In vitro cytotoxicity of zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper nanopowders prepared by green synthesis

Superb bio-effectiveness of Cobalt (II) phthalocyanine and Ag NPs adorned Sm-doped ZnO nanorods/cuttlefish bone to annihilate Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and adult worms: In-vitro evaluation

Herein, innovative biocides are designed for the treatment of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) and adult worms. Samarium-doped ZnO nanorods (Sm-doped ZnO) are stabilized onto the laminar structure of cuttlefish bone (CB) matrix and adorned by either Ag NPs or cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) species. Physicochemical characteristics of such nanocomposites are scrutinised. Adorning of Sm-doped ZnO/CB with Ag NPs shortens rod-like shaped Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles and accrues them, developing large-sized detached patches over CB moiety. Meanwhile, adorning of Sm-doped ZnO/CB by CoPc species degenerates CB lamellae forming semi-rounded platelets and encourages invading of Sm-doped ZnO nanorods deeply inside gallery spacings of CB. Both nanocomposites possess advanced parasiticidal activity, displaying quite intoxication for ML and adult worms (≥88% mortality) within an incubation period of <48 h at concentrations around 200 μg/ml. CoPc@Sm-doped ZnO/CB nanocomposite exhibits faster killing efficiency of adult worms than that of Ag@Sm-doped ZnO/CB at a concentration of ∼75 μg/ml showing entire destruction of parasite after 24 h incubation with the former nanocomposite and just 60% worm mortality after 36 h exposure to the later one. Morphological studies of the treated ML and adult worms show that CoPc@Sm-doped ZnO/CB exhibits a destructive impact on the parasite body, creating featureless and sloughed fragments enriched with intensive vacuoles. Hybridization of cuttlefish bone lamellae by CoPc species is considered a springboard for fabrication of futuristic aggressive drugs against various food- and water-borne parasites.

Low-temperature Co-precipitation Synthesis of ZnAl2O4 Nanophosphors Probing its Luminescent, Antibacterial and Anticancer Potentials

Metal nanoparticles and their binary oxides are well-known for their interactions with biomolecules and their applications in the biomedical field. However, the potential of ternary oxide nanophosphors remains underexplored in these fields due to challenges associated with high-temperature synthesis procedures and the use of toxic chemicals. ZnAl2O4, a ternary oxide matrix, being recognized for its adjustable wide bandgap, impressive surface properties, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and high quantum yield, is chosen for the present work. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the structural, morphological, optical, and cytotoxic properties of zinc aluminate nano phosphors synthesized through a co-precipitation method followed by low-temperature calcination. Analysis using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the formation of the ZnAl2O4 spinel phase initiates at 300 °C and completes at 750 °C.SEM-EDAX measurements provided further confirmation of the compositional integrity of the synthesized sample. The average crystallite size, determined to be 11.47 nm through a W-H plot, along with a higher bandgap value of 4.49 eV compared to bulk ZnAl2O4 from the diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), attests to the success of the nanophosphor synthesis. The self-activated blue luminescent centers of ZnAl2O4 can be fine-tuned to emit light in the green and red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum through appropriate rare earth (RE) doping, utilizing Tb3+ and Eu3+ respectively. Furthermore, the particles underwent short-term in-vitro cytotoxicity testing using Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites cells (DLA) and normal cells, demonstrating high activity against DLA cells while maintaining compatibility with normal cells.

Cytotoxicity of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Musa acuminata on Vero cells

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have become a highly regarded substance in various industries especially biologically synthesized ZnO NPs due to their adherence to the principles of green chemistry. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential cytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on biological systems. This study aimed to investigate and compare the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs that were synthesized through chemical (C-ZnO NPs) and green approach using Musa acuminata leaf aqueous extract (Ma-ZnO NPs) on Vero cells. Characterization of ZnO NPs through Uv-Vis, FESEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR and XPS confirmed the successful synthesis of C- and Ma-ZnO NPs. MTT and ROS assays revealed that C- and Ma-ZnO NPs induced a concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on Vero cells. Remarkably, Ma-ZnO NPs showed significantly higher cell viability compared to C-ZnO NPs. The corelation of ROS and vell viability suggest that elevated ROS levels can lead to cell damage and even cell death. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that Ma-ZnO NPs exposed cells had more viable cells and a smaller cell population in the late and early apoptotic stage. Furthermore, more cells were arrested in the G1 phase upon exposure to C-ZnO NPs, which is associated with oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by ROS generation, proving its higher cytotoxicity than Ma-ZnO NPs. Similarly, time-dependent cytotoxicity and morphological alterations were observed in C- and Ma-ZnO NPs treated cells, indicating cellular damage. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy also demonstrated a time-dependent increase in ROS formation in cells exposed to C- and Ma-ZnO NPs. In conclusion, the findings suggest that green ZnO NPs possess a favourable biocompatibility profile, exhibiting reduced cytotoxicity compared to chemically synthesized ZnO NPs on Vero cells. These results emphasize the potential of green synthesis methods for the development of safer and environmentally friendly ZnO NPs.

