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Pandey P, Senthil-Kumar M. Unmasking complexities of combined stresses for creating climate-smart crops. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00181-X. [PMID: 39129109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the complex challenges that plants face from multiple stresses is key to developing climate-ready crops. We highlight the significance of the Stress Combinations and their Interactions in Plants database (SCIPdb) for studying the impact of stress combinations on plants and the importance of aligning thematic research programs to create crops aligned with achieving sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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2
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Halle S, Hirshberg O, Manzi F, Wolinska J, Ben-Ami F. Coinfection frequency in water flea populations is a mere reflection of parasite diversity. Commun Biol 2024; 7:559. [PMID: 38734859 PMCID: PMC11088698 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In nature, parasite species often coinfect the same host. Yet, it is not clear what drives the natural dynamics of coinfection prevalence. The prevalence of coinfections might be affected by interactions among coinfecting species, or simply derive from parasite diversity. Identifying the relative impact of these parameters is crucial for understanding patterns of coinfections. We studied the occurrence and likelihood of coinfections in natural populations of water fleas (Daphnia magna). Coinfection prevalence was within the bounds expected by chance and parasite diversity had a strong positive effect on the likelihood of coinfections. Additionally, coinfection prevalence increased over the season and became as common as a single infection. Our results demonstrate how patterns of coinfection, and particularly their temporal variation, are affected by overlapping epidemics of different parasites. We suggest that monitoring parasite diversity can help predict where and when coinfection prevalence will be high, potentially leading to increased health risks to their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snir Halle
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ofir Hirshberg
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Florent Manzi
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frida Ben-Ami
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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3
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Stulanovic N, Kerdel Y, Rezende L, Deflandre B, Burguet P, Belde L, Denoel R, Tellatin D, Rigolet A, Hanikenne M, Quinton L, Ongena M, Rigali S. Nitrogen sources enhance siderophore-mediated competition for iron between potato common scab and late blight causative agents. Metallomics 2024; 16:mfae004. [PMID: 38244228 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
How do pathogens affecting the same host interact with each other? We evaluated here the types of microbe-microbe interactions taking place between Streptomyces scabiei and Phytophthora infestans, the causative agents of common scab and late blight diseases in potato crops, respectively. Under most laboratory culture conditions tested, S. scabiei impaired or completely inhibited the growth of P. infestans by producing either soluble and/or volatile compounds. Increasing peptone levels correlated with increased inhibition of P. infestans. Comparative metabolomics showed that production of S. scabiei siderophores (desferrioxamines, pyochelin, scabichelin, and turgichelin) increased with the quantity of peptone, thereby suggesting that they participate in the inhibition of the oomycete growth. Mass spectrometry imaging further uncovered that the zones of secreted siderophores and of P. infestans growth inhibition coincided. Moreover, either the repression of siderophore production or the neutralization of their iron-chelating activity led to a resumption of P. infestans growth. Replacement of peptone by natural nitrogen sources such as ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and urea also triggered siderophore production in S. scabiei. Interestingly, nitrogen source-induced siderophore production also inhibited the growth of Alternaria solani, the causative agent of the potato early blight. Overall, our work further emphasizes the importance of competition for iron between microorganisms that colonize the same niche. As common scab never alters the vegetative propagation of tubers, we propose that S. scabiei, under certain conditions, could play a protective role for its hosts against much more destructive pathogens through exploitative iron competition and volatile compound production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nudzejma Stulanovic
- InBioS-Center for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Kerdel
- InBioS-Center for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lucas Rezende
- Hedera-22, Boulevard du Rectorat 27b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Deflandre
- InBioS-Center for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Burguet
- Molecular Systems (MolSys), Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Loïc Belde
- InBioS-Center for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Romane Denoel
- InBioS-Center for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Déborah Tellatin
- InBioS-Center for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Augustin Rigolet
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, BioEcoAgro, Joint Research Unit/UMR transfrontalière 1158, University of Liège-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marc Hanikenne
- InBioS-PhytoSystems, Translational Plant Biology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Loïc Quinton
- Molecular Systems (MolSys), Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Ongena
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, BioEcoAgro, Joint Research Unit/UMR transfrontalière 1158, University of Liège-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Rigali
- InBioS-Center for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Gao C, Wang Z, Wang C, Yang J, Du R, Bing H, Xiang W, Wang X, Liu C. Endophytic Streptomyces sp. NEAU-DD186 from Moss with Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity: Biocontrol Potential Against Soilborne Diseases and Bioactive Components. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:340-347. [PMID: 38349678 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-23-0204-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Soilborne diseases cause significant economic losses in agricultural production around the world. They are difficult to control because a host plant is invaded by multiple pathogens, and chemical control often does not work well. In this study, we isolated and identified an endophytic Streptomyces sp. NEAU-DD186 from moss, which showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity against 17 soilborne phytopathogenic fungi, with Bipolaris sorokiniana being the most prominent. The strain also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against soilborne phytopathogenic bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum. To evaluate its biocontrol potential, the strain was prepared into biofertilizer by solid-state fermentation. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the fermentation conditions for maximizing spore production and revealed that the 1:1 ratio of vermicompost to wheat bran, a temperature of 28°C, and 50% water content with an inoculation amount of 15% represented the optimal parameters. Pot experiments showed that the application of biofertilizer with a spore concentration of 108 CFU/g soil could effectively suppress the occurrence of tomato bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum and wheat root rot caused by B. sorokiniana, and the biocontrol efficacy was 81.2 and 72.2%, respectively. Chemical analysis of strain NEAU-DD186 extracts using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and mass analysis indicated that 25-O-malonylguanidylfungin A and 23-O-malonylguanidylfungin A were the main active constituents, which showed high activity against R. solanacearum (EC50 of 2.46 and 2.58 µg ml-1) and B. sorokiniana (EC50 of 3.92 and 3.95 µg ml-1). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Streptomyces sp. NEAU-DD186 can be developed as biofertilizer to control soilborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Green Management of Soil-borne Diseases, Baoding University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhiyan Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chengqin Wang
- Gaomi City Inspection and Testing Center, Gaomi 261500, China
| | - Jingquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Rui Du
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hui Bing
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiangjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chongxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Green Management of Soil-borne Diseases, Baoding University, Baoding 071000, China
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5
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O'Keeffe FE, Pendleton RC, Holland CV, Luijckx P. Increased virulence due to multiple infection in Daphnia leads to limited growth in 1 of 2 co-infecting microsporidian parasites. Parasitology 2024; 151:58-67. [PMID: 37981808 PMCID: PMC10941049 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of various infectious diseases have highlighted the ever-present need to understand the drivers of the outbreak and spread of disease. Although much of the research investigating diseases focuses on single infections, natural systems are dominated by multiple infections. These infections may occur simultaneously, but are often acquired sequentially, which may alter the outcome of infection. Using waterfleas (Daphnia magna) as a model organism, we examined the outcome of sequential and simultaneous multiple infections with 2 microsporidian parasites (Ordospora colligata and Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis) in a fully factorial design with 9 treatments and 30 replicates. We found no differences between simultaneous and sequential infections. However, H. tvaerminnensis fitness was impeded by multiple infection due to increased host mortality, which gave H. tvaerminnensis less time to grow. Host fecundity was also reduced across all treatments, but animals infected with O. colligata at a younger age produced the fewest offspring. As H. tvaerminnensis is both horizontally and vertically transmitted, this reduction in offspring may have further reduced H. tvaerminnensis fitness in co-infected treatments. Our findings suggest that in natural populations where both species co-occur, H. tvaerminnensis may evolve to higher levels of virulence following frequent co-infection by O. colligata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane E. O'Keeffe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca C. Pendleton
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Celia V. Holland
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pepijn Luijckx
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Gay EJ, Jacques N, Lapalu N, Cruaud C, Laval V, Balesdent MH, Rouxel T. Location and timing govern tripartite interactions of fungal phytopathogens and host in the stem canker species complex. BMC Biol 2023; 21:247. [PMID: 37936151 PMCID: PMC10631019 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptosphaeria maculans "brassicae" (Lmb) and Leptosphaeria biglobosa "brassicae" (Lbb) make up a species complex involved in the stem canker (blackleg) disease of rapeseed (Brassica napus). They coinfect rapeseed together, from the early stage of infection on leaves to the final necrotic stage at the stem base, and both perform sexual crossings on plant residues. L. biglobosa is suggested to be a potential biocontrol agent against Lmb, but there has been no mechanistic investigation of the different types of interactions that may occur between the plant and the two fungal species. RESULTS We investigated the bi- or tripartite interaction mechanisms by (i) confronting Lmb and Lbb in culture conditions or during cotyledon infection, with different timing and/or spore concentration regimes, (ii) performing RNA-Seq experiments in vitro or on the kinetics of infection of cotyledons infected by Lmb and/or Lbb to evaluate the transcriptomic activity and the plant response when both fungal species are inoculated together. Lbb infection of B. napus cotyledons was typical of a necrotrophic behavior, with a very early setup of one pathogenicity program and very limited colonization of tissues. This contrasted with the complex succession of pathogenicity programs of the hemibiotroph Lmb. During simultaneous co-infection by both species, Lmb was strongly impacted in its growth and transcriptomic dynamics both in vitro and in planta, while Lbb was unaffected by the presence of Lmb. However, the drastic inhibition of Lmb growth by Lbb was ineffective in the case of delayed inoculation with Lbb or a lower amount of spores of Lbb compared to Lmb. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Lmb growth inhibition by Lbb is the result of a combination of factors that may include competition for trophic resources, the generation by Lbb of an environment unsuitable for the lifecycle of Lmb or/and the effect on Lmb of plant defense responses induced by Lbb. It indicates that growth inhibition occurs in very specific conditions (i.e., co-inoculation at the same place of an equal amount of inoculum) that are unlikely to occur in the field where their coexistence does not prevent any species from completing their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise J Gay
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Noémie Jacques
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Nicolas Lapalu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Valerie Laval
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Thierry Rouxel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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7
