahvi AH, Mohammadi AA. Association of Hypertension, Body Mass Index, and Waist Circumference with Fluoride Intake; Water Drinking in Residents of Fluoride Endemic Areas, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018. [PMID: 29541995 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is becoming a global epidemic for both rural and urban populations; it is a major public health challenge in Iran. Fluoride can be a risk factor for hypertension. Cross-sectional analysis was conducted in two study areas to assess the relation of fluoride with blood pressure prevalence, BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) among different age groups in both sexes. The mean value of fluoride concentration in the drinking water from the four study villages varied from 0.68 to 10.30 mg/L. The overall prevalence of HTN and prehypertension in all subjects was 40.7%. The prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension, isolated diastolic hypertension, systolic-diastolic hypertension, and prehypertension in the total sample population was 1.15, 0.28, 9.53, and 29.76%, respectively. The odd ratio of hypertension in residents who drank water with high fluoride levels was higher than that in residents who drank water with lower level of fluoride (OR 2.3, 1.03-5.14). Logistic regression results showed that age (P < 0.001), sex (P = 0.018), BMI (P = 0.015), and the fluoride level in drinking water (P = 0.041) had a significant relationship with increased blood pressure. There were no statistically significant correlations between fluoride and BMI, hip circumference, and waist to hip ratio (WHR). The findings of this study are important for health care personnel and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Yousefi
- Students Research Committee, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Jalilzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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Aoun A, Darwiche F, Al Hayek S, Doumit J. The Fluoride Debate: The Pros and Cons of Fluoridation. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2018; 23:171-180. [PMID: 30386744 PMCID: PMC6195894 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2018.23.3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoride is one of the most abundant elements found in nature. Water is the major dietary source of fluoride. The only known association with low fluoride intake is the risk of dental caries. Initially, fluoride was considered beneficial when given systemically during tooth development, but later research has shown the importance and the advantages of its topical effects in the prevention or treatment of dental caries and tooth decay. Water fluoridation was once heralded as one of the best public health achievements in the twentieth century. Since this practice is not feasible or cost effective in many regions, especially rural areas, researchers and policy makers have explored other methods of introducing fluoride to the general population such as adding fluoride to milk and table salt. Lately, major concerns about excessive fluoride intake and related toxicity were raised worldwide, leading several countries to ban fluoridation. Health-care professionals and the public need guidance regarding the debate around fluoridation. This paper reviews the different aspects of fluoridation, their effectiveness in dental caries prevention and their risks. It was performed in the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases in January 2018 without limitation as to the publication period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Aoun
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 72, Lebanon
| | - Farah Darwiche
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 72, Lebanon
| | - Sibelle Al Hayek
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 72, Lebanon
| | - Jacqueline Doumit
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 72, Lebanon
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de Figueiredo FAT, Ramos J, Kawakita ERH, Bilal AS, de Sousa FB, Swaim WD, Issa JPM, Gerlach RF. Lead line in rodents: an old sign of lead intoxication turned into a new method for environmental surveillance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21475-21484. [PMID: 27510160 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The "lead line" was described by Henry Burton in 1840. Rodents are used as sentinels to monitor environmental pollution, but their teeth have not been used to determine lead. To determine whether lead deposits can be observed in the teeth of lead-exposed animals, since the gingival deposits known as "lead line" would likely have a correlate in the calcified tissue to which the gums are opposed during life. Male Wistar rats were exposed to lead in the drinking water (30 mg/L) since birth until 60 days-old. Molars and the incisors of each hemimandible were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on regular and backscattered electrons (BSE) mode. Elements were determined using electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Clean cervical margins were observed on control teeth, as opposed to the findings of extensive deposits on lead-exposed animals, even in hemimandibles that had been exhumed after being buried for 90 days. BSE/EDS indicated that those deposits were an exogenous material compatible with lead sulfite. Presence of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, carbon, lead, and oxygen is presented. Lead-exposed animals presented marked root resorption. The lead deposits characterized here for the first time show that the "lead line" seen in gums has a calcified tissue counterpart, that is detectable post-mortem even in animals exposed to a low dose of lead. This is likely a good method to detect undue lead exposure and will likely have wide application for pollution surveillance using sentinels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fellipe Augusto Tocchini de Figueiredo
- Department of Morphology, Physiology, and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto (FORP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida do Cafe S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, CEP 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Junia Ramos
- Department of Morphology, Physiology, and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto (FORP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida do Cafe S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, CEP 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Erika R Hashimoto Kawakita