Green synthesis of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles in Satureja hortensis Leave Extract: Evaluation of Antifungal Effects on Botryosphaeriaceae Species

In recent years, green synthesis methods of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been attractive because of the more facile, cheaper, and appropriate features associated with biomolecules in MNPs biosynthesis. This research represented an easy, fast, and environmentally friendly method to biosynthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the Satureja hortensis leaf extract as stabilizer and reducer. The SPIONPs synthesized in co-precipitation method. The biosynthesized SPIONPs and AgNPs were studied their antifungal effects against three Botryosphaeriaceae plant pathogens, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, and Neofusicoccum parvum. UV-visible spectra (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (Fe-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) analyses were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties and verify the formation of green synthesized SPIONPs and AgNPs. UV-Vis spectra revealed absorption peaks at 243 and 448 nm for SPIONs and 436 nm for AgNPs, respectively. Microscopic and XRD analysis showed that SPIONPs and AgNPs was found spherical in shape with an average particle size of SPIONPs and AgNPs 10 and 12 nm, respectively. The antifungal test against Botryosphaeriaceae species showed that SPIONPs and AgNPs possess antifungal properties against B. dothidea, D. seriata, and N. parvum. However, AgNPs exhibits greater antifungal activity than SPIONPs. The results of the cytotoxicity tests of SPIONs and AgNPs on the MCF-7 cell line showed that AgNPs was significantly more cytotoxic towards the MCF-7 cell line, whereas no significant cytotoxic effect was recorded by SPIONs. Therefore, these biosynthesized MNPs could be substituted for toxic fungicides that are extensively applied in agriculture and contribute to environmental health and food safety.

Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Supplementation on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Broiler Chicks

The zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have attracted exhilarating research interest due to their novel distinguishing characteristics such as size, shape, high surface activity, large surface area and biocompatibility. Being highly bioavailable and exerting a superior efficacy than conventional zinc sources, ZnONPs is emerging as an alternative feed supplement for poultry. The present study involves the synthesis of ZnONPs through a cost effective and eco-friendly method using planetary ball milling technique and characterized for its size, shape, optical property, functional group and elemental concentration using particle size analyzer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy. In vitro cytotoxicity study using Baby Hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells, Vero cells and primary chick liver culture cells revealed that ZnONPs can be safely incorporated in the broiler chick's feed up to the concentration of 100 mg/kg. To investigate the effects of ZnONPs on production performances in broiler chicks, a feeding trial was carried out using 150-day-old broiler chicks randomly allotted in five treatment groups. The dietary treatment groups were: T1 (80 mg/kg of zinc oxide), T2 (60 mg/kg of zinc methionine) and T3, T4 and T5 received 60, 40 and 20 mg/kg of ZnONPs respectively. The results showed a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chicks supplemented with 20 and 40 mg/kg of ZnONPs. The ZnONPs supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the dressing percentage in addition to significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the meat pH compared to inorganic and organic zinc supplementation. Overall, an eco-friendly method for ZnONPs synthesis was demonstrated and the optimum dietary level (20 mg/kg) of ZnONPs could enhance the growth, the meat quality and Zn uptake without any negative effects on selected serum biochemical parameters in the broiler chicks.