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Bernasconi A, Lorrain C, Flury P, Alassimone J, McDonald BA, Sánchez-Vallet A. Virulent strains of Zymoseptoria tritici suppress the host immune response and facilitate the success of avirulent strains in mixed infections. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011767. [PMID: 37972205 PMCID: PMC10721197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants interact with a plethora of pathogenic microorganisms in nature. Pathogen-plant interaction experiments focus mainly on single-strain infections, typically ignoring the complexity of multi-strain infections even though mixed infections are common and critical for the infection outcome. The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici forms highly diverse fungal populations in which several pathogen strains often colonize the same leaf. Despite the importance of mixed infections, the mechanisms governing interactions between a mixture of pathogen strains within a plant host remain largely unexplored. Here we demonstrate that avirulent pathogen strains benefit from being in mixed infections with virulent strains. We show that virulent strains suppress the wheat immune response, allowing avirulent strains to colonize the apoplast and to reproduce. Our experiments indicate that virulent strains in mixed infections can suppress the plant immune system, probably facilitating the persistence of avirulent pathogen strains in fields planted with resistant host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bernasconi
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Lorrain
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Priska Flury
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Alassimone
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A. McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP/Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria/Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid) Spain
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8
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Jokinen M, Sallinen S, Jones MM, Sirén J, Guilbault E, Susi H, Laine AL. The first arriving virus shapes within-host viral diversity during natural epidemics. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231486. [PMID: 37700649 PMCID: PMC10498040 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diversity has been discovered across scales from host individuals to populations. However, the drivers of viral community assembly are still largely unknown. Within-host viral communities are formed through co-infections, where the interval between the arrival times of viruses may vary. Priority effects describe the timing and order in which species arrive in an environment, and how early colonizers impact subsequent community assembly. To study the effect of the first-arriving virus on subsequent infection patterns of five focal viruses, we set up a field experiment using naïve Plantago lanceolata plants as sentinels during a seasonal virus epidemic. Using joint species distribution modelling, we find both positive and negative effects of early season viral infection on late season viral colonization patterns. The direction of the effect depends on both the host genotype and which virus colonized the host early in the season. It is well established that co-occurring viruses may change the virulence and transmission of viral infections. However, our results show that priority effects may also play an important, previously unquantified role in viral community assembly. The assessment of these temporal dynamics within a community ecological framework will improve our ability to understand and predict viral diversity in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Jokinen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suvi Sallinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Mirkka M. Jones
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Jukka Sirén
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Emy Guilbault
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Hanna Susi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
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9
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Wang S, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Tian Q, Zeng D, Xu M, Wang Y, Dong S, Ma Z, Wang Y, Zheng X, Ye W. Fusarium-produced vitamin B 6 promotes the evasion of soybean resistance by Phytophthora sojae. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2204-2217. [PMID: 37171031 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be infected by multiple pathogens concurrently in natural systems. However, pathogen-pathogen interactions have rarely been studied. In addition to the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, fungi such as Fusarium spp. also cause soybean root rot. In a 3-year field investigation, we discovered that P. sojae and Fusarium spp. frequently coexisted in diseased soybean roots. Out of 336 P. sojae-soybean-Fusarium combinations, more than 80% aggravated disease. Different Fusarium species all enhanced P. sojae infection when co-inoculated on soybean. Treatment with Fusarium secreted non-proteinaceous metabolites had an effect equal to the direct pathogen co-inoculation. By screening a Fusarium graminearum mutant library, we identified Fusarium promoting factor of Phytophthora sojae infection 1 (Fpp1), encoding a zinc alcohol dehydrogenase. Fpp1 is functionally conserved in Fusarium and contributes to metabolite-mediated infection promotion, in which vitamin B6 (VB6) produced by Fusarium is key. Transcriptional and functional analyses revealed that Fpp1 regulates two VB6 metabolism genes, and VB6 suppresses expression of soybean disease resistance-related genes. These results reveal that co-infection with Fusarium promotes loss of P. sojae resistance in soybean, information that will inform the sustainable use of disease-resistant crop varieties and provide new strategies to control soybean root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dandan Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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10
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Rabadán MP, Juárez M, Gómez P. Long-Term Monitoring of Aphid-Transmitted Viruses in Melon and Zucchini Crops: Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cucurbit Aphid-Borne Yellows Virus and Watermelon Mosaic Virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1761-1772. [PMID: 37014099 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0394-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the emergence and prevalence of viral diseases in crops requires the systematic epidemiological monitoring of viruses, as well as the analysis of how ecological and evolutionary processes combine to shape viral population dynamics. Here, we extensively monitored the occurrence of six aphid-transmitted viruses in melon and zucchini crops in Spain for 10 consecutive cropping seasons between 2011 and 2020. The most prevalent viruses were cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) and watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), found in 31 and 26% of samples with yellowing and mosaic symptoms. Other viruses, such as zucchini yellow mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus, and papaya ring spot virus, were detected less frequently (<3%) and mostly in mixed infections. Notably, our statistical analysis showed a significant association between CABYV and WMV in melon and zucchini hosts, suggesting that mixed infections might be influencing the evolutionary epidemiology of these viral diseases. We then carried out a comprehensive genetic characterization of the full-length genome sequences from CABYV and WMV isolates by using the Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time (PacBio) high-throughput technology to assess the genetic variation and structure of their populations. Our results showed that the CABYV population displayed seven codons under positive selection, and although most isolates clustered in the Mediterranean clade, a subsequent analysis of molecular variance revealed a significant, fine-scale temporal structure, which was in part explained by the level of the variance between isolates from single and mixed infections. In contrast, the WMV population genetic analysis showed that most of the isolates grouped into the Emergent clade, with no genetic differentiation and under purifying selection. These results underlie the epidemiological relevance of mixed infections for CABYV and provide a link between genetic diversity and CABYV dynamics at the whole-genome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rabadán
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Juárez
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Ctra de Beniel km 3,2 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - P Gómez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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11
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Wang Z, Gao C, Yang J, Du R, Zeng F, Bing H, Xia B, Shen Y, Liu C. Endophytic Streptomyces sp. NEAU-ZSY13 from the leaf of Perilla frutescens, as a promising broad-spectrum biocontrol agent against soil-borne diseases. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1243610. [PMID: 37692391 PMCID: PMC10483227 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1243610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-borne diseases cause significant economic losses in global agricultural production. These diseases are challenging to control due to the invasion of multiple pathogens into host plants, and traditional chemical control methods often yield unsatisfactory results. In this study, we isolated and identified an endophytic Streptomyces, designated as NEAU-ZSY13, from the leaf of Perilla frutescens. This isolate exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against 17 soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi, with Bipolaris sorokiniana being the most prominent. Additionally, it displayed strong antibacterial activity against the soil-borne phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. To assess its biocontrol potential, the isolate was utilized to produce a biofertilizer through solid-state fermentation. The fermentation conditions were optimized using response surface methodology to maximize the spore production. The results revealed that more abundant spores were produced with a 1:2 ratio of vermicompost to wheat bran, 60% water content, 20% inoculation amount and 28°C. Subsequent pot experiments demonstrated that the application of the biofertilizer with a spore concentration of 108 CFU/g soil effectively suppressed the occurrence of tomato bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum and wheat root rot caused by B. sorokiniana, with biocontrol efficacies of 72.2 and 78.3%, respectively. Chemical analysis of NEAU-ZSY13 extracts, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and mass analysis, identified niphimycin C and niphimycin A as the primary active constituents. These compounds exhibited high activity against R. solanacearum (EC50 of 3.6 and 2.4 μg mL-1) and B. sorokiniana (EC50 of 3.9 and 3.4 μg mL-1). In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of Streptomyces sp. NEAU-ZSY13 as a biofertilizer for the control of soil-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Congting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Green Management of Soil-borne Diseases, Baoding University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Du
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fanli Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Bing
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Banghua Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chongxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Green Management of Soil-borne Diseases, Baoding University, Baoding, China
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12
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Armand T, Souquet M, Korn L, Gauthier K, Jacquot E. Asymmetric interactions between barley yellow dwarf virus -PAV and wheat dwarf virus in wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1194622. [PMID: 37496861 PMCID: PMC10366370 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1194622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The deciphering of the epidemiology of a plant virus has long been focused on the study of interactions between partners of one pathosystem. However, plants are exposed to numerous viruses which lead to frequent co-infection scenarios. This can change characteristics of virus-vector-host interactions and could impact the epidemiology of viral diseases. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV; species: Luteovirus pavhordei; genus Luteovirus), wheat dwarf virus (WDV; genus Mastrevirus) and their respective vectors (BYDV-PAV: e.g. Rhopalosiphum padi and WDV: Psammotettix alienus) are commonly found in cereal fields. Wheat plants co-infected with BYDV-PAV and WDV have been reported from field surveys, although epidemiological outcomes of BYDV-PAV - WDV interactions in planta have not yet been studied. Experiments were carried out to evaluate and compare, through different competition scenarios (i.e. single- and co- (simultaneous and sequential) inoculations), the efficiency of BYDV-PAV and WDV to infect, to accumulate in and to be spread between wheat plants. Moreover, the impact of competition scenarios on the biological parameters of these two viruses was evaluated at different stages of the infection and with plants at different ages at inoculation. Results showed i) that these viruses achieve their infection cycle and their plant-to-plant transmission with different efficiencies and ii) BYDV-PAV - WDV interactions lead to different phenotypes ranging from antagonism to synergism. Finally, when these two viruses share a host, the nature and strength of virus-virus interactions varied depending on the order of virus arrival, stages of the infection cycle and plant age at inoculation. Precisely, the introduction (i.e. co- and sequential inoculation) and infection process (i.e. virus accumulation) of BYDV-PAV in a wheat benefit from the presence of WDV. For the latter, the sympatry with BYDV-PAV exerts opposite pressure on parameters involved in virus introduction (i.e. benefit during sequential inoculation) and spread (i.e. lower transmission efficiency and virus accumulation in co-infected plants). In the context of increased potential exposure of crops to insect vectors, this study participates in a better understanding of the impact of BYDV-PAV and WDV co-infections on biological and ecological parameters of the diseases induced by these viruses.