- Department of Morphology, Physiology, and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto (FORP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida do Cafe S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, CEP 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Alina S Bilal
- Department of Morphology, Physiology, and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto (FORP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida do Cafe S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, CEP 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Frederico B de Sousa
- Department of Morphology, Science Health Center, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - William D Swaim
- National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joao P Mardegan Issa
- Department of Morphology, Physiology, and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto (FORP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida do Cafe S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, CEP 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Raquel F Gerlach
- Department of Morphology, Physiology, and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto (FORP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida do Cafe S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, CEP 14040-904, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto (FMRP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes 3400, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, CEP: 14049-900, Brazil
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Nelson-Filho P, Rossi CRB, Gomes-Silva JM, Faraoni-Romano JJ, Lucisano MP, da Silva RAB, da Silva LAB, Palma-Dibb RG. Enamel permeability and resistance to acid challenges after systemic use of sodium alendronate: a study in rat teeth. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1647-54. [PMID: 26556579 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the enamel resistance and permeability of rat teeth to acid challenges after systemic use of sodium alendronate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen Wistar rats (36 teeth), aged 36-42 days (200-230 g), were assigned into two groups: alendronate group (n = 20 teeth), which received two weekly doses of 1 mg/kg of alendronate, via gavage; and a non-alendronate group (n = 16 teeth), which received only distilled water. After 60 days, the animals were killed, the maxillary incisors were extracted and used for the artificial induction of the caries lesion (pH cycling regimen) and erosion area (immersion cycles in cola-type soft drink) and for the enamel permeability test (dye penetration). The teeth were divided into alendronate group (n = 10) or non-alendronate group (n = 8) for each test. The quantitative response variables were the percent longitudinal change in Knoop microhardness (%LMC), the enamel carious/erosion lesion area (CELA) and enamel permeability. RESULTS Groups were not significantly different (p > 0.05) with regard to the %LMC and enamel permeability (25.58 μm ± 12.73 and 25.40 μm ± 4.6 for the experimental and control groups, respectively). For CELA, it was not observed significant difference (p > 0.05) between the non-alendronate group (24.08 ± 1.36 and 25.22 ± 1.60, for caries and erosion, respectively) and the alendronate group (25.46 ± 1.60 and 25.0 ± 1.26) for caries and erosion, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Based on the methodological conditions and the presented results of this study, sodium alendronate did not affect the longitudinal microhardness, demineralisation lesion area or permeability of the enamel after acid challenge; therefore, alendronate did not become the enamel of rats more resistant. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The systemic alendronate treatment for 60 days did not change the enamel of rats regarding the susceptibility to acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. .,Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristhiane Ristum Bagatin Rossi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaciara Miranda Gomes-Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marília Pacífico Lucisano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Guenka Palma-Dibb
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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12
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Podgorny PC, McLaren L. Public perceptions and scientific evidence for perceived harms/risks of community water fluoridation: An examination of online comments pertaining to fluoridation cessation in Calgary in 2011. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2015; 106:e413-25. [PMID: 26680434 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.106.5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the perceived harms/risks of fluoridation as expressed in online forums relating to cessation and aftermath in Calgary, specifically, 1) which harms/risks are mentioned, 2) for those harms/risks, what kinds of evidence are cited, 3) to what extent is scientific literature cited, and what is its quality, and 4) for a subset of harms/risks, what is known from the broader scientific literature? METHODS Relevant online comments were identified through free-text Internet searches, and those explicitly discussing the harms/risks of water fluoridation were extracted. Types of evidence mentioned were identified, and the scientific papers cited were reviewed. Finally, the broader scientific literature on two of the harms/risks was reviewed and synthesized. SYNTHESIS We identified 17 distinct groups of harms/risks, which spanned human body systems, the environment and non-human organisms. Most often, no evidence was cited. When evidence was cited, types included individuals viewed as authorities and personal experiences. Reference to scientific articles was rare, and those papers (n = 9) had significant methodological concerns. Our review of scientific literature on fluoride and 1) thyroid functioning and 2) phytoplankton revealed some negative effects of fluoride at concentrations exceeding maximum recommended levels (>1.5 ppm). CONCLUSION The findings have implications for communication with the public about fluoridation. First, to the extent that the public consults the scientific literature, it is essential that the methodological limitations of a study, as well as its relevance to community water fluoridation, be widely and promptly communicated. Second, scientific evidence is only one component of why some people support or do not support fluoridation, and communication strategies must accommodate that reality.