Fabrication and characterization of fish gelatin-based magnetic nanocomposite for biomedical applications

Bionanocomposite is considered an advanced way to bridge the gap between the structural and functional material and achieve the desired properties in the nanocomposite. This present study highlighted the synthesis of fish gelatin-based magnetic nanocomposite (GMNC) using three different concentrations of gelatin (6% w/v, G12% w/v, and 18% w/v) individually, through the in situ coprecipitation method. The effect of gelatin concentration on the structural, functional, magnetic properties, and biocompatibility of the GMNC was studied successfully. This variation reduces the crystallite size from 20.8 to 12.2 nm. GMNC obtained at minimum gelatin concentration (6% w/v) produced well-dispersed sphere-shaped magnetite nanoparticles with an average particle size of 33 nm without aggregation. All three reported superparamagnetic behavior at 293 K. It also noted the highly biocompatible and biodegradable nature of GMNC with a high magnetic response at a low magnetic field. This study reported the perspective of this functionalization method for biomedical applications, as GMNC is a potential carrier material that is easily attached to drug molecules through the free functional residues of gelatin molecules. The present study also performed the in vitro drug release behavior of 5'Fluorouracil-loaded GMNC (GF) at physiological conditions (pH 7.4 and 37 °C). It indicates the prepared GF exhibits a sustained drug-release profile for up to 48 h. Hence, these results strongly supported that the functionalized GMNC would be a potential carrier material for advanced drug delivery applications.

The Impact of Biomaterial Surface Properties on Engineering Neural Tissue for Spinal Cord Regeneration

Tissue engineering for spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a complex and challenging task. Biomaterial scaffolds have been suggested as a potential solution for supporting cell survival and differentiation at the injury site. However, different biomaterials display multiple properties that significantly impact neural tissue at a cellular level. Here, we evaluated the behavior of different cell lines seeded on chitosan (CHI), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), and poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds. We demonstrated that the surface properties of a material play a crucial role in cell morphology and differentiation. While the direct contact of a polymer with the cells did not cause cytotoxicity or inhibit the spread of neural progenitor cells derived from neurospheres (NPCdn), neonatal rat spinal cord cells (SCC) and NPCdn only attached and matured on PCL and PLLA surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy and computational analysis suggested that cells attached to the material's surface emerged into distinct morphological populations. Flow cytometry revealed a higher differentiation of neural progenitor cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-NPC) into glial cells on all biomaterials. Immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that PCL and PLLA guided neuronal differentiation and network development in SCC. Our data emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate biomaterials for tissue engineering in SCI treatment.

Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract-Assisted Green Synthesis of Pd-Doped CuO Nanoparticles for Highly Sensitive and Selective NO2 Gas Sensors

In view of facile, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly synthetic methods, palladium-doped copper oxide (Pd-CuO) nanoparticles have been synthesized from Ocimum sanctum (commonly known as "Tulsi") phytoextract for gas-sensing applications. The structural, morphological, and compositional properties of Pd-doped CuO nanoparticles were studied using various techniques such as XRD, FESEM, XPS, and EDX. The characterization results confirmed the doping of Pd on CuO nanoparticles, and Pd-CuO nanostructures appear as nanoflakes in FESEM analysis. The gas-sensing response of Pd (1.12 wt %)-CuO nanoflake-based sensor was measured at 5-100 ppm concentration of different gases, NO2, H2S, NH3, and H2, at 125 °C. Gas-sensing tests reveal that the sensitivity of the sensor were 81.7 and 38.9% for 100 and 5 ppm concentrations of NO2, respectively, which was significantly greater than that of pure CuO. The response and recovery times of the sensor were 72 and 98 s for 100 ppm of NO2 gas, while they were 90 and 50 s for 5 ppm NO2. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) value of the sensor is 0.8235. This appealing LOD is suitable for real-time gas detection. The gas sensor was found to exhibit excellent selectivity toward NO2 gas and repeatability and stability in humid (80%) conditions. The Pd doping in CuO nanostructures plays a significant role in escalating the sensitivity and selectivity of CuO-based NO2 gas sensor suitable to work at low operating temperatures.

Multilayer Methacrylate-Based Wound Dressing as a Therapeutic Tool for Targeted Pain Relief

This study presents an innovative wound dressing system that offers a highly effective therapeutic solution for treating painful wounds. By incorporating the widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, we have created an active wound dressing that can provide targeted pain relief with ease. The drug was embedded within a biocompatible matrix composed of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate and polyhydroxypropyl methacrylate. The multilayer structure of the dressing, which allows for sustained drug release and an exact application, was achieved through the layer-by-layer coating technique and the inclusion of superparamagnetic iron platinum nanoparticles. The multilayered dressings' physicochemical, structural, and morphological properties were characterised using various methods. The synergistic effect of the incorporated drug molecules and superparamagnetic nanoparticles on the surface roughness and release kinetics resulted in controlled drug release. In addition, the proposed multilayer wound dressings were found to be biocompatible with human skin fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that the developed wound dressing system can contribute to tailored therapeutic strategies for local pain relief.

Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Combined with Supernatants of Lactobacillus spp. Against ESKAPE Bacteria: A Novel Mixture

Background

The emergence of multidrug resistance among nosocomial pathogens has prompted researchers to look for new antibacterial sources. Metal nanoparticles and probiotic products have attracted the attention of researchers. However, combination therapy is an attractive alternative in this field.

Objectives

This study evaluated the antibacterial activity and toxicity of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) combined with cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus alone and in a novel mixture.

Methods

Antibacterial effects and cytotoxic properties of ZnO-NPs, CFS of L. plantarum (SLP), and CFS of L. acidophilus (SLA) were determined alone and in a mixture against ESKAPE strains. In addition, the viability percentage of the cells was evaluated after exposure to these agents.

Results

Antibacterial mixtures (ZnO-NPs with SLP or ZnO-NPs with SLA) demonstrated synergistic and additive effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (FIC≤0.75), Acinetobacter baumannii (FIC = 1), and Escherichia coli (FIC≤0.75). The viability percentage of the cells after 24 h of exposure to a mixture of ZnO-NPs and SLA (about 50%) was more than when the cells were exposed to ZnO-NPs alone (about 30%) at the same concentration.

Conclusions

A mixture of ZnO-NPs and CFS of probiotics can be an alternative to antibiotics, with more effectiveness and fewer side effects.

Multifaceted analysis of nanotoxicity using primary cultured neurons

Various nanomaterials have been produced with the development of nanotechnology, some of which have been reported to have adverse effects on several types of cells, organs, and the environment. It has been suggested that some small nanoparticles can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the brain, which may be a potential cause of brain diseases. Neuronal cells are vulnerable to hypoxia, hypotrophy, and mechanical and oxidative stress. Therefore, it is essential to assess the toxicity of nanoparticles to neurons accurately. In this report, we describe a primary culture protocol to evaluate the toxicity of nanoparticles on neurons, a potential high-throughput method for assessing the cytotoxicity, and a method for evaluating the effect on neuronal maturation. This report assessed the toxicity of silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, and iron nanoparticles using rat hippocampal neurons, which are used frequently in pharmacological and physiological studies. Based on the methods and protocols we reported in this report, it may be possible to evaluate nanotoxicity to various neurons by using primary cultures of other brain regions (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, etc.), spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Bio-Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Lepidium sativum and Their Potent Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities

Nanotechnology is an emerging area of research that deals with the production, manipulation, and application of nanoscale materials. Bio-assisted synthesis is of particular interest nowadays, to overcome the limitations associated with the physical and chemical means. The aim of this study was to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) for the first time, utilizing the seed extract of Lepidium sativum. The synthesized NPs were confirmed through various spectroscopy and imagining techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, HPLC, and SEM. The characterized NPs were then examined for various in vitro biological assays. Crystalline, hexagonal-structured NPs with an average particle size of 25.6 nm were obtained. Biosynthesized ZnO NPs exhibited potent antioxidant activities, effective α-amylase inhibition, moderate urease inhibition (56%), high lipase-inhibition (71%) activities, moderate cytotoxic potential, and significant antibacterial activity. Gene expression of caspase in HepG2 cells was enhanced along with elevated production of ROS/RNS, while membrane integrity was disturbed upon the exposure of NPs. Overall results indicated that bio-assisted ZnO NPs exhibit excellent biological potential and could be exploited for future biomedical applications. particularly in antimicrobial and cancer therapeutics. Moreover, this is the first comprehensive study on Lepidium sativum-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and evaluation of their biological activities.

A Critical Review of the Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Green-Synthesized Plant-Based Metallic Nanoparticles

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) produced by green synthesis using plant extracts have attracted huge interest in the scientific community due to their excellent antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activities. To evaluate these pharmacological properties, several methods or protocols have been successfully developed and implemented. Although these protocols were mostly inspired by the guidelines from national and international regulatory bodies, they suffer from a glaring absence of standardization of the experimental conditions. This situation leads to a lack of reproducibility and comparability of data from different study settings. To minimize these problems, guidelines for the antimicrobial and antibiofilm evaluation of MNPs should be developed by specialists in the field. Being aware of the immensity of the workload and the efforts required to achieve this, we set out to undertake a meticulous literature review of different experimental protocols and laboratory conditions used for the antimicrobial and antibiofilm evaluation of MNPs that could be used as a basis for future guidelines. This review also brings together all the discrepancies resulting from the different experimental designs and emphasizes their impact on the biological activities as well as their interpretation. Finally, the paper proposes a general overview that requires extensive experimental investigations to set the stage for the future development of effective antimicrobial MNPs using green synthesis.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-Plant Insignia Synthesis with Favorable Biomedical Activities and Less Toxicity, in the “Era of the-Green”: A Systematic Review