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Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Philosoph AM, Dombrovsky A, Luria N, Sela N, Elad Y, Frenkel O. Rapid defense mechanism suppression during viral- oomycete disease complex formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1124911. [PMID: 37360707 PMCID: PMC10288809 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1124911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Combined infection of the host plant with pathogens involving different parasitic lifestyles may result in synergistic effects that intensify disease symptoms. Understanding the molecular dynamics during concurrent infection provides essential insight into the host response. The transcriptomic pattern of cucumber plants infected with a necrotrophic pathogen, Pythium spinosum, and a biotrophic pathogen, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) was studied at different time points, under regimes of single and co-infection. Analysis of CGMMV infection alone revealed a mild influence on host gene expression at the stem base, while the infection by P. spinosum is associated with drastic changes in gene expression. Comparing P. spinosum as a single infecting pathogen with a later co-infection by CGMMV revealed a rapid host response as early as 24 hours post-CGMMV inoculation with a sharp downregulation of genes related to the host defense mechanism against the necrotrophic pathogen. Suppression of the defense mechanism of co-infected plants was followed by severe stress, including 30% plants mortality and an increase of the P. spinosum hyphae. The first evidence of defense recovery against the necrotrophic pathogen only occurred 13 days post-viral infection. These results support the hypothesis that the viral infection of the Pythium pre-infected plants subverted the host defense system and changed the equilibrium obtained with P. spinosum. It also implies a time window in which the plants are most susceptible to P. spinosum after CGMMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit M. Philosoph
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Levi Eshkol School of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviv Dombrovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Neta Luria
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
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15
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Demirjian C, Vailleau F, Berthomé R, Roux F. Genome-wide association studies in plant pathosystems: success or failure? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:471-485. [PMID: 36522258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing natural genetic variation is an established alternative to artificial genetic variation for investigating the molecular dialog between partners in plant pathosystems. Herein, we review the successes of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in both plants and pathogens. While GWAS in plants confirmed that the genetic architecture of disease resistance is polygenic, dynamic during the infection kinetics, and dependent on the environment, GWAS shortened the time of identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and revealed both complex epistatic networks and a genetic architecture dependent upon the geographical scale. A similar picture emerges from the few GWAS in pathogens. In addition, the ever-increasing number of functionally validated QTLs has revealed new molecular plant defense mechanisms and pathogenicity determinants. Finally, we propose recommendations to better decode the disease triangle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choghag Demirjian
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fabienne Vailleau
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fabrice Roux
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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16
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Norberg A, Susi H, Sallinen S, Baran P, Clark NJ, Laine AL. Direct and indirect viral associations predict coexistence in wild plant virus communities. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1665-1676.e4. [PMID: 37019108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are a vastly underestimated component of biodiversity that occur as diverse communities across hierarchical scales from the landscape level to individual hosts. The integration of community ecology with disease biology is a powerful, novel approach that can yield unprecedented insights into the abiotic and biotic drivers of pathogen community assembly. Here, we sampled wild plant populations to characterize and analyze the diversity and co-occurrence structure of within-host virus communities and their predictors. Our results show that these virus communities are characterized by diverse, non-random coinfections. Using a novel graphical network modeling framework, we demonstrate how environmental heterogeneity influences the network of virus taxa and how the virus co-occurrence patterns can be attributed to non-random, direct statistical virus-virus associations. Moreover, we show that environmental heterogeneity changed virus association networks, especially through their indirect effects. Our results highlight a previously underestimated mechanism of how environmental variability can influence disease risks by changing associations between viruses that are conditional on their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Norberg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Hanna Susi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Sallinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pezhman Baran
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicholas J Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QL 4343, Australia
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Alcalá Briseño RI, Batuman O, Brawner J, Cuellar WJ, Delaquis E, Etherton BA, French-Monar RD, Kreuze JF, Navarrete I, Ogero K, Plex Sulá AI, Yilmaz S, Garrett KA. Translating virome analyses to support biosecurity, on-farm management, and crop breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1056603. [PMID: 36998684 PMCID: PMC10043385 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1056603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Virome analysis via high-throughput sequencing (HTS) allows rapid and massive virus identification and diagnoses, expanding our focus from individual samples to the ecological distribution of viruses in agroecological landscapes. Decreases in sequencing costs combined with technological advances, such as automation and robotics, allow for efficient processing and analysis of numerous samples in plant disease clinics, tissue culture laboratories, and breeding programs. There are many opportunities for translating virome analysis to support plant health. For example, virome analysis can be employed in the development of biosecurity strategies and policies, including the implementation of virome risk assessments to support regulation and reduce the movement of infected plant material. A challenge is to identify which new viruses discovered through HTS require regulation and which can be allowed to move in germplasm and trade. On-farm management strategies can incorporate information from high-throughput surveillance, monitoring for new and known viruses across scales, to rapidly identify important agricultural viruses and understand their abundance and spread. Virome indexing programs can be used to generate clean germplasm and seed, crucial for the maintenance of seed system production and health, particularly in vegetatively propagated crops such as roots, tubers, and bananas. Virome analysis in breeding programs can provide insight into virus expression levels by generating relative abundance data, aiding in breeding cultivars resistant, or at least tolerant, to viruses. The integration of network analysis and machine learning techniques can facilitate designing and implementing management strategies, using novel forms of information to provide a scalable, replicable, and practical approach to developing management strategies for viromes. In the long run, these management strategies will be designed by generating sequence databases and building on the foundation of pre-existing knowledge about virus taxonomy, distribution, and host range. In conclusion, virome analysis will support the early adoption and implementation of integrated control strategies, impacting global markets, reducing the risk of introducing novel viruses, and limiting virus spread. The effective translation of virome analysis depends on capacity building to make benefits available globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo I. Alcalá Briseño
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Plant Pathology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ozgur Batuman
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC), Immokalee, FL, United States
| | - Jeremy Brawner
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wilmer J. Cuellar
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Erik Delaquis
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Vientiane, Laos
| | - Berea A. Etherton
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Jan F. Kreuze
- Crop and System Sciences Division, International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru
| | - Israel Navarrete
- Crop and System Sciences Division, International Potato Center (CIP), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kwame Ogero
- Crop and System Sciences Division, International Potato Center (CIP), Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Aaron I. Plex Sulá
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Salih Yilmaz
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC), Immokalee, FL, United States
| | - Karen A. Garrett
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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18
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Bellah H, Seiler NF, Croll D. Divergent Outcomes of Direct Conspecific Pathogen Strain Interaction and Plant Co-Infection Suggest Consequences for Disease Dynamics. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0444322. [PMID: 36749120 PMCID: PMC10101009 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04443-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases are often caused by co-infections of multiple pathogens with the potential to aggravate disease severity. In genetically diverse pathogen species, co-infections can also be caused by multiple strains of the same species. However, the outcome of such mixed infections by different conspecific genotypes is poorly understood. The interaction among pathogen strains with complex lifestyles outside and inside of the host are likely shaped by diverse traits, including metabolic capacity and the ability to overcome host immune responses. To disentangle competitive outcomes among pathogen strains, we investigated the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. The pathogen infects wheat leaves in complex strain assemblies, and highly diverse populations persist between growing seasons. We investigated a set of 14 genetically different strains collected from the same field to assess both competitive outcomes under culture conditions and on the host. Growth kinetics of cocultured strains (~100 pairs) significantly deviated from single strain expectations, indicating competitive exclusion depending on the strain genotype. We found similarly complex outcomes of lesion development on plant leaves following co-infections by the same pairs of strains. While some pairings suppressed overall damage to the host, other combinations exceeded expectations of lesion development based on single strain outcomes. Strain competition outcomes in the absence of the host were poor predictors of outcomes on the host, suggesting that the interaction with the plant immune system adds significant complexity. Intraspecific co-infection dynamics likely make important contributions to disease outcomes in the wild. IMPORTANCE Plants are often attacked by a multitude of pathogens simultaneously, and different species can facilitate or constrain the colonization by others. To what extent simultaneous colonization by different strains of the same species matters, remains unclear. We focused on intra-specific interactions between strains of the major fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. The pathogen persists in the environment before infecting plant leaves early in the growing season. Leaves are typically colonized by a multitude of strains. Strains cultured in pairs without host were growing differently compared to strains cultured alone. Wheat leaves infected either with single or pairs of strains, we found also highly variable outcomes. Interactions between strains outside of the host were only poorly explaining how strains would interact when on the host, suggesting that pathogen strains engage in complex interactions dependent on the environment. Better understanding within-species interactions will improve our ability to manage crop infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjer Bellah
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas F. Seiler
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Yang X, Jiang G, Zhang Y, Wang N, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhao F, Xu Y, Shen Q, Wei Z. MBPD: A multiple bacterial pathogen detection pipeline for One Health practices. IMETA 2023; 2:e82. [PMID: 38868336 PMCID: PMC10989770 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are one of the major threats to biosafety and environmental health, and advanced assessment is a prerequisite to combating bacterial pathogens. Currently, 16S rRNA gene sequencing is efficient in the open-view detection of bacterial pathogens. However, the taxonomic resolution and applicability of this method are limited by the domain-specific pathogen database, taxonomic profiling method, and sequencing target of 16S variable regions. Here, we present a pipeline of multiple bacterial pathogen detection (MBPD) to identify the animal, plant, and zoonotic pathogens. MBPD is based on a large, curated database of the full-length 16S genes of 1986 reported bacterial pathogen species covering 72,685 sequences. In silico comparison allowed MBPD to provide the appropriate similarity threshold for both full-length and variable-region sequencing platforms, while the subregion of V3-V4 (mean: 88.37%, accuracy rate compared to V1-V9) outperformed other variable regions in pathogen identification compared to full-length sequencing. Benchmarking on real data sets suggested the superiority of MBPD in a broader range of pathogen detections compared with other methods, including 16SPIP and MIP. Beyond detecting the known causal agent of animal, human, and plant diseases, MBPD is capable of identifying cocontaminating pathogens from biological and environmental samples. Overall, we provide a MBPD pipeline for agricultural, veterinary, medical, and environmental monitoring to achieve One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrun Yang
- Laboratory of Bio‐Interactions and Crop Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Joint International Research Laboratory of Soil Health, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Gaofei Jiang
- Laboratory of Bio‐Interactions and Crop Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Joint International Research Laboratory of Soil Health, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yaozhong Zhang
- Laboratory of Bio‐Interactions and Crop Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Joint International Research Laboratory of Soil Health, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ningqi Wang
- Laboratory of Bio‐Interactions and Crop Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Joint International Research Laboratory of Soil Health, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Bio‐Interactions and Crop Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Joint International Research Laboratory of Soil Health, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Laboratory of Bio‐Interactions and Crop Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Joint International Research Laboratory of Soil Health, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fang‐Jie Zhao
- Laboratory of Bio‐Interactions and Crop Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Joint International Research Laboratory of Soil Health, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yangchun Xu
- Laboratory of Bio‐Interactions and Crop Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Joint International Research Laboratory of Soil Health, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qirong Shen
- Laboratory of Bio‐Interactions and Crop Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Joint International Research Laboratory of Soil Health, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhong Wei
- Laboratory of Bio‐Interactions and Crop Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Joint International Research Laboratory of Soil Health, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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20
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Vector acquisition and co-inoculation of two plant viruses influences transmission, infection, and replication in new hosts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20355. [PMID: 36437281 PMCID: PMC9701672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of vector acquisition and transmission on the propagation of single and co-infections of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV,) and tomato mottle virus (ToMoV) (Family: Geminiviridae, Genus: Begomovirus) by the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Gennadius) in tomato. The aim of this research was to determine if the manner in which viruses are co-acquired and co-transmitted changes the probability of acquisition, transmission and new host infections. Whiteflies acquired virus by feeding on singly infected plants, co-infected plants, or by sequential feeding on singly infected plants. Viral titers were also quantified by qPCR in vector cohorts, in artificial diet, and plants after exposure to viruliferous vectors. Differences in transmission, infection status of plants, and titers of TYLCV and ToMoV were observed among treatments. All vector cohorts acquired both viruses, but co-acquisition/co-inoculation generally reduced transmission of both viruses as single and mixed infections. Co-inoculation of viruses by the vector also altered virus accumulation in plants regardless of whether one or both viruses were propagated in new hosts. These findings highlight the complex nature of vector-virus-plant interactions that influence the spread and replication of viruses as single and co-infections.