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13
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Malin AJ, Till C. Exposure to fluoridated water and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States: an ecological association. Environ Health 2015; 14:17. [PMID: 25890329 PMCID: PMC4389999 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological and animal-based studies have suggested that prenatal and postnatal fluoride exposure has adverse effects on neurodevelopment. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between exposure to fluoridated water and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States. METHODS Data on ADHD prevalence among 4-17 year olds collected in 2003, 2007 and 2011 as part of the National Survey of Children's Health, and state water fluoridation prevalence from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collected between 1992 and 2008 were utilized. RESULTS State prevalence of artificial water fluoridation in 1992 significantly positively predicted state prevalence of ADHD in 2003, 2007 and 2011, even after controlling for socioeconomic status. A multivariate regression analysis showed that after socioeconomic status was controlled each 1% increase in artificial fluoridation prevalence in 1992 was associated with approximately 67,000 to 131,000 additional ADHD diagnoses from 2003 to 2011. Overall state water fluoridation prevalence (not distinguishing between fluoridation types) was also significantly positively correlated with state prevalence of ADHD for all but one year examined. CONCLUSIONS Parents reported higher rates of medically-diagnosed ADHD in their children in states in which a greater proportion of people receive fluoridated water from public water supplies. The relationship between fluoride exposure and ADHD warrants future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Malin
- Department of Psychology, York University, Keele St., 4700, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Christine Till
- Department of Psychology, York University, Keele St., 4700, Toronto, Canada.
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Further development of mathematical description for combined toxicity: A case study of lead-fluoride combination. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:297-307. [PMID: 28962363 PMCID: PMC5598235 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats were exposed during 6 weeks to repeated i.p. injections of lead acetate, sodium fluoride or both in doses 0.05 LD50. The development of intoxication was estimated quantitatively with 54 functional, biochemical and morphometric indices. For mathematical description of effects a response surface regression model containing linear and cross terms was used. 10 types of combined action were found thus confirming the result of the similar study on Pb and Cd. Special attention is given to indices on which combined toxics produce opposite effects.
In this article, we check and develop further some postulates of the theory and mathematical modeling of combined toxic effect that we proposed earlier [1]. To this end, we have analyzed the results of an experiment on rats exposed during 6 weeks to repeated intraperitoneal injections of lead acetate, sodium fluoride or both. The development of intoxication was estimated quantitatively with 54 functional, biochemical and morphometric indices. For mathematical description of the effect that lead and fluorine doses produced alone or in combination, we used a response surface regression model containing linear and cross terms (hyperbolic paraboloid). It is shown that the combination of lead and fluoride features the same 10 types of combined effect that we found previously for the lead and cadmium combination. Special attention is given to indices on which lead and fluorine produce an opposite effect.