In the era of favoring environment-friendly approaches for pharmaceutical synthesis, “green synthesis” is expanding. Green-based nanomedicine (NM), being less toxic and if having biomedical acceptable activities, thence, the chemical methods of synthesis are to be replaced by plants for reductive synthesis. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) exhibited remarkable anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties, besides being a drug delivery tool. However, owing to limitations related to the chemical synthetic method, plant-mediated green synthesis has been recognized as a promising alternative synthetic method. This systematic review (SR) is addressing plant-based IONPs green synthesis, characteristics, and toxicity studies as well as their potential biomedical applications. Furthermore, the plant-based green-synthesized IONPs in comparison to nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized via other conventional methods, characteristics, and efficacy or toxicity profiles would be mentioned (if available). Search strategy design utilized electronic databases including Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar search. Selection criteria included recent clinical studies, available in the English language, published till PROSPERO registration. After screening articles obtained by first electronic database search, by title, abstract and applying the PICO criteria, the search results yielded a total of 453 articles. After further full text filtrations only 48 articles were included. In conclusion, the current SR emphasizes the perspective of the IONPs plant-mediated green synthesis advantage(s) when utilized in the biomedical pharmaceutical field, with less toxicity.

Bioinspired ultra-low fouling coatings on medical devices to prevent device-associated infections and thrombosis

Addressing thrombosis and biofouling of indwelling medical devices within healthcare institutions is an ongoing problem. In this work, two types of ultra-low fouling surfaces (i.e., superhydrophobic and lubricant-infused slippery surfaces) were fabricated to enhance the biocompatibility of commercial medical grade silicone rubber (SR) tubes that are widely used in clinical care. The superhydrophobic (SH) coatings on the tubing substrates were successfully created by dip-coating in superhydrophobic paints consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), perfluorosilane-coated hydrophobic zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles (NPs) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The SH surfaces were converted to lubricant-infused slippery (LIS) surfaces through the infusion of silicone oil. The anti-biofouling properties of the coatings were investigated by adsorption of platelets, whole blood coagulation, and biofilm formation in vitro. The results revealed that the LIS tubes possess superior resistance to clot formation and platelet adhesion than uncoated and SH tubes. In addition, bacterial adhesion was investigated over 7 days in a drip-flow bioreactor, where the SH-ZnO-Cu tube and its slippery counterpart significantly reduced bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli relative to control tubes (>5 log10 and >3 log10 reduction, respectively). The coatings also demonstrated good compatibility with fibroblast cells. Therefore, the proposed coatings may find potential applications in high-efficiency on-demand prevention of biofilm and thrombosis formation on medical devices to improve their biocompatibility and reduce the risk of complications from medical devices.

Green biosynthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic effect of magnetic iron nanoparticles using Brassica Oleracea var capitata sub var rubra (red cabbage) aqueous peel extract

The green method of nanoparticle synthesis, which is an environment and living-friendly method, is an updated subject that has appeared as an alternative to conventional methods such as physical and chemical synthesis. In this presented study, the green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) from iron (III) chloride by using Brassica oleracea var. capitata sub.var. rubra aqueous peel extract has been reported. The prepared IONPs were characterized with fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The cytotoxic effects of IONPs on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line were studied by MTT assay, and migrative effect of its were carried out by the wound healing assay. It was found that the mean particle size of IONPs was 675 ± 25 nm, and the polydispersity index was 0.265 PDI. It was also determined that these nanoparticles had an anti-proliferative impact on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line depending on the dosage. Characterization results support the successful synthesis of nanoparticles, and the dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles on MCF-7 cells also make it a potential chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment.