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21
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Orellana-Torrejon C, Vidal T, Gazeau G, Boixel AL, Gélisse S, Lageyre J, Saint-Jean S, Suffert F. Multiple scenarios for sexual crosses in the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat residues: Potential consequences for virulence gene transmission. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 163:103744. [PMID: 36209959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of host immunity on sexual reproduction in fungal pathogens. In particular, it is unclear whether crossing requires both sexual partners to infect living plant tissues. We addressed this issue in a three-year experiment investigating different scenarios of Zymoseptoria tritici crosses according to the virulence ('vir') or avirulence ('avr') of the parents against a qualitative resistance gene. Co-inoculations ('vir × vir', 'avr × vir', 'avr × avr') and single inoculations were performed on a wheat cultivar carrying the Stb16q resistance gene (Cellule) and a susceptible cultivar (Apache), in the greenhouse. We assessed the intensity of asexual reproduction by scoring disease severity, and the intensity of sexual reproduction by counting the ascospores discharged from wheat residues. As expected, disease severity was more intense on Cellule for 'vir × vir' co-inoculations than for 'avr × vir' co-inoculations, with no disease for 'avr × avr'. However, all types of co-inoculation yielded sexual offspring, whether or not the parental strains caused plant symptoms. Parenthood was confirmed by genotyping (SSR markers), and the occurrence of crosses between (co-)inoculated and exogenous strains (other strains from the experiment, or from far away) was determined. We showed that symptomatic asexual infection was not required for a strain to participate in sexual reproduction, and deduced from this result that avirulent strains could be maintained asymptomatically "on" or "in" leaf tissues of plants carrying the corresponding resistant gene for long enough to reproduce sexually. In two of the three years, the intensity of sexual reproduction did not differ between the three types of co-inoculation in Cellule, suggesting that crosses involving avirulent strains are not anecdotal. We discuss the possible mechanisms explaining the maintenance of avirulence in Z. tritici populations and the potential impact of particular resistance deployments such as cultivar mixtures for limiting resistance breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Orellana-Torrejon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Tiphaine Vidal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gwilherm Gazeau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Anne-Lise Boixel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Sandrine Gélisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jérôme Lageyre
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Sébastien Saint-Jean
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Frédéric Suffert
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
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22
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Pfeifer K, Frieß JL, Giese B. Insect allies-Assessment of a viral approach to plant genome editing. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:1488-1499. [PMID: 35018716 PMCID: PMC9790436 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Insect Allies program of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has already sparked scientific debate concerning technology assessment-related issues, among which the most prevalent is that of dual use. Apart from the issues concerning peaceful applications, the technology also provides the blueprint for a potential bioweapon. However, the combination of a virus-induced genetic modification of crop plants in the field using genetically modified insect vectors poses a greater risk than the hitherto existing use of genetically modified organisms. The technology's great depth of intervention allows a number of sources for hazard and a tendency towards high exposure, but it is also encumbered with notable deficits in knowledge. These issues call for a thorough technology assessment. This article aims to provide an initial characterization from a technology assessment perspective, focusing on potential sources of risk for this novel invasive environmental biotechnology at an early stage of research and development. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1488-1499. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pfeifer
- Institute of Synthetic BioarchitecturesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Johannes L. Frieß
- Institute of Safety and Risk Sciences (ISR)University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Bernd Giese
- Institute of Safety and Risk Sciences (ISR)University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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23
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Dai D, Yang J, Wu Y, Zhang W, Wu X, Liu Y, Xing H, Liu Y. Correlation between fine root traits and pathogen richness depends on plant mycorrhizal types. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Dai
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal Univ. Shanghai China
| | - Jiarong Yang
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal Univ. Shanghai China
| | - Yougui Wu
- Fengyangshan‐Baishanzu National Nature Reserve Zhejiang Province China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal Univ. Shanghai China
| | - Xian Wu
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal Univ. Shanghai China
| | - Yajing Liu
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal Univ. Shanghai China
| | - Hua Xing
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal Univ. Shanghai China
| | - Yu Liu
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal Univ. Shanghai China
- Shanghai Inst. of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai China
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24
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Bernasconi A, Alassimone J, McDonald BA, Sánchez‐Vallet A. Asexual reproductive potential trumps virulence as a predictor of competitive ability in mixed infections. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4369-4381. [PMID: 35437879 PMCID: PMC9790533 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural infections frequently involve several co-infecting pathogen strains. These mixed infections can affect the extent of the infection, the transmission success of the pathogen and the eventual epidemic outcome. To date, few studies have investigated how mixed infections affect transmission between hosts. Zymoseptoria tritici is a highly diverse wheat pathogen in which multiple strains often coexist in the same lesion. Here we demonstrate that the most competitive strains often exclude their competitors during serial passages of mixed infections. The outcome of the competition depended on both the host genotype and the genotypes of the competing pathogen strains. Differences in virulence among the strains were not associated with competitive advantages during transmission, while differences in reproductive potential had a strong effect on strain competitive ability. Overall, our findings suggest that host specialization is determined mainly by the ability to successfully transmit offspring to new hosts during mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bernasconi
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH ZürichZürichCH‐8092Switzerland
| | - Julien Alassimone
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH ZürichZürichCH‐8092Switzerland
| | - Bruce A. McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH ZürichZürichCH‐8092Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sánchez‐Vallet
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH ZürichZürichCH‐8092Switzerland
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25
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Sandmeier FC, Leonard KL, Weitzman CL, Tracy CR. Potential Facilitation Between a Commensal and a Pathogenic Microbe in a Wildlife Disease. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:427-438. [PMID: 35752710 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the potential for microbial interactions influencing a well-documented host-pathogen system. Mycoplasma agassizii is the known etiological agent of upper respiratory tract disease in Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii), but disease in wild animals is extremely heterogeneous. For example, a much larger proportion of animals harbor M. agassizii than those that develop disease. With the availability of a new quantitative PCR assay for a microbe that had previously been implicated in disease, Pasteurella testudinis, we tested 389 previously collected samples of nasal microbes from tortoise populations across the Mojave desert. We showed that P. testudinis is a common commensal microbe. However, we did find that its presence was associated with higher levels of M. agassizii among the tortoises positive for this pathogen. The best predictor of P. testudinis prevalence in tortoise populations was average size of tortoises, suggesting that older populations have higher levels of P. testudinis. The prevalence of co-infection in populations was associated with the prevalence of URTD, providing additional evidence for an indirect interaction between the two microbes and inflammatory disease. We showed that URTD, like many chronic, polymicrobial diseases involving mucosal surfaces, shows patterns of a polymicrobial etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska C Sandmeier
- Biology Department, LS 210, Colorado State University - Pueblo, 2100 Bonforte Blvd, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA.