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Peluso MEM, Munnia A, Giese RW, Catelan D, Rocca S, Farigu S, Leoni A, Bruzzone M, Ceppi M, Biggeri A. Exocyclic DNA adducts in sheep with skeletal fluorosis resident in the proximity of the Portoscuso-Portovesme industrial estate on Sardinia Island, Italy. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which fluoride produces its toxic effects are still not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E. M. Peluso
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch
- ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute
- Florence
- Italy
| | - Armelle Munnia
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch
- ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute
- Florence
- Italy
| | - Roger W. Giese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in the Bouve College of Health Sciences
- Barnett Institute
- Northeastern University
- Boston, Massachusetts
- USA
| | - Dolores Catelan
- Department of Statistics “G. Parenti”
- University of Florence
- Florence
- Italy
- Biostatistic Unit
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine
- University of Sassari
- Sassari
- Italy
| | - Serafina Farigu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine
- University of Sassari
- Sassari
- Italy
| | - Antonio Leoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine
- University of Sassari
- Sassari
- Italy
| | - Marco Bruzzone
- IRCSS San Martino Hospital – National Cancer Research Institute
- Genoa
- Italy
| | - Marcello Ceppi
- IRCSS San Martino Hospital – National Cancer Research Institute
- Genoa
- Italy
| | - Annibale Biggeri
- Department of Statistics “G. Parenti”
- University of Florence
- Florence
- Italy
- Biostatistic Unit
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16
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Kalisinska E, Bosiacka-Baranowska I, Lanocha N, Kosik-Bogacka D, Krolaczyk K, Wilk A, Kavetska K, Budis H, Gutowska I, Chlubek D. Fluoride concentrations in the pineal gland, brain and bone of goosander (Mergus merganser) and its prey in Odra River estuary in Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:1063-77. [PMID: 24744187 PMCID: PMC4213386 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate fluoride concentrations in bone, brain and pineal gland of goosander Mergus merganser wintering in the Odra estuary (Poland) as well as in fish originating from its digestive tract. The fluoride concentrations were determined with potentiometric method. Medians of concentrations in goosander had the highest and the lowest values in pineal gland and brain (>760 and <190 mg/kg, respectively). Fluoride concentration in the pineal gland was significantly greater than in the bone and the brain of the duck. In fish, the fluoride concentration ranged from 37 to 640 mg/kg and significant correlation was revealed between the fluoride concentration and fish weight and length. Based on own results and data of other authors, a daily fluoride intake by the goosander in the Odra estuary was estimated at 15 mg. So high fluoride concentrations like in the duck have not been found in mammal brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Kalisinska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Bosiacka-Baranowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia Lanocha
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krolaczyk
- Laboratory of Biology and Ecology of Parasites, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Doktora Judyma 10, 71-466 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wilk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kavetska
- Laboratory of Biology and Ecology of Parasites, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Doktora Judyma 10, 71-466 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Halina Budis
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Niu R, Liu S, Wang J, Zhang J, Sun Z, Wang J. Proteomic analysis of hippocampus in offspring male mice exposed to fluoride and lead. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 162:227-33. [PMID: 25260320 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride and lead are two common pollutants in the environment. Previous investigations have found that high fluoride exposure can increase the lead burden. In this experiment, in order to study on the molecular mechanisms of central neural system injury induced by the above two elements, differently expressed protein spots in hippocampus of male mice treated with 150 mg sodium fluoride/L and/or 300 mg lead acetate/L in their drinking water were detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS). The behavior tests showed that 56 days of fluoride and lead administration significantly reduced the vertical activity and lowered the memory ability of mice. In addition, results of 2-DE and MS revealed that nine spots demonstrated above a twofold change in the same trend in all treatment groups, which were mainly related with (1) energy metabolism, (2) cell stress response/chaperones, (3) cytoskeleton development, (4) protein metabolism, and (5) cell surface signal transduction. The findings could provide potential biomarkers for lesion in nervous system induced by fluoride and lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China,
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18
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Reduced bone and body mass in young male rats exposed to lead. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:571065. [PMID: 24800241 PMCID: PMC3988974 DOI: 10.1155/2014/571065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to see whether there would be differences in whole blood versus tibia lead concentrations over time in growing rats prenatally. Lead was given in the drinking water at 30 mg/L from the time the dams were pregnant until offspring was 28- or 60-day-old. Concentrations of lead were measured in whole blood and in tibia after 28 (28D) and 60 days (60D) in control (C) and in lead-exposed animals (Pb). Lead measurements were made by GF-AAS. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the concentration of whole blood lead between Pb-28D (8.0 ± 1.1 μg/dL) and Pb-60D (7.2 ± 0.89 μg/dL), while both significantly varied (P < 0.01) from controls (0.2 μg/dL). Bone lead concentrations significantly varied between the Pb-28D (8.02 ± 1.12 μg/g) and the Pb-60D (43.3 ± 13.26 μg/g) lead-exposed groups (P < 0.01), while those exposed groups were also significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than the 28D and 60D control groups (Pb < 1 μg/g). The Pb-60D group showed a 25% decrease in tibia mass as compared to the respective control. The five times higher amount of lead found in the bone of older animals (Pb-60D versus Pb-28D), which reinforces the importance of using bone lead as an exposure biomarker.