Studies on novel chitosan/alginate and chitosan/bentonite flexible films incorporated with ZnO nano particles for accelerating dermal burn healing: In vivo and in vitro evaluation

This research work was performed to prepare chitosan-alginate-gelatin and chitosan-bentonite-gelatin films in different mass ratios incorporated with nano particles of Zinc Oxide, which were achieved through the method of green synthesis from Nettle leaf extract. The films were prepared and characterized based on their physicochemical properties, such as water absorption and porosity and surface morphology. Bentonite containing films illustrate more flexibility than alginate ones while the chitosan/bentonite composite films have a maximum water absorption capacity of about 170%. The antibacterial activity of the films was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and it presents good inhibitory activities against the tested bacteria as compared to the control sample. Furthermore, vivo animal tests were performed to confirm the applicability of the prepared films as a healing material for burned skin. Skin appendages, such as hair follicles and sebaceous gland in the dermis, were detected in normal structures by applying both of the composites to damaged skin. In the control sample (gauze), no re-epithelialized area was observed, except in close proximity of the wound border. The results show that due to its full coverage of the wounds with new epithelium and hair follicles, bentonite-containing composites are more preferred.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles by co-precipitation method coated with biocompatible compounds and evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxicity

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Modified magnetite nanoparticles had low cytotoxicity.

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Nanoparticles had high surface modification and manipulation.

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Magnetite nanoprticles coated with silica and oleic acid was lower toxicity than other coatings.

Recent advances in the use of magnetite nanoparticles for biomedical applications have led to special attention to these nanoparticles. The unique properties of magnetite nanoparticles such as superparamagnetism, low toxicity, and the ability to bond with biological molecules, are suitable for drug delivery, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches. The aim of this study was to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles with different biocompatible coatings and investigate their cytotoxicity. Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method and the cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles was investigated with Hepatoma G2 cell using the MTT assay. Treated cells, did not showed any evident cell cycle arrest. The Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X- ray powder Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were evaluated. The results of XRD showed the coated magnetite nanoparticles were 10−12 nm and this size also achieved with TEM images. Synthesized magnetite nanoparticles with SiO₂ and oleic acid coatings had lower cytotoxicity than other coatings.

Metal oxide nanoparticle synthesis (ZnO-NPs) of Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.) DC. Aqueous leaf extract and It's evaluation of their antioxidant, anti-proliferative and larvicidal activities

In around the world, mosquito control is considered a most important because of the incapable of synthetic insecticides and the ecological pollution about by them. In this manner, need the eco-friendly insecticides to efficient control the mosquito disease is the need of the hour. We synthesized the eco-friendly of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using the Knoxia sumatrensis aqueous leaf extract (Ks-ALE) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis of ZnO-NPs was confirmed by UV with an absorption peak at 354 nm. ZnO-NPs crystal structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra revealed the chloride, cyclic alcohols, sulfonamies, carboxylic acids, oximes, phosphines, alkenes and alcohol & phenol. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that the NP's are rod shaped with 50-80 nm size and also energy dispersive spectra (EDaX) spectra showed presence of zinc. Antioxidant assay showed superior activity and evidenced by DPPH, ABTS and H2O2 radical assays. Furthermore, the ZnO-NPs exhibited strong activity in MCF-7 cell line with IC50 value is 58.87 μg/mL. Mosquito larvicidal activity of ZnO-NPs produced significant activity and excellent larvicidal activity was noticed in Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC50 0.08, mg/mL and LC9019.46 mg/mL. This study suggests that synthesized ZnO-NPs using Knoxia sumatrensis leaf extract have good biological activities and it makes them an ideal candidate for pharmacological studies.

Fabrication of Bacteria- and Blood-Repellent Superhydrophobic Polyurethane Sponge Materials

Biofilm and thrombus formation on surfaces results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, which highlights the importance of the development of efficacious fouling-prevention approaches. In this work, novel highly robust and superhydrophobic coatings with outstanding multiliquid repellency, bactericidal performance, and extremely low bacterial and blood adhesion are fabricated by a simple two-step dip-coating method. The coatings are prepared combining 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (FAS-17)-coated hydrophobic zinc oxide and copper nanoparticles to construct hierarchical micro/nanostructures on commercial polyurethane (PU) sponges followed by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) treatment that is used to improve the binding degree between the nanoparticles and the sponge surface. The micro/nanotextured samples can repel various liquids including water, milk, coffee, juice, and blood. Relative to the original PU, the superhydrophobic characteristics of the fabricated sponge cause a significant reduction in the adhesion of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) by up to 99.9% over a 4-day period in a continuous drip-flow bioreactor. The sponge is also highly resistant to the adhesion of fibrinogen and activated platelets with ∼76 and 64% reduction, respectively, hence reducing the risk of blood coagulation and thrombus formation. More importantly, the sponge can sustain its superhydrophobicity even after being subjected to different types of harsh mechanical damage such as finger-wiping, knife-scratching, tape-peeling, hand-kneading, hand-rubbing, bending, compress-release (1000 cycles) tests, and 1000 cm sandpaper abrasion under 250 g of loading. Hence, this novel hybrid surface with robustness and the ability to resist blood adhesion and bacterial contamination makes it an attractive candidate for use in diverse application areas.

Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Scutellaria baicalensis on human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells

Development of biologically inspired green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been extensively scrutinized owing to its uses in biomedical industry. In the last two decades, the demands of nanomaterial in bone remodelling have increased. Scutellaria baicalensis is a flowering plant usually used for many ailments. This work explores the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by green route method from S. baicalensis and the therapeutic potentials of Sb-ZnONPs on differentiation of osteoblast and osteoclast formation inhibition. The characterization of the fabricated ZnO-NPs from S. baicalensis was done via different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The Osteogenic-related tests (MTT, Mineralization assay and Real-time PCR) were used to evaluate the properties of SB-ZnONPs on the growth and proliferation of human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. The characterization of SB-ZnONPs discovered the crystalline properties with high zinc content and the existence of bioactive mixtures from S. baicalensis extract. In addition, SB-ZnONPs showed insignificant cytotoxicity with enhanced differentiation, proliferation, and mineralization on MG-63 cells. Overall, these results denote that SB-ZnONPs is expected to be a natural source for the development of medical agents to in bone healing and remodelling.

Nanotoxicity: a challenge for future medicine

Background/aim

Due to nanomaterials’ potential benefits for diagnosis and treatment, they are widely used in medical applications and personal care products. Interaction of nanomaterials, which are very small in size, with tissue, cell and microenvironment, can reveal harmful effects that cannot be created with chemically identical and larger counterparts in biological organisms. In this review, a challenge for future medicine, nanotoxicity of nanomaterials is discussed.

Materials and methods

A detailed review of related literature was performed and evaluated as per medical applications of nanomaterials their toxicity.

Results and conclusion

Most authors state “the only valid technology will be nanotechnology in the next era”; however, there is no consensus on the impact of this technology on humankind, environment and ecological balance. Studies dealing with the toxic effect of nanomaterials on human health have also varied with developing technology. Nanotoxicology studies such as in vivo-like on 3D human organs, cells, advanced genetic studies, and -omic approaches begin to replace conventional methods. Nanotoxicity and adverse effects of nanomaterials in exposed producers, industry workers, and patients make nanomaterials a double-edged sword for future medicine. In order to control and tackle related risks, regulation and legislations should be implemented, and researchers have to conduct joint multidisciplinary studies in various fields of medical sciences, nanotechnology, nanomedicine, and biomedical engineering.

Development of CeO2 nanodot encrusted TiO2 nanoparticles with reduced photocatalytic activity and increased biocompatibility towards a human keratinocyte cell line

The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly wavelengths between 320-400 nm, has raised concern over their safe use in health and cosmetic related products such as sunscreens. Cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanoparticles have been demonstrated to display biocompatible properties and antioxidant activity due to redox cycling of the Ce3+/Ce4+ oxidation states. In this work, CeO2/TiO2 nanocomposites were prepared through a standard precipitation method at atomic concentrations (at%) of Ce relative to Ti of 2.5, 5 and 10 at%, with the aim of reducing the photocatalytic activity of the core TiO2 nanoparticles and improve biocompatibility. The UV absorptive properties of the nanocomposite samples revealed excellent absorbance across the UV region as compared to pristine TiO2 and CeO2. Furthermore, a drastic reduction in the photocatalysed decomposition of crystal violet, when in the presence of the nanocomposite samples, under both UV and solar simulated light was observed compared to the highly photoactive pristine TiO2. An optimal CeO2 nanodot loading, displaying both high UV attenuation and low photocatalytic performance was determined at 5 at% and further in vitro biological testing revealed minimal impact on the cell viability of the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) over a 24 h period with and without prior exposure to UV irradiation. In contrast, pristine TiO2 nanoparticles induced toxicity to HaCaT cells with prior UV exposure before incubation, particularly at a dosage of 100 mg L-1. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of CeO2 nanodots in improving biocompatibility and its potential as a coating material for active inorganic UV filters.