| | - Kendra L Leonard
- Biology Department, LS 210, Colorado State University - Pueblo, 2100 Bonforte Blvd, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
| | - Chava L Weitzman
- Biology Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
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26
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Jiang L, Mu R, Wang Z, Liu S, Lu D. Silencing P25, HC-Pro and Brp1 of Potato Virus (Viroid) Using Artificial microRNA Confers Resistance to PVX, PVY and PSTVd in Transgenic Potato. POTATO RESEARCH 2022; 66:231-244. [PMID: 35996391 PMCID: PMC9385412 DOI: 10.1007/s11540-022-09580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection is the key constraint to potato cultivation worldwide. Especially, coinfection by multiple viruses could exacerbate the yield loss. Transgenic plants expressing artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) have been shown to confer specific resistance to viruses. In this study, three amiRNAs containing Arabidopsis miR159 as a backbone, expressing genes targeting P25, HC-Pro and Brp1 of potato virus X (PVX), potato virus Y (PVY) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), were constructed. amiR-159P25, amiR-159HCPro and amiR-159Brp1 were cloned into the plant expression vector pCAMBIA1301 with a CaMV35S promoter, producing the p1301-pre-amiRP25-HCPro-Brp1 vector. Twenty-three transgenic plants (Solanum tuberosum cv. 'Youjin') were obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, and ten PCR-positive transplants were chosen for further analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR results indicated that 10 transgenic plants could express amiRNAs successfully. Southern blotting hybridization proved that amiR-159P25-HCPro-Brp1 had integrated into potato genome in transgenic lines. Viral (viroid) challenge assays revealed that these transgenic plants demonstrated resistance against PVX, PVY and PSTVd coinfection simultaneously, whereas the untransformed controls developed severe symptoms. This study demonstrates a novel amiRNA-based mechanism that may have the potential to develop multiple viral resistance strategies in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Development Zone, Daqing, 163319 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing, 163319 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Mu
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Development Zone, Daqing, 163319 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziquan Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dianqiu Lu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 People’s Republic of China
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27
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Yang B, Zhao Y, Guo Z. Research Progress and Prospect of Alfalfa Resistance to Pathogens and Pests. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152008. [PMID: 35956485 PMCID: PMC9370300 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alfalfa is one of the most important legume forages in the world and contributes greatly to the improvement of ecosystems, nutrition, and food security. Diseases caused by pathogens and pests severely restrict the production of alfalfa. Breeding resistant varieties is the most economical and effective strategy for the control of alfalfa diseases and pests, and the key to breeding resistant varieties is to identify important resistance genes. Plant innate immunity is the theoretical basis for identifying resistant genes and breeding resistant varieties. In recent years, the framework of plant immunity theory has been gradually formed and improved, and considerable progress has been made in the identification of alfalfa resistance genes and the revelation of the related mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the basic theory of plant immunity and identify alfalfa resistance genes to different pathogens and insects and resistance mechanisms. The current situation, problems, and future prospects of alfalfa resistance research are also discussed. Breeding resistant cultivars with effective resistance genes, together with other novel plant protection technologies, will greatly improve alfalfa production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenfei Guo
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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28
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Genetic Characterization of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Populations from Different Wheat Cultivars Using Simple Sequence Repeats. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070705. [PMID: 35887461 PMCID: PMC9319641 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most important fungal diseases affecting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of Pst isolates were analyzed using 15 microsatellite markers. Isolates were collected from five wheat cultivars with different levels of resistance from Yanting county and Fucheng district, Mianyang city, Sichuan province, China. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Pst populations are differentiated by wheat genotype or geographic origin. Seventy-six multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified from all 289 single uredinial isolates. In general, the genotypic diversity of Pst populations from five wheat cultivars in Fucheng was higher than that in Yanting. In addition, the genetic diversity was highest in the Pst populations from Mianmai 367, a cultivar considered to be highly resistant. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) phylogenetic tree, Bayesian clustering analysis, and minimum spanning network for the MLGs revealed two major genetic clusters based on geographical location. Greater differentiation was observed between the populations from the two sampling locations than between the populations from different hosts in the same location. The results suggest that geographic and environmental differences could partially explain the genetic differentiation of Pst more than wheat genotype. This study provides novel insight into the interactions between Pst populations and their hosts. The results could be helpful in designing more effective management strategies for stripe rust in wheat production.
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29
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Piesik D, Lemańczyk G, Bocianowski J, Buszewski B, Vidal S, Mayhew CA. Induction of volatile organic compounds in Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants following infection by different Rhizoctonia pathogens is species specific. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 198:113162. [PMID: 35278419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most popular means of plant protection is the chemical method, but this control is often connected with the need for repeating chemical treatments. Thus, eco-friendly strategies should be developed where, under the European Green Deal, aromatic plants and their repellent properties seem to constitute a good alternative. In earlier studies, we have shown that insect injury, bacteria infestation and pathogen infection induce plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission, which can provide defensive functions to plants. In this study, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) cv. 'Jenga' wheat plants were intentionally infected with one of four Rhizoctonia species (R. cerealis, R. solani, R. zeae, and R. oryzae). The soil was inoculated by the pathogens during sowing, whereas shoots were inoculated at stage BBCH 33. In greenhouse experiments, we measured VOCs from wheat 3, 7 and 11 days following stem infestation, or 42 days following soil inoculation of Rhizoctonia spp. VOC emissions were found to be largest on days 7 or 11 post-stem inoculation (>3 days post-stem inoculation >42 days post-soil inoculation). T. aestivum infected by pathogens induced five common green leaf volatiles (GLVs), namely (Z)-3-hexenal = (Z)-3-HAL, (E)-2-hexenal = (E)-2-HAL, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol = (Z)-3- HOL, (E)-2-hexenol = (E)-2-HOL, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate = (Z)-3-HAC], six common terpenes (β-pinene = β-PIN, β-myrcene = β-MYR, Z-ocimene = Z-OCI, linalool = LIN, benzyl acetate = BAC, β-caryophyllene = β-CAR), and indole = IND. We found that R. cerealis infested T. aestivum emitted the largest amounts of (Z)-3-HAL and (Z)-3-HAC, while T. aestivum infested by R. solani released the largest amount of LIN (7 or 11 days following stem infestation). VOCs released by the T. aestivum after R. cerealis (AGD I) and R. solani (AG 5) infestations were significantly larger in comparison to R. zeae (WAG-Z) and R. oryzae (WAG-O) for the volatiles (Z)-3-HAL, (E)-2-HAL, (Z)-3-HOL, (E)-2-HOL, (Z)-3-HAC, β-PIN, β-MYR, and LIN. With the exception of (E)-2-HOL, β-MYR, LIN, BAC, β-CAR, the other VOCs were emitted in similar amounts by infected T. aestivum 3 days following stem and soil inoculation. The quantities of induced VOCs were higher at days 7 and 11 than at 3 days post-infection, and greater when T. aestivum was infected with Rhizoctonia on the stem base than through the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Piesik
- Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology and Plant Protection, 7 Prof. Kaliskiego Ave., 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Lemańczyk
- Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology and Plant Protection, 7 Prof. Kaliskiego Ave., 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, 28 Wojska Polskiego, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Environmental Chemistry Bioanalytics, 7 Gagarina, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Stefan Vidal
- Georg-August-University Goettingen, Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural, Entomology, 6 Grisebachstrasse, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- University of Innsbruck and Tiroler Krebsforschungsinstitut (TKFI), Innrain 66, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Diversity of the virome associated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8726. [PMID: 35610325 PMCID: PMC9130302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most extensively cultivated forage legumes in the world. It is currently the third most valuable field crop in the United States with an estimated value of over $9.3 billion. Alfalfa productivity is limited by various infectious diseases that can reduce forage yield and quality and shorten stand life. The crop can frequently be infected with a diverse array of pathogens and other organisms that have distinct life cycles, biology, and mode of action. Among them are many coinfecting viruses, that greatly contribute to the heterogeneity of within-host pathogenic communities, representing a ubiquitous and abundant background for all other host–pathogen interactions. Regrettably, the impact of viral diseases, their role in alfalfa health and involvement in the severity of multi-pathogen infections are often underestimated and not well understood. As high-throughput sequencing approaches have been developed, opportunities to delve into these complex interactions can be realized. In this work, we have characterized a diversity of viral populations in several commercial alfalfa production fields located in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. At least 45 distinct viruses have been identified in all alfalfa samples. Among them some were known to infect the crop prior to this study, and others were designated as emerging, novel and viruses integrated into the alfalfa genome. Known viruses included alfalfa mosaic virus, pea streak virus and bean leafroll virus, while among emerging and novel agents were alfalfa virus S, cherry virus Trakiya, several rhabdoviruses and others. Additional biological and impact studies will be needed to determine if newly identified viruses, especially those that have not been reported from alfalfa before, should be considered pathogens of this crop.