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19
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de Souza-Guerra C, Barroso RC, de Almeida AP, Peixoto ITA, Moreira S, de Sousa FB, Gerlach RF. Anatomical variations in primary teeth microelements with known differences in lead content by micro-Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence (μ-SRXRF) - A preliminary study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:186-193. [PMID: 24656317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Shed teeth have been proposed as trace element biomarkers. This study determined variations in the spatial distribution of Ca, K, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, and Sr in four anatomical locations: superficial enamel (SE, 0-10μm), subsuperficial enamel (SSE, 10-30μm), primary dentin (PD), and secondary dentin (SD). Five primary incisors were analyzed by micro Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence (μ-SRXRF). Two teeth had low concentrations of lead in the SE (<250μg/g), while three contained very high lead concentrations in the SE (>2000μg/g). Teeth were sliced, and five spot measurements (20μm beam diameter) were accomplished in each location. The data are shown as absolute values and as the ratio between the different elements and Ca. The distribution of K was close to that of Ca. Zn was the third most abundant element, with the highest levels being found in the SE and SD and low levels detected in the PD. Increasing Sr levels were found progressing from the enamel to the dentin, with the highest levels being found in the SD, a distribution that was unique. Pb, Mn, and Cu exhibited a similar trend, with higher signals for these elements detected in the SE. This study provides preliminary data on the heterogeneous distribution of different elements in the tooth, highlighting the importance of the first 10μm of the SE for determination of some elements, such as Zn, Pb, Mn, and Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina de Souza-Guerra
- Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, FOP/UNICAMP, P.O. Box 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Regina Cely Barroso
- State University of Rio de Janeiro, IF/UERJ, P.O. Box 20559-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Andre Pereira de Almeida
- Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, COPPE/UFRJ, P.O. Box 68509, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Iza Teixeira Alves Peixoto
- Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, FOP/UNICAMP, P.O. Box 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana Moreira
- State University of Campinas, FEC/UNICAMP, P.O. Box 13083-852, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Raquel Fernanda Gerlach
- Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, FORP/USP, P.O. Box 14040-904, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Gutowska I, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Siwiec E, Szczuko M, Kolasa A, Kondarewicz A, Rybicka M, Dunaj-Stańczyk M, Wiernicki I, Chlubek D, Stachowska E. Lead enhances fluoride influence on apoptotic processes in the HepG2 liver cell line. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:517-25. [PMID: 24193047 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713502843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic long-term exposure to high levels of fluoride leads to fluorosis, manifested by skeletal fluorosis and damage to internal organs, including kidneys, liver, parathyroid glands, and brain. Excess fluoride can also cause DNA damage, trigger apoptosis, and change cell cycle. The effect of fluoride may be exacerbated by lead (Pb), a potent inhibitor of many enzymes and a factor causing apoptosis, still present in the environment in excessive amounts. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) and/or lead acetate (PbAc) on development of apoptosis, cell vitality, and proliferation in the liver cell line HepG2. We examined hepatocytes from the liver cell line HepG2, incubated for 48 h with NaF, PbAc, and their mixture (NaF + PbAc), and used for measuring apoptosis, index of proliferation, and vitality of cells. Incubation of the hepatocytes with NaF or PbAc increased apoptosis, more when fluoride and Pb were used simultaneously. Vitality of the cells depended on the compound used and its concentration. Proliferation slightly increased and then decreased in a high fluoride environment; it decreased significantly after addition of Pb in a dose-dependent manner. When used together, fluoride inhibited the decreasing effect of Pb on cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Siwiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szczuko
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Kondarewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Rybicka
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Ireneusz Wiernicki
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Nelson-Filho P, Lucisano MP, Da Silva RAB, Da Silva RS, Serra MC, Gerlach RF, Neto FCR, Carneiro ZA, Zamarioli A, Morse L, Battaglino R. Systemically alendronate was incorporated into dental tissues but did not cause morphological or mechanical changes in rats teeth. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 75:1265-71. [PMID: 22508272 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of the systemic use of sodium alendronate in rats in vivo. Forty-five Wistar rats aged 36 to 42 days and weighing 200 to 230 g were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 20), which received distilled water, and an experimental group (n = 25), which received 2 weekly doses of 1 mg/kg of chemically pure sodium alendronate. The animals were killed after 60 days of treatment. The tibias were removed for analysis of bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Then, the maxillary incisors were extracted for analysis of the mineralized dental tissues using fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), bright field microscopy (BFM), and cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) testing. DXA and CSMH data were subjected to statistical analysis by Kruskal-Wallis test (5% significance level). The experimental group presented higher bone mineral density than the control group by DXA. FS analysis revealed presence of alendronate in the mineralized dental tissues of the specimens of the experimental group. Significant morphological differences were not found by SEM and BFM. Enamel and dentin (100 and 300 μm from the dentinoenamel junction) CSMH data did not show significant difference between the control and experimental groups. Based on the obtained results, we conclude that while alendronate increased the bone mineral density and was incorporated into the mineralized dental tissues it did not cause significant alterations in the morphology and microhardness of rat incisor enamel and dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Amini H, Taghavi Shahri SM, Amini M, Ramezani Mehrian M, Mokhayeri Y, Yunesian M. Drinking water fluoride and blood pressure? An environmental study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:157-63. [PMID: 21484404 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between intakes of fluoride (F) from drinking water and blood pressure has not yet been reported. We examined the relationship of F in ground water resources (GWRs) of Iran with the blood pressure of Iranian population in an ecologic study. The mean F data of the GWRs (as a surrogate for F levels in drinking water) were derived from a previously conducted study. The hypertension prevalence and the mean of systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP & DBP) of Iranian population by different provinces and genders were also derived from the provincial report of non-communicable disease risk factor surveillance of Iran. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the mean concentrations of F in the GWRs and the hypertension prevalence of males (r = 0.48, p = 0.007), females (r = 0.36, p = 0.048), and overall (r = 0.495, p = 0.005). Also, statistically significant positive correlations between the mean concentrations of F in the GWRs and the mean SBP of males (r = 0.431, p = 0.018), and a borderline correlation with females (r = 0.352, p = 0.057) were found. In conclusion, we found the increase of hypertension prevalence and the SBP mean with the increase of F level in the GWRs of Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Amini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qods Street, PO Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Exposure to lead exacerbates dental fluorosis. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:695-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Costa de Almeida GR, de Sousa Guerra C, de Angelo Souza Leite G, Antonio RC, Barbosa F, Tanus-Santos JE, Gerlach RF. Lead contents in the surface enamel of primary and permanent teeth, whole blood, serum, and saliva of 6- to 8-year-old children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:1799-1805. [PMID: 21353293 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate associations of Pb-enamel values determined in two successive enamel microbiopsies taken from a primary and a permanent tooth, and to assess how Pb-enamel correlates with Pb-blood and Pb-serum as well as whole (Pb-whole-saliva), submandibular/sublingual (Pb-sub-saliva) and parotid saliva (Pb-parotid-saliva). The study population included 444 children aged 6 to 8years attending 4 government schools in the district of Campos Eliseos, in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Whole blood, serum, parotid, submandibular/sublingual ("sub-saliva"), and whole saliva were collected in trace element-free tubes. Two successive microbiopsies were taken from the surface of a primary and a permanent tooth of each child. Lead concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). There was a significant correlation between primary and permanent teeth in terms of Pb-enamel, for both the first and the second microbiopsies. When the median Pb-enamel values were compared between the two genders using only the highest 10th percentile Pb-enamel, there was a significant difference between girls and boys for both primary (474.2 vs 910.0μg/g, respectively; p=0.02) and permanent teeth (739.5 vs 1325μg/g, respectively; p=0.04). There were no significant correlations between Pb-enamel and Pb-blood or between Pb-enamel and lead in the 3 different salivas. However, there was a statistically significant correlation between Pb-enamel and Pb-serum when only the highest 10th percentile Pb-enamel was analyzed (r=0.57 and p=0.0002 for primary teeth; r=0.56 and p<0.0001, for permanent teeth). In conclusion, our findings have demonstrated a significant correlation between Pb-enamel found in primary and permanent teeth, as well as a significant correlation between Pb-serum and lead in primary and permanent tooth enamel. Boys presented higher Pb-enamel than girls. Our study also suggests that Pb-enamel has no correlation with Pb-blood or with lead in the 3 different salivas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauce Regina Costa de Almeida
- Department of Morphology, Estomatology and Physiology, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo - FORP/USP, Av. do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-904, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil
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Barbier O, Arreola-Mendoza L, Del Razo LM. Molecular mechanisms of fluoride toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:319-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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