Putative mechanism for anticancer properties of Ag-PP (NPs) extract

One of the most important challenges in treating cancer is the invasion and the angiogenesis of cancer cells. The synthesis of green nanoparticles (NPs) and their use in therapeutic fields is one of the most effective methods with minimal side effects in cancer treatment. In this study, cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic effects of silver NPs (AgNPs) coated with palm pollen extract [Ag-PP(NPs)] were evaluated. For this purpose, the cells were treated with NPs and then were subjected to trypan blue testing (48 h). Then, the cancer invasion was evaluated by the scratch procedure and the expressions of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGF-R) genes were estimated using real-time PCR assay. Also, the angiogenesis effect of the NPs was investigated with chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The Ag-PP(NPs) induced cytotoxicity on MCF7 cells. The findings also showed that Ag-PP(NPs) inhibit invasive cancer cells and reduce the expression of VEGF and VEGF-R and significantly reduced the number and vessels lengths and the lengths and weights of the embryos in CAM assay. Ag-PP(NPs) with the induction of cytotoxic effects, metastatic inhibition and anti-angiogenesis properties should be considered as an appropriate option for treatment of cancer.

Influence of Dopant Nature on Biological Properties of ZnO Thin-Film Coatings on Ti Alloy Substrate

In this paper, ZnO and Co2+/Mg2+-doped ZnO thin films on TiAlV alloy substrates were obtained. The films were deposited by spin coating of sol-gel precursor solutions and thermally treated at 600 °C for 2 h, in air and slow cooled. The doping ions concentration was 1.0 mol%. The study's aim was to obtain implantable metallic materials with improved biocompatibility and antibacterial qualities. The characteristics of the thin films were assessed from the point of view of microstructure, morphology, wetting properties, antibacterial activity and biological response in the presence of amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC). The results proved that all deposited samples were nanostructured, suggesting a very good antibacterial effect and proving to be suitable supports for cellular adhesion and proliferation. All properties also depended on the doping ion nature.

Preliminary Studies on Biodegradable Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Doped with Fe as a Potential Form of Iron Delivery to the Living Organism

Iron is the crucial element for living organisms and its deficiency is described as the most common nutritional disorder all over the world. Nowadays, more effective and safe iron supplementation strategies for both humans and animals become one of the most important challenges in the therapy of nutritional deficiencies. Our previous in vivo studies confirmed safety and biodegradability of in-house manufactured zinc oxide-based nanoparticles and their rapid distribution to majority of organs and tissues in the body. In vitro examinations performed on Caco-2 cell line, a model of epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, revealed a low toxicity of studied nanomaterials. In the current study, we investigated biodegradable zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with Fe(III) as a perspective supplementation strategy for iron deficiency. Biodegradable ZnO:Fe nanoparticles were intra-gastrically administered to adult mice and following 24 h, animals were sacrificed with collection of internal organs for further analyses. The iron concentration measured with atomic absorption spectrometry and histological staining (Perl's method) showed a rapid distribution of iron-doped nanoparticles to tissues specifically related with iron homeostasis. Accumulation of iron was also visible within hepatocytes and around blood vessels within the spleen, which might indicate the transfer of Fe-doped nanoparticles from the bloodstream into the tissue. Reassuming, preliminary results obtained in the current study suggest that biodegradable ZnO nanoparticles doped with Fe might be a good carriers of exogenous iron in the living body. Therefore, subsequent investigations focus on determination an exact mechanisms related with an iron deposition in the tissue and influence of nanoparticle carriers on iron metabolism are required.

Phytosynthesized metal oxide nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications

Developments in nanotechnology field, specifically, metal oxide nanoparticles have attracted the attention of researchers due to their unique sensing, electronic, drug delivery, catalysis, optoelectronics, cosmetics, and space applications. Physicochemical methods are used to fabricate nanosized metal oxides; however, drawbacks such as high cost and toxic chemical involvement prevail. Recent researches focus on synthesizing metal oxide nanoparticles through green chemistry which helps in avoiding the involvement of toxic chemicals in the synthesis process. Bacteria, fungi, and plants are the biological sources that are utilized for the green nanoparticle synthesis. Due to drawbacks such as tedious maintenance and the time needed for the nanoparticle formation, plant extracts are widely used in nanoparticle production. In addition, plants are available all over the world and phytosynthesized nanoparticles show comparatively less toxicity towards mammalian cells. Secondary metabolites including flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins are present in plant extracts, and these are highly responsible for nanoparticle formation and reduction of toxicity. Hence, this article gives an overview of recent developments in the phytosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles and their toxic analysis in various cells and animal models. Also, their possible mechanism in normal and cancer cells, pharmaceutical applications, and their efficiency in disease treatment are also discussed.