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31
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Sallinen S, Susi H, Halliday F, Laine AL. Altered within- and between-host transmission under coinfection underpin parasite co-occurrence patterns in the wild. Evol Ecol 2022; 37:131-151. [PMID: 36785621 PMCID: PMC9911512 DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions among parasite species coinfecting the same host individual can have far reaching consequences for parasite ecology and evolution. How these within-host interactions affect epidemics may depend on two non-exclusive mechanisms: parasite growth and reproduction within hosts, and parasite transmission between hosts. Yet, how these two mechanisms operate under coinfection, and how sensitive they are to the composition of the coinfecting parasite community, remains poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that the relationship between within- and between-host transmission of the fungal pathogen, Phomopsis subordinaria, is affected by co-occurring parasites infecting the host plant, Plantago lanceolata. We conducted a field experiment manipulating the parasite community of transmission source plants, then tracked P. subordinaria within-host transmission, as well as between-host transmission to naïve recipient plants. We find that coinfection with the powdery mildew pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis, causes increased between-host transmission of P. subordinaria by affecting the number of infected flower stalks in the source plants, resulting from altered auto-infection. In contrast, coinfection with viruses did not have an effect on either within- or between-host transmission. We then analyzed data on the occurrence of P. subordinaria in 2018 and the powdery mildew in a multi-year survey data set from natural host populations to test whether the positive association predicted by our experimental results is evident in field epidemiological data. Consistent with our experimental findings, we observed a positive association in the occurrence of P. subordinaria and historical powdery mildew persistence. Jointly, our experimental and epidemiological results suggest that within- and between-host transmission of P. subordinaria depends on the identity of coinfecting parasites, with potentially far-reaching effects on disease dynamics and parasite co-occurrence patterns in wild populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10682-022-10182-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Sallinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Susi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fletcher Halliday
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Advances in RNA-Silencing-Related Resistance against Viruses in Potato. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050731. [PMID: 35627117 PMCID: PMC9141481 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato is a major food crop that has the potential to feed the increasing global population. Potato is the fourth most important crop and a staple food for many people worldwide. The traditional breeding of potato poses many challenges because of its autotetraploid nature and its tendency toward inbreeding depression. Moreover, potato crops suffer considerable production losses because of infections caused by plant viruses. In this context, RNA silencing technology has been successfully applied in model and crop species. In this review, we describe the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms, including small-interfering RNA, microRNA, and artificial microRNA, which may be used to engineer resistance against potato viruses. We also explore the latest advances in the development of antiviral strategies to enhance resistance against potato virus X, potato virus Y, potato virus A, potato leafroll virus, and potato spindle tuber viroid. Furthermore, the challenges in RNAi that need to be overcome are described in this review. Altogether, this report would be insightful for the researchers attempting to understand the RNAi-mediated resistance against viruses in potato.
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O’Keeffe KR, Wheeler BT, Mitchell CE. A Microbial Mutualist Within Host Individuals Increases Parasite Transmission Between Host Individuals: Evidence From a Field Mesocosm Experiment. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:824211. [PMID: 35531289 PMCID: PMC9069011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.824211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions among host-associated microbes and parasites can have clear consequences for disease susceptibility and progression within host individuals. Yet, empirical evidence for how these interactions impact parasite transmission between host individuals remains scarce. We address this scarcity by using a field mesocosm experiment to investigate the interaction between a systemic fungal endophyte, Epichloë coenophiala, and a fungal parasite, Rhizoctonia solani, in leaves of a grass host, tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum). Specifically, we investigated how this interaction impacted transmission of the parasite under field conditions in replicated experimental host populations. Epichloë-inoculated populations tended to have greater disease prevalence over time, though this difference had weak statistical support. More clearly, Epichloë-inoculated populations experienced higher peak parasite prevalences than Epichloë-free populations. Epichloë conferred a benefit in growth; Epichloë-inoculated populations had greater aboveground biomass than Epichloë-free populations. Using biomass as a proxy, host density was correlated with peak parasite prevalence, but Epichloë still increased peak parasite prevalence after controlling for the effect of biomass. Together, these results suggest that within-host microbial interactions can impact disease at the population level. Further, while Epichloë is clearly a mutualist of tall fescue, it may not be a defensive mutualist in relation to Rhizoctonia solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh R. O’Keeffe
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kayleigh R. O’Keeffe,
| | - Brandon T. Wheeler
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, United States
| | - Charles E. Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Environment, Ecology and Energy Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Susi H, Sallinen S, Laine AL. Coinfection with a virus constrains within-host infection load but increases transmission potential of a highly virulent fungal plant pathogen. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8673. [PMID: 35342557 PMCID: PMC8928890 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The trade‐off between within‐host infection rate and transmission to new hosts is predicted to constrain pathogen evolution, and to maintain polymorphism in pathogen populations. Pathogen life‐history stages and their correlations that underpin infection development may change under coinfection with other parasites as they compete for the same limited host resources. Cross‐kingdom interactions are common among pathogens in both natural and cultivated systems, yet their impacts on disease ecology and evolution are rarely studied. The host plant Plantago lanceolata is naturally infected by both Phomopsis subordinaria, a seed killing fungus, as well as Plantago lanceolata latent virus (PlLV) in the Åland Islands, SW Finland. We performed an inoculation assay to test whether coinfection with PlLV affects performance of two P. subordinaria strains, and the correlation between within‐host infection rate and transmission potential. The strains differed in the measured life‐history traits and their correlations. Moreover, we found that under virus coinfection, within‐host infection rate of P. subordinaria was smaller but transmission potential was higher compared to strains under single infection. The negative correlation between within‐host infection rate and transmission potential detected under single infection became positive under coinfection with PlLV. To understand whether within‐host and between‐host dynamics are correlated in wild populations, we surveyed 260 natural populations of P. lanceolata for P. subordinaria infection occurrence. When infections were found, we estimated between‐hosts dynamics by determining pathogen population size as the proportion of infected individuals, and within‐host dynamics by counting the proportion of infected flower stalks in 10 infected plants. In wild populations, the proportion of infected flower stalks was positively associated with pathogen population size. Jointly, our results suggest that the trade‐off between within‐host infection load and transmission may be strain specific, and that the pathogen life‐history that underpin epidemics may change depending on the diversity of infection, generating variation in disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Susi
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Suvi Sallinen
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Barro M, Kassankogno AI, Wonni I, Sérémé D, Somda I, Kaboré HK, Béna G, Brugidou C, Tharreau D, Tollenaere C. Spatiotemporal Survey of Multiple Rice Diseases in Irrigated Areas Compared to Rainfed Lowlands in the Western Burkina Faso. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3889-3899. [PMID: 34142847 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-21-0579-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple constraints affect rice yields in West Africa. Among these constraints are viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. We aimed to describe the spatiotemporal patterns of occurrence and incidence of multiple rice diseases in farmers' fields in contrasting rice growing systems in the western Burkina Faso. For this purpose, we selected a set of three pairs of sites, each comprising an irrigated area and a neighboring rainfed lowland, and studied them over four consecutive years. We first performed interviews with the rice farmers to better characterize the management practices at the different sites. This study revealed that the transplanting of rice and the possibility of growing rice twice a year are restricted to irrigated areas, while other practices, such as the use of registered rice cultivars, fertilization, and pesticides, are not specific but differ between the two rice growing systems. Then, we performed symptom observations at these study sites to monitor the following four diseases: yellow mottle disease, Bacterial Leaf Streak (BLS), rice leaf blast, and brown spot. The infection rates were found to be higher in irrigated areas than in rainfed lowlands, both when analyzing all observed symptoms together (any of the four diseases) and when specifically considering each of the two diseases: BLS and rice leaf blast. Brown spot was particularly prevalent in all six study sites, while yellow mottle disease was particularly structured geographically. Various diseases were frequently found together in the same field (co-occurrence) or even on the same plant (coinfection), especially in irrigated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Barro
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- INERA, Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles du Burkina Faso, Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Université Nazi Boni, Institut du Développement Rural, Laboratoire des Systèmes Naturels, Agrosystèmes et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (SyNAIE), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abalo Itolou Kassankogno
- INERA, Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles du Burkina Faso, Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Issa Wonni
- INERA, Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles du Burkina Faso, Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Drissa Sérémé
- INERA, Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles du Burkina Faso, Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Irénée Somda
- Université Nazi Boni, Institut du Développement Rural, Laboratoire des Systèmes Naturels, Agrosystèmes et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (SyNAIE), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hilaire Kouka Kaboré
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, 34390 Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Béna
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Brugidou
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Tharreau
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, 34390 Montpellier, France
| | - Charlotte Tollenaere
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- INERA, Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles du Burkina Faso, Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Secreted Secondary Metabolites Reduce Bacterial Wilt Severity of Tomato in Bacterial-Fungal Co-Infections. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102123. [PMID: 34683444 PMCID: PMC8537627 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of plant disease in natural and agricultural ecosystems, it is essential to examine plant disease in multi-pathogen-host systems. Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici are vascular wilt pathogens that can result in heavy yield losses in susceptible hosts such as tomato. Although both pathogens occupy the xylem, the costs of mixed infections on wilt disease are unknown. Here, we characterize the consequences of co-infection with R. solanacearum and F. oxysporum using tomato as the model host. Our results demonstrate that bacterial wilt severity is reduced in co-infections, that bikaverin synthesis by Fusarium contributes to bacterial wilt reduction, and that the arrival time of each microbe at the infection court is important in driving the severity of wilt disease. Further, analysis of the co-infection root secretome identified previously uncharacterized secreted metabolites that reduce R. solanacearum growth in vitro and provide protection to tomato seedlings against bacterial wilt disease. Taken together, these results highlight the need to understand the consequences of mixed infections in plant disease.
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O'Keeffe KR, Simha A, Mitchell CE. Indirect interactions among co-infecting parasites and a microbial mutualist impact disease progression. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211313. [PMID: 34375557 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions among parasites and other microbes within hosts can impact disease progression, yet study of such interactions has been mostly limited to pairwise combinations of microbes. Given the diversity of microbes within hosts, indirect interactions among more than two microbial species may also impact disease. To test this hypothesis, we performed inoculation experiments that investigated interactions among two fungal parasites, Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum cereale, and a systemic fungal endophyte, Epichloë coenophiala, within the grass, tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum). Both direct and indirect interactions impacted disease progression. While the endophyte did not directly influence R. solani disease progression or C. cereale symptom development, the endophyte modified the interaction between the two parasites. The magnitude of the facilitative effect of C. cereale on the growth of R. solani tended to be greater when the endophyte was present. Moreover, this interaction modification strongly affected leaf mortality. For plants lacking the endophyte, parasite co-inoculation did not increase leaf mortality compared to single-parasite inoculations. By contrast, for endophyte-infected plants, parasite co-inoculation increased leaf mortality compared to inoculation with R. solani or C. cereale alone by 1.9 or 4.9 times, respectively. Together, these results show that disease progression can be strongly impacted by indirect interactions among microbial symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh R O'Keeffe
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anita Simha
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles E Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Environment, Ecology and Energy Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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38
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Fang K, Zhou J, Chen L, Li YX, Yang AL, Dong XF, Zhang HB. Virulence and community dynamics of fungal species with vertical and horizontal transmission on a plant with multiple infections. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009769. [PMID: 34265026 PMCID: PMC8315517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The virulence evolution of multiple infections of parasites from the same species has been modeled widely in evolution theory. However, experimental studies on this topic remain scarce, particularly regarding multiple infections by different parasite species. Here, we characterized the virulence and community dynamics of fungal pathogens on the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora to verify the predictions made by the model. We observed that A. adenophora was highly susceptible to diverse foliar pathogens with mixed vertical and horizontal transmission within leaf spots. The transmission mode mainly determined the pathogen community structure at the leaf spot level. Over time, the pathogen community within a leaf spot showed decreased Shannon diversity; moreover, the vertically transmitted pathogens exhibited decreased virulence to the host A. adenophora, but the horizontally transmitted pathogens exhibited increased virulence to the host. Our results demonstrate that the predictions of classical models for the virulence evolution of multiple infections are still valid in a complex realistic environment and highlight the impact of transmission mode on disease epidemics of foliar fungal pathogens. We also propose that seedborne fungi play an important role in structuring the foliar pathogen community from multiple infections within a leaf spot. A growing number of examples indicate that many plant diseases are caused by multiple taxa of microbes. Therefore, how virulence evolves in the context of multiple infections by different species with both vertical and horizontal transmission modes represents an important area of pathogen ecology and evolution, but there is a lack of experimental study. Here, we employ a naturally occurring host-parasite system, the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora and its foliar pathogens, to verify that theoretical predictions of classical models for virulence evolution are still valid in a complex realistic environment, i.e., the transmission mode determines the dynamics of the virulence and pathogen community under multiple infections. Moreover, we propose that seedborne fungi are important in structuring the foliar pathogen community consisting of multiple infections within a leaf spot. Our findings provide valuable information for understanding how multiple infections affect the key components, i.e., the virulence evolution and pathogen community dynamics, of host-pathogen interactions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ai-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xing-Fan Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Han-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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Fang X, Zhang C, Wang Z, Duan T, Yu B, Jia X, Pang J, Ma L, Wang Y, Nan Z. Co-infection by Soil-Borne Fungal Pathogens Alters Disease Responses Among Diverse Alfalfa Varieties. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664385. [PMID: 34335495 PMCID: PMC8317461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis (Fom) and Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) are the major soil-borne fungal pathogens that pose severe threats to commercial alfalfa production in China. However, the effects of Fom and Rs co-infection on alfalfa and whether co-infection alters disease resistance responses among diverse varieties remain unknown. A collection of 80 alfalfa varieties (Medicago sativa) originated from seven countries were used to study the effects of Fom and Rs co-infection on alfalfa and host resistance responses. The co-infection resulted in more severe disease and reductions in growth and biomass allocation across varieties in comparison with either single infection by Fom or Rs; in addition, root morphology was much more strongly altered by the co-infection. Principal component analysis based on all plant traits showed that varieties under the co-infection were related to the single infection by Rs, being separated from Fom, and hierarchical clustering found differential response patterns among varieties upon co-infection compared with either single infection, with most varieties being highly susceptible to the co-infection. Furthermore, varieties that were most resistant to either single infection were not effective to co-infection, and there was no individual variety with resistance to both pathogens singly and co-infected. This study reveals for the first time that the co-infection by Fom and Rs alters disease resistance responses among diverse alfalfa varieties and provides useful information for developing alfalfa varieties with resistance to the co-occurrence of different soil-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tingyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Binhua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xitao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Pang
- School of Agriculture and Environment, UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lisong Ma
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yanrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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40
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Penczykowski RM, Sieg RD. Plantago spp. as Models for Studying the Ecology and Evolution of Species Interactions across Environmental Gradients. Am Nat 2021; 198:158-176. [PMID: 34143715 DOI: 10.1086/714589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA central challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology is to understand how variation in abiotic and biotic factors combine to shape the distribution, abundance, and diversity of focal species. Environmental gradients, whether natural (e.g., latitude, elevation, ocean proximity) or anthropogenic (e.g., land-use intensity, urbanization), provide compelling settings for addressing this challenge. However, not all organisms are amenable to the observational and experimental approaches required for untangling the factors that structure species along gradients. Here we highlight herbaceous plants in the genus Plantago as models for studying the ecology and evolution of species interactions along abiotic gradients. Plantago lanceolata and P. major are native to Europe and Asia but distributed globally, and they are established models for studying population ecology and interactions with herbivores, pathogens, and soil microbes. Studying restricted range congeners in comparison with those cosmopolitan species can provide insight into abiotic and biotic determinants of range size and population structure. We highlight one such species, P. rugelii, which is endemic to eastern North America. We give an overview of the literature on these focal Plantago species and explain why they are logical candidates for studies of species interactions across environmental gradients. Finally, we emphasize collaborative and community science approaches that can facilitate such research and note the amenability of Plantago for authentic research projects in science education.
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Sacristán S, Goss EM, Eves-van den Akker S. How Do Pathogens Evolve Novel Virulence Activities? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:576-586. [PMID: 33522842 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0258-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.We consider the state of knowledge on pathogen evolution of novel virulence activities, broadly defined as anything that increases pathogen fitness with the consequence of causing disease in either the qualitative or quantitative senses, including adaptation of pathogens to host immunity and physiology, host species, genotypes, or tissues, or the environment. The evolution of novel virulence activities as an adaptive trait is based on the selection exerted by hosts on variants that have been generated de novo or arrived from elsewhere. In addition, the biotic and abiotic environment a pathogen experiences beyond the host may influence pathogen virulence activities. We consider host-pathogen evolution, host range expansion, and external factors that can mediate pathogen evolution. We then discuss the mechanisms by which pathogens generate and recombine the genetic variation that leads to novel virulence activities, including DNA point mutation, transposable element activity, gene duplication and neofunctionalization, and genetic exchange. In summary, if there is an (epi)genetic mechanism that can create variation in the genome, it will be used by pathogens to evolve virulence factors. Our knowledge of virulence evolution has been biased by pathogen evolution in response to major gene resistance, leaving other virulence activities underexplored. Understanding the key driving forces that give rise to novel virulence activities and the integration of evolutionary concepts and methods with mechanistic research on plant-microbe interactions can help inform crop protection.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Sacristán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
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Pascall DJ, Tinsley MC, Clark BL, Obbard DJ, Wilfert L. Virus Prevalence and Genetic Diversity Across a Wild Bumblebee Community. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:650747. [PMID: 33967987 PMCID: PMC8100031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.650747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are key population regulators, but we have limited knowledge of the diversity and ecology of viruses. This is even the case in wild host populations that provide ecosystem services, where small fitness effects may have major ecological impacts in aggregate. One such group of hosts are the bumblebees, which have a major role in the pollination of food crops and have suffered population declines and range contractions in recent decades. In this study, we investigate the diversity of four recently discovered bumblebee viruses (Mayfield virus 1, Mayfield virus 2, River Liunaeg virus, and Loch Morlich virus), and two previously known viruses that infect both wild bumblebees and managed honeybees (Acute bee paralysis virus and Slow bee paralysis virus) from isolates in Scotland. We investigate the ecological and environmental factors that determine viral presence and absence. We show that the recently discovered bumblebee viruses were more genetically diverse than the viruses shared with honeybees. Coinfection is potentially important in shaping prevalence: we found a strong positive association between River Liunaeg virus and Loch Morlich virus presence after controlling for host species, location and other relevant ecological variables. We tested for a relationship between environmental variables (temperature, UV radiation, wind speed, and prevalence), but as we had few sampling sites, and thus low power for site-level analyses, we could not conclude anything regarding these variables. We also describe the relationship between the bumblebee communities at our sampling sites. This study represents a first step in the description of predictors of bumblebee infection in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Pascall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Tinsley
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany L. Clark
- BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Obbard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lena Wilfert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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43
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Domingo-Calap ML, Chase O, Estapé M, Moreno AB, López-Moya JJ. The P1 Protein of Watermelon mosaic virus Compromises the Activity as RNA Silencing Suppressor of the P25 Protein of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645530. [PMID: 33828542 PMCID: PMC8019732 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed viral infections in plants involving a potyvirus and other unrelated virus often result in synergistic effects, with significant increases in accumulation of the non-potyvirus partner, as in the case of melon plants infected by the potyvirus Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and the crinivirus Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV). To further explore the synergistic interaction between these two viruses, the activity of RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs) was addressed in transiently co-expressed combinations of heterologous viral products in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. While the strong RSS activity of WMV Helper Component Proteinase (HCPro) was unaltered, including no evident additive effects observed when co-expressed with the weaker CYSDV P25, an unexpected negative effect of WMV P1 was found on the RSS activity of P25. Analysis of protein expression during the assays showed that the amount of P25 was not reduced when co-expressed with P1. The detrimental action of P1 on the activity of P25 was dose-dependent, and the subcellular localization of fluorescently labeled variants of P1 and P25 when transiently co-expressed showed coincidences both in nucleus and cytoplasm. Also, immunoprecipitation experiments showed interaction of tagged versions of the two proteins. This novel interaction, not previously described in other combinations of potyviruses and criniviruses, might play a role in modulating the complexities of the response to multiple viral infections in susceptible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Domingo-Calap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto Valencia de Investigaciones Agrarias, IVIA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ornela Chase
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Estapé
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitair Medisch Centrum, UMC, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ana Beatriz Moreno
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José López-Moya
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Karvonen A, Räihä V, Klemme I, Ashrafi R, Hyvärinen P, Sundberg LR. Quantity and Quality of Aquaculture Enrichments Influence Disease Epidemics and Provide Ecological Alternatives to Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030335. [PMID: 33810018 PMCID: PMC8004632 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental heterogeneity is a central component influencing the virulence and epidemiology of infectious diseases. The number and distribution of susceptible hosts determines disease transmission opportunities, shifting the epidemiological threshold between the spread and fadeout of a disease. Similarly, the presence and diversity of other hosts, pathogens and environmental microbes, may inhibit or accelerate an epidemic. This has important applied implications in farming environments, where high numbers of susceptible hosts are maintained in conditions of minimal environmental heterogeneity. We investigated how the quantity and quality of aquaculture enrichments (few vs. many stones; clean stones vs. stones conditioned in lake water) influenced the severity of infection of a pathogenic bacterium, Flavobacterium columnare, in salmonid fishes. We found that the conditioning of the stones significantly increased host survival in rearing tanks with few stones. A similar effect of increased host survival was also observed with a higher number of unconditioned stones. These results suggest that a simple increase in the heterogeneity of aquaculture environment can significantly reduce the impact of diseases, most likely operating through a reduction in pathogen transmission (stone quantity) and the formation of beneficial microbial communities (stone quality). This supports enriched rearing as an ecological and economic way to prevent bacterial infections with the minimal use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (V.R.); (I.K.); (R.A.); (L.-R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-40-8053882; Fax: +358-14-2601021
| | - Ville Räihä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (V.R.); (I.K.); (R.A.); (L.-R.S.)
| | - Ines Klemme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (V.R.); (I.K.); (R.A.); (L.-R.S.)
| | - Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (V.R.); (I.K.); (R.A.); (L.-R.S.)
| | - Pekka Hyvärinen
- Natural Resources and Bioproduction, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Manamansalontie 90, 88300 Paltamo, Finland;
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (V.R.); (I.K.); (R.A.); (L.-R.S.)
- Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
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45
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Dutt A, Anthony R, Andrivon D, Jumel S, Le Roy G, Baranger A, Leclerc M, Le May C. Competition and facilitation among fungal plant parasites affect their life‐history traits. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Dutt
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
- Inst. Agro, centre de Rennes Rennes France
| | - Rault Anthony
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
| | - Didier Andrivon
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
| | - Stéphane Jumel
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
- UMT PISOM INRA/Terres Inovia Le Rheu France
| | - Gwenola Le Roy
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
- UMT PISOM INRA/Terres Inovia Le Rheu France
| | - Alain Baranger
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
- UMT PISOM INRA/Terres Inovia Le Rheu France
| | - Melen Leclerc
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
| | - Christophe Le May
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
- UMT PISOM INRA/Terres Inovia Le Rheu France
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46
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Alcaide C, Sardanyés J, Elena SF, Gómez P. Increasing temperature alters the within-host competition of viral strains and influences virus genetic variability. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab017. [PMID: 33815829 PMCID: PMC8007957 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions can affect viral accumulation, virulence and adaptation, which have implications in the disease outcomes and efficiency of control measures. Concurrently, mixed viral infections are relevant in plants, being their epidemiology shaped by within-host virus–virus interactions. However, the extent in which the combined effect of variations in abiotic components of the plant ecological niche and the prevalence of mixed infections affect the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations is not well understood. Here, we explore the interplay between ecological and evolutionary factors during viral infections and show that isolates of two strains of Pepino mosaic potexvirus coexisted in tomato plants in a temperature-dependent continuum between neutral and antagonistic interactions. After a long-term infection, the mutational analysis of the evolved viral genomes revealed strain-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms that were modulated by the interaction between the type of infection and temperature. These results suggest that the temperature is an ecological driver of virus-virus interactions, with an effect on the genetic diversity of individual viruses that are co-infecting an individual host. This research provides insights into the effect that changes in host growth temperatures might have on the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations in mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alcaide
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, PO Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Josep Sardanyés
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica (CRM), Edifici C, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Dynamical Systems and Computational Virology Associated Unit Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio) - CRM, Edifici C, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Santiago F Elena
- I2SysBio, CSIC-Universitat de València, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Pedro Gómez
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, PO Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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47
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Barrett LG, Zala M, Mikaberidze A, Alassimone J, Ahmad M, McDonald BA, Sánchez-Vallet A. Mixed infections alter transmission potential in a fungal plant pathogen. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2315-2330. [PMID: 33538383 PMCID: PMC8248022 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infections by more than one strain of a pathogen predominate under natural conditions. Mixed infections can have significant, though often unpredictable, consequences for overall virulence, pathogen transmission and evolution. However, effects of mixed infection on disease development in plants often remain unclear and the critical factors that determine the outcome of mixed infections remain unknown. The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici forms genetically diverse infections in wheat fields. Here, for a range of pathogen traits, we experimentally decompose the infection process to determine how the outcomes and consequences of mixed infections are mechanistically realized. Different strains of Z. tritici grow in close proximity and compete in the wheat apoplast, resulting in reductions in growth of individual strains and in pathogen reproduction. We observed different outcomes of competition at different stages of the infection. Overall, more virulent strains had higher competitive ability during host colonization, and less virulent strains had higher transmission potential. We showed that within‐host competition can have a major effect on infection dynamics and pathogen population structure in a pathogen and host genotype‐specific manner. Consequently, mixed infections likely have a major effect on the development of septoria tritici blotch epidemics and the evolution of virulence in Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke G Barrett
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO BOX 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Marcello Zala
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Mikaberidze
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Julien Alassimone
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.,Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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48
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Orfanidou C, Katsiani A, Papayiannis L, Katis NI, Maliogka VI. Interplay of Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus With Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus and Transmission Dynamics by Bemisia tabaci MED. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:416-424. [PMID: 32706325 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-20-0621-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) and cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) are two closely related criniviruses that often coinfect cucurbits and are associated with cucurbit yellows disease. Both viruses are distributed worldwide and are transmitted in a semipersistent manner by the whitefly vectors Bemisia tabaci MED or MEAM1. The major goal of this study was to provide insight into the interaction of CCYV and CYSDV in cucumber and to study the effect on transmission by B. tabaci MED. The titers of both viruses were estimated in single- and dually infected cucumber plants via reverse transcription PCR assays. In mixed infections, the accumulation of both viruses was significantly decreased. When B. tabaci MED adults were placed on cucumber infected with both viruses, their simultaneous transmission efficiency was significantly higher, whereas transmission efficiency of each individual virus was low. Moreover, nonviruliferous whiteflies preferentially settled on crinivirus-infected cucumber plants, whereas viruliferous whiteflies were attracted by healthy cucumber plants. Finally, the titer of both viruses was calculated in five commercial cucumber hybrids, followed by subsequent transmission experiments. Our results show that although the titers of CYSDV and CCYV were significantly lower in mixed infections in cucumbers, their simultaneous transmission increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Orfanidou
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Asimina Katsiani
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos I Katis
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Varvara I Maliogka
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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49
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De Moya-Ruiz C, Rabadán P, Juárez M, Gómez P. Assessment of the Current Status of Potyviruses in Watermelon and Pumpkin Crops in Spain: Epidemiological Impact of Cultivated Plants and Mixed Infections. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:138. [PMID: 33445406 PMCID: PMC7827711 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections on cucurbit plants cause substantial quality and yield losses on their crops. The diseased plants can often be infected by multiple viruses, and their epidemiology may depend, in addition to the agro-ecological management practices, on the combination of these viral infections. Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) is one of the most prevalent viruses in cucurbit crops, and Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV) emerged as a related species that threatens these crops. The occurrence of WMV and MWMV was monitored in a total of 196 apical-leaf samples of watermelon and pumpkin plants that displayed mosaic symptoms. The samples were collected from 49 fields in three major cucurbit-producing areas in Spain (Castilla La-Mancha, Alicante, and Murcia) for three consecutive (2018-2020) seasons. A molecular hybridization dot-blot method revealed that WMV was mainly (53%) found in both cultivated plants, with an unadvertised occurrence of MWMV. To determine the extent of cultivated plant species and mixed infections on viral dynamics, two infectious cDNA clones were constructed from a WMV isolate (MeWM7), and an MWMV isolate (ZuM10). Based on the full-length genomes, both isolates were grouped phylogenetically with the Emergent and European clades, respectively. Five-cucurbit plant species were infected steadily with either WMV or MWMV cDNA clones, showing variations on symptom expressions. Furthermore, the viral load varied depending on the plant species and infection type. In single infections, the WMV isolate showed a higher viral load than the MWMV isolate in melon and pumpkin, and MWMV only showed higher viral load than the WMV isolate in zucchini plants. However, in mixed infections, the viral load of the WMV isolate was greater than MWMV isolate in melon, watermelon and zucchini, whereas MWMV isolate was markedly reduced in zucchini. These results suggest that the impaired distribution of MWMV in cucurbit crops may be due to the cultivated plant species, in addition to the high prevalence of WMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia De Moya-Ruiz
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)—CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.D.M.-R.); (P.R.)
| | - Pilar Rabadán
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)—CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.D.M.-R.); (P.R.)
| | - Miguel Juárez
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Orihuela, 03312 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Pedro Gómez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)—CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.D.M.-R.); (P.R.)
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50
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McLeish MJ, Fraile A, García-Arenal F. Population Genomics of Plant Viruses: The Ecology and Evolution of Virus Emergence. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:32-39. [PMID: 33210987 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0355-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The genomics era has revolutionized studies of adaptive evolution by monitoring large numbers of loci throughout the genomes of many individuals. Ideally, the investigation of emergence in plant viruses requires examining the population dynamics of both virus and host, their interactions with each other, with other organisms and the abiotic environment. Genetic mechanisms that affect demographic processes are now being studied with high-throughput technologies, traditional genetics methods, and new computational tools for big-data. In this review, we discuss the utility of these approaches to monitor and detect changes in virus populations within cells and individuals, and over wider areas across species and communities of ecosystems. The advent of genomics in virology has fostered a multidisciplinary approach to tackling disease risk. The ability to make sense of the information now generated in this integrated setting is by far the most substantial obstacle to the ultimate goal of plant virology to minimize the threats to food security posed by disease. To achieve this goal, it is imperative to understand and forecast how populations respond to future changes in complex natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McLeish
